CSE1002 Lecture Notes

Introduction

Ryan Stansifer

Department of Computer Sciences

Florida Institute of Technology
Melbourne, Florida USA 32901

http://www.cs.fit.edu/˜ryan/

20 July 2009
Overview of Course

I Introduction. What is CS? What is a computer?

I Review of Java. Data, control constructs, static methods
I Classes
I Generics
I Introduction to Data Structures
Goal: Programming

I Primary goal: programming

I intellectual dreams are translated to reality
I rules are simple, yet programming well is difficult, do not
underestimate the challenge
I problem solving is hard and difficult to teach
I Secondary goal: introduction to computer science
I a little at the beginning
I and from time to time: BNF, O (N ), FSM, invariants
Why Java?

I Why any particular language?

I concrete before abstract
I language mastery
I Why not C++?
In some ways C++ resembles assembly language, and some that
would learn C++ first would never realize what high-level
languages offer.
I Why Java?
Good tools, good textbooks, used by AP.
Outline

Introduction
What is CS?
Brief overview of fields in computer science
Architecture
Layers of Software and Hardware
Anatomy of a Computer
The Java Platform
Java Documentation
History of Java
Overview of Introduction

I What is CS? Architecture, OS, networking, . . .

I Computer
I Architecture
I CPU
I memory hierarchy
I Interface layers: hardware, operating system, application
I The Java platform
I JVM and a million other pieces
I Java documentation
I Java history
I Programming languages — not just Java
learning to program is not just learning about Java
I Program development; debuggers
I Program style; a program is a text file
I I/O, streams
Outline

Introduction
What is CS?
Brief overview of fields in computer science
Architecture
Layers of Software and Hardware
Anatomy of a Computer
The Java Platform
Java Documentation
History of Java
What is Computer Science?

computer science. The study of information and

algorithms for virtual and real automata.

I automaton: “self moving” – in our context, self “deciding”

mechanism
I information: knowledge represented in a form suitable for
transmission, manipulation, etc.
I algorithm: an unambiguous, finite description in simple steps of
actions

Computer Science is not the study of computers, nor is it the practice

of their use.
I Bosnian: algritem
I Catalon: algorisme
I Chinese (Mandarin):
I Croatian: algritam
I Dutch: algoritme
I Finnish: algoritmi
I French: algorithme
I German: Algorithmus
I Japanese: (arugorizumu)
I Korean:
I Latin: algorithmus
I Spanish: algoritmo
I Swedish: algoritm
I Turkish: algoritma
Mathematics, science, or engineering?
Mathematics. The science of numbers, interrelations,
and abstractions.

Science. Systematic knowledge or practice. Acquiring

knowledge through the scientific method of natural
phenomena (natural sciences) or human or social behavior
(social sciences).

Engineering. The applied science of acquiring and

applying knowledge to design, or construct works for
practical purposes.
What is CS?

I Engineering? Application of science?

I Natural science? Observable phenomena?
I Mathematics? Invisible abstractions?
I Social science? Functioning of human society?

CS is exciting and difficult as it is all these things.

What Does A Computer Scientist Do?

Just like mathematics, everyone in modern society uses computer

science. So getting a computer science degree prepares you for
everything and nothing.

The most visible activity is commanding computers to do our bidding,

i.e., programming.

What do you want to do?

Outline

Introduction
What is CS?
Brief overview of fields in computer science
Architecture
Layers of Software and Hardware
Anatomy of a Computer
The Java Platform
Java Documentation
History of Java
Fields

I Computer architecture
I Operating systems
I Programming languages and compilers
I Algorithms, data structures, complexity
I Computability theory
I Numerical analysis
I Networking and distributed computing
I Parallel computing
I Database systems
I Software development (aka Software Engineering)
I Human-computer communication/interaction
I Intelligent Systems (aka Artificial Intelligence)
Architecture

Basic five-stage pipeline in a RISC machine: instruction fetch,

instruction decode, execute, memory access, register write back.
Operating Systems — paging
Programming Languages and Compilers
Algorithms and Data Structures — Sorting
Theory of Computation — halting problem
Numerical Analysis

A report from the United States General Accounting

Office begins “On February 25, 1991, a Patriot missile
defense system operating ad Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, during
Operation Desert Storm failed to track and intercept an
incoming Scud. This Scud subsequently hit an Army
barracks, killing 28 Americans.” The report finds the failure
to track the Scud missile was caused by a precision problem
in the software.

