BEJIIIKOBPIITAHIIH

RHHrBOCTPAHOBEAQECKHa CJIOBAPb
COCTaBHTeJIb

r.n. TOMAXHH

Jlrrrepaeypa

TeaTp
KHHO

MY3LIKa

TaHe~.BaJIeT ~HBonHCL.CKyJILnTYPa
ApXHTeKTYpa. AH3aHB

CMH

MOCKBa ACTpeJIb • ACT

2001

YAK 373.167. 1 :811.111 BBK 81.2 AHrJI-922

B27

B 27

JbIHrBOcTpaHoBe~ecKHH CJIOBapb: Jlareparypa.Tearp. KHHO. MY3bIKa.TaHen;. BaJIeT. jKHBOllHCb. Cxyasrrrypa. Apxareiervpa. ,[(H38HH. CMH / COCT. r.,[(. TOMaxHH. - M.: 000 "H3,l(8TeJIbcTBoACT.: 000 .H3.D;aTeJIbCTBOACTpeJIh., 2001. - 336 c.
BeJIHKo6pHT8UHSI:

ISBN 5-17-005443-2 ISBN 5-271-01127-5

HO

(000 .H3.D;aTeJIbCTBOACT. ) (000 .H3,l(aTeJIbcTBoAcTpeJIh.)

nocoeae npeaaaaaaseR3bIK8 00 838liMOCBR3H C KyJIbTYPOH acero BenHK06pHTaHHH. .JIn.TeaTp. H

HnCTORmee CJIOOSpHO-CnpBBO'.fHOe ytle6Hoe

~nR

U3}"1eHI1R 8HrnHHCKoro

nHrJIOR3b1'1HbIX CTpnH, npeaete

Ilocooae
reparype», MO npn

M03(eT 6b1Tb HCnQJ1b30B8HOnpa pSOOTeH8,ll TeM8Mn: .mUBODHCb., B yqe6HoM .MY3bIK8., nnane

np,

DHO HeaaMeHH-

HMUttHH

WKOJI, rHMH83nH

H nHu.eeB aonpo-

COBno CTpaHOBe,lleHHIO. PeKOMeH,nyeTcR }"Ia~HMC$l nux uneon CTY.lleHT8M neaaroraxecxax aHrJIHHCKOro R3b1K8. CT8plIIUX KnaCCOB 06me06pa30B8TeJIbH3yt1eHlIeM 8HrJIHHCKOl'O jl3b1K8, KOJIJIe,ll>KeH H SY30S, npenonasarenaes H nneon C yrny6JIeRHblM

YJI:K373.167.1:811.111 BBK 81.2 Aarn-922

ISBN 5-17-005443-2
(000 .H3.1l8TeJlbCTBO ACT,)

ISBN 5-271-01127-5
(000 .H3.1l8TeJI.cTBo
ACTpeJIJ,,")

e r.n, TOM8XHH,
C 000

2001 2001

.l-b.ll8TeJlbCTBO ACTpem. ••

IIPE,lI;IICJIOBHE
,naHHOe CJIOB8pHO-CnpaBOQHOe yqe6Hoe /1,JISI BCeX yme B KaKOH-TO Mepe ananeiomax H3yq81O~HX npescne nocofiae npenaaanaxeao Sl3hIKOM H CTP8H, aHrJIHHCKHM

ero B TeCHOH CBSl3HC KyJIbrrypOH 8HrJIOSl3blqHbIX BeJIHK06pHTaHHH. 3T8ne pa60ThI

acero

OHO MomeT HCnOJIb30B8ThCSI yme Ha,n KYJIbTYpoBe,nllecKHMH .jKHBonHcb~, B03MomHOCTH .MY3b1Ka. npoxarars TeM8MH H~p.) KOPOTB yqe6-

aa aallaJIbHOM (.JIHTepaTYP8., no

«Tearp»,

.ICHHO),

xepe

nOSlBJIeHHSI y yq8~HXC.H

KHH TeKCT. TIoc06He CTaHOBHTCSI e3aMeHHMblM rrpa HMHlIHH H HOM OJIaHe COe~H8JIbHbIX JIHHrBOCTpaHOBeAqecKHx

KypCOB na aaraaneK8K

JIHHCKOM .H3bIKe, BBOAHMbIX CeHqaC nOBceMeCTHO B yqe6HbIx ~eHH.HX pa3JIHtIHbIX THnOB OT nanees, rHMH83H" H IllKOJI,

M8CCOBLIX, TaK H C yrny6neHHLIM

H3yqeHHeM

8HI'nHHCKOro

Jl3b1Ka,

no HHCTHT}'TOB H cl>aKynbTeToB YHHBepCHTeTOB.

Ilocofiae
CTaB$I~erO H3yqeHHe

nOCTpoeHO CBoeH uensio

aa

npaauanax

JIHHrBOCTp8HOBe,neHHSI, CTP8HbI lIepe3 HalJ,HOHaJILHO-

3H8KOMCTBO C KynbTypOH

$I3bIKOBLIX e,nHHHlJ, C SlpKO BLlp8meHHOH

KynbTYPHoHceMaHTHKoH. OT6op BOKa6ynax peanHH M8TepHana Hero nonasra B TeKCTax, KOMMeHTapHSlX, HMeH, cpaMHJlHH, B naa-

OCHOBbIB8IOTC$I H8 06~eH3BeCTHOCTH

B cpeae HOCHTeneH aar nHHCKoro BeJIHK06pHTaHHH, a TaKme

H3LIKa H KY nhTYpLI,

HOM cnyxae

,naneKO aa ee npeneaaxa,

Be3,l(e, rne rOBopHT uepa3pblBHO

H8 8HrnHHCKOM

.H3bIKe, H60 H3LIK H KYJIbTYPa

CBSl3aHLI. KynLTypa,

K8K H Sl3bIK, 06'he,nHHHeT JIIO,neH,

H HapSl,ny C KyJILTYPOH panH" MomHO roaopars OCHOBY orfiopa

BenHKo6pHTaHHH, 06 o6~eH xyrrsrype

ellA,

KaH~bI,

ABCTCTpaH.

8HI'nOH3bltIHblX M8TepH8na

KynbTypOBe,nQeCKOrO

nonomen

npHHIJ,Hn ero JIHHI'BHCTHtIeCKOrO npHHIJ,Hn ero ope,nCT8BneHHOCTH

OCMblcneHHH

H (jHfJIOJIOI'H381.UfH,

B <pOHOBbIX 3H8HHSlX nccarenea

SI3bIK8. COBpeMeHH8H l.J,HKnone~HlJeCKOH

neKCHKOrp8(}>HSI He MomeT OGOHTHCb Ge3 3Rnop ClJHT8BlIIeHCSI He BKnlOlJ8eMoH. H 3H-

HHrpOPM8lJ,HH, ~O He~8BRHX H B SJ3hIKOBble cnOB8pH

3KCTp8JIHHrBHCTHlJeCKOH

TO

me

BpeMSJ OH8 He MomeT

Jl.yGJIHPOB8Tb 3Hl.J,HKnOne~HH

l.J,HKnOne~MlJeCKHe cnOB8pH, Jl,JUI HOCHTenSJ A8HHoro

COCT8BnSIeMbIe He ,l(nH HHOCTpaHlJ,a, 8 H KYJIbTYPbI, rzte OT60p H nonaxa HHhIX npauuanax.

H3hIKa

MHQ>opMalJ,HH OCHOBhIB81OTCSI sa cOBeplIIeHHO

Ilpa
3HaHHH

COCT8BJIeHHH ,l(8HHOro nocooaa HOCHTen.H 8HrnMHcKoro H3hIK8

MbI HCXO,l(MnH H3 CPOHOBbIX He ronsxo B caMOH

BenacnyHC-

K06pHTaHHH

3TH 3H8HHH MorYT 6bITb H nonnee,

H fionee Jl,eT8JlH-

3HPOBaHhI, HO B TO me BpeMSJ nonaepaceasr lJaHHOCTH, JIOKanbHOCTH, nonh30B8H rJlHHCKOro npnauan BpeMeHHOH

BnH.HHHIO cflaKTopOB BblJI

CHIOMHHYTHOCTH.

4CKynhTYPHOH rpaMOTHOCTHt C8MOH AHrJlHH,

HOCHTenH 8H-

H3h1Ka 38 npenenaaa KynhTyphI

B lJaCTHOCTH, 3H8K8K 3TO .ll8HO B H3-

HHSI aHrJIHHCKOH .llaHHOM B CIlIA The Dictionary to Know. -

8MepHK8HlJ,aMM,

.CJlOB8pe of Cultural

KynbTypHOH Literacy:

rp8MOTHOCTnt

(Hirsch E. D.
Needs

Boston: CTeM, npa

Houghton nonane

What Every American Mifflin, 1988. - 586 p.).

.KYJIbTypHOH npeacne

Bxecre

KynhTypOBe.lllJeCKOrO

MSTepHana

MhI

C03H8TenbHO SMepHKaH1l8

BhIXO.L\nnH

3S paMKn

rp8MOTHOCTM. SHrJIHHCKHX

H HCnOJlh30B8Jln

p860ThI

acero

8BTOPOB, CJIOB8PH nOCJle.L\HHX H3J1.aHHH, 3HlJ,HKJlOrre,l(HH H crrpaaoaHHKH, Jl.PyrHe HCTOlJHHKH nHHrBocTp8HOBeJl,lJeCKOH CTPYKTYpa 38A8lJ8MH: patiore H~ HHQ>OPM8lJ,HH. ero

nOC06H.H Jl,OCT8TOtIHOnpOCT8, OHS onpenenaerca ero Hcnonb30B8HHSJ

B03MomHOCTbIO

KSK YQe6HOrO npa

Ky nbTypOBe~qeCKO:H TeM8THKoii,

KorA8 H3bIK CT8HOBHTH HCnOJIbKYJlbTYPhI,

CSIcpencrnoa 30B8HHeM ero

60nee yrny6neHHoro
cTYAeHToB. B cm8ToH

H3YlJeHHH KynbTypbl, no sonpocaa

B KSlJeCTBe CnpSBOlJHHK8

aarepecysourax

TeKCThI nocotiaa no ASHHOMY paaneny reparypa, noc06HH acropaa HeCKonbKO

cpopMe .L\81OT MHHHMYM HHCPOPM81.1,HH

KYJlbTYPhI

(uenpaxep,

BCSI8HrnHHcKaSI

na-

KOTOPOH nocaauteasr He60JlbWHX

nensre

TOMa, 38HHM8eT B 3TOM HH O,l(HO

pS3J1,enOB, HO npa

aaasnrrensaoe

HBneHHe narepa'rypia,

HH O.L\HO nMH, HH OAHO xY.L\OHnH SCPOPH3M, 060B KynbTypHhIH ,AaRRhIM 8MeB Be-

meCTBeHHoe npOH3BeJl,eHHe, HM OAHH nepconaae rSTHBWHe aHrJlHHCKldi H3hIK, ace, lJTO

aourno

MHHHMYM HOCHTeJlSl 8HrnMHcKoro PHK8HcKoro

nporpeccopa S. ,n. Xepura

SJ3bIK8

(cornacao

H He,A8BHO BblllIe,AllIHM .JIoHrM8H",

nHKo6pMT8HHM

CJIOBSPHM H3A8TenbCTB B TOM lJMCJIe cnOB8pIO

OKC<PoPACKOY Hac

1'0 YHHBepCHTeTS,

A.

