CITB NATIONAL TRAINING CENTRES SCAFFOLDING TRAINING NOTES Module Two CITB scaasSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Contents CONTENTS, Page no. ‘SCAFFOLDING STRUCTURES 1. Forming Bridge Sections with Scaffold Tubes and Prefabricated Beams Protection of the Public Protection Fans and Nets Pavement Frames ar Gantries ‘Truss-out Scattolds Cantilever Scaffolds Roof Saddle and Stack Scatfolds Handling Scaffolding Boards evousen BRBSa~oe SCAFFOLDING - Introduction ‘Where work cannot be sately done from the ground or rom part of a building or other Permanent structure, there should be provided either scaffolding or, where appropriate, ladders or ‘ther means of suppor, all of which should be sufficient and suitable for the purpose. Where reasonably practicable, they should be suitable and sufficient to provide safe access to and ‘egress from every working place. np aR Scatfolds should be eracted by trained scaffolders oF other competent persons possessing adequal ‘experience of such work. All material for any: scaffold should be inspected betore use, by a ‘competent person. Materials used should be of, suitable quality and in good condition, and free from any defect likely to affect their strength materially. lems not meeting the standard should be discarded. Nore Every scaffold should be securely supported or suspended. Where necessary it should be suriciontly ‘20d properly siutted or braced to prevent collapse, and ‘igidy connected withthe bulding or structure, unless the scaffold is designed and constructed to ensure stabity without such connection. ’SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two 1 FORMING BRIDGE SECTIONS WITH SCAFFOLD TUBES AND PREFABRICATED BEAMS: Scaffolding is frequently used over araas of poor ground, as well as roads and openings into buildings where people or vehicles require access, ‘Standards cannot be founded on the ground in these circumstances and the scaffold must be arranged to span thase items, The scaffold frames on elther side of the span should be regarded as separate structures, individually tied and braced to the normal requirements, The span or bridge section may be erected with standard scaffold tube or prefabricatad beams. When the span is groater than the width of a normal scaffold bay and slandard scaffold tubes are used, they will require additional strengthening by means of knee bracing from below or 'V' bracing from above. This bracing may also be required when using prefabricated beams, depending on the strength of the beam, the length of the span and the load it has to carry. Prefabricated Beams Pretabricatad beams of various types are available to increase the strength and simpiiy the. ‘construction of beams and trussas in scaffolding, Beams may be fully welded lattice structures or fabricated in separate parts for assembly on site, ‘There are many types of prefabricated beam in use among which are: ladder, russ, muftispan and surebeam. Manufacturer's recommendations must be strictly observed. “The loading on a beam is determined from the requirements ofthe structure and the size and type of beam should be chosen accordingly “The sate working load of prefabricated beams for various mathods of erection should be available from the supplier. Any additional components required should be properly designed and fabricated by a competent manufacturer Where splices are used to join units, the forces within the beam, especially the chords, should be calculated and catered for by specially dasigned splices. Truss beam Structures When bolts ara used, they should be of the size, type and grade of steel specified by the manufacturer of the beam. ‘All components in a beam system should be inspected before assembly. Detective parts and ‘components with detective welds should be discarded. The loads and end reactions should be applied to the beam by method and in the position prescribed by the manufacturer. Attachments ‘should be made as close as practicable to the nade points. Where beams have chords of different sizes, reference should be made to the supplier for the: rules of correct application. The load carrying ‘capacity of a beam is dependent on both its ‘chords being laterally restrained at the intervals laid down by the manufacturer. Stifeners or other lateral restraint should be Inserted at these intervals, which may be different for the compression and tension chords. The lateral rigiity of the beam at its supports should bbe adequate. Consideration should be given to improving the performance of a beam by the use of knee bracing below or V’ bracing above it. Where knee bracing, 'V" bracing, standards and puncheons are used to improve a beam's stability, they should be coupled to the beam twice, i.e. to both chords or to a chord, and a cross member. ‘Where protabricated beams such as ladder beams are coupled together as columns, the spacing of the couplers should be designed so as to ensure adequate strength. Guys should not be attached to protabricated beams as a means of providing lateral support, ‘except where provision has been made in the design. Lert vanes a SSSSCSY Lf rf Ladder beamSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two 