Table of Contents

Nvu......................................................................................................................................................................1
About this tutorial...................................................................................................................................1
A quick note about instructions regarding menu navigation..................................................................1
Buttons....................................................................................................................................................2

Adding Text and Images....................................................................................................................................3

Website Anatomy...............................................................................................................................................7
Organise Your Files ................................................................................................................................7

Creating Links..................................................................................................................................................11

A Brief Introduction to Styles.........................................................................................................................15

Using Inline Styles............................................................................................................................................16

Cascading Style Sheets....................................................................................................................................21

Using External Stylesheets..............................................................................................................................35

License...............................................................................................................................................................42

Authors..............................................................................................................................................................43

General Public License....................................................................................................................................45

i
Nvu
NvU is an Open Source Web editing application that allows WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)
editing and creation of web pages. The NvU website is at: http://www.nvu.com

While not quite as sophisticated as 'professional' commercial applications, NvU can be easier to learn to use.
More importantly, it generates good clean HTML code.

About this tutorial

All the examples in this tutorial are based on running NvU under the Linux operating system. Fortunately,
NvU operates pretty much the same regardless of which system it is running under. All the examples given
will be equally applicable under OS X and Windows. In the event that there is a difference, separate
instructions for each operating system will be provided. This tutorial is written for someone who has little or
no previous experience creating web pages or working with HTML code, and are looking for a tool to quickly
and easily get content ready to put on the web. It should also be useful to anyone who is used to other
WYSIWYG web editing applications, and is looking to see what NvU has on offer. You will not need any
knowledge of HTML to create a web page using this tutorial.

This tutorial will cover:

• The anatomy of a website

• How to enter text and images
• How links work
• Using styles to easily control the "look and feel" of your page
• Using Cascading Style Sheets to easily manage the use of styles

By the time you complete this tutorial, you should be able to create your own complete and functional web
page. You should also be able to styles to customise the look and feel of your site without affecting the
content of the pages.

However, it beyond the scope of this tutorial to cover the details of getting your site published on the web or
the inner workings of HTML code. So this tutorial makes a couple of assumptions about its readers:

• You are familiar with the basics of your operating system (NvU works on OS X, Linux, and
Windows) and you know how to install applications on your computer.
• You are familiar with the basics of resizing and manipulating images using a program similar to the
GIMP.
• You have a hosting solution for your site, and have all the information needed to get the pages you
create posted on the web.

The last assumption is not strictly required to use NvU or create web pages in general, but will be necessary if
you want others to be able to see your site. See the links section if you need more information about how to
get your site published on the web.

A quick note about instructions regarding menu navigation

NvU uses a system of drop - down menus to access most of the options the program offers. I'll use the
following format to describe how to navigate the menus:

Menu > Submenu > Submenu

for example, to change to visibility of the formatting tool bar you would go to

Nvu 1
View > Show/Hide > Customize Toolbar > Format toolbar

Which would look like this:

Menu example

Buttons
Whenever you need to click on a button on one of the NvU windows it will notated as follows:

"Button"

For example "link" would indicate this:

Now let get started...

A quick note about instructions regarding menu navigation 2

Adding Text and Images
In the pane to the right of the Site Manager is where all the content of the page is entered. To enter text,
simply click on the window and start typing. Don't worry about fonts or other formatting issues just yet, we'll
get to that a little later. After entering a few lines of text, you need to save the file. Since this is the first, or
default page of the site, it should be called index.html. Saving the page is only a matter of clicking on the
Save button in the upper left corner of the NvU Window. Since this is the first time the page is to be saved, a
dialogue box will pop up asking you to provide a title for the page.

You can enter any text you like here. The text you enter will appear in the title bar of the web browser when
the page is viewed. You can always change this later if you would like. After clicking OK, another dialogue
box will appear asking you to save the file. It is important to make sure that the file is saved in the folder you
created when you defined the site. Save the file as index.html inside the Tutorial_Site folder that you created
earlier. Most likely, the web server that you will later upload your site to will automatically display the page
named index.html when a visitor enters a web address with naming a specific file. There will be more about
this in a bit, but for now make sure that the first page that you want visitors to see when they come to your site
is called index.html (no CAPITAL LETTERS).

Click Save. You should see the the file, index.html in the Site Manager. If you don't click on the refresh
button and it should appear. If it's not there, its likely that you did not save it in the folder that contains your

Adding Text and Images 3

site. If you need to make sure that you repeat the steps above until you see the file appear in the Site Manager.

Let's add an image to the page. Before inserting an image, it's necessary to place the image file in the Images
directory. Before copying the image into the directory, make sure that it is an appropriate size for viewing on
the web. Keep in mind that large files take longer to download that small files do, and that all images
displayed on the web are measured in pixels. Take a look at the Gimp tutorial for more detailed instructions
on how to do this. Save the file as jpeg image and be certain that the file name ends with .jpg or .jpeg . If you
would rather, you can use any of the images I've provided here to use for the exercise.

If the file is not in the Images directory, copy it there now.

You should now see the file in the Images directory in the Site Manager pane of the NvU window. If it's not
there, try the refresh button.