PYMS, H3BeCTHoro

DOnUHrBOCTpaHOBe~qecKOMY TaJIOCb 38

CJIOBaplO • BenHK06pHT8H1UI noc06HH. B BH,lJ.ecepna

.. ), He oc-

npeaenaxa

naanoro nocotiaa

Q8CTb M8TepHsnOB

CTSTeH 6bIJI8 orry6Sl3hIKH B IllKOyqHTe-

JIHKOB8HS H8 CTpaHHU8X

mypH8JI8

.MHOCTp8HHble

ne. (1993-1997)
JUIMH H yq8~HMHCSI

H 6bln8

6n8rOmeJI8TenhHo

acrpenena

P83JIHttHblX

THnOB ytte6HhIX nonyvano nocotiae

38Be,lJ.eHHH. ,n:ope-

CTSTOqHO BblCOKYJO ouemey nocotixe

Y sHrnHHcKHx

neH3eHToB.

no

HX npH3H8HHIO, B C8MHX crpanax 8pMHH

raaoe

MOrJIO 6bl 6blTb Sl3hlK8, He rOBOpSl H3hlK

HcnOJIh30B8HO

aHrJIHHCKOro H3yqalO~Hx

yme 0 MHOrOMHJInHOHHOH H KYJIbTYPY 8HrnOSl3hIttHhlX

8HrnH"CKHH

CTpaH aa HX

npenenaxn.
r.TOMaXUH.

OCTPYKTYPEnOCOBHH
HaCTOH~ee nocofiae nOCTpoeHO no

ranv

TeMaTHqeCKOrO

cnpa-

BOQHHKa -CJIOB8pa.

Bees M8TepHaJI

paanenea

no TeMaM na ••

10 rJI8B:
H

"JIHTepaTypa*, mHBonHcb

• H

•Tearp •.•
CKYJIbnTypa HHe •••

KHHO ••• ....

MY3bIKao

Taaeu

68neT •.•

ApxHTeKTyp8 rJI8B8, na

H ,lJ.H38HHt ••

P8,lJ.HO •••

Ilpecca •. Ilepaaa

nOCBSI~eHH8S1

TeneaaneJIHTep8TYPe Berrano Be-

K06pHTaHHH,

p83,lJ.eJIeH8e~e

12 p83~enOB

B COOTBeTCTBHHC npa-

USITOH B HCTOPHH pa3BHTHSI JIHTepSTypbl KaM H

KJIaCcHcpHKsUHeu

nepnonax. Ocransnsre
COCTOHT"3

rnaasr

OXBaThIB81OT n,enHKOM MaTe-

PH8JI no CBoeMY pS3,lJ.eJIY. KSm,lJ.8S1 rrraaa ~aeTCSI 06~aSl BCTynHTeJIbHOR TeMbl, tlaCTH, B KOTOPOl1

X8p8KTepHCTHKa

npHBO,lJ.SlTCSICBe,lJ.eHHSI06

HCTOP"H P83BHTHSI, oc06eHHocTSIX OTBeTcTBYIOI.I.(ero neii

H COBpeMeHHOM COCTOHHUH coCTPSHbI, H cnenyroutero aa

pa3,lJ.eJIS KYJIhTypbI

JIHHfBOCTpSHOBe,lJ.tleCKOrO

cnOBSpSI,

B KOTOPOM npHBO,lJ.SlTCSI MY3bIKunbJUfTepa-

nOHSITHSI, nepCOHSJIHH, asrx, xynoseecraenasrx repoen,

Ha3BaHHSI H T. n.

JIHTepsTypHbIX,

npOH3Be,lJ.eHHH,

HMeHa

TYPHblx ra3eT,

IJ,HTaTbl, aexoropsre

H83B8HHSI

P8,lJ.HO- H TeJICnpOrpaMM, H reorparpaxecxae

mypHSJIOB,

HCTOpHtleCKHe

R83BaHHSI. CnoB8pHLIe CTSTbH pacnonoaceasr crporo B COOTBeTCTBHH C aJIBOK86y,lJ.OCTOapTI1K-

cpaBHTHbIM rrOpSl,lJ.KOM BOKa6YJI. CToSlIl.\He nepezt MHorHMH JIaMH (Ha3B8HHSI xY,lJ.OmeCTBeHHblX npoH3Be,lJ.eHHH, raaer,

npOMeQ8TCJIbHOCTeH) onpc.n;eneHHbIH

liJIM Heonpe,lJ.eneHHbIii

110 na 8JI(}>SBHTHblH nOpSl,lJ;OKHe BnUSIIOT.

Bce BOKa6YJIhI BbI,l\eneHhI Ha3BaHIUI H8JI0B, xY,l\OmeCTBeHHhIX

nonymHpHhIM H ,l\pyrHx

mpIHpTOM.

TIPH 3TOM raaer, xcyp-

npOH3Be,l\eHHH,

nporpaeoa

Pa,lJ;HO TeneBlI,l\eHHSI BhIAeJIeHbl H nOJIymHpHhIM

eute

KypCHBOM,

HO ,l\aIOTCSI 6ea KaBhIlIeK.

KypCHBOM,

HO B K8BbllI-

xax,

,l\aHhI II.lIT8TbI

aa nareparypnsrx

npOH3Be,l\eHHH, H ~HTaTbl,

necea,

KPbIB

n8Tble

CJIOB8. H83B8HHSI

npOH3Be,l\eHHR

npllBO,l\HMbIe

CTaTbSlX, AalOTCSI CBeTJIbIM KypCHBOM,

II.HTaTbI CTOSITB KaBhl1IK8X. YKa38HbI B KPyrJIbIX CK06-

Ilpa soxafiynax -

JIHlIHbIX

HMeHax

K8X AaTbI mH3HH HCTopHlIeCKHX

nau. COMHHTenhHble

HJIH HeM3Be-

CTHhIe A8TbI OTMellalOTCSI aH8KOM t?. B CT8TbSlX YKa3b1BaIOTCSI rO,lJ;bIC03,lJ;aHHSIrex HJIH HHbIX Be,l\eHHH, nOCTpOHKH 3,l\8HHH, OCHOB8HHSIopr8HH38u,HH ,lJ;aHbI B xpyrnsrx cK06Kax, 3HaK

npoaa-

H T. n. OHH

* (t3Be3,l\OllKa.),
B

nOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIOII(erO Ha3BaHHSI. CTOSlII(HH CTaTbH, rJISB

rrepen

HMeHeM c06CTBeHHbIM 3Ta BOKa6YJIa ee MecTonoB KOH-

HJIM H83BaHHeM

cepenane

oaaaxaer, xro
nocofiaa.
HaUTH

HaxO,lJ;HTCSIB OAHOR H3

npyrax

nO>KeHHe MomHO '1epe3 06lll.HH YKa3STeJIb,

pacnOJIOmeHHbIH

ue KHHrH.
YKaaaTeJIb meHHLIe (Index) BKJIIO'IaeT B ce6S1 ace BOKa6YJIbI, KamAo"

pacnono-

B crporo ancpaBlITHOM

nopamce. Ilpa

YK838.Ha

rna-

sa, rne ee MomHO

HaRTlI B nHHrBocTp8HOBeAQecKoM

CJIOBape

aa CBOI'JI88Y,

eM ancpaBHTHOM MeCTe. B KOHu,e CTSTbH MomeT 6LITb

aaaa

CChIJIKa

aa

APyryro KHHI'H

eCJIH 3Ta BOKa6YJIa nOBTOpSleTCSI B ApyrOM Mep, HMeHa aKTepOB H TeaTpa, ~OnOJIHHTeJIbHaSl TOpLIMH H KHHO).

paaaerre

(nanpa-

HH<popMau,HSI, KOCBeHHO CBSl3aHHaSi C HeKOCTaTbSlX, AaeTCH

MOMeHTSMH TOJIKOBaHHSI B OTAenbHbIX

nOCJIe TeKCTa CTaTbH 60JIee MeJIKHM mpH4>TOM.

