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6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications

Spring 2009

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 Final Exam - Basic Equations of Electrodynamics
Mathematical Identities Electromagnetic Variables Maxwell's Equations, Force Constants
v(t) = Re{Vejωt}where V = |V|ejφ E = electric field (V/m) ∇ × E = −∂ B/∂t εo = 8.85×10-12 F/m
∇ = x̂ ∂/∂x + ŷ ∂/∂y + ẑ ∂/∂z H = magnetic field (A/m) d μo = 4π×10-7 H/m
v∫C E ⋅ dŝ = − dt ∫S B⋅ nda
ˆ
2
A ⋅ B = A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz D = electric displacement (C/m ) ∇ × H = J + ∂D/∂t c =1/ εoμo ≅ 3×108m/s
∇2φ = (∂2/∂x2 + ∂2/∂y2 + ∂2/∂z2)φ B = magnetic flux density (T) v∫ C H ⋅ ds = ∫S J ⋅ nda
d
ˆ + ∫ D ⋅ nda
ˆ h = 6.624×10-34 Js
dt S
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 Tesla (T) = Weber/m2 = 104 gauss ∇ ⋅ D = ρ → v∫s D ⋅ nda
ˆ = ∫ ρdv
v
e = 1.60×10-19 [C]
∇ ⋅ (∇ × A ) = 0 ρ = charge density (C/m3) ∇ ⋅ B = 0 → v∫S B ⋅ nda
ˆ =0 kB = 1.38×10-23 J/K
∇ × (∇ × A) = ∇(∇ ⋅ A) − ∇ 2 A J = current density (A/m2) ∇ ·⎯J = -∂ρ/∂t ηo ≅ 377ohms = μo / εo

∫V (∇ ⋅ G )dv = v∫S G ⋅ n̂da σ = conductivity (Siemens/m) ⎯f = q(⎯E +⎯v × μo⎯H) [N] me = 9.1066×10-31 kg

∫S (∇ × G) ⋅ nda
ˆ = v∫ G ⋅ dsˆ Js = surface current density (A/m) Waves Media
C
ejωt = cos ωt + j sin ωt ρs = surface charge density (C/m2) (∇ 2 − με ∂ 2 ∂t 2 )E = 0 D = εE = εo E + P
cosα + cosβ = 2 cos[(α+β)/2] cos[(α-β)/2] (∇2 + k2)⎯E = 0, E = E o e− jk ⋅ r ∇ ⋅ D = ρf
+∞ ω 2π
H(ω) = ∫ h(t)e − jωt dt Boundary Conditions k = ω με = = = k 2x + k 2y + k z2 ∇ ⋅ ε o E = ρf + ρ p
−∞ c λ
ex = 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3! + … nˆ × ( E1 − E 2 ) = 0 vp = ω/k, vg = ∂ω/∂k D = ε E, J = σE
sinα = (ejα – e-jα)/2j nˆ × (H1 − H 2 ) = Js Ex(z,t) = E+(z-ct) + E-(z+ct) [or (ωt-kz) or (t-z/c)] B = μ H = μo (H + M)

cosα = (ejα + e-jα)/2 nˆ ⋅ ( B1 − B2 ) = 0 Hy(z,t) = (1/ηo)[E+(z-ct) - E-(z+ct)] ε = εo (1 − ωp2 /ω2 )

jωt
Radiation nˆ ⋅ (D1 − D2 ) = ρs Ex(z,t) = Re{Ex(z)e } ωp = Ne2 /mεo
E = −∇φ − ∂ A/∂t, B = ∇ × A ⎯E =⎯H = 0 if σ = ∞ 1 εeff = ε(1 – jσ/ωε)
< E × H >= Re{E × H * }
2
− jk rpq d 1 2 1 2
φ ( rp ) = ∫ {ρ( rq )e / 4πε rpq }dvq v∫s (E × H) ⋅ nda
ˆ = − ∫ ( ε E + μ H )dv − ∫ E ⋅ Jdv Δ = 2 /(ση)
vq dt v 2 2 v
− jk rpq
A( rp ) = ∫ {μo J ( rq )e / 4π rpq }dvq Antennas δ = 2/ωμσ
vq