2 PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC ‘Scatfolding is frequently erected in public areas ‘such as streets, halls and gardens. The precautions which need to be taken to protect the public during erection, modification and dismanting of scaffolds are similar to those required to protect workpeople on an enclosed site. However, because of the public's untamiliarity with the dangers and curiosity about the work, and because there may be a large number of people at risk, high standards of physical protection and more effective systems of work and supervision will generally be neadad, During erection, modification and dismantling, care ‘should be taken to exclude the public from the ‘area of the work and a sufficient area around the ‘work. In confined areas it may be necessary 10 provide an adaquately protected thoroughfare while the scaffold is in use. Effective stops should bbe taken to prevent persons being struck by falling objects and again the provision of a protected thoroughfare, suitable brick guards, facade nets, sheeting or fans may be necessary. In general, care should be taken that, atthe lower: levels of a completed scattold, there are not protruding tubes, low headroom, etc, that could ‘cause damage or injury to members of the general public or their property, e.g. clothing. Where access through parts of the base of a scatfold structure might prove hazardous, entrance to such areas should be barred by means of a horizontal tube or other suitable obstruction. Children pose a special problem; many have been injured, either through falling or causing the: scaffold to collapse, after climbing up either by the scaffold standards or by ladders left at ground level, Itis essential to remove and secure all ‘ground level ladders whenever scaffolds are left Unattended, and its also advisable to board in the bottom lft of such scaffolds. In addition to the general duties to the public under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 ‘outlined above, persons erecting or using scaffolding in or near public places may also have ‘specific duties under other legislation, such as the Highways Act 1980, the Public Health Act 1936, the London Building Acts (Amendment) Act 1939 and the Building (Scotland) Act 1958, and advice in such cases should be sought from the appropriate local or highway authority. Structures Compliance with the Statutory Regulations Scattolds, when completed, should be left in a condition suitable to perform the duty for which they were intended and complying with the requirements of the statutory regulations and any local authority requirements. ‘Scatfolds should be inspected when handed over to the user, who should inspact them before use ‘and weekly to see that they remain in compliance with the statutory regulations and should sign the Inspection Report recording their findings. When equipment other than scaffolding materials is attached to the scatfald, which is subject to statutory inspections, this equipment should be ‘inspected and the appropriate certification made. ‘Such adsitional inspections may include: * lighting + iting gear + electrical suppliesSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures 3. PROTECTION FANS AND NETS Description and Duty Protection fans and nets are sometimes fixed to ‘access scattolding to intercept objects which may fall from the structure. Typical fan structures will ‘only arrest small objects. Special consideration is required if heavy objects with a long freefall are to be catered for. These fans may be supported fram the building or scaffold using wires or tubes. It is not possible to state loadings for fans sinc cannot be predicted what weight will fall and from what height. The recommendations set out in the following classifications have been found to be generally satistactory in practice (see figures 1-4). Class A. Light duty fan with a maximum loading equivalent to 0.75 kNim*, for the protection of pedestrians from paint ‘droppings fram painters working in cradles Cr from drappings of mortar from the pointing of brickwork, ete. (See figure 1.) Class 8. Medium duty fan with a maximum loading equivalent to 1 kN/m’, for protection against talling aggregate, bricks and like weights from heights not exceeding 10 m overhead. (See figures 2 and 3.) Class C. Fan with a loading over 1 KNIm2, which should be designed to suit the application. (See figure 4). Class D. Fan tor arresting the fall of persons of ike weights, falling about 6 m or the distance of about two building storeys, These should be erected in accordance with BS 8093, Effect of Fans on the Loads in Standards of Access Scaffold Vertical Loads AA typical construction is to fix the transom of the fan above the outside ledgers of an access scaffold and below the inside ledgers, giving a ‘minimum slope of 100 mm in 1.2m (or 1 vertical to 12 horizontal) This arrangement imposes additional loads on the ledgers and standards of the access scattold. The Inside standards may be subject to an uplift. Horizontal Forces ‘As the inward and outward ores acting a the poms of attachment ofthe an and is es and Struts may be large, account