It's time to place the image in the page. From the drop down menu at the top of the NvU window, click on
Insert -> Image.

Adding Text and Images 4

A dialogue box will appear. Click on the Choose File button, select the file that is inside the Images directory
for your site, and click on the Open button.

Before clicking on OK, there are a few important things you need set first. First, check to make sure that the
text under Image Location Starts with the Images directory for your site. Also, if it is not already, check the
box URL is relative to page location. Finally add some text to the Alternate text section of the window.

Once all set correctly click the OK button. The Image should appear on the page. Now would be a good time
to save the page with the image inserted. Just click the Save button in the upper left corner. If you did not hit

Adding Text and Images 5

the Return key before inserting the image it will appear at the end of the text. If you did press the Return key
the image will appear on its own line as if it were beginning a new paragraph. Don't worry about getting the
position of the image just right quite yet. We'll get to that later. Right now, the important thing is that the
image is in the proper directory, and that you have given enough information for the web browser to find it.
That it why it was necessary to enter all the information in the Image Properties window. When NvU
"inserted" the image, what is actually did was write instructions for the browser on where to find the image
file and a little information about how to display it. To see this in action, click on the source tab at the bottom
of the NvU window. This will display the HTML code that NvU has written for you. Don't worry, you're not
going to have to edit any of the code directly but it's nice to see what NvU is doing for you and what and
image looks like in HTML. Clicking on the Normal tab at the bottom of the NvU window will return you to
more familiar territory.

Look for the bit of code that looks like this:

<img style="width: 500px; height: 375px;" alt="This is a picture of cheese" src="/bin/edit/image

This is HTML code for telling the browser: "Display an image dimensioned 500x375 pixels. You can find it
in the Images directory in the same place that this page is, and the name of the file is called cheese.JPG.

The important bit is the src="/bin/edit/images/cheese.JPG". This is where the HTML tells the
browser where to find the image file. These instructions are called the URL (an acronym for Universal
Resource Locater) and the way that the URL is written tells the browser how many steps it needs to get to its
destination (a file). There are two types of URL's, relative and absolute. Before getting into the differences
between relative and absolute paths, lets make a couple of links to other pages one relative, one absolute.

Adding Text and Images 6

Website Anatomy
At the most basic level a website is nothing more than a set of files written in a specific way that can be
interpreted (or parsed, in web lingo) by a web browser. In order for all browsers to interpret the files all web
pages must be written in a consistent manner. This consistency of form is HTML, or Hypertext Mark-up
Language. Because HTML is nothing more than a text file written in a specific format, all that is needed to
write web pages is a text editor. Creating pages this way requires knowledge of the HTML format, and while
HTML is not all that hard to learn, most people prefer a more visual way of designing pages. Applications
such as NvU allow people to make functional websites by "writing" the HTML for you.

The design of NvU makes the experience of web page design more akin to using a word processor. While this
makes learning the software easier for most, there are a few traps that lurk in the shadows of this kind of
approach. The Hypertext part of HTML is what makes linking possible in web pages, and understanding how
links work is crucial before successfully creating a website. I'll give you a brief introduction here, but I
recommend further reading for more detail of how all this works.

Organise Your Files

The most important thing to do when setting up a site is to make sure that you are consistent in where you
keep all your files for your site. Being diligent in good file management will save you countless hours as your
sites grow and become more complex. Let's take a look at the anatomy of file structure of this tutorial. You
can see this structure in NvU using the Site Manger on the left side of NvU window.

You shopuld keep a separate folder for the images and styles associated with the site. As you'll soon see
keeping things categorized in this way will make expansion and revision of the site relatively painless.

When setting up a site for the first time in NvU the best practice is to set up a folder on the hard drive of your
computer that will hold all the files you'll need for your site. This folder should contain nothing but what you
actually need to display your site. By keeping everything contained in a folder in this way it will make
transferring your site to a server very easy. You can set this up without having to leave NvU.

Website Anatomy 7
When you first open NvU you will be presented with a screen that looks like this:

Click on the "Edit Sites" button in the site manger:

Another window will appear called publish settings.

Click on the button "Select Directory" in the Publishing Server section:

Organise Your Files 8

Create a new folder (also called a 'directory') and select it in the dialogue box that appears. I've called mine
Tutorial_Site. Note the underscore in the directory name. As a general rule, spaces are a bad thing in the
names of files and directories in websites. If you would like to have a space, use the underscore (_) character.

In the Publish Setting window add a name for the site in the Site Name section. You should also see the name
of the directory you created in the Publishing Server section of the window. Don't worry about the rest of the
boxes, those need to be filled in when it comes time to publish your site on the web. For the time being, all we
are doing is setting up your site on your computer.

If it all looks good, click "OK".

You should now see the name of your site in the site manager. All the files that you create as you build your
site (and nothing else) belong in this directory.

Now its time to make a directory that will hold all the images that will appear on the site. Click on the site
name in the site manager so that it is highlighted and you will see the icons in the Site Manager become
coloured. Click on the icon that looks like the folder.

