Chapter 8

Interconnecting
Networks with
TCP/IP
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8-1
 Introduction to TCP/IP
Host Host

Internet

TCP/IP

Early protocol suite

Universal

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-3

 TCP/IP Protocol Stack

7 Application

6 Presentation 5
Application
5 Session
4
4 Transport Transport
3
3 Network Internet
2
2 Data Link Data Link
1
1 Physical Physical

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-4

 Application Layer Overview

File
File Transfer
Transfer
-- TFTP
TFTP **
-- FTP
FTP **
-- NFS
NFS
E-Mail
E-Mail
Application -- SMTP
SMTP
Remote
Remote LoginLogin
-- Telnet
Telnet **
-- rlogin
rlogin **
Transport Network
Network Management
Management
-- SNMP
SNMP **
Internet Name
Name Management
Management
-- DNS*
DNS*
Data Link

*Used by the router

Physical

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-5

 Transport Layer Overview

Transmission Control Connection-

Application Protocol (TCP) Oriented

Transport User Datagram Connectionless

Protocol (UDP)
Internet

Data Link

Physical

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-6

 TCP Segment Format
Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

Sequence number (32)

Acknowledgement number (32) 20

Bytes
Header
length (4) Reserved (6) Code bits (6) Window (16)

Checksum (16) Urgent (16)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies)

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-7

 Port Numbers

F T S D T S R
Application T E M N F N I
Layer P L T S T M P
N P P P
E
T

21 23 25 53 69 161 520 Port

Transport Numbers
Layer TCP UDP

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-8

 TCP Port Numbers

Source Dest.
…
Port Port

Telnet Z
Host A Host Z

SP DP Dest. port = 23.

1028 23 … Send packet to my
Telnet
application.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-9

 TCP Three Way
Handshake/Open Connection
Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-10

 TCP Three Way
Handshake/Open Connection
Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received

Send SYN, ACK 2

SYN received (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-11

 TCP Three Way
Handshake/Open Connection
Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received

Send SYN, ACK 2

SYN received (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)
Established
3 (seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-12

 TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver

Window size = 1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-13
 TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1

Window size = 1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-14
 TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Window size = 1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-15
 TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2

Window size = 1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-16
 TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3

Window size = 1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-17
 TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3

Window size = 1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-18
 TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3

Receive ACK 4 Send ACK 4

Window size = 1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-19
 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement …
Port Port # #

I just
sent #10.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10 1

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-20

 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #10.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 1

23 1028 1 11
11

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-21

 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #11.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 1

23 1028 1 11
11

1028 23 11
11 2

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-22

 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #11.
I just got #11,
now I need #12.
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 100

23 1028 100 11
11

1028 23 11
11 101 Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

23 1028 101 12
12
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-23
 TCP Windowing

Sender Receiver

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-24

 TCP Windowing

Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-25

 TCP Windowing

Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-26

 TCP Windowing

Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-27

 TCP Windowing

Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Window size = 3 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-28

 UDP Segment Format
Bit
1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

8
Bytes
Length (16) Checksum (16)

Data (if any)

No sequence or acknowledgment fields

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-29

 Internet Layer Overview

Internet Protocol (IP)

Application
Internet Control Message
Transport Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Address Resolution

Protocol (ARP)
Data Link
Reverse Address
Physical Resolution Protocol (RARP)

OSI network layer corresponds to the

TCP/IP internet layer
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-30
 IP Datagram
Bit
1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31
Version Header Priority & Type
(4) Length (4) Total Length (16)
of Service (8)
Flags
Identification (16) (3) Fragment offset (13)

Time to live (8) Protocol (8) Header checksum (16) 20

Bytes
Source IP Address (32)

Destination IP Address (32)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies if any)

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-31

 Protocol Field

Transport
TCP UDP
Layer

6 17 Protocol
Numbers
Internet
Layer IP

Determines destination upper-layer protocol

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-32

 Internet Control Message
Protocol

Application

Transport Destination
1 Unreachable
ICMP
Echo (Ping)
Internet
Other
Data Link

Physical

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-33

 Address Resolution Protocol

I need the
Ethernet
address of
176.16.3.2.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-34

 Address Resolution Protocol

I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-35

 Address Resolution Protocol

I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-36

 Address Resolution Protocol

I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

Map IP MAC
Local ARP
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-37
 Reverse ARP

What is
my IP
address?