shouldbe taken of this by the uee of suitable atachmonts to the building Care should be taken tha he strength of the bling is adequate to accep these forces, particularly if it is partially demolished. Decking ‘The material ofthe decking, which may be agrees ty the user, shouldbe of waterroo! sheeting, corrugated iron, boarding or netting The decking materia ofthe fan should be appropiate tothe Ghty tobe petormod, wih special reeronce to te closeness of he boarding of shasting and the men se of nets ‘The drainage arrangements of the fan should be agreed with the user. ‘The whole fan or net structure should be securely attached to the access or protection scattold or to the building to resist the wind forces. Nets may be attached with cord. Corugated sheeting should be attached with sheeting nooks or hook bolts Boards when laid should be secured by wire, nalls or board clips. Wind Forces ‘The wind forces on fans and nets can only be assessed approximately. The force may be upwards or dawnwards at various times, depending on the topography of the site and the degree of complation, size and shape of the building and adjacent structures. Precautions during Erection and Dismantling ‘The outside point of suppor of the fan structure should be in the outside third ofits width measured at right angles to the building or seatiold, Because a typical fan structure has only two support paints, the autside one of which sometimes may not be at the extreme outside edge, serious out-of-balance forces can occur during construction and dismantling Safe systems of construction and dismanting should be planned and adhered to on the siteSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Types of Fan cont. “The decking may be of corrugated sheeting, scald boards or nots and should be fixed securely othe framework LUndor wind fores, the anchor points both above and below the fan may cary loads up to 2tfor very 3 m of length of fan supported. Adequate means ol attachment should be made to suitable portions ofthe bulging or stucture Th decking may be tightly apped to draw the water to the inside adge ot fixed with spacore 60 ‘that the water drips through at other agreed Iacations. The outboard end of the fan may be provided with a vertical or near vertical parapet to give further protection. 3. Medium Duty (Class B) Fans Built Out from a Scaffold (see tioure 3) ‘This typo of fan is of similar construction to those described in 1 and 2, The inside edge is coupled to both tho inside and outside of an accass scatfold to achieve a cantilever action which may bbe supplemented from below by tubular struts, ‘A medium duty fan is often used during the demolition of a building and may be structurally stable with only raker struts beneath it. Itis frequenty fitted with a parapet and boarded out ‘closely with scaffold board. itis heavy and exerts ‘considerable forces on the access scaffold which should be well tied in at the fan level and stiffened {rom the building at the bottom of the rakers. For installations at high fevel, the fan may be subject to serious wind uplit. The propping rakers should be capable of tension as well as thrust and provided with safety couplers where necessary. 4, Heavy Duty (Class C) Fan (see figure 4) ‘This type of fan is of similar construction to those described in 3 above. “The inside edge is coupied to the outside of an access scaffold to achieve a cantilever action ‘which is supported from above and below by tubular struts itis fitted with a parapet and boarded out closely With scaffold boards. itis heavy and exerts considerable forces on the access scaffold which ‘should be well tied in at the fan lovel and stiffened from the building at the bottom of the rakers. The propping rakers should be capable of tension as well as thrust and provided with safety couplers where necessary, 5. Satety Net System (Class D) Fans Safety nets should be in accordance with BS 3813 and be rigged in accordance with BS 8093, The larger mash nets may be overlaid with a finer mesh to catch eral debris ‘The nets should be attached to a framework of tube similar to that described in 3. The framework should slope downwards towards the building and Structures bbe maintained at a suitable angle of 10° to 30° to the horizontal by tension wires above, it should also be fitted with steadying wires beneath the net to resist wind upiit. The framework may be made in small detachable Units in order to be easily removed and refixed to other parts of the building as required. “The net should be attached to the framework with ‘a winding of rope round the net edge cord or by the use of suitable clips. Where practicable, the net should be fixed clear from the framework of tubes. fan attached to a scaffold Fre leaned Figure 4. Heavy duty (class C) fan‘SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two ‘Tying Scaffolding to Building Facades Limited Facade Size ‘Where the tagade concemed is not large, suitable methods of restraint include the use of raking tubes, buttresses, wire ties over the root or round the sides, struts from other buildings and additional width of the scaffold. {the ends of buildings are without windows and are