CIVL 3121 Introduction to Structural Analysis 1/5

Analysis and Design of

Analysis and Design of Structures
Structures

 The word structure has various meanings.  The design of a structure involves many considerations,
 By an engineering structure we mean roughly among which are four major objectives that must be
something constructed or built. satisfied:
 The principal structures of concern to civil engineers  The structure must meet the performance requirement (utility).
are bridges, buildings, walls, dams, towers, shells, and  The structure must carry loads safely (safety).
cable structures.  The structure should be economical in material, construction,
 Such structures are composed of one or more solid and cost (economy).
elements arranged so that the whole structures as  The structure should have a good appearance (aesthetics).
well as their components are capable of holding
themselves without appreciable geometric change
during loading and unloading.

Analysis and Design of Structures Analysis and Design of Structures

 Consider, for example, the roof truss resting on  The purposes of the roof truss and
columns shown below. of the columns are, on the one hand,
to hold in equilibrium their own
weights, the load of roof covering,
and the wind and snow

 Also to provide rooms for housing a

family, for a manufacturing plant, or
for other uses

 During its development the design is

generally optimized to achieve
minimum expenditure for materials
and construction

Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

 The complete design of a structure is outlined in the The complete design of a structure is outlined in the
following stages: following stages:
(1) Developing a general layout
 Developing a general layout
 Investigating the loads
 The general layout of a structure is selected from many possible
 Stress analysis
alternatives.
 Selection of elements
 Drawing and detailing
 This stage involves the choice of structural type, the selection of
material, and a tentative estimation of cost based on a reasonable
analysis of a preliminary structural design.
 These five stages are interrelated and may be subdivided and
modified
 It is clear that this stage of design calls for an engineer with a high
 In many cases they must be carried out more or less simultaneously
order of experience, skill, general knowledge, and imagination.

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Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

(2) Investigating the loads

 Before a refined structural analysis can be carried out, it is

necessary to determine the loads for which a given structure should
be designed.

 General information about the loads imposed on a structure is usually

given in the specifications and codes.

 However, it is part of the designer's responsibility to specify the

load conditions and to take care of exceptional cases.

Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

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Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

 50-year mean recurrence

interval uniform ice thickness
due to freezing rain with 3-
second gust speeds

Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

 Maximum earthquake ground (3) Stress analysis

motion for United States of
0.2 (sec) spectral response
acceleration  Once the basic form of the structure and the external loads are
defined, a structural analysis can be made to determine the internal
f
forces in
i various
i members
b off th
the structure
t t and
d th
the di
displacements
l t att
some controlling points.

 When live loads are involved, it is important to determine the

maximum possible stresses in each member being considered.

 The principles governing this phase of design are usually discussed in

the theory of structures.

Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

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Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

(4) Selection of elements

 The selection of suitable sizes and shapes of members and their

connections depends
p on the results of the stress analysis
y together
with the design provisions of the specifications or codes

 A trial-and-error approach may be used in the search for a

proportioning of elements that will be both economical and adequate

 A sound knowledge of strength of material and process of

fabrication is also essential

Theory of Structures - Defined Theory of Structures - Defined

(5) Drawing and detailing

 This final stage includes the preparation of contract drawing,
detailing, job specification, and final cost; this information is
necessary for construction to proceed

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Theory of Structures - Classified End of Theory of Structures

 Structural theories may be classified from various points

of view. For convenience of study, we shall characterize
them by the following aspects:




Static versus dynamic
Plane verse space
Linear versus nonlinear structures
Any Questions?
 Statically determinate versus statically indeterminate structures