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-38

 Reverse ARP

I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-39

 Reverse ARP

I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-40

 Reverse ARP

I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25

Map MAC IP

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-41

 Introduction to TCP/IP
Addresses

172.18.0.1 172.16.0.1

172.18.0.2 172.16.0.2
HDR SADA DATA
10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0
10.13.0.1 172.17.0.1 172.17.0.2 192.168.1.1

• Unique addressing allows communication

between end stations
• Path choice is based on destination address
Location is represented by an address

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-42

 IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-43

 IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
64
128
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64

8
4
2
1
64

32
16

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-44

 IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16

Example
Decimal 172 16 122 204
Example 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
Binary
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-45
 IP Address Classes

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

Class A: Network Host Host Host

Class B: Network Network Host Host

Class C: Network Network Network Host

Class D: Multicast
Class E: Research

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-46

 IP Address Classes

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
0NNNNNNN Host Host Host
Class A:
Range (1-126)

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
10NNNNNN Network Host Host
Class B:
Range (128-191)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
110NNNNN Network Network Host
Class C:
Range (192-223)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group
Class D:
Range (224-239)
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-47
 Host Addresses

172.16.2.2 10.1.1.1
10.6.24.2
E1
172.16.3.10 E0 10.250.8.11
172.16.2.1

172.16.12.12 10.180.30.118

Routing Table
172.16 . 12 . 12 Network Interface
Network Host 172.16.0.0 E0
10.0.0.0 E1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-48
 Determining Available Host
Addresses
Network Host
172 16 0 0
N

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
16
15
14
13
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 1
00000000 00000001 2
00000000 00000011 3

...
...

...
11111111 11111101 65534
11111111 11111110 65535
11111111 11111111 65536
- 2
2N-2 = 216-2 = 65534 65534
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-49
 IP Address Classes Exercise

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-50

 IP Address Classes Exercise
Answers

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1 A 10.0.0.0 0.2.1.1

128.63.2.100 B 128.63.0.0 0.0.2.100

201.222.5.64 C 201.222.5.0 0.0.0.64

192.6.141.2 C 192.6.141.0 0.0.0.2

130.113.64.16 B 130.113.0.0 0.0.64.16

256.241.201.10 Nonexistent

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-51

 Addressing without Subnets

172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3 172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254

…...

172.16.0.0

Network 172.16.0.0
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-52
 Addressing with Subnets

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

Network 172.16.0.0
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-53
 Subnet Addressing

172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing Table

172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Interface
Network Host 172.16.0.0 E0
172.16.0.0 E1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-54
 Subnet Addressing

172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing Table

172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Interface
Network Subnet Host 172.16.2.0 E0
172.16.3.0 E1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-55
 Subnet Mask
Network Host

IP
Address
172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask
255 255 0 0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-56
 Decimal Equivalents of Bit
Patterns
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-57
 Subnet Mask without Subnets

Network Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

Network 172 16 0 0
Number

Subnets not in use—the default

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-58

 Subnet Mask with Subnets

Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000

192
224
240
248
252
255
128

254
Network
Number 172 16 2 0

Network number extended by eight bits

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-59
 Subnet Mask with Subnets
(cont.)
Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000

192
224
240
248
252
255
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128

254
Network
Number 172 16 2 128

Network number extended by ten bits

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-60
 Subnet Mask Exercise

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10 255.255.255.0

10.6.24.20 255.255.240.0

10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-61

 Subnet Mask Exercise
Answers

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10 255.255.255.0 B 172.16.2.0

10.6.24.20 255.255.240.0 A 10.6.16.0

10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0 A 10.30.36.0

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-62

 Broadcast Addresses

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0

172.16.3.255 172.16.2.0
(Directed broadcast)

255.255.255.255
(Local network broadcast)
X
172.16.255.255
(All subnets broadcast)
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-63
 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 Mask

Subnet 4

Broadcast

First

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-64

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

Subnet

Broadcast

First

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-65

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

Subnet

Broadcast

First

Last 7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-66

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4

Broadcast

First

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-67

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
First 6

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-68

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-69

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6

10111110 Last 7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-70

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

8
10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000 Subnet 4

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111 Broadcast

5
10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001 First 6

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110 Last 7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-71

 Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

9 8
172.16.2.128 10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000 Subnet 4

172.16.2.191 10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111 Broadcast

5
172.16.2.129 10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001 First 6

172.16.2.190 10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110 Last 7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-72

 Class B Subnet Example
IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Network Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.121: 10101100 00010000 00000010 01111001

255.255.255.0: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Subnet: 10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000

Broadcast: 10101100 00010000 00000010 11111111

Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0

Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254
Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255
Eight bits of subnetting
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-73
 Subnet Planning

20 subnets
5 hosts per subnet
Class C address:
192.168.5.0

192.168.5.16
Other
subnets

192.168.5.32 192.168.5.48

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-74

 Class C Subnet Planning
Example
IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248
Network Network Network Subnet Host

192.168.5.121: 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111001

255.255.255.248: 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000

Subnet: 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111000

Broadcast: 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111111

Subnet Address = 192.168.5.120

Host Addresses = 192.168.5.121–192.168.5.126
Broadcast Address = 192.168.5.127
Five Bits of Subnetting

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-75

 Broadcast Addresses Exercise

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast

201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-76

 Broadcast Addresses Exercise
Answers

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast

201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.56 201.222.10.63

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.192.0 15.16.199.255

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.12 128.16.32.15

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 B 153.50.6.0 153.50.6.127

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—8-77