unsuitable for fixing ties, consideration should be given to retur scaffolds at the front and the back, or to wire ties along the front and the back. Where the untied fagade is longer than 6 m, plan bracing across the corners of the scatfald and its front and back returns should be fixed at intervals cf height not more than 8.50 m. Where the untied facade is longer than 10 m, additional pian bracing should be fixed across the ful length of the untied structure at intervals of height of not more than 8,50 m. For lengths greater than 15 m, other methods should be considered. Structures Where a complete hollow structure is fully scaffolded internally or a structure ot small plan area is completely surrounded cutside by scaffolding, consideration should be given to dispensing with ties and placing reliance on butting transoms. In this case the lateral stability of the scaffold should be ensured by face bracing, Unsheeted Scattolds The recommendations given in the table below are {or scaffolds less than 50 m high. I scaffolds are higher they should be specially designed, Sheeted Scatfolds The recommendations given in the table below are for scaffolds less than 25 m high in England and Wales on sites other than open country and where there isa tie capacity of 12.5 kN at each tie Position. If any of these conditions are not met the scaffold should be specially calculated. Frequency of ties in square metres per tie ‘This table should be read in canunction with text above Ties 12.5 KN" LUnshected scaffolds ‘Independent scatfolds ‘with movable tes ‘wath nonsmovabie tes Potlog scattolds wih on movable ies ‘Sheeted soatfolds with movable tos wth non-movable tos | Sate working capaci. Netrosommende NOTE 2 Foro capacty soo eneoed scald tot above. NOTE 3 The height of Ue seafld has been assumed tobe {or ehesoc scatolse nes han 25m, But 0 ls et above Ties 6.25KN' | Uptos0% | Over 50% reveal ties 3.5 kN 2s 2 a 2 s a NOTE 1 Whore i capactios are lass han those slated, appropiate requencies shoul be ealedated by cronoron 1SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two ‘The capacity of the anchorages should be established elther by a proof load test or by test to failure on a representative sample chosen on an acceptable statistical basis. The manufacturer's recommendations in this respect should normally be adopted f | oe ©) ech Y Figure 7: Typical ring bolt tie Ring Bolts “Typical ring bolts are shown in figures 7 and 8. ‘They may be at two sizes: (@)_with rings of between 50 mm and 55 mm internal diameter through which scaffold tube ‘may be passed to form a tle assembly, (©) with smaller rings for use with wire or steel banding tes, In case (b), the tube and fitings assembly should be such that it prevents the scafiold irom moving inwards or outwards, Wire and Steel Banding Ties Where the small ring anchorages shown in figure 8 are used, the scaffold may be aftached to the building or structure with 6 mm wire rope threaded through the ring and round a member of the scaffold with a minimum of three turns. Steel ‘banding of equivalent strength may also be used. When wire or banding is used, the te does not prevent the scaffold from moving inwards to the building and accordingly such ties should be accompanied by adjacent butting and eway transome, Figure 8: Typical wire or band tie anchorage Structures Many elements of a building afford opportunities for the attachment of wite ties and may be used provided they are of adequate strength. However, it should be realised that the anchorage value of these elements is frequently negligible. The strength and pull-out capabilities of these elements, which will include rainwater pipes, parapets and other architectural features should be verified before any use is made of them, Where there is any doubt as to the suitability of such features, alternative attachment points should be ‘found. Rainwater guttering should never be used for the attachment of tes. Attachment of the Scaffold to the Anchorage Point tn pian, ie tubes or banding ties should be set et right angles to the building unless they are intended to plan brace the scatfold against lateral movement. n the latter case, they may be set at an angle to the plan perpendicular to the building but should be fixed in pairs at opposing angles so as o afford lateral stabiity in both directions and should be accompanied by ties a right angles to the building to prevent outward movement. In elevation, tie tubes should be horizontal or sloping downwards away from the building. They should not slope upwards away from the building, Ties should be attached to both the inside and ‘outside ledgers of standards at a point not mare than 300 mm from a ledger braced standard, and as near to a node point as possible. Where this hinders access along a platform, attachment to the inside ledger or upright only is permissible. The couplers for ties set horizontally and at right angles to the building should be right angie couplers or another such arrangement of couplers which gives similar or adequate strength, The couplers forties set at an angle to the building may be swivels. Where wire or bonding tes are used, they should bbe tured round a nade point of the scaffold or otherwise prevented trom slipping along the ledger OF upright by fixing safety couplers, A tube butting against the structure will be required in order to provide inwards strength. 13SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures 4 PAVEMENT FRAMES OR GANTRIES When a scaffold has to be positioned over a pavement, its frequently desirable to form a semi- permanent and fully boarded protection deck over the pavament. Such a pavement gantry or framework should be ccaratully designed, especially i ithas to carry the weight of an access scaffold or temporary ofice ‘accommodation ‘Columns of grouped standards should be joined by transverse beams across and along the top. ‘Those columns should have smal lifts with all ‘faces of the colurnns zigzag braced. The lateral stability of the system should be achieved by ensuring that the beam to column joints are rigid with at least two fitings and by providing cross bracing of tubes in both directions inal bays. The assembly should comply with any local authority requirements for temporary works on pavements, Construction ‘Sole-plates and base-plates must be placed under ALL standards. With this type of scaffold, the lines of standards are generally doubled, and the spacing is governed by the loads to be cared All standards must be plumb, with joints placed as near as possible to the ledgers and staggered. Under no circumstances should joints in adjacent standards be allowed in the same lit Ledgers must be horizontal and fixed to the standards with right angle couplers, Joints in ladgers should be secured with sleeve ‘couplers wherever possible. If joint pins are used, they should come within the area one third the span belween standards, and be spliced, Under no circumstances should joints in adjacent Jedgers be allowed in the same bay. Spacing between ledgers will vary from job to job. Transoms should always be tixed with right angled couplers, 1 there is any right of way for pedestrians, then the transoms on the frst fit must be flush to the gantry and suitably protected to avoid damage to clothes, Persons etc, Bracing ‘Sway bracing must be fitted to the full height of the scaffold at an angle of about 45 degrees. Alternatively, zigzag bracing may be fitted to the {ull height of the end bays and al further intervals ‘of not more than 30 metres. ‘These bracings may be secured to the standards with swivel couplers, or to transoms with right langle couplers. Diagonal plan bracing is generally fitted under the working platform and ifthe lenath of these bracings exceeds 3.658 m then ‘stiffeners’ must be fitted. Tying in Gantries must be tied into the building throughout their length and height to prevent movement towards or away from the building. Platforms ‘The working platform of a gantry must be close boarded betwoan front and rear standards, and ‘each board must span at least three supports. Commonly platforms are double boarded with a polythane membrane between. Al platforms must be fitted with guard-rails and toe-boards whenever in use, 15SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures Light and Heavy Gantries ei BOs, Heavy gantry 500 kg/m’ super loading (rubbish or loading gantry)SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two _ Structures 5 TRUSS-OUT SCAFFOLDS Description ‘Atruss-out scatfold is an independent tiad scaffold, not erected from the ground but supported by a scatfolding structure cantilevered from the face oa building or structure. The supporting scaffolding structure is referred to as a Truss out. Design and Loading ‘The loading to be considered should be specified as for ight duty, general purpose or heavy duty scatfolds, and the nesdlas and standards should be spaced accordingly. ‘The truss-out should be designed to support the dead weight of the scaffold and the total superimposed loads, including wind loading. ‘Special attention should be given to the number ‘and positioning of rakers, ties and check couplers. ‘Only right angle couplers should be used in the construction of a truss-out. Rakers should be set at an angle generally not exceeding 35° trom the vertical ‘Their lower ends should be secured against displacement and bases suitably packed. “The upper ends of the rakers should be fixed to the outer ledgers as close as possible to the needle transoms. A check coupler should be fixed fn tothe raker immediately underneath and in contact with the ledger coupler. ‘The unbraced length of rakers should never exceod 3 m. Limi The limits of loading on the truss-out and height should be agreed between the user and the designer of the scaffold. 