CTIliCOK lICTIOJIb3YEMhIX COKPAmEHlIA

abbreu abbreviation e.g. -exempligratia-forexample etc. English etcetera and so on

ad] -

adjective American British -

AmE BrE c. -

humor i. e. -

humorous that is

English

id est informal

to

say

circa

abou

infmlN-North

cap - capital derog - derogatory

EEast especially esp. -

S -South
usu. W-West usually

Chapter I

LITERATURE
1. ANGLO ..SAXON OR OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE
(c. 7th century to the Norman Conquest (1066)
Cultural Literacy List
Anglo-Saxon Beowulf Chronicle Caedmon Old English

The Germanic tribes which settled in England brought with them reminiscences of valorous deeds performed by historical and legendary warriors during the Great Migrations. Beowulf, an epic of Old English, dating from as early as the 8th century, is the earliest long work of literature in English, the most important Old English work and the only epic to survive in entirety. The critical events in the poem are the slaying of the monster Grendel and Grendel's mother by the hero Beowulf, and Beowulf's battle with a dragon, in which he is mortally wounded. The poem is named after its hero, represented as a champion (later king) of the Gaetas, a Scandinavian tribe living north of the Danes (i. e. in what is now a part of Sweden). The action of the poem falls into two main parts. In part one (about two-thirds of the whole), the youthful hero goes to Denmark to rid the Danish royal hall of Grendel and succeeds in slaying both Grendel and Grendel's mother (a creature fully as fearsome as
7

her offspring). In part two, the aged hero defends the Gaetas against a dragon, which he kills at the cost of his own life, The unknown author was an Englishman learned in the traditional heroic lore of the Germanic peoples. Through his hero he sought to glorify the ideals of heroism which made part of the moral and poetic heritage common to the English and the other Germanic nations. He succeeded so well that his poem is reckoned among the masterpieces of world literature. Christian poems and epics in heroic style soon supplanted Germanic pagan poetry. Most of these works are associa ted with Caedmon and Cynewulf, the earliest-known English poets. The greatest scholar writing in Latin was Bede, author of about 40 hooks on theology, history, and science. During the reign of Alfred the Great called "the Father of English Prose", his kingdom Wessex was the intellectual centre of England. Alfred translated, or had translated, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, and some other works from Latin. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was begun under Alfred's auspices. Alfred the Great (849-901), a king of West Saxons; after defeating the Danes became overlord of all England, so that he is often reckoned the first English king. His work for education was of supreme importance: he founded many schools and brought teachers from all parts of the world. His own writings included translations into English of Bede's and other authors' works. The earlier part of the AngloSaxon Chronicle may be his own work. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, also the Chronicles, historical record books kept at various English monasteries from the 9th to 12th centuries. The Chronicles did not long survive the Norman Conquest, one version ending abruptly in 1066, the longest-lived continuing to 1154. The four main versions traditionally bear a single name because together they are the earliest source of English history, and draw their earliest entries from a common source. The Chronicles sketchily surveyed world history from the birth of Christ, with fuller accounts beginning about 450 A. D., traditional date of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of England. They were the first history
8

of a western nation, written in its own language, and have been called the most important work in English before the Norman Conquest. Bede (673-735), the most learned Englishman of his age, writing in Latin, known as "Bede, the Venerable". He is author of about 40 books on theology, history, and science. His two great works are The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. which gives the fullest and most reliable information we have as to the history of England down to the year 731, and De Nature Rerum - an encyclopaedia of the sciences as then known. Beowulf, an epic poem in Old English, probably written in the 8th century. It tells how the hero Beowulf kills two monsters. It was the first major European poem not written in Latin. Caedmon (died 680?), the earliest known English poet. He is said to have been an illiterate cowherd at the monastery of Whitby and later a monk. The only authentic piece of his work is the poem known as Caedmon's Hymn. Cynewulf (c. 750-825), a religious wri ter, scholar, and Old English poet. His poetry is especially noteworthy for his delight in the beauties of nature and his descriptions of the sea. His works include Elene. JUliana, The Ascension, and The Fates of theApostles, in all of which his runic "signature" is interwoven in the verse. the Dome8day Book, also Doom8day Book, a record of all the lands of England, showing their size, value, ownership, etc. made in 1086 on the orders of William the Conqueror. The Domesday Book has been very val uable in the study of English history. Kynewulf see Cynewulf. Old English, the English language from the 5th century until about 1150. In the 5th century the Angles and Saxons of Germany settled in Britain and brought their language to the southern part of the island - the region that was called "Angleland", or England. After the Norman Conquest in 1066 the Norman French language influenced Old English, and Middle English developed.
Old English resembled the language spoken in Germany in the some period. and is almost impossible for a present-day user to read without training.

2. MIDDLE ENGLISH LITERATURE (c. 1200-1450)

Cultural Literacy List
Arthur, King The Canterbury Tales Chaucer, Geoffrey Middle English Poets' Corner

As a result of the Norman Conquest, French displaced English as the language of the upper classes. Scholars contin ued to write ill Latin. These two factors account for the absence of any memorable English literature in the first century of the Middle English period. With the revival of literature in the English language the chief literary genre of the Middle English period was the romance, a story in verse or prose dealing with chivalric adventures. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (c. 1375) is a treasure of the period. Written by an unknown author with a moral purpose, it nevertheless became a compelling story; it is rich in detail about the manners, dress, and sports of the time. Much later, Sir Thomas Malory's M orte d'Arthur brought together and preserved most of the romantic stories then available about King Arthur and his knights. For Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest poets in the English (or any other) language, there is much biographical material and a fixed canon of works. But it is The Canterbury Tales with its unforgettable pilgrims, exchanging stories and verbal barbs on the road to Canterbury, that is his masterpiece. Chaucer is called "the father of English poetry". He was the first great poet to write in the English language. Geoffrey Chaucer was also the first to be buried in the Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. Arthur, King see King Arthur. Arthurian adj of or relating to King Arthur or his knights. Arthurian Legend, stories about Arthur, who became king of England when he pulled out the sword (Excalibur) in the stone, which no one except the king could do. His court at Camelot was famous for bravery, chivalry, romantic love, and
10

magic which was practised esp. by the magician Merlin, and the sorceress Morgan Ie Fay. Here, at a round table, sat the bravest and most noble knights in the land (the Knights of the Round Table), Sir Galahad, Sir Lancelot, Sir Bedivere, and others. Arthur's power began to fail when he discovered the love between his wife, Guinevere, and his best friend, Lancelot. Then began the long search for the Holy Grail which was finally found and brought back by Galahad , Arthur's strength returned and he went into battle to save England from Mordred whom he killed, but Arthur himself was very seriously wounded. He gave Excalibur to Bedivere and ordered him to throw it into a lake. The hand of the Lady of the Lake came out of the water, caught the sword, and took it under, then three women arrived on a boat and took Arthur to his final resting place at Avalon. It is said that Arthur will return if England is ever in danger. Aval(l)on, a legendary holy island thought by some people to be near Glastonbury in SW England, where, according to the old stories, the wounded King Arthur was carried after his last battle. Camelot, in the legends of King Arthur, the capital of his kingdom, thought as a wonderful magical place. Truth, goodness, and beauty reigned in Camelot.
The administration of President John F. Kennedy is often referred to as an American Camelot.

The Canterbury Tales, a work written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the late fourteenth century (c. 1373-1400) about a group of pilgrims, of many different occupations and personalities, who meet at an inn near London as they are setting out for Canterbury, England. Their host proposes a storytelling contest to make their journey more interesting. Some of the more famous stories are The Knight's Tale, The Miller's Tale, and The Wife of Bath's Tale. The tales have many different styles, reflecting the great diversity of the pilgrims; some are notoriously bawdy. The language of The Canterbury Tales is Middle English. Chaucer, Geoffrey (13401-1400), the first of modern English writers; he may be said to have created not only English poetry but the English language.
11

Chaucer was born in London and must have received an ample education, though there is no evidence that he was at either of the universities. During his lifetime Chaucer was introduced to the Court, occupied different state posts, was sent on some missions abroad and in 1386 even took his seat in Parliament as Knight of the Shire for Kent. The exact dates of the composition of his various poems are uncertain, but his work clearly shows three stages of his poetic development. In the first the influence of French literature is predominant, a natural thing since the Court was still bilingual. To this period belong his translation of the Romance of the Rose and also the Boke of the Duchesse (1369). In the second period he came under Italian influence, particularly that of Dante and Boccaccio. It was then that he wrote The Hous of Fame, The Parlement of Foules, The Legende of Good Women and, the greatest of all, Troilus and Criseyde. To the final or English period belong The Canterbury Tales, where he had reached his fame as one of the greatest of English poets. Chaucer's importance in English literature can hardly be overestimated. He was both a finished poet and a supreme storyteller, an artist in verse with an insight into humanity and a kind sense of humour. Excalibur, the sword of King Arthur. In one version of the legends of Arthur, he proved his right to rule by pulling Excalibur out of a stone. In another version, he received Excalibur from a maiden, the Lady of the Lake, to whom he returned it at the end of his life. Sir Galahad, a young knight in the tales of King Arthur. Galahad's exceptional puri ty and virtue enabled him to see the Holy Grail in all its splendor, while many other knights who sought it could not see it at all. Sir Gawain, in the legends of King Arthur, one of the Knigh ts of the Round Table. Gawain was a kinsman of Arthur, and was known for his integrity and decency. Guinevere, the wife of King Arthur. In some versions of the legends of Arthur, she had a love affair with Sir Lancelot that led to the end of the reign of Arthur and the fellowship of the Round Table. Holy Grail, a cup or bowl that was the subject of many legends in the Middle Ages. It was often said to have been used 12

by Jesus at the Last Supper, and in which, it is said, some of his blood was collected. King Arthur, a legendary king of Britons, who led Celtic resistance against the invading Saxons. There are numerous stories, including those by Sir Thomas Malory, which describe the exploits of Arthur, his Knights of the Round Table, and the search for the Holy Grail. These stories are still popular and King Arthur is regarded 8S a folk hero. The life of King Arthur has been retold many times over the centuries; hence, most of the incidents in his life have several versions. According to one well-knownstory of Arthur's gaining the throne, he withdrew the sword Excalibur from a stone after many others had tried and failed. Arthur established a brilliant court at Camelot, where he gathered around him the greatest and most chivalrous warriors in Europe, the Knights of the ROWld Table. King Arthur's knights included Sir Lancelot, Sir Galahad, Sir Percival, Sir Bedivere and Sir Gawain. Other characters associated with the legends of Arthur are the wizard Merlin, the enchantress Morgan le Fay, Queen Guinevere, and Arthur's enemy and kinsman, Mordred, who caused his downfall. According to somelegends, Arthur sailed to a mysterious island, Avalon, at the end of his life; some stories say that some day he will return. The legends of Arthur may have originated with an actual chieftain named Arthur who lived in Wales in the 6th century, but the many retellings have taken the story far away from its original place and time. Because of the belief that he will return, he is sometimes called "the once and future king". The best-known works on Arthur are the 15th century book Le Morte d'Arthur, by Thomas Malory, and the 19th century series of poems Idylls of the King by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Knights of the Round Table, according to English legends, the fellowship of the knights of King Arthur. Among their adventures was the quest for the Holy Grail. The group dispersed after the death of Arthur. The Lady of the Lake, a rather unreal, shadowy figure with magic powers who appears in stories about King Arthur, most famously as 8 hand rising from a lake to catch Arthur's sword Whenhe is dying and as one of the three queens who take him by boat to Avalon to die.
13