Nicholas J. Higham, Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms,

SIAM, 1996, ISBN13 9780898713558. Page 505.

http://www.ima.umn.edu/˜arnold/disasters/disaster.html
Distributed Computing — barbershop problem
Parallel Computing

single data SISD MISD

multiple data SIMD MIMD
Flynn’s taxonomy
Database Systems

The join of two relational tables

Software Engineering — waterfall model
Human-Computer Communication/Interaction
Intelligent Systems

C3PO and R2D2 are fantasy robots from the movie Star Wars, while
Kiva’s industrial robots can efficiently and intelligently move shelves in
a warehouse.
End of the overview of different fields of study in computer science
Outline

Introduction
What is CS?
Brief overview of fields in computer science
Architecture
Layers of Software and Hardware
Anatomy of a Computer
The Java Platform
Java Documentation
History of Java
Computing is complex. There are many layer of interesting stuff
between the person and the automaton.
The vastness and minuteness of time and space is a challenge to
comprehend.
SI prefixes
1018 exa E quintillion 1 000 000 000 000 000 000
1015 peta P quadrillion 1 000 000 000 000 000
1012 tera T trillion 1 000 000 000 000
109 giga G billion 1 000 000 000
106 mega M million 1 000 000
103 kilo k thousand 1 000
102 hecto h hundred 100
101 deca da ten 10
100 (none) one 1
10−1 deci d tenth 0.1
10−2 centi c hundredth 0.1
10−3 milli m thousandth 0.01
10−6 micro µ millionth 0.000 001
10−9 nano n billionth 0.000 000 001
10−12 pico p trillionth 0.000 000 000 001
10−15 femto f quadrillionth 0.000 000 000 000 001
10−18 atto a quintillionth 0.000 000 000 000 000 001
Because computers represent information in binary form, it is
important to know how many pieces of information can be represented
in n bits. 2n pieces of information can be stored in n bits, and so it is
necessary to be familiar with powers of two.
Powers of Two

0 1 00:00:01 second
1 2 00:00:02
2 4 00:00:04
3 8 00:00:08
4 16 00:00:16
5 32 00:00:32
6 64 00:01:04 about a minute
7 128 00:02:08
8 256 00:04:16
9 512 00:08:32
10 1,024 00:17:04
11 2,048 00:34:08
12 4,096 01:08:16 about an hour
Powers of Two

Notice that 210 ≈ 103 , so these powers have significance:

10 kilo 1 024 17 minutes

20 mega 1 048 576 two weeks
30 giga 1 073 741 824 34 years
40 tera 1 099 511 627 776 37 millenia
50 peta 125 899 906 842 624
60 exa 1 152 921 504 606 846 976 age of universe
70 zetta 1 180 591 620 717 411 303 424
Powers of Two

Some other powers of have special significance in computing.

7 128 size of ASCII

8 256 size of Latin-1
16 65 536 size of Java short
31 2 147 483 648 no. of neg int
32 4 294 967 296 size of Java int
63 9 223 372 036 854 775 808 no. of neg long
64 18 446 744 073 709 551 616 size of Java long
Interface Layers
Computing is complex. There are many layers of interesting stuff
between the person and the automaton.
1. person (user)
2. user-interface (mouse, etc)
3. application (program)
4. high-level language
5. machine language
6. operating system (OS)
7. hardware
8. devices
9. physics
Definitions