3-dimensional jew of a truss-out scaffold 19SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures Cavity Walls When erecting scattold structures trom buildings, 280 mm cavity wails not designed to withstand the following points should be considered excessive vertical or horizontal pressures. The internal wall ties are never capable of distributing any substantial load. When erecting cantilevered scaffolds treat cavity tener sin walls as only halt a brick thick, and never apply any excessive pressure. ‘eeu = ice bist Wall Surtaces ‘All exposed wall surfaces must be protected Tt buterty against being damaged or marked. Plastic caps walla ‘can be used aver the ends ofthe tubes. Cladding and curtain walling must never be subjected to any loading, such as from raking shores or ties. Floors Above Ground Level These can be either hollow or solid. Floors at Ground Level Modern ground floors are usually solid ‘construction. Older ground floors are usually hollow ‘construction. They are all designed for carrying some specific load. Before any further loading can be imposed, the maximum bearing capabilty must bo determined. IW itis decided that a seatfold can be erected, ensure that the surface Is protected and that the sole-boards are placed at right angles to the main supports. SOLID — Finisti may be grano, parquet or lino, etc., and in most cases adequate protection is essential, Lay hardboard, sofiboard, heavy sheeting, etc, under the sole-boards. In the great majority of cases, a sold floor wil support any of the scaffolds in common use. HOLLOW ~ This is designed for ordinary domestic Use and will not support adoitional heavy loads. A light scaffold can be erected if necessary, with long sole-boards at right angles to the floor joints, ‘and with floor finish protected as above.‘SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures 6 CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDS A cantilever scaffold is an independent tied The strength of the structure of the building should scaffold constructed in accordance with Brits be checked to ensure that the loads applied by the Standards 6973 but erected on beams scattold can be sately resisted. cantilavering out from a building. itis used in cases where itis impracticable or undesirable to ‘The strictest control should be exercised by the found the scaffold on the ground. user on the loads transferred from cantilever scatfolds. There should be full ison between the “The cantilever beams should be spacedto suit the designer and the user on this matter and the bay lengths of the scaffold to be built on them. drawings and calculations should state the load ‘They should be designed in accordance with limitation clearly. BS 449 to support the self weight, the imposed load and the wind load resulting from the scaffold above, Cantilever drop scaffold 23.‘SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures 7 ROOF SADDLE AND STACK SCAFFOLDS Roof Saddle Generally agreed to mean the foundation for a scaffold erected on a pitched root, when chimneys are to be repaired. Roof saddles are generally erected where minor repairs are made, 9 replacing chimney pots, or repointing etc. A safe means of access or egress must always be provided, and this will usually comprise an access tower with walkway onto scaffold. Front elevation on A Roof Stack (illustrated below) “This type of scattold, because of the position of the chimney, requires an access scaffold. Roof stacks are erected where more substantial repairs are required, i. demonstration andlor rebuilding of chimney in situation where the stack ‘sin such a position as to make the erection of a saddle scatfold impracticable. End elevation PlanSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures Work On or Near Fragile Material Crawling ladders or boards must be provided ang must always be used so that the worker's weight is con the baards and never on fragile roof sheets. Walkways (¢.9. gutters etc.) which run alongside ‘or over any fragile sheets must have guard-rails fitted or the nearby sheets must be protectively covered to prevent falls through them. Warning notices must be fixed on all buildings ‘covered with fragile material NB This Regulation only applies ifthe height ‘above ground or floor is more than 1.98 m. Roof or crawling ladder Sloping Roofs “This Regulation applies when the pitch is over 10°, Roots at any smaller so and, theretoro, ‘eomo under Reg, 33, which requires toe-boards ‘and guard-rails or covers at any point where a ‘man can fall more than 1.98 m. This Regulation covers all types of work on a roof and roofs used for access to workplaces. ‘When the pitch is over 30° or is between 10° and 30° and the surface Is dangerously slippery: ‘= only men who are physically suitable can be employed; + crawling ladders or boards must be used to get ‘to working places on the roof and these ladders must be fixed to prevent slipping; ‘ether (a eatch barter or platform must be erected at the eaves or (i) a 0.43 m (2 boards) ‘working platform with guard-rails must be used, Crawling ladders or boards must be: ‘+ strong and properly maintained; ‘+ properly supported; * securely anchored to the sloping surface, over the ridge, etc. to prevent slipping. Crawling ladders are not necessary if strong root battens or similar parts of a root provide a safe alternative foothold. Catch platforms are not necessary i the eaves are Jess than 1.98 m high, ‘The fall of loose materials must be prevented. ‘Availabe in wood or mata Wheals facitate pushing the lado into postion. ara pieces enable varying lengths to be constucte. aSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two 8 HANDLING SCAFFOLDING BOARDS When boards