Sir Lancelot, the most famous of the Knights of the Round Table. King Arthur was his friend and lord. In some versions of the legend, he became the lover of Queen Guinevere, Arthur's wife. Langland, William (13321-14001), an English poet, assumed by the most informed scholars to be the author of the three versions of Piers Plowman (1362-92), the allegorical religious poem in alliterative verse. The Mabinogion, a collection of old Welsh stories about magical and imaginary people and places. Merlin, in the legends of King Arthur, a magician who acted as Arthur's principal adviser. He was imprisoned for all time by a woman to whom he told the secrets of his magic. Middle English, the English language from about 1150 to about 1550. During this time, following the Norman Conquest of England, the native language of England - Old Englishborrowed great numbers of words from the Norman French of the conquerors. Middle English eventually developed into modern English. Many of the writings in Middle English that have survived have word forms very different from those in modern English; today's readers of English cannot understand the language of these works without training. Some dialects of Middle English, however, resemble modern English, and a good reader of today can catch the drift of something written in them. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in one of these dialects. Mordred, in Arthurian Legend, either the nephew or son of King Arthur. He tries to take over the kingdom and is killed in battle by Arthur. Morgan Ie Fay, in Arthurian Legend, a sister of King Arthur with magic powers. Le Marte d' Arthur (The Death of Arthur), a work of literature written by Sir Thomas Malory. It is a fine prose rendering in 21 books of the Arthurian legends, made up from the French versions with additions of the author. Completed in 1469, it was printed by *Caxton in 1485. It was in Malory's work that *Spenser, *Tennyson and other poets found the material for their Arthurian tales. Sir Percival, in Arthurian Legend, one of the knights in King Arthur's court.
14

Piers Plowman (full title The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman), an allegorical poem written by W. Langland (or Langley). There are three versions of the work (1362-13771392). Apart from the literary value of the poem, it is very important for the light it throws on the social history of the time. The author's personal experience of poverty and hardship comes out in the vivid pictures he draws in his work. Langland represented the close of the Old English tradition of alliterative verse which was replaced by the French rhyming measures that Chaucer popularized. Poets' Corner, a part of Westminster Abbey in London where many famous English poets are buried, including Chaucer. Round Table, the table at which King Arthur and his knights sat, according to old stories. As it was round, all the places at it were equal. sword in the stone, according to old stories, the sword called Excalibur which was stuck in a stone and which would make the person who pulled it out King of England. Tintagel, a ruined castle on the N coast of Cornwall. According to old stories, King Arthur held his court there. Uther Pendragon, in Arthurian Legend, the king of the Britons and Arthur's father. the Wife of Bath, a character in Geoffrey Chaucer's poem The Canterbury Tales, who enjoys talking about sex in a humorous way.

3. NEW ENGLISH LITERATURE (1450-1550)

Cultural Literacy List
Caxton, William Moret Sir Thomas Robin Hood Sheriff of Nottingham Sherwood Forest Utopia

With the establishment of the first printing press in England in 1476 by William Caxton literature entered a new era. Caxton brought his printing press from Flanders, set it up at Westminster and got to work to produce the first book in English. 15

The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer was among the books he

printed, together with many translations from Latin and French. The Canterbury Tales was very popular among the people who could read at that time. These educated people who lived mainly in London could easily understand the language of the book because it was written in the dialect of London. But people from other parts of England couldn't understand very much because at that time each county had its own dialect. Since Caxton printed his books in one dialect, the educated English had a common dialect, and as education spread this dialect became the language of England. Wi th Caxton 's press prin ting books there was a new emphasis on learning, and many writers were among its exponents. These men were grammarians, teachers and translators. An outstanding figure of the period was Sir Thomas More. Utopia written by him in Latin, extols the virtues of an imaginary land and glances cri tically at England's shortcomings. More's History of King Richard III influenced Shakespeare. Anonymous songs, carols, and ballads were popular, and among them ballads about Robin Hood. He is the subject of many ballads and stories since the 14th century. He lived with his band of Merry Men in Sherwood Forest, and stole from the rich to give to the poor. Caxton, William (14221-91), the first English printer. He printed the first English text in 1474; it was his translation of a French romance The Recuyell (or Compilation) of the Histories of Troye. Altogether he printed about 80 books, many of them translations of his own, which contributed to the formation of an English prose style. Friar Tuck, (in the stories of Robin Hood) one of Robin Hood's companions, usu. seen in pictures as a fat and cheerful monk. Lincoln green, (cloth of) a bright green colour originally made at Lincoln, a town in Lincolnshire. Robin Hood and his men were said to have worn this colour. Little John, (in the stories of Robin Hood) one of Robin Hood '8 men. He was very big and strong, and was called "Iittle" for a joke.
16

Maid Marian, 1. (in the stories of Robin Hood) the woman who lived with Robin Hood 2. the *May Queen in *morris dances and May Day games. Merry Men, (in the stories of Robin Hood) the companions of Robin Hood. More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535), an English statesman, scholar and humanist, the author of Utopia and a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. He worked for King Henry VIII but refused to recognize him as head of the Church of England. For this he was imprisoned in the Tower and finally beheaded. Among More's works are Ptcus, Earl of Mirandula (1510) and History of Richard /11(1513). His great work, Utopia, was written in Latin in two books (1515, 1516). It had immediate popularity, and was translated into the principal European languages. More's pure and religious character, his sweet temper, his wit, his constancy and fortitude under misfortune made him one of the most attractive figures in English history. He was canonized in 1935.
death of Sir Thomas More.

A Man for All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt (1960) based on the life and

Robin Hood, a legendary robber of the Middle Ages in England, who stole from the rich and gave to the poor. An excellent archer, he lived in Sherwood Forest with the fair Maid Marian, the stalwart Little John, the priest Friar Tuck, the musician Alan a Dale, and others who helped him rob rich landlords and thwart his chief enemy, the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robin Hood is a favourite subject in ballad tradi tion. He has become also a stock character of popular May Day plays and festivities. Sheriff of Nottingham, according to old stories, the main enemy of Robin Hood. Sherwood Forest, an actual forest in central England, mainly in Nottinghamshire, which was formerly a royal hunting ground. According to legend, it was the home of Robin Hood and his companions. Utopia, a book (1516) by Sir Thomas More. It was written in Latin in two books, translated into English in 1551. The name itself means "no place". Utopia gave an account of an imaginary 17

island and people, under cover of which it described the social and political condition of England with suggested remedies for abuses. The book became immediately very popular, and was translated into other European languages. utopian adj of or relating to a perfect or ideal existence (after the name of Thomas More's book Utopia). The word is usually applied to schemes for the advancement of social conditions. Utopian literature, a genre widely used for the expression of social criticism, occurs in the literature of many peoples throughout the ages.

Exercises
Ex. 1. Match the title of the book with the name of author:

The Canterbury Tales Morte d'Arthur Utopia

The Ecclesiastical Hietoru

Bede Chaucer Malory More

of the English People

Ex. 2. Answer these questions:

1. What was the title of the most famous epic in Old English? 2. What is the story about? 3. Who was the greatest scholar of the 8th century writing in Latin? 4. Why is Alfred the Great called the "Father of English Prose"? 5. Could you give any names of the knights of the Round Table? 6. What was the name of King Arthur's court? 7. What was the most famous object of quest for the knights of the Round Table? 8. What are the most famous stories in The Canterbury Tales? 9. Why is Chaucer called the "Father of English Poetry"? 10. What is the Poets' Corner? 11. How do we use the word "utopia" in a transferred sense now? 12. Why did the Roman Catholic Church declare Thomas More a saint? 13. What phrase associates with Robin Hood? 14. Can you name some of the "Merry Men"? Where did they live?
18

Ex. 3. Explain these words and phrases:

a modern Robin Hood; to rob the rich and give to the poor; an American Camelot; Knights of the Round Table; Merry Men; Sherwood Forest; the Sheriff of Nottingham.

4. RENAISSANCE LITERATURE (1550-1620)

Cultural Literacy List '"ComeJiv~ with me, and b~ my love" Marlowe, Christopher Renaissance Spenser, Edmund "Was this the face that launched a thousand 'hips'"

The period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries, when the art, literature, and ideal of ancient Greece were discovered again and widely studied, causing a rebirth of activity in all these things is called Renaissance. During the Renaissance, America was discovered, and the Reformation began; modern times are often considered to have begun with the Renaissance. Maj or figures of the Renaissance are Galileo, William Shakespeare, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. In Great Britain part of this period when Elizabeth I was Queen of England (1558-1603) is called Elizabethan. Her reign . was notable for commercial growth, maritime expansion, and the flourishing of literature, music, and architecture. The greatest non dramatic poet of the period, Edmund Spenser, began his career with the Shepherd's Calendar and wrote many sonnets. It is, however, the long allegorical romance The Faerie Queen for which he is best remembered. It is in the poet's handling of his narrative, in his characterization, in his moral purpose, and in his mastery of the language - despite his often criticized use of archaisms - that the greatness of the poem is found. Drama was developed by many writers including Thomas Kyd. His Spanish Tragedy was very popular; it set a fashion for "revenge plays". But it was Christopher Marlowe, master of blank verse and creator of characters obsessed by the desire for power (Tambur19

laine), knowledge (Doctor Faustus) or wealth (Barabas, the Jew of Malta), who prepared the way for Shakespeare.