∇ 2 φ + ω2μo εo φ = −ρ / εo Pr = PtGtGr(λ/4πr)2 E ff = [θ̂( jηo d eff / 2λr) sin θ] ∑ I i e− jkri = [ε(θ, φ)] F(θ, φ)
∇ 2 A + ω2μ o ε o A = −μ o J G(θ, φ) = I(r, θ, φ) /(Pt / 4πr 2 ) Ae (θ,φ) = (λ 2 /4π)G(θ,φ) Pt = ∫∫ I(θ,φ,r)r2sinθdθdφ
E ff = θ̂ηo ( jk Id / 4πr)e − jkr sin θ Rr = Pt/<i2(t)> Pr = I(θ,φ)Ae(θ,φ) Ebit ≥ ~4×10-20 [J]
5/16/09
 Planar Interfaces Quasistatics Circuit Elements Electromagnetic Forces
θi = θr E = −∇Φ Q f = q(E + v × μo H) [N]
C=
V
∇ 2Φ = − ρ
sin θt k i εμ ni Λ
= = i i  L= F = I × μo H [N/m]
sin θi k t εtμt nt εo I

θc = sin −1 (n t / n i ) Φ ( r ) = ∫ {ρ( r ') / 4πε r '− r }dv ' i(t) = C

dv(t)
E e = −v × μ o H (inside conductor)
v' dt
μo H = ∇ × A di(t) dw dz
θB = tan −1 ⎛⎜ t ⎞⎟
n v(t) = L vi = +f
⎝ ni ⎠ dt dt dt
dw e
1+ Γ = T ∇ 2 A = −μo J Λ = ∫ B ⋅ dâ (per turn) ⋅ N fx = − |Q=const.
A dx
TE TE
1 2 dw m
Γ TE = (Zn TM
−1) (Zn TM
+1) A(r) = ∫ {μo J ( r ') / 4π r '− r }dv ' w e ( t) = Cv (t) fx = − |Λ=const.
TM v' 2 dx
ηt cos θi 1 T = r ×f Pe=μH2/2, εE2/2 [N/m2]
n =
ZTE TEM Transients w m ( t) = Li 2 (t)
ηi cos θt 2
ηt cos θ t dv(z, t) di(z, t) L dw
ZTM = = −L τ = RC, τ = Tθ = − Q or Λ =const
n
ηi cos θi dz dt R dθ
k = k '+ jk " d 2 v(z, t) d 2 v(z, t) TEM Sinusoidal Steady State RLC Resonators
= LC
dz 2 dt 2
2
Pd ≅ Js /2σδ [W/m 2 ] z z
v(z, t) = f + (t − ) + f − (t + ) V(z) = V+ e − jkz + V− e + jkz Zseries = R + jωL +1/jωC
c c
Waveguides ⎛ z z ⎞
i(z, t) = Yo ⎜ f + (t − ) − f − (t + ) ⎟ I (z) = Yo (V+ e− jkz − V− e + jkz ) Yparallel = G + jωC + 1/jωL
⎝ c c ⎠
ωow T ω
E TE = ŷE o sin k x x ⋅ e − jk z z c = 1/ LC = 1/ με k = 2π / λ = ω / c = ω με ω o = 1/ L C , Q = = o
Pd iss Δω
E T E = ŷ E o sin k x x ⋅ e − α z Zo = L / C Z(z) = V(z) / I (z) = Zo ⋅ Zn (z) EM Resonators
R − Zo R Ln − 1
E TE = yˆ E o e − α |x |e − jkz (| x |> d) ΓL = L = Γ(z) = (V− / V+ )e2jkz = (Zn (z)−1)/(Zn (z)+1) At ωo , 〈 w e 〉 = 〈w m 〉
R L + Zo R Ln +1
E TE = yˆE o sin k x x ⋅ e− jkz (| x |< d)
2
vTh = 2f + (t) , R Th = Zo Zn (z) =[1+Γ(z)]/[1−Γ(z)]= Rn + jXn 〈 w e 〉 = ∫ (ε E /4)dv
V
k 2x + k 2z = k o2 = ω2με Lasers Z(z) = Zo ⋅ (ZL − jZo tankz)/(Zo − jZL tankz) 2
〈 w m 〉 = ∫ (μ H /4)dv
V
dn 2 1+ Γ c
1 λ g = 1 λ z = 1/ λ o2 −1/ λ 2x E = hf , = −An 2 − B(n 2 − n1 ) [m-1s-1 ] VSWR = Vmax / Vmin = = R n max fmnp = (m/a)2 +(n/b)2 +(p/d)2
dt 1− Γ 2
ω dω γPo ∂u 1 ∂p ωo w T ω ω 1 1 1
vp = , vg = Acoustics: cs = ≅ 330 [m/s], ηs = γPoρo , ∇p = −ρo , ∇•u ≅ − Q= = = , = +
k dk ρo ∂t γPo ∂ t
Pdiss 2α Δω QL QE QI
5/16/09