are being handed up or down a seatfold or in any similar situation, all persons not directly involved should be well clear. Always take a firm grip. Pass the board in one smooth movement rather than tossing it or lowering it in @ series of separate handholds. ‘Any small injury to the hands from splintors may cause the board to be dropped. Carry boards round any blind comers with the leading end above head height, to avoid hitting persons hidden from view. Raise or lower boards by rope using a timber hitch. Hitch the rope not more than one quarter of the board's langth fram one end, so that the ‘hoard hangs straight. When passing a board to someone else, do not ‘push — and do not let go until they control at least twa thirds of it or say that itis under ‘control. Do nat pass boards backwards without looking, Do not allow boards to fall. They may become, ‘racked and weakened. Creaking may be a sign of a defect. Ifa board ‘oreaks, cheok it over. Ya board needs repair (such as removal of cleats or nails) put it on one side. Never bend nail over - remove it Stack boards on suitable foundations with pleces of batten for ties. Ensure that air can ‘circulate freely round the boards. Never ieave a leaning or unsupported board unattended. 29 StructuresSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures NVQ SCAFFOLDER LEVEL TWO THEORY REVISION 1. When should scaffold materials be inspected? Answer . 2. Class ‘A’ right angle couplers complying to BS 1139 (1991) have a safe working load of: Answer .. 3. Swivel couplers complying to BS 1139 (1991) have a safe working load of: Answer . 4. The diameter of a scaffold tube is: Answer aapesesseen i i 5. The width and thickness dimensions of a standard scaffold board are: Answer 6. The regulation minimum width of a scaffold board under 50 mm thick is: Answer 7. The minimum width of a sole-board is: Answer 8. Sole-boards (on surfaces of intermediate hardness) under single standards should cover a minimum area of: Answer 9. When using 225 mm wide sole-boards (an surfaces of intermediate hardness) under a single standard their length should be at least: ANSWER eisssssensssssie 10. When using 225 mm wide sole-boards (on soft surfaces) under a single standard their length should be at least: Answer atSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures 24. On sheeted scaffolds, movable ties with a capacity of 12.5 kNs should be fixed at the rate Answer... 25. Ties should not be spaced greater than: Answer 26. When calculating the number of ties required what must be added? Answer 27. The maximum percentage of reveal ties that can normally be installed on unsheeted scaffolds is: ANSWER se se 5 28. Tie arrangements should have a minimum capacity of: Answer ..... sess 29. Transoms supporting 38 mm boards would normally be spaced Answer 30. 38 mm boards can span a maximum of: Answer 31. 50. mm boards can span a maximum of. ANSWA eee . 32. Boards should not oversail their last support by more than: Answer ..... 33. Boards should have a minimum oversail of at least: Answer 34. The minimum number of supports that should be under an insecure board is: Answer 35. The minimum platform width for footing only is: Answer ..... 33SCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures 49. Guard-rails should be set so that the gap between is no greater than: Answer .. 50. The height of a toe-board above the working platform should be at least: Answer 51, Guard-rails should be installed when a person can fall a height of more than: Answer 52. The legal instrument/regulations that cover the minimum safety requirements for scaftol Answer 53. Code of practice BS 5973 provides scaffold erectors with Answer ....... me 54. Gin wheels have a safe working load of: Answer 55. The maximum unsupported length of tube supporting a gin wheel is: AMSWEP oo ces - 56. With agin wheel at its maximum projection what load may be lifted? Answer 87. The diameter of rope to fit the gin wheel is: Answer 58. The recommended knot to haul up scatfold boards is: Answer 59. The recommended knot to haul up scaffold tubes is: Answer .. 60. The recommended knot to stop the rope going through the gin wheel is: Answer cosines . eee 61. Gin wheels and other lifting equipment should be thoroughly examined every: AnswerSCAFFOLDING TRAINING Module Two Structures 75. Ledger/sway bracing in birdcage structures will support lines of standards up to a maximum of: Answer 76. When butting opposing walls the maximum number of unbraced standards in a birdcage structure can be: Answer 77. Except for the working platform transoms in birdcage structures should be attached to: Answer ... 78. The maximum recommended distance, on birdcage platforms, between the wall and the platform without fixing a guard-rail is: Answer... . 79. Putlog scaffolds can have a maximum standard spacing of: Answer... 80. Putlog scaffolds can have a maximum distributed loading of: ASWer ese 81. The maximum number of working platforms on a putlog scatfold is: Answer 82. Lift heights on putlog scaffolds are normally spaced at: Answer sare CSTE 83. The maximum number of boards between the wall and the standards on a putlog scattold is: Answer