A dialogue box will appear. Enter 'Images' as the directory name.

Organise Your Files 9

Click 'OK'. You should now see the 'Images' directory appear under the site name in the Site Manager pane. If
it's not there, just click on the refresh icon next to the folder icon you clicked when adding the directory. It
should look something like this:

Congratulations. You now have the basic directory structure for a successful website. It's now time to add a
little content.

Organise Your Files 10

Creating Links
To switch back to the normal view (get out of the source view), click on the Normal tab at the bottom of the
NvU window.

First, there needs to be another page to link to. To make another page in your site, just click the New button in
the upper left corner of the NvU window. A new blank page will appear in a new tab. For now just enter some
new text in the page, Click the Save button, give the page a title, and save the page in the Tutorial_Site
directory. These are the same steps that were used to save the first page. This time when it comes time to
name the HTML file, you need to name it something other than index.html. In order for the browser to follow
a URL correctly no files in the same directory are allowed to share the same file name. Remember to avoid
spaces in the file name. In the example, the file for the second page is called second_page.html (Note the
underscore). If all is well, you should see the second page in the Site Manger pane. If it's not there, you
guessed it, the refresh button should do the trick.

Note that the first page is still there in its own tab. Clicking on the tab will allow you to edit the page the tab
belongs to. Click on the tab for the first page, and select some text that will server as a link to the second page.
(Text is selected by clicking and dragging the mouse, in much the same way you would in a word processor.)
Links can be associated with words, sentences, paragraphs, individual letters or even spaces. This example
will just use one word as a link. Highlight (select) the word that will contain the link, then click on the "Link"
button near the top centre of the NvU window.

The Link Properties dialogue box will appear. To link to the second page, click the "Choose File..." button
and choose the html file of the second page.

Creating Links 11
The way that the the path of the link is written tells the browser if the link is relative or absolute. When
creating websites, it's a very good idea to understand how this works.

When using a graphical computer interface, files and directories are represented with icons which represent
files and directories on your computer. HTML needs to represent this using text only and uses the slash (/),
full stop (.) and the colon (:) in conjunction with directory and file names to describe where any given file
lives. The order that the text is written describes the order of directories that the browser should go through to
find the file. The URL /ben/web/tutorial/index.html is pointing to a file, (index.html) which is inside a
directory, (tutorial) which is inside another directory, (web), which is inside another directory, (ben). If you
were to look at this URL in a graphical interface, it might look like this

If a image file named foo.png was added to the web directory, its path would be /ben/web/foo.png and would
look like this:

As you may have figured out, directories are separated by (/)'s and files are usually indicated by having a
suffix (like '.png') placed at the end.

The topmost directory is called the root directory and is indicated by a / all to itself. /ben is the URL for the
ben directory which is inside the root directory. If a URL starts with a /, it is an absolute URL. URL's to
external sites are also absolute, such as http://www.google.com. In this case the http is telling the
browser what language (called a protocol) it should use to ask for the file. Web pages use the http protocol.
The //www.google.com part is the address of where the root directory lives on the web. Everything after
http://www.google.com is the root directory for the google site. The URL
http://www.google.com/mac points to the mac directory in the root directory of Google's website.

Absolute URL's contain all the information needed to find a file, and contain the following parts:

• The protocol
• The address
• The path to the file being requested

A common example of a web pages URL is 'http:// www.google.com': http: is the protocol, and:
//www.google.com is the address of the server.

anything after is the path to the file being requested. In this case, there is no path specified, and Google's
server must decide what to send to the browser.

Another example of an absolute URL is http://www.dembroski.net/Desktops/photos.html

In this case the URL is asking for the file photos.html which is found in the Desktops directory in the root
directory of the site.

Creating Links 12
It is possible to make all the links in your site absolute in this way when adding making your site. There is a
serious drawback to doing this, however. If at a later time you decide to move the location of site to a different
web address or change the location of a directory within a site, you would have go back and change all the
links in the site to point to the new location. Web pages can easily have tens to hundreds of links, so having to
change all of them each time a directory is moved would make managing a web site almost impossible.

Relative URL s help solve this problem. Instead of starting with a protocol and an address, the path of relative
URL s start wherever the document is located. They are indicated by starting without a protocol indicator in
the URL name. In the example of the Tutorial site we are building, entering second_page.html without
http://www.tutorial_site.com/ in front of it tells the browser that the URL is relative and it
should look for the file second_page.html URL in the same directory as the file that contains index.html (this
is the file that contains the link).

Let's add a link to an absolute URL to see the difference. In general, absolute URL s should only be used
when linking to an external website.

Add some text describing the link, and select the text that you want to contain the link, and click on the link
button at the top of the NvU window. When presented with the Link Properties window enter the absolute
URL for the link.

You can also add links to images. To make the image of the cheese link to the site with the desktop images,
single click on the image. It will become highlighted by little white squares (called "handles").

Creating Links 13
With the image selected, adding a link to an image is the same as adding it to text. Click the link button, and
follow the same steps outlined above. Just to keep things simple, give the link the same URL
(http://www.dembroski.net/Desktops/photos.html).