"Come live with me, and be my love", the opening line of The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, a poem by Christopher Marlowe.
Ford, John (1586-1639), an English poet and writer for the theatre. His plays include 'Tis Pity She's a Whore and The Broken Hearl (both 1633). He is sometimes called the last of the Elizabethans. Kyd or Kid, Thomas (1558-94), an English dramatist, noted for his revenge play The Spanish Tragedy (1586). Shakespeare's Hamlet was based on a play by Kyd that is now lost. Marlowe, Christopher (1564-93), an English playwright and poet, whose developmen t of blank-verse drama influenced the early plays of Shakespeare. His best-known works are the plays Tamburlaine the Great (1588), The Jew of Malta (1590), Edward II (1592), and Dr Faustus (1604). Marlowe was the father of the modern English drama and the introducer of the modern form of blank verse. In imagination, richness of expression, originality and general poetic and dramatic power he surpassed all the Elizabethans except Shakespeare. In addition to his plays he wrote some short poems of which the best known is Hero and Leander (1598). Marlowe was killed in a quarrel, so it was reported, over the payment for a meal at a tavern. Middleton, Thomas (1580-1627), an English dramatist who wrote satirical comedies and tragedies, including Women Beware Women (1621) and The Changeling (1622) (written in collaboration with William Rowley). the Renaissance, great revival in the 14th-16th centuries of art and letters, under the influence of classical models. The word "renaissance" means "rebirth" or "reawakening". The term is often used to describe any revival or rediscovery. Spenser, Edmund (1552?-99), an English poet celebrated for The Faerie Queen (1590), an allegorical romance which he never finished. His other verse includes The Shepherd's Calendar(1579) and the marriage poem Epithalamion (1594), regarded by some people as his most perfect poem. The position of Spenser in English poetry is below Chaucer, Shakespeare and Milton only. He has been called the poet's poet because of the almost unequalled influence he has exercised

20

upon the whole subsequent course and expression of English poetry, which he enriched with the stanza which bears his name, and which none since him have used with more perfect mastery. Spenser was buried in *Westminster Abbey, near Chaucer. "Was this the face that launched a thousand ebipet :", 8 line from the play Doctor Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe. Faustus says this when the devil Mephistopheles (Marlowe spells the name "Mephistophilis") shows him Helen of Troy, the most beautiful woman in history. The "thousand ships" are warships, a reference to the Trojan War.

5. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616)

Cultural Literacy List
Yorick" U AU tb« world'. a stage" Antony, Mark Antony and Cleopatra A. You Like It Bard or Avon
U

Au., poor

Brutus

Brutus is an honourable man" Cordelia ..Et tu, Brutet " "Every inch a king" Falstarf "Fear not, till Birnam Wood do come to Dunsinane" Friend., Romans, countrymen, lend me your ear," "Get thee to a nunnery" the Globe Theatre Htlmlet •• ow 'harper than a serpent" tooth. H it i. to have a thankless child" lago "I(m.usic be the food o/love,play on" Ju.liu. Caesar King Lear "The lady doth protest too much" "Lay on, M acdu!!" ..Lord, what [ool« these mortals be!" MlICbeth The Merchant of Venice
U U

A Midsummer Night" Dream "Neither a borrower nor a lender be" "The noblest Roman of them all" "One that loved not wisely but too weU" Othello "Out, damned spot!" ..Pound of {lesh" Romeo and JuUet II Romeo, Romeo/ Wherefore art thou Romeot" Shylock ..Something u rotten in tlu date 01 Denmark" u Star-oro •• ed lovers" The Taming 01 tM Shrew The Tempest "That way madn.e., lie." "There are more thing' in heaven and earfh, Horatio" "There i. tI speciAl providence in tM fllll 01 a 'parrow" "There', a divinity th.at .hape. our
eruls" "To be, or not to be"

"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" ··What', in a ,",met That wh.ich ~ caU a rose" ··Yon CtlB.iu.lt.a.. slean and hungr"
100""

21

William Shakespeare is generally acknowledged to have been Britain's finest playwright and one of her most accomplished poets. He is commonly regarded the greatest of the writers in the English language. His birthplace at Stratford-Cup) on-Avon remains a popular tourist attraction. The so-called "Shakespeare country" includes the towns, villages and other places connected with William Shakespeare, in particular Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, and the surrounding countryside. People also come to see his plays, performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the theatre which is named after him, and to see his tomb. Little is known about Shakespeare's life. He was born in Apri11564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His father was at one time Mayor of the town; William's mother belonged to the landed gentry of Warwickshire. Almost certainly the boy went to Stratford Grammar School. In 1582, at the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, a farmer's daughter eight years older than himself. They had three children. Then Shakespeare became an actor and came to London before 1589, and spent most of his life there. His success as a playwright enabled him to retire to Stratford, where he died in April 1616 and was buried in the local church as a wealthy and highly respected citizen. His plays show a great understanding of human activities of all kinds. In them, he very skilfully uses many different literary styles to express a wide range of emotions. The plays are usually described as comedies, tragedies and histories but this is an oversimplification as many of them do not fall neatly into anyone category. Shakespeare spen t most of his career in London as an actor, playwright and manager of the Globe Theatre. During Shakespeare's lifetime, most of his plays were performed at the Globe Theatre, a wooden theatre in London. It was destroyed in the 17th century and now is rebuilt exactly as it was and visitors can experience what it was like to go to the theatre 400 years ago. Shakespeare's poems, especially his Sonnets, show his extraordinary powers of expression and his depth of emotional understanding.
22

His work has had a great influence on English and many familiar sayings and quotations come from his works, many of his expressions have become part of the language. Because the English language has changed so much since Shakespeare's day, many people (including school students obliged to read him for examination purposes) find his works difficult and "dated". There have been several recent attempts to present his plays in a more accessible way, either by modernizing the language or by printing the original tex t with cartoon illustrations.

"Alas, poor Yorick", words from the play Hamlet. Hamlet

says this in a graveyard as he meditates upon the skull of Yorick, a court jester he had known and liked as a child. Hamlet goes on to say that though "my lady" may put on "paint (makeup) an inch thick, to this favour (condition) she must come". All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players", the beginning of speech in the play As You Like It. It is also called The Seven Ages of Man, since it treats that many periods in a man's life: his years as infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, judge, foolish old man, and finally "second childishness and mere oblivion". Antony, Mark, a historical politician and general of ancient Rome, who appears as a character in the plays Antony and Cleopatra and Julius Caesar. In a famous speech in Julius Caesar, given after Caesar has been killed, Antony turns public opinion against those who did the killing. Antony's speech begins, "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears"; in it, he repeats several times the words "Brutus is an honourable man". Antony and Cleopatra, a tragedy (1606) which dramatizes the great but ill-fated love of the Roman general Mark Antony and Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt. Arden, an area in Warwickshire, England, formerly part of a large forest which was the setting for Shakespeare's play As
II

You Like It. As You Like It, a comedy (1599). Most of the action takes
place in the forest of Arden, to which several members of a duke's court have been banished. The speech "All the world's a stage" is from this play.
23

Banquo, a character ill Shakespeare's play Macbeth, who is murdered by Macbeth but returns during a feast as a ghost to haunt Macbeth and remind him of his crime. Bard of Avon, a title given to William Shakespeare, who was born and buried in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Birnam Wood, the wood near Birnam in Pertshire, Scotland. In Shakespeare's play Macbeth, the main character Macbeth is told that he will only be defeated when Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane. Later, his enemy's army comes through Birnam Wood and each soldier cuts a large branch to hide himself, so that when the army moves on it looks as if the wood is moving. Macbeth is defeated and killed. Brutus, a character in the play Julius Caesar, one of the assassins of Julius Caesar. "Brutus is an honourable man", a statement made several times in a speech by Mark Antony in the play Julius Caesar. The speech is Antony's funeral oration over Caesar, whom Brutus has helped to kill. "Brutus is an honourable man" is ironic, since Antony is attempting to portray Brutus as ungrateful and treacherous. He succeeds in turning the Roman people against Brutus and the other assassins. Caliban, a character in Shakespeare's play The Tempest, a half-human slave. - the Capulets and Montagues, the two families of the lovers Romeo and Juliet in Shakespeare's play. The families were enemies, which is why Romeo and Juliet's marriage had to be secret. The Comedy of Errors, an amusing play (1592) involving two sets of twins which leads to mistakes and misunderstandings. Cordelia, the youngest of the king's three daughters in the play King Lear. King Lear at first thinks her ungrateful to him because she refuses to flatter him as her sisters do; he soon finds out that she is the only one of the three who genuinely cares for him. Desdemona, the wife of Othello ill Shakespeare's play Othello. She was killed by her husband who thought she was having an affair with another man. Duncan, a character in Shakespeare's play Macbeth, the king of Scotland who was murdered by Macbeth. 24

"England: this blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England", a phrase from Shakespeare's play Richard I I
describing how beautiful England is . ..Et tu., Brute?", a La tin sentence meaning "Even you, Brutus?" from the play Julius Caesar. Caesar utters these words as he is being stabbed to death, having recognized his friend Brutus among his assassins .
a supposed friend.

..Et tu, Brute?" is used to express surprise and dismay fit the treachery of

"Every inch a king" , a phrase used by the title character in the play King Lear to describe himself to his friend, the earl of
Gloucester. The situation is ironic: Lear is raving over his deprivation and is wearing weeds. Falstaff, an endearing, fat, aging rogue who appears in several plays of Shakespeare. He is prominent in the two parts of King Henry IV, where he is the jolly companion of Prince Hal, the future King Henry V. Falstaff is a lover of wine, women, and song; although a coward in practice, he loves to tell tales of his supposed bravery. "Fear not, till Birnam. Wood do come to Duneinane", a prophecy made by witches to Macbeth in the play Macbeth. Later in the play, Macbeth's enemies advance on the hill of Dunsinane, his stronghold, camouflaged by tree branches they have cut from the Forest of Birnam. Macbeth sees Birnam Wood moving as prophesied, and realizes that he will soon die. "Fire burn and cauldron bubble", a part of a speech by three witches in Shakespeare's play Macbeth. II Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears", the first line of a speech from the play Julius Caesar. Mark Antony addresses the crowd at Caesar's funeral:
Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives after them. The good is oft interred with their bones ...