I interface – An interface defines the communication boundary

between two entities, such as a piece of software, a hardware
device, or a user. It generally refers to an abstraction that an
entity provides of itself to the outside.
I API — An application programming interface (API) is a set of
procedures that an operating system, library or service provides
to support requests made by computer programs.
I IDE — In computing, an integrated development environment
(IDE) is a software application that provides facilities to computer
programmers for software development. An IDE normally
consists of a source code editor, a compiler and/or interpreter,
build automation tools, and usually a debugger.
Simple View of Programming

files
keyboard

program monitor

computer
OS
mouse

The program controls the computer, yet it needs critical assistance

(from the operating system) to communicate with the outside
environment and even to run effectively.
For a deeper appreciation of programming a computer we should
examine briefly the many layers upon which the user depends.
An important lesson in organizing these complex systems is that the
boundaries should be well chosen. Rapidly changing technology,
competing business interests, and new insights make it impossible to
settle these boundaries once and for all.
Whole classes like computer architecture, operating systems, compiler
construction, and programming languages go into the subjects more
deeply.
Hardware and Operating System Platform

Application

System calls: open(), read(), mkdir(), kill()

Memory management
File system
OS:
Process management Networking

CPU Memory
Hardware: Network interface
Monitor
Disk Keyboard
Example Platforms

I Hardware: IBM PowerPC, Intel x86, Sun UltraSPARC II

I OS: Microsoft Windows XP, Mac OS X v10.5 “Leopard”, Linux,
Solaris 10

Try:

cs> uname -io

RackMac3,1 Darwin

olin> uname -io

X86_64 GNU/Linux
Outline

Introduction
What is CS?
Brief overview of fields in computer science
Architecture
Layers of Software and Hardware
Anatomy of a Computer
The Java Platform
Java Documentation
History of Java
Computer Hardware
Computer Hardware–CPU

AMD 64X2 dual core

Computer Hardware–CPU
Computer Hardware–CPU

control unit is the part of the cpu that controls all the internal actions of
the cpu escially the fetch/execute cyle.
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the part of the cpu that does operations:
addition, multiplication, etc.
memory data register (MDR) is the reigister of the cpu that conaints
the data to be stored in the computer’s main storage, or the data after
a fetch from the storage. It acts like a buffer keeping the contents of
storage ready for immediate use by the cpu.
Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture

type access size cost

registers 5ns 1e2
caches (SRAM) 10ns 1e6 100.00 $/MB
main memory (DRAM) 100ns 1e9 1.00 $/MB
hard disk 5000ns 1e11 .05 $/MB

As the technology improves and the costs go down over time, the
typical size of each layer goes up. The ratio in access time between
two layers influences the design of the computer hardware. When the
ratio changes significantly a different design may achieve better
performance.
Computer Architecture

A final note about computers. The computing platform today is less

concerned about the individual computer and more concerned about
the network of interconnected computers on the Internet.

The computer is the network

Slogan of Sun Microsystems

Outline

Introduction
What is CS?
Brief overview of fields in computer science
Architecture
Layers of Software and Hardware
Anatomy of a Computer
The Java Platform
Java Documentation
History of Java
Programming Language Interface

The programming language interface establishes a virtual machine—a

vritual computer the programmer pretends to use in place of an actual
computer.
Generally a programming language hides little of the underlying
machine forcing the programmer to interact directly with the operating
systems in an ad hoc, mixed approach to controlling a computer.
Java tried (with mixed success) to build an all-encompassing platform.
Sun Java Platform

distributed programs
enterprise computing

WWW applications
programs

network centric
telephony applications
Sun Java SE 6 platform overview from the documentation
Sun Java Platform

I Java virtual machine (JVM) specification

I Java programing language specification
I virtual machine implementation (for Solaris, Windows, and Linux),
translation tools (java and javac), and development tools
I A core library (the package java.lang), extensive libraries
(APIs) for networking, graphics, etc., and additional APIs for
special purposes (e.g., telephony)
In addition,
I API documentation
I An IDE for developing Java programs, Netbeans

The virtual machine and language have developed over time.

Currently we are concerned primarily with what Sun calls the “Java
platform, Standard Edition Development Kit 6” or JDK 6 for short.
Interface Layers

I java.util, java.awt
I java.lang
I JVM, JRE
I Hardware and operating system platform

See detailed diagram at: http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/

History of Java

I Sun Microsystems
I James Gosling
I 1995: WWW, browsers, Java, applets