Now would be a good time to take a look at the site in a web browser and see how it looks and make sure that
all the links work.

Depending on which operating system you are using, and how it is set up, there are a number of ways this can
be done. Near the top of the NvU window there is a browse button. Pressing this should open your default
web browser with the the page loaded. However, it may not for a number of reasons. Fortunately, there is a
way that will work regardless of the browser and operating system you are using.

Open your favourite web browser. This tutorial is using Firefox, which can be downloaded for free at
www.mozilla.org and is easily installed on Linux, OS X, and Windows XP. Once the browser is running, it is
simply a matter of opening the index.html file as you would any other file in an application. From the
application's menu bar click on File > Open File. A dialogue box will appear. Navigate to the Tutorial_Site
folder and select the index.html file. You should see something like this:

If you've set up all the links correctly, they should work when you click them in the browser. Clicking on the
image should open the same page as the last link (the one contained in the word "Here").

That's it! You have now made a functional (but not very exciting) website.

Let's see if we can't dress it up a little.

Creating Links 14
A Brief Introduction to Styles
At the moment, the way that web pages are constructed is going through a transition. HTML is well suited to
setting up links to different pages, images and locations on the net. It is not all that well suited to telling a
browser how that information should look. Until recently, web designers had to do the best they could using
layout tables, frames and other trickery to get there pages to look the way they wanted. While this does work
more or less, the problem with such an approach was each browser would interpret the HTML slightly
differently. This means that a page might look great in Safari for OS X, but look terrible or even be unusable
in an older version of Internet Explorer running on Microsoft Windows.

The solution was to create a standard that would be read the same in all browsers. This standard is called CSS,
or Cascading Style Sheets. It is certainly beyond the scope of this tutorial to explain the intricacies of how this
works. Fortunately NvU does a lot of this work for you. All you really need to know at this point is that
HTML handles the content of the site (text, links, images, etc.) and styles determine how that content should
look. So, content first, then worry about how it looks. This approach has two distinct advantages. First, there
is a much greater chance of your site looking the same no matter which browser it is viewed on. Second, if
you decide that you want to change the look of your site, all that is required is changing the style associated
with the site's content, without having to re-do the whole site from scratch.

For a more detailed explanation of how CSS works check out the links section of the tutorial.

To use styles to define the layout of a page, you need to instruct NvU to do so. This is set in the preferences
which can be found in by selecting Tools > Preferences in NvU's menu bar. A window will pop up. Make sure
box labelled "Use CSS styles instead of HTML elements and attributes" is ticked. That's it, you are now ready
to start defining how the pages are laid out.

Click "OK" and you are all set up to start using styles.

A Brief Introduction to Styles 15

Using Inline Styles
You now have a choice on how to use styles in your site. The most basic way is to use inline styles. Which is
to mean that you assign each element in the site it's own specific style as it differs from the default. This is
how most people use a word processor. For example, selecting a bit of text that you want to be bold, and then
clicking the "Bold" button. In this sense, NvU operates in much the same way. Looking at the example of our
index.html page, let's change the colour of the background and the text. This is done from the NvU menu bar.
Click on Format > Page Colours and Background. You will be presented with the following window:

By clicking on the Use Custom colours button, you are able to set the defaults for all the text on the page.
You'll notice three types of link colours:

Link is the colour of text which contains a link that has not been visited yet by the browser

Active defines the colour of link as it is clicked

Visited defines the colour of a link which has been previously visited by the browser

Go ahead and change the colors. (Just remember that if you choose text colour that is too similar to the
backround colour, its going to be hard, if not impossible, to read it) Click OK, save the page and take a look at
the page in your web browser. (If it looks the same, make sure to click on the refresh button in the browser to
load the latest version of the page.

Using Inline Styles 16

Now lets change the font of the text on the page.

First select all the text on the page by pressing ctrl+a. You should see all the text on the page highlighted:

Using Inline Styles 17

You can select the font you want to use either by clicking on Format > Font in the NvU menu bar, or by
choosing the font in the drop down menu in the upper right hand corner of the NvU window.

Once again, if you save the page and load it into your browser you can see what it looks like. All changes
(Text size, Bold, Italic, Underline) to text are made the same way.

Time to change the position of the image on the screen and get the text to wrap around it. This is done by
clicking on the image once to highlight it, and clicking on Format > Image and Link Properties from the NvU
menu bar. (Double clicking on the image does the same thing.) Another pop up window demands your
attention. Click on the Appearance tab, and you are presented with the following options:

Using Inline Styles 18

The pull down menu, "Align text to Image" gives you the option to have the text wrap around the image to the
right or to the left. Selecting "Wrap to the right" will give you some thing that looks like this:

You'll notice the text next to the image is just touching the edge of the image. To add a little space between
the image and the text, use the spacing options in the Image Properties window. Experiment with different
numbers until you get something that you like. This is an example of what 20 pixel spacing looks like:

Using Inline Styles 19

That's the basics of using styles to control the appearance of individual elements of a web page. It's fairly
straightforward, but with a little planning, the use of style sheets can make your life even easier.