"full of sound and fury, signifying nothing" , a phrase from Shakespeare's play Macbeth, used by people in criticizing
something which sounds impressive or threatening, has little meaning or is not Important. but which

25

"Get thee to a nunnery", words from the play Hamlet. The advice Hamlet gives to Ophelia. He bids her live 8 life of celibacy. the Globe Theatre, a theatre in London where many of the great plays of William Shakespeare were first performed. Shakespeare himself acted at the Globe. It burned and was rebuilt shortly before Shakespeare's death, and was finally pulled down in the middle of the seventeenth century. It is now rebuilt exactly as it was. Hamlet, the most famous tragedy (1600) by William Shakespeare. Before the play begins, the king of Denmark has been murdered by his brother, Claudius, who then becomes king and marries the dead king's widow. The ghost of the dead king visits his son, prince Hamlet, and urges him to avenge the murder. In the course of the play, Hamlet, a scholar, slowly convinces himself that he ought to murder Claudius. The play ends with a duel between Hamlet and the courtier Laertes, and the death by poison of all the principal characters. The character of Hamlet has come to symbolize the person whose thoughtful nature is an obstacle to quick and decisive action. Hamlet, Shakespeare's longest play, contains several soliloquies - speeches in which Hamlet, alone, speaks his thoughts. Many lines from the play are very familiar, such as "Alas,

poor Yorick"; "There's a divinity that shapes our ends"; "Get thee to a nunnery"; "The lady doth protest too much"; "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio"; "Neither a borrower nor a lender be"; "There's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow": Something is rotten in the state of Denmark"; "To be, or not to be: that is the question".
U

Hathaway, Anne (1557-1623), the wife of William Shakespeare. Her little farmhouse (Anne Hathaway's Cottage) is still preserved in beautiful surroundings at Shottery on the outskirts of Stratford and is 8 famous tourist attraction. Henry IV, a play (1597) about the life of King Henry IV (1367-1413) who seized power from Richard II, and spent his time as king fighting the Welsh, the Scots, and others opposed to his rule. 26

Henry V, a play (1598) about the life of King Henry V (1387-1422) who is remembered esp. for defeating the French at the Battle of Agincourt. "How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child", lines from the play King Lear, spoken by King Lear after he has been betrayed by his two elder daughters. Ides of March (March 15th), famous for being thedayon which Julius Caesar was killed by a group of his former friends because they thought he had too much power. Caesar is supposed to have been warned by a fortune teller to "beware the Ides of March" . "If music be the food of love, play on", the first line of the play Twelfth Night. The speaker is asking for music because he is frustrated in courtship; he wants an overabundance of love so that he may lose his appetite for it. Iago, the treacherous villain in the play Othello. As adviser to Othello, Iago lies to his master and eventually drives him to murder his wife. Julius Caesar, a tragedy (1599) dealing with the assassination of Julius Caesar and its aftermath. Some famous lines from the play are" Et tu, Brute?": Friends, Romans,
U

countrymen, lend me your ears": "Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look", and "The noblest Roman of them all". King Lear,« tragedy (1605) about an old king who wants to
divide his kingdom among his three daugh ters according to how much each says she loves him. Deceived by their words, he gives all the kingdom to the two who do not love him at all. The daughters, who had flattered Lear while he was in power, turn on him; their actions reduce him to poverty and eventually to madness. His youngest daughter, Cordelia, whom he had at first spurned, remains faithful to him. Some of the best-remembered lines from King Lear are

Every inch a king"; "How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child", and "That way madness lies". "The lady doth protest too much", a line from the play Hamlet, spoken by Hamlet's mother. Hamlet's mother is
U

watching a play, and a character in it swears never to remarry if her husband dies. The play is making Hamlet's mother uncomfortable, because she herself has remarried almost immediately after the murder of her first husband.
27

Lady Macbeth, the character of the wife of Macbeth in the play by William Shakespeare. She encourages her husband to kill king Duncan and is a stronger, more evil person than Macbeth himself. After the murder, she feels as if she will never be able to clean the blood off her hands, and she walks in her sleep, rubbing her hands together as if washing them. "Lay on, Macduff", a line from the play Macbeth. Macbeth speaks these words as he attacks his enemy Macduff at the end of the play; Macbeth is killed in the fight. Lead on, Macduff", a slightly cl.anged phrase from Macbeth, now often used humorously when asking someone to lead you to a place . ••Let me not to the marriage of true minds / Admit impediments", the first line of a sonnet No 116 by William Shakespeare. The poet is denying that anything can come between true lovers (that is, be impediment to their love). "Lord, what fools these mortals be!", a line from the play A Midsummer Night's Dream. A mischievous fairy, Puck, addressing his king, is commenting on the folly of the human beings who have come into his forest. Love's Labours Lost, a comedy (1594) in which a king and some of his noblemen swear to live away from the king's court, to study, and to have no dealings with women. However, they meet a princess and her ladies and find they cannot keep their promises. Macbeth, a tragedy (1605) in which the Scottish nobleman Macbeth, misled by the prophecy of three witches and goaded on by his wife, murders the present king Duncan who is his guest and usurps the throne. Although he feels very guilty about this, he kills several other people to keep his power. He is finally killed by Macduff. Well-known lines from the play include "Fear not, till
If

Birnam Wood do come to Dunsinane"; "Lay on, Macduff"; "Out, damned spot!". and "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow".
it "The Scottish Play".

Actors believe it is unlucky to say the name "Macbeth", so they often call

Macduff, a character in Shakespeare's play Macbeth, who kills Macbeth at the end of the play.
28

The Merchant oIVenice,acomedy(1596), most memorable

for the character of Shylock, a greedy moneylender who demands from the title character "a pound of flesh" as payment for a debt. Merry Wives 01 Windsor, a comedy (1600), famous for the character of Sir John Falstaff. A Midsummer Night's Dream, a comedy (1595) about a group of lovers who spend a night in a forest, where they are the victims of fairies' pranks and enchantments. One famous line from the play is Lord, what fools these mortals be!" Much Ado about Nothing, the title of a play (1598) by William Shakespeare. The phrase is now often used when someone is upset about something not very important. Neither a borrower nor a lender be", a line from the play Hamlet. Polonius, a garrulous old man, gives this advice to his son. "The noblest Roman of them all", a phrase from the play Julius Caesar. Mark Antony uses it at the end of the play to describe Brutus; Antony maintains that Brutus was the only one of Caesar's assassins who took part in the killing for the unselfish motives. Oberon, the king of the fairies and the husband of Titania in Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream. "One that loved not wisely but too well" I a phrase from the play Othello. This is Othello's description of himself after he has murdered his wife in a jealous rage. Othello, a famous tragedy (1604). The title character, a Moor (dark-skinned Moslem), is a general commanding the forces of Venice. The villain Iago convinces Othello that Desdemona, the general's beautiful and faithful wife, has been guilty of adultery; at the end of the play, Othello strangles Desdemona. A famous line from the play is Othello's description of himself as "one that loved not wisely
II II

but too well" . "Out, damned spot!", a sentence from the play Macbeth
spoken by Lady Macbeth, the wife of the title character. Her husband has killed the king of Scotland at her urging, but her guilt over the murder gradually drives her insane. When she speaks this line she is sleepwalking, and she imagines that a spot of the king's blood stains her hand.
29

"Oui , out, brief candle!", a phrase from Shakespeare's play Macbeth said by Macbeth when he is talking about how short and meaningless our lives are. ~I parting is such sweet sorrow", a line from the play Romeo and Juliet: Juliet is saying good night to Romeo. Their sorrowful parting is also "sweet" because it makes them think about the next time they will see each other. "pound of flesh", a phrase from the play The Merchant of Venice. The moneylender Shylock demands the flesh of the "merchant of Venice", Antonio, under a provision in their contract. Shylock never gets the pound of flesh, however, because the character Portia discovers a point of law that overrides the contract between Shylock and Antonio: Shylock is forbidden to shed any blood in getting the flesh from Antonio's body.
People who cruelly or unreasonably insist on their rights are said to be demanding their "pound of flesh",

Puck, a character who enjoys playing tricks on people in Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream. puckish adj harmlessly playful; cheeky (from Puck, a playful fairy inA Midsummer Night's Dream). Richard Ill, a play (1592) about the life of King Richard III (1452-85) thought to have ordered the killing of his nephews. He was killed at the battle of Bosworth Field. The play incl udes the line: "A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse!", said by Richard III when he had lost his horse during the battle of Bosworth Field. Romeo, the main male character in Shakespeare's Romeo

and Juliet.
Figuratively, a "Romeo" is an amorous young man; humor or derog a romantic male lover, esp. one who tries to attract all the women he meets in a romantic or sexual way.

Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy (1594) about two "star-crossed

lovers" whose passionate love for each other ends in death because of the senseless feud between their families. Romeo and Juliet marry secretly, but they are prevented from being together and they both kill themselves. They are seen as typical examples of unfortunate, unhappy lovers. Many lines from the play are well-known, esp. "Romeo. Romeo! wherefore
30

art thou Romeo?" which Juliet

balcony.
I~

says looking down from a

Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?", words from the play Romeo and Juliet. Juliet is lamenting Romeo's name,
alluding to the feud between their two families. seven ages of man, seven different stages of a person's life from being a baby to being an old person. The idea is known from Shakespeare's play As You Like It. II Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?", the first line of a sonnet No 18 by William Shakespeare. The poet notes that beautiful days and seasons do not last, but declares that love's "eternal summer shall not fade" because his poem makes his love immortal:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Shylock, the merciless moneylender in The Merchant of Venice. Shylock is a Jew: there has long been controversy over whether Shakespeare's portrayal of Shylock contributes to prejudice against Jews. Shylock is a cruel miser, and even tually is heavily fined and disgraced, but he maintains his dignity. At one point in the play, he makes a famous, eloquent assertion that his desire for revenge is the same desire that a Christian would feel in his place. "1 am a Jew", says Shylock. "Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions?" "the slings and arrows (of outrageous fortune)" (all the difficulties and opposition people have to face in their lives), a phrase from Shakespeare's play Hamlet. 41 Something is rotten in the state of Denmark", a line from the play Hamlet. An officer of the palace guard says this after the ghost of the dead king appears walking over the palace walls.
is wrong.
II

The phrase is used to describe corruption or a si tuation in which something

Star-crossed lovers", a phrase from the play Romeo and Juliet.