Using Inline Styles 20

Cascading Style Sheets
Using in line styles is a quick way to get your web page to look the way that you want it to. However, once
your site contains more than a few pages, if you want to uniformly change the appearance of your site, you
will have to go back and change the style attributed to each element one by one. Not much fun.

There are a couple of ways around this problem in. Both involve centralizing all the style instructions in one
location. Doing this makes changing styles easier. These central instruction sets are called Cascading Style
Sheets, and if used properly, they will make designing web page much easier.

The first way to centralize this information is to put it all in the head of the document. This is done in the
HTML code of the page. NvU does this for you, but it's a good idea to look at the HTML code to see what
NvU is doing.

For this section of the tutorial, I am going to concentrate on the second page of the Tutorial_site.

When using this method of assigning styles to elements of a page, two things need to happen. First, you need
to "name" all the elements of the page that you want to share a particular style. This name can be anything that
you want. Just keep in mind that depending on the style you assign, the element can look totally different.
Therefore, it's generally considered good practice to use a name that describes the elements function or
content rather than what it is supposed to look like. NvU calls these names classes.

There are elements in every HTML document which are already named which you can also assign styles to.
These are called tags and are best looked at in the HTML code itself.

Time to make some classes for the second page of the Tutorial_Site. This is done in the CSS editor of NvU,
which is found by clicking on Tools > CSS Editor in the main menu bar.

A pop-up window will appear. Click on the "Style elt." button. To the left, a dialogue will appear. Leave the
Media list section blank, but it is a good idea to give the style sheet a name. In this example, I used My_style
sheet (notice the underscore). After entering the title, click on the "Create Stylesheet button".

Cascading Style Sheets 21

Now it's time to add some rules to the style sheet. There are two ways that you can do this. You can create
your own classes, or you can use the tags which already exist in the HTML code. You can aslo mix and match
these methods as you see fit. There is no right or wrong answer to this, and the best thing to do is experiment a
bit. We'll start by making a class, later on, I'll show you the other option. Making a rule in NvU is just a
matter of clicking on the rule button, naming the class that the rule will apply to and then making some
choices about how things will look. It might seem complicated at first, but it's really not that hard.

Go ahead and Click on the rule button. Under the General Tab, you'll see a section called "New Style Sheet"
with three options. Select the first option, named style and give the style a name. It's a good idea to name the
style something which describes the class' content rather than what it will look like. For now, just give the
class a simple name, "important_text".

You will now see the named rule appear under the internal style sheet in the left panel of the CSS Stylesheet
window. All that's left to do is tell NvU what we want all the elements assigned to this class to look like.
There are a great deal of options here, many more than can be covered in this tutorial. I'll cover just the basics
here. All the options are located in the tabs at the top of the CSS Editor window. Since this style is called
important_text, it would make sense to start with the "Text" tag. Select the tag by clicking it. You'll be
presented with a large number of possible ways to modify your text.

Cascading Style Sheets 22

Most of this is similar to what you would see in a word processing or page layout application, but there are a
few differences that you need to be aware of. The final display of any HTML web page is the result of a
negotiation between the HTML and CSS code of the web page and the browser displaying the page. Generally
speaking, in order for a certain font to be displayed, it needs to be available to the browser. If the font is not
there, then the text will be displayed using the browsers default setting. (Which might be something that
would make your page look terrible.) To get around this, web designers use font families instead naming
specific fonts.

Nvu has three of the most common font families included, which is what we will use here. Font sizes also are
a little different in web design. Because webpages are seen on a computer monitor, the basic measurement
unit is the pixel. However, in the case of CSS there are also tons of other options (this is because you can use
CSS to do formatting for more than just web pages.) There are other issues with using absolute units of
measure in web design. This also has to do with the fact that the browser the web pages is being viewed in has
the last word as to how the page will be displayed. You can set a font to be exactly 23 pixels, but if the rest of
the page is being rendered with 50 pixel fonts as the default, all the text assigned the important_text class is
going to look not so important in comparison. This is a common problem, and there is a simple solution, use
relative measurements instead. This can be done with descriptors like "larger" or "smaller". In all cases, when
you are using the CSS editior, any values that you don't provide (like the Font style in the example here) will
simply use the browsers default when it is rendered. Go ahead and enter the values so that they match the
image below.

Cascading Style Sheets 23

Then click on the "Close" button on the CSS editor.

Make sure that you have the second_page.html of the tutorial open in the main window. Below is all the text
used in the example, if you don't feel like typing it all out, you can copy and paste it in:

This is the second page of the tutorial site.

If everything works according to plan there should be a link to this page from the front page of

This page has a style sheet embedded in the head of the document and the paragraphs and images be

This paragraph is just a normal paragraph with no special class assigned to it. This should look

This line has the tag <h1>

This one had the tag <h2>

and this one, <h3>

This is paragraph that is assigned the class "important_text". This means that we can assign this

This paragraph is assigned the class "quote". Any other parts of this page that are assigned the

There are several other things that can be done with styles, but this should be enough to get you

Replace anything you might have on second_page.html with this text. (Don't forget to save the page.)

Select the paragraph that says that it is assigned the important_text class. Near the upper left corner of the
main NvU window is a pull-down menu which says "(no class)". Click on it, an you should see important_text
listed.

The text should now look something like this:

Cascading Style Sheets 24

Now would be a good time to take a look at the HTML code just to see how all this looks. Click on the source
tab at the bottom of the page. First, take a look at the top of the page. You should see something that looks
like this:

<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="content-type">

<title>The second page</title>

<style title="My_style sheet" type="text/css">
.important_text { font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
color: rgb(204, 0, 0);
font-weight: bold;
text-transform: capitalize;
text-decoration: underline overline;
font-size: larger;
} </style>
</head>

This is the Style sheet which is nested in the head of the document. Notice the bit with the .important_text, all
the options you entered in the CSS editing dialogue is contained in inside the curly brackets. When we add
another class, it will have its own set of attributes inside its own set of curly brackets. When we move on to
using an external style sheet, we'll come back to this part of the code.

Now take a look a little further down the page, around line 39. You should the following:

<span class="important_text">This is paragraph that is assigned the class "important_text". This

This is the code that tells the browser what bit of text should use the important_text class. Notice the bits with
<> symbols around them. These are called "tags" every part of HTML belongs to a tag, and any tag can be
assigned a style rule. In the example above example, NvU used a special set of tags called 'span', which is just
HTML speak for "between these two points". This is used when NvU needs to identify a specific section of
code to assign a style to. You don't need to assign a class to use style rules. You can assign these rules to any
tag. Using tags to assign styles means that any code that falls in between those tags will be affected by the
style rule automatically. In particular, the heading tags are pretty useful in this respect, so that what this
example uses. Just keep in mind that you can use this technique for pretty much any tag you would like.

OK, you can stop looking at all that code now. Click on the "Normal" tag at the bottom of the page.

Cascading Style Sheets 25

Let's make a couple of styles for headings.

First, we need to assign some text with heading tags. Select this line:

This line has the tag <h1>

We're going to assign this the the <h1> tag. Near the upper left corner of the NvU window is a pull-down
menu that currently has " Body Text" in it. Click on it and change it to "Heading 1". You'll notice the font
becomes larger and the line spacing changes.

Even though we have not established a style rule for the heading yet, the appearance of the text changed. This
happened because NvU is using the settings used by most web browsers, and most web browsers have a
setting for rendering headings. In a little bit, we'll get things to look how we want. Before we do, go ahead and
assign the two lines with their corresponding tags. When you are done, it should look something like this:

Just to make sure that we have the names of the tags correct, let's take another look at the HTML code, as it
doesn't lie. Click on the Source tab at the bottom of the window, and look for something like this:

!!!! FIX !!! <h1>This line has the tag <h1></h1> <br> <h2>This one had the tag <h2></h2> <br> <h

Cascading Style Sheets 26

Don't worry about all the weird "<" stuff. All we need to do is make sure that the tags are indeed <h1>, <h2>,
and <h3> respectively. Good. Time to assign some rules to these tags. Click on the Normal tab at the bottom
of the window, and we'll get to business. Open the CSS editor by clicking on Tools > CSS Editor. Make sure
that internal style sheet is selected to the left.

Follow the same steps as before. Click on the Rule button to bring up the New Style Rule dialogue. Instead of
selecting the "named style" option, as you did before, select "style applied to all elements matching the
following selector". Enter h1 into the entry field and click on the Create New Style button. You can now
assign all the style attributes that you would like to apply to any part of the page that falls within <h1> tags,
(heading 1 in the pull down menus). Notice that you should enter h1 and not <h1> in the entry field.

Go ahead and click on the tabs running along the top of the CSS window. You will be presented with a
number of style options in each category that you can assign to each style. The best way to see what all these
do is just to try them out and see what happens. In this example, I used to following settings.

Which results in text that looks like this:

Cascading Style Sheets 27

Go ahead and assign the other two headings with your own style rules and see if you can get close to the
image below.

If you get stuck, the image below might give you a hint.

There is one important detail to note in the above image. The window "Sheets and rules" lists all the style
sheets and rules associated with this page. You'll notice that all the rules assigned to the heading elements do
not begin with a dot, but the important_text entry does. That little dot indicates that the rule is to be applied to

Cascading Style Sheets 28

a named class (The first example on this page). The absence of the dot is saying that rule is applied to
elements which are contained in HTML tags. If you are having trouble getting the results you think you
should, this would be a good place to look for answers.

Just to drive home the difference between these two ways to assign style rules to a page, let's make a class and
a rule for text which is a quote. I won't describe all the steps in detail again. Instead just follow the images
below in order if you need a little reminder.

In the end, it should look like this:

Cascading Style Sheets 29

You can also apply styles to images as well as text. While styles are not typically used to change the
appearance of images, they are effective at controlling the layout of the images. While you can do this image
by image as you did earlier in the tutorial, if your site contains a number of images that you want to layout
similarly, Styles are a great time saver.

First, you need to add some images to the page. To do this, follow the steps you used earlier in the tutorial. In
this case the images are going to be displayed with text wrapping around them, either to the left, or to the
right, with an area of padding around them. This means the images need to be a little smaller. I'd suggest you
use images with pixel dimensions of about 320 x 240. There are two images you can use already in the image
directory of the Tutorial_site.

To better demonstrate how this wrapping works, you need more text to see the effect. Below is copy of the
paragraph that you can copy and paste into the page.

This is a longer paragraph that is only here to show how text can be wrapped around an image usin

Inserting the text above at least twice should be enough. Next, insert the images so page looks like this:

Cascading Style Sheets 30

To get these images to behave how we want them to, two classes are needed; one for images which will be
displayed on the left, one for the right. This is done the same way as making any other class in the CSS editor.
Start with naming a class for images that should be positioned to the left of the page, with text "wrapping"
around it.

In the image above, you see the the box tab being used. Boxes are how CSS describes the separation of each
element on the page. Generally, all items named with a style are contained in it's own box. The box tab allows
you to manipulate how boxes are displayed, and how they relate to each other. Boxes are powerful and
complex layout tools, but they can be used effectively for simple layout as well. For now the important thing
is to understand what the different parts of boxes do in CSS. Take a look at the Diagram below:

Cascading Style Sheets 31

This describes how the different elements of a box are arranged. CSS allows you to control each of the
elements separately; top, bottom. left and right. In the example above, I have set the box to have a 10 pixel
space of padding and a 10 pixel space of margin around the image. I did this because if I later decide that I
want a border around the image, there will still be a 10 pixel margin surrounding the border (no other element
will touch the border). Also notice that I set the "Float" option to "left". This will put the image on the left side
of the page and allow other elements to wrap around it.

Now do create another named class, called rightfloat. Use the same settings, except set the float option in the
Box tag to right.

Now all that is left to do is assign the class to each image. Click on the image once. You will see a bounding
box with small white squares appear. With the image selected, select leftfloat from the list of named classed in
the upper right area of the NvU window.

Cascading Style Sheets 32

This is the result.

Apply the rightfloat text to the next image using the same method. If done correctly, you should see
something like this:

Cascading Style Sheets 33

That is the basics of using an embedded style sheet to layout a web page. While more efficient than setting the
style of each element individually, it's still a bit of work if you want to apply the same style sheet to more than
one page. To do this you would either have to re-enter all the settings for each page using the CSS editor, or
copy and paste the style sheet code manually into the HTML code of each page. There is a better way. It is
possible to separate the style sheet into it's own document and link to it in any page that you want that style
applied to. This method has a number of advantages. The biggest one is that you only need to set up a style
sheet once, regardless of how many pages are on your site. Also, if you decide that you want to change any of
the style elements, all you need to do is make the changes in one central document, and they will be
automatically applied to any page that uses that style. Setting this up is straightforward, however the current
version of NvU has a bug that needs to be addressed when using stylesheets in this manner.

Cascading Style Sheets 34

Using External Stylesheets
Creating an external style sheet in NvU is straightforward enough. Open the CSS editor window, and select
"internal style sheet". Next click on the button "Export style sheet and switch to exported version"

A dialogue box will appear, prompting you to save your external style sheet. You can name it anything you
like, provided you follow a couple of rules. The file must end with the suffix .css. Also, spaces are not a good
idea for names of files that will be served on the web. If you want have a space in the name, use an underscore
( _ ) For this example, I named the file My_style sheet.css. When saving your file, make sure that it is in the
same directory as the rest of your site.

You will see in the "sheets and rules" window of the css editor the entry for your style sheet has changed from
"internal style sheet" to something a little longer starting with file:///.

I mentioned before that there is a bug in NvU that causes problems when using external style sheets.
Fortunately, it's easy to correct by changing a single line of the HTML code of the page. At this point, it might
be a good idea to review the section of the tutorial dealing with the difference between absolute and relative

Using External Stylesheets 35

links.

Click on the "Source" tag at the bottom of the NvU window.

All you need to do is locate the line that contains the link to your external style sheet (highlighted above).
When you create an external style sheet with NvU, it always creates an absolute link to the CSS file on your
computers hard drive. This will not cause any problems as long as you are loading your site directly from your
computer. However, when you upload your site to a web server, the absolute link will not function properly.
You need to change the link to a relative one.

To do this, simply delete everything up to and including the / in front of the file's name. That's it; you can
click on the "Normal" tag. Now would be a good time to save the page. You will have to do this each time
you link to an external style sheet in NvU.

To show how much time you can save using an external style sheet, we'll add a third page to the Tutorial_site,
and change it's layout with just a couple of clicks of the mouse (and changing that one line of HTML code).

Click on the "New" button in the upper left corner of the NvU window. A new blank tab will appear. This is a
good time to add the link to the style sheet to the page. Open the CSS editor by clicking on Tools > CSS
editor. This time instead of clicking on the "Style elt." button, click on the "Link elt." button.

Click the "Choose File" button.

Using External Stylesheets 36

A dialogue box will appear asking you to select the CSS file you would like to link to. Select the My_style
sheet.css file.

Next, click on the "Create style sheet" button. (You can ignore the warning about saving the page before
linking the file, you will save the file after you do the HTML code fix.)

Now, close the the CSS editor window, and click on the "Source" tab at the bottom of the NvU window.
Repeat the same steps as when you changed the link to the style sheet from absolute to relative. When you are
done, the code should look something like this:

Using External Stylesheets 37

After applying the fix. Save the page. Make sure it is saved in the same directory as rest of the site.

All that is left to do now is add some content to the page. Below, I've provided some latin that you can use as
sample text.

Here is some Latin (this line is h1)

Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Aliquam u

And a little more latin (h2)

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique s

And still more latin... (h3)

Suspendisse potenti. Cras ut mi sit amet quam consequat consequat. Aenean ut lectus. Cum sociis n

Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Maecenas to

In the example below, I've also added an image.

Using External Stylesheets 38

Now apply some classes to different elements of the text using the pull down menu in the right of the NvU
window. All the classes from your style sheet should be there. If they are not there, you may have to refresh
the page by closing and opening it, just don't forget to save it first. As an excersise, see if you can match the
image below.

As you can see, the look of the two pages which link to the style sheet are the same. Unfortunately, this look
is a little ugly. Because these pages use a single style sheet, any change that you make to that the style sheet
will affect both pages.

To see this in action open the CSS editor dialogue one more time. You are going to add one more style rule
that will help you determine how the default text and background will look on both pages. In an HTML
document, all the content displayed is contained between the tags <body> and </body>. If you apply a style
rule to that selector, any settings contained in that rule become the default for the page. All the other rules you
made can be considered "exceptions" to this default rule. So, inside the CSS editor:

And give it the following attributes under the "Text" and "Background" tabs:

Using External Stylesheets 39

Make sure you save the page after you have made the changes. You might need to refresh the view to see the
effect the changes have on the pages. In the end the pages should look something like this:

The second page:

Using External Stylesheets 40

You now have all the basic skills needed to create and style a website using NvU. This tutorial is only an
introduction however. There is much much more that you can do with NvU, HTML and Cascading Style
Sheets. To move on from here, take a look at some of the resources on the links page.

Using External Stylesheets 41

License
All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed
with GNU General Public License version 2

This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License,
or (at your option) any later version.

This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this documentation; if not,
write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.

License 42
Authors
This manual originally forged at Your Machines : http://www.yourmachines.org/ . Check out Your Machines
for other very interesting and well written manuals! Many thanks for to Simon Yuill for porting the manual
from Your Machines and agreeing to re-licensing it under the GPL.

ADDING TEXT & IMAGES

© Ben Dembroski 2007
Modifications:
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Thomas Middleton 2008

CASCADING STYLE SHEETS

© Ben Dembroski 2007
Modifications:
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Thomas Middleton 2008

CREATING LINKS
© Ben Dembroski 2007
Modifications:
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Thomas Middleton 2008

CREDITS
© adam hyde 2006, 2007, 2008

INTRODUCTION
© Ben Dembroski 2006, 2007
Modifications:
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Thomas Middleton 2008

INTRODUCTION TO STYLES
© Ben Dembroski 2007
Modifications:
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Thomas Middleton 2008

WEBSITE ANATOMY
© Ben Dembroski 2007
Modifications:
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Thomas Middleton 2008

EXTERNAL STYLE SHEETS

© Ben Dembroski 2007
Modifications:

Authors 43
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Thomas Middleton 2008

USING INLINE STYLES

© Ben Dembroski 2007
Modifications:
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Thomas Middleton 2008

Free manuals for free software

Authors 44
General Public License
Version 2, June 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to
make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free
Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free
Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply
it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are
designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this
service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software
or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you
to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of
the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the
recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code.
And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives
you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no
warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its
recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not
reflect on the original authors' reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that
redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program
proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or
not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder
saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to
any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative
work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or
with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without

General Public License 45

limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside
its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if
its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the
Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any
medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright
notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of
any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty
protection in exchange for a fee.

2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the
Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided
that you also meet all of these conditions:

a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and
the date of any change.

b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is
derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties
under the terms of this License.

c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when
started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement
including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that
you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and
telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to
print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not
derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves,
then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works.
But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the
distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to
the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you;
rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on
the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work
based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.

3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or
executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

General Public License 46

 a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software
interchange; or,

b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a
charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source
code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the
program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an
executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the
executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is
normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on)
of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the
executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then
offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source
code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this
License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.

5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you
permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if
you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms
and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted
herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.

7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not
limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that
contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you
cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license
would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or
indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of
the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

General Public License 47

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to
contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free
software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent
application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software
through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this
License.

8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by
copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an
explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in
or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the
body of this License.

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from
time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this
License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does
not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free
Software Foundation.

10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are
different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software
Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will
be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of
promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

NO WARRANTY

11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR
THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO
THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM
PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
CORRECTION.

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL

ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR
THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

General Public License 48

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

General Public License 49