Romeo and Juliet are so described in the prologue to the play.

"Star-crossed lovers" refers to any lovers whose affection for each other is doomed to end in tragedy.

"a tale told by an idiot", a phrase from Macbeth, used when

saying that something has no meaning.
31

The Taming of the Shrew, a comedy (1593). The "shrew" is

Katharina or Kate, a wildly moody woman. She meets her match in the spirited Petruchio who marries her and behaves even more wildly than she, meanwhile treating her as if she were a kind and gentle lady. By the end of the play, she has been reformed, and she makes a memorable speech urging wives to submit to their husbands.
of the Shrew.
The musical comedy Kiss Me, Kate, by Cole Porter, is based 011 The Taming

The Tempest, a play (1611) sometimes called a comedy but

also called a romance - that is, a work involving mysterious happenings ill an exotic place. The central character is Prospero, a duke who has been overthrown and banished to an island. As a sage and magician, he rules the spirits who inhabit the island. When the men who overthrew Prospero come near the island on an ocean voyage, he raises a tempest, wrecks their ship, and causes them to be washed ashore. In the end, they give back to Prospero his former authority and he gives up his
magic.
Prospero's dough ter t on first seeing a handsome young man, says, "0 brave new world!" - a phrase that is often quoted.

"That way madness lies", a statement made by the title character in the play King Lear. Lear has started to speak about
the treachery of his two elder daughters, but then realizes that dwelling on the injury could drive him mad.

"There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio", a phrase used by the title character in the play Hamlet. Hamlet
suggests that human knowledge is limited: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your Philosophy. " "There's a divinity that shapes our ends", a line spoken by the title character in the play Hamlet. In referring to a divine power that influences human affairs, Hamlet is defending a decision he made suddenly, and is questioning the need for careful planning in all circumstances. "There is a special providence in the fall of a sparrow", a line from the play Hamlet suggesting that a divine power takes a benevolent interest in human affairs. Hamlet, the speaker, is echoing words of Jesus, that one sparrow "shall not fall on the ground without your Father". Hamlet's speech continues: "If 32

it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all." "thie scepter d'iele", another name for Great Britain from the play Richard I I:
Perhaps the only permanent solution is To desert this scepter's isle for warmer climes.

"To be, or not to be", words from the play Hamlet. They
begin a famous speech by Prince Hamlet in which he considers suicide as an escape from his troubles: "To be, or not to be: that is the question." "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow", a line from the play Macbeth, spoken by the title character after he learns of his wife's death. The speech begins:
Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time ...

T'roilue and Cressida, a play (1601) about the Trojan War. Twelfth Night, a comedy (1599). The two central characters are a twin brother and sister; each thinks that the other has been lost at sea. The sister disguises herself as a boy and goes to serve the duke of the country, a hitter man, disappointed in love. After the brother reappears, he marries the woman whom the duke has been pursuing, and the sister marries the duke. Twelfth Night begins with the line "If music be the food of love. play on." HWe are such stuff / As dreams are made on", a line from the play The Tempest; it continues, "and our little life / Is rounded with a sleep". It is spoken by the magician Prospero. He has just made a large group of spirits vanish, and is reminding his daughter and her fiance that morto.llife also ends quickly.

"What's in a name? That which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet", lines from the play Romeo and Juliet. Juliet, prevented from marrying Romeo by the feud
between their families, complains that Romeo's name is all that keeps him from her. "the winter of our discontent", a phrase from the historical play Richard I I I: it describes a civil war in England.
"The winter of our discontent" has come to suggest disaffection in general. The phrase served as the title for a book by John Steinbeck.

33

The Winter'8 Tale,aplay(1610), considered "romantic drama": it is filled with an atmosphere of faith ill the triumph of Good over Evil. Though confused in plot, it is very effective on the stage. "Yon Caesiue has a lean and hungry look", a phrase from the play Julius Caesar. Caesar remarks so, concerning one of the men conspiring against him. He means that Cassius looks dangerously dissatisfied, as if he were starved for power. Yorick, a character in Shakespeare's play Hamlet. He had been the king's jester but is dead, and the grave-diggers find his skull when they are digging Ophelia's grave. When Hamlet sees the skull he says, "Alas! poor Yorick. Iknew him, Horatio." This line is very well known although it is often said as "Alas! poor Yorick. I knew him well." Exerciees
Ex. 1. Match the title of the book with the name of the author:

Dr Faustus The Faerie Queen Spanish Tragedy Hamlet

Mark Antony Brutus Cordelia Falstaff Romeo Shylock

William Shakespeare Christopher Marlowe Thomas Kyd Edmund Spenser

Ex. 2. Match the name of the character with the title of the book:

Othello "Alas, poor Yorick" "Come live with me and be my love." "Et tu, Brute." "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?" "Everu inch a king." ..Lord, what fools these mortals be!"
34

Julius Caesar King Lear Hamlet Henry VIII Othello Romeo and Juliet The Merchant of Venice
Christopher Marlowe Edmund Spenser

Ex. 3. Match the phrase with the name of the author who first used it:

ThomasKyd
William Shakespeare

Ex. 4. Answer these questions: 1. What is meant by Renaissance literature?

2. Why is the second part of the 16th century called "Elizabethan period"? 3. What can you say about Spenser? 4. Who were the famous playwrights of Elizabethan period? 5. What play was very popular at that time? 6. Who prepared the way for Shakespeare? 7. What are the two phrases from Christopher Marlowe's works that have become widely used quotations? 8. Who is the greatest of writers in the English language? 9. Where was William Shakespeare born? 10. What part of England do they call "Shakespeare country"? 11. What is the name of the theatre where Shakespeare was an actor, playwright and manager? 12. What are the plots of Shakespearean plays: Antony and Cleopatra, As You Like It, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, King Lear, Macbeth, The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, The Taming of the Shrew, The Tempest, Twelfth Night? 13. What are the most famous of Shakespearean characters? 14. What can you say of Mark Antony (Brutus, Romeo, Cordelia, Falstaff, Iago, Shylock)?
Ex. 5. Think of situations where you can use these phrases contributed to the English language by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare:

Come live with me, and be my love. Was this the face that launched a thousand ships? Alas, poor Yorick! All the world's a stage. Fear not, till Birnam Wood do come to Dunsinane. Brutus is an honourable man. There's a divinity that shapes our minds. Fire burn and cauldron bubble.
35

There's a special Providence in the fall of the sparrow. Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. Star-crossed lovers. That way madness lies. To be, or not to be. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow. Weare such stuff as dreams are made on. The winter of our discontent. What's in a name?
Ex. 6. Topics for discussion: 1. Renaissance literature.

2. William Shakespeare. 3. The most famous plays by Shakespeare. 4. Shakespearean characters. 5. Phrases contributed to the English language by Shakespeare.

6. LITERATURE OF THE 17TH CENTURY

Cultural Literacy List
Authorized Version (of the Bible) Bacon, Sir Francis ..Death, be not proud" Donne,John ..for whom the bell tolls" Jonson, Ben King James Bible Milton, John ..no man is an island" Paradise Lost Pilgrim's Progress poet laureate

The beginning of the 17th century was marked by the publication of the Authorized Version of the Bible, known as the King James Bible. It was followed by the Book of Common

Prayer.
The King James Bible is the best- known English translation of the Bible, commissioned by King James I of England. It is still widely used. Most biblical quotations in English literature 36

come from the King James Bible. To many, the phrasing of the King James Bible is the model of how biblical verses should sound. The Book of Common Prayer is used in worship by the Anglican Communion. Its early versions, from the 16th and 17th centuries, were widely admired for the dignity and beauty of their language. The Book of Common Prayer has had a strong effect on literature in English through many expressions, for example:

"We have left undone those things which we ought to have done."
The 17th century was the time when Kings James I and James II (Jacobus in Latin) reigned, and the poets who wrote then are called "Jacobeans". Ben Jonson was the leading poet at the beginning of the century and held the title of "poet laureate". At least one phrase from Ben Jonson's poetry is still widely used: "Drink to me only with thine eyes", a line from a love poem which suggests that lovers find each other's glances so intoxicating that they have no need to drink wine. Ben Jonson headed a whole school whose members called themselves the "Tribe of Ben". The delightful lyricist Robert Herrick was one of them. He is still widely quoted. "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may" is the first line of his poem To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time. He is advising people to take advantage of life while they are young. Other notable poets of this school were Abraham Cowley and Andrew Marvell. The latter has contributed to the golden stock of English quotations by at least these three: Had we but world enough, and time this coyness, Lady, were no crime". the first lines of To His Coy Mistress, in which the poet tells a woman whom he loves that if they had endless time and space at their disposal, then he could accept her unwillingness to go to bed with him. Life is short, however, and opportunities must be seized. Other lines from the poem are: "But.at my back, I always hear / Time's winged chariot hurrying near", and "The grave's
II

a fine and private place, but none, I think, do there embrace".

John Donne, another English poet of the 17th century, was a clergyman. He is famous for intricate metaphors, as in a poem in which he compares two lovers to the two legs of a drawing
37

compass. He also wrote learned and eloquent sermons and medi tations. The 17th century is marked by the Revolution in England. The most prominent writer at that period was John Milton. He is best known for his great poem Paradise Lost dictated when he had already gone blind. It is based 011 the Old Testament theme of man's disobedience in the Garden of Eden, with Satan as the main character. With Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare, John Milton is considered one of the greatest of all English poets. The prose of the first half of the 17th century is exemplified by the work of a few men. The Essays of Francis Bacon which were first published in 1597, grew in number, length and polish to the final edition in 1625. They contain such memorable thoughts as "Reading makes a full man, conference a ready

man, and writing an exact man".

The second half of the 17th century is marked by John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress. the Authorized Version, an English translation of the Bible made in 1611 and "authorized" by King James I, for which reason it is also known as the King-James Bible. TheAuthonzedVersion is used in many Anglican churches, although some churches today favour the use of a more modern translation of the Bible. The King James Bible had no rival among Protestants until the late nineteenth century, when the Revised Version was published in England (1881 and 1885). Bacon, Sir Francis (1561-1626), an English politician, philosopher and writer. The most popular of his works is the Essays (1597-1625), which convey profound and condensed thought in a style that is at once clear and rich. Among his other writings areAdvancement of Learning(1605), The Wisdom of the Ancients (1609), History of Henry VI I (1622). One of his memorable thoughts is Reading maketh a full man, conference
If

--

a ready man, and writing an exact man".

Bacon is known also because of the suggestion that he may have written some or all of Shakespeare's plays. the Book of Common Prayer, the book which is used by the minister and the congregation in services in the Church of
38

England and in the Episcopal church in the us. First published in 1549. A modern Book of Common Prayer called The Alternative Service Book has been in use since 1980. Bunyan, John (1628-88), an English writer and a preacher, fought for the Parliamentary army in the Civil War. He later spent several years In prison for preaching illegally. There he began his most famous book, The Pilgrim's Progress (1678, second part 1684), of which 100,000 copies were sold in ten years. The Pilgrim's Progress. an allegory describing the journey of Christian from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City, and relating his adventures in the Slough of Despond, the Valley of Humiliation, the Valley of the Shadow of Death and Vanity Fair, is now accepted as the greatest prose work of the Puritan period. Cowley, Abraham (1618-67), an English poet and essayist. He was greatly influenced by reading E. Spenser in childhood. His first book Poetic Blossoms (1633) was published when he was only 15. His other works include The Mistress, or Love Poems (1647), Pindaric Odes (1656) in which he was a pioneer, and The Daoideis (unfinished). Some of his poems have a forced and artificial brilliancy, in others, however, he sings pleasantly of gardens and country scenes. His prose, esp, in his Essays, is simple and graceful. Cowley is buried in *Westminster Abbey near *Spenser. "Death, be not proud", the first words of a sonnet by John Donne. The poet asserts that death is a feeble enemy, and concl udes with these lines: One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die. Donne, John (c. 1571-1631), an English religious and love poet, the greatest the writers of metaphysical poetry, in which strong feeling and clever reason are combined. His poetical works consist of elegies, satires, epigrams and religious pieces in which there is much noble poetry and imagination of a high order. Among his writings may be noted An Anatomy of the World (1611), Epithalamium (1613), and Progress of the Soul (1601). His love poems, full of passion and wit, achieved great popularity in the 20th century, after the First World War.

ot

39

The expressions Death, be not proud", no man is an island", and" for whom the bell tolls" come from Donne's works. Donne was a clergyman, and from 1621 was dean of *St Paul Cathedral. Dryden, John (1631-1700), an English poet and dramatist who is generally regarded as the greatest English writer of classical tragedies (as perfected in French by Racine). His bestremembered play is All for Love (1677), about Antony and Cleopatra. His name is commonly linked with that of the other leading English literary figure of the period, Alexander *Pope. He was made poet laureate in 1688. "for whom the bell tolls", an expression from a sermon by John Donne. Donne says that since we are all part of mankind, any person's death is a loss to all of us: "Any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and
II II

therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls: it tolls for thee". The line also suggests that we all will die: the bell will
toll for each one of us.
The 20th century American author Ernest Hemingway named his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls: the book is set in the Spanish Civil War.

Herbert, George (1593-1633), an English metaphysical poet. He was a cl ergym an , and much of his poetry is on religious and spiritual themes. It was published ill a collection called The Temple the year after his death. Herrick, Robert (1591-1674), an English poet. His chief work is The Hesperides (1648), a collection of short, delicate, sacred, and pastoral lyrics, including Gather ye rosebuds and

Cherry ripe.
Jonson, Ben (1572-1637), an English dramatist and poet. His first successful play Every Man in His Humour was produced in 1598 with Shakespeare as one of the players. Then followed three more plays satirizing the citizens, the courtiers and the poets respectively. His full strength was shown in the three great plays - Volpone, or the Fox (1605), The Silent Woman (1609) and The Alchemist (1610). By 1616 he was in essentials if not in actual title the poet laureate with a court pension. Jonson was the founder of the so-called "comedy of humours" , in which each character is an exaggerated representative of a
40

single type. His other works include n number of epigrams and translations, and two collections of poems The Forest (1616) and Underuioods (1640). His chief prose work was a book Timber. or Discoveries Made upon Men and Matter (1640). He also wrote court masques. Jonson is buried in *Westminster Abbey ". ~ epitaph on his grave reads "0 Rare Ben Jonson". the King James Bible see the Authorized Version. Marvell, Andrew (1621-78), an English metaphysical poet. His lyrics (e. g. To His Coy Mistress) have earned him a high reputation in the 20th century, but in his own time he was better known as a satirist of Charles II and his ministers, and as a politician - he was Member of Parliament for Hull. masque, also mask, a dramatic entertainment of the 16th 17th centuries in England, consisting of pantomime, dancing, dialogue and song, often performed at court. metaphysical adj (of British poetry), a 17th century style which combined strong feeling with clever arrangements of words and ideas. The best-known metaphysical poetry is that of John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell. metaphysical poet, any of a number of 17th century English poets, including Donne, Herbert and Marvell, who used complex imagery and elaborate metaphors. Milton, John (1608-74), a great English poet of wide culture and profound love of everything noble and beautiful. For strength of imagination, delicate accuracy of language, for harmony of versification he is almost unrivalled. His early poems were written while he was studying at Cambridge; they include On the Death af a Fair Infant (1626), On the Morning af Christ's Nativity (1629), On May Morning (1630), On Shakespeare (1630), and two sonnets - To the Nightingale and On Arriving of the Age of Twenty-three (both 1631). Later he wrote L'Allegro (1632), Arcades (1633) and Comus (1634). Had he written nothing else these would have given him a place among the immortals. The next 20 years were the period of controversy and of the prose wri ting. Some works were directed against Episcopacy Reformation of Church Discipline in England (1641), otherson political and miscellaneous questions including Tractate on
41

Education (1644), A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing (1644), The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth (1659). Many of his articles were in support of the Parliamentarians and of freedom for the individual. After 1 "iil ton devoted his whole powers to the great work, his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), which was followed by Paradise Regained (1671), written after he had gone blind. A famous phrase from Milton's works is his statement of purpose in Paradise Lost: "to justify the ways of God to menno Also is well known the last line of his poem On His Blindness: "They also serve who only stand and wait." uno man is an island" (no one is self-sufficient; everyone relies on others), the saying that comes from a sermon by the 17th century English author John Donne. Paradise Lost, a long poem (1667) by John Milton telling the story of Adam and Eve. Its subject is the Fall of Man; it tells the stories of the rebellion and punishment of Satan and the creation of Adam and Eve. Milton declared that his aim in the poem was "to justify the ways of God to men" . A later poem which continued the story, was called Paradise Regained (1671). Pepys, Samuel (1633-1703), an English diarist and naval administrator in the service of Charles II and James II. His diary, which covers the period 1660-69, is a vivid account of London life through such disasters as the Great Plague, the Fire of London, and the intrusion of the Dutch fleet up the Thames; it gives a fascinating account of court and social life of the period. The Pilgrim's Progress, a book (1678) by the English writer John Bunyan. It is an allegory of the difficult journey of the human soul through life to Heaven. The main character, Christian, leaves his family and journeys from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. He goes through the Slough of Despond, the Valley of the Shadow of Death, Vanity Fair, the Land of Beulah, etc. meeting many dangers, until he reaches the Celestial City. Later his wife and children follow him. The book is written entirely without literary ornament in a simple style modelled on that of the Bible.
42

poet laureate, the poet appointed as court poet of Britain who is given a lifetime post as an officer of the Royal Household. Historically, the poet laureate's duty has been to compose official poetry for the king's or queen's birthday and for great public occasions such as victories ill war, and births and weddings in the royal family. The first poet laureate in the modern sense was Ben Jonson. The poets laureates of Britain have included, among others, John Dryden, William *Wordsworth, Lord =Tennyson, John *Masefield and Ted *Hughes (from 1984).
The position of poet laureate was created in the United States in 1985, and the American author Robert Penn Warren was appointed in 1986.

"stone walls do not a prison make" a phrase from a poem

I

by Richard Lovelace (1618-58) free even when in prison.

meaning that one can still feel

7. LITERATURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY (FIRST HALF)

Cultural Literacy List
Defoe, Daniel Elegy Written in a. Country Churchyard "fools rush in where angels fear to tread" Gray, Thomas Gulliver's Travels Laputa Lilliput Man Friday Modest Proposal Pope, Alexander Robinson Crusoe Swift, Jonathan Yahoos

This period saw the rise of journalism, with newspapers and pamphlets, usually political, abounding. Daniel Defoe, political satirist and prolific writer, stands out from the crowd. His weekly Review (1704-13) was written almost single-handedly. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders and Roxana, to mention only few of his books, grew out of his journalistic endeavours. Another prominent writer of the period is certainly Jonathan Swift. He wrote a few essays, many pamphlets, poems and novels. His forte was satire, and it is present in most of
43

what he wrote. A Tale of a Tub and A Modest Proposal are, with Gulliver's Travels, his greatest prose satires. Alexander Pope is known for his satiric wit and insistence on the values of Classicism in literature: balance, symmetry, and restraint. Pope was surrounded by a group of poets, notably the members of the "Scribblers Club". Thomas Gray is another 18th century poet. His poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is still famous and much quoted. Well ~ known is the following phrase from Gray's Elegy:
II

Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife ..."

Addison, Joseph (1672-1719), an English essayist and poet who, with Richard Steel, founded The Spectator (1711) and contributed most of its essays. He also wrote for The Tatler magazine. Defoe, Daniel (16601-1731), an English journalist, novelist and pamphleteer. Among his important political writings are an Essay on Projects (1698) and The True-born Englishman (1701) which had a remarkable success, and also The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702) for which he was even imprisoned. After 1715 Defoe turned to writing fiction. His most famous novel, Robinson Crusoe (1719), tells the story of a man shipwrecked on a desert island. This was followed by Moll Flanders (1722), A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) and

Roxana (1724). Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,

an enduring popular poem (1751) by the English poet Thomas Gray. It contains the lines: "The paths of glory lead but to the grave",

..Full many a flower is born to blush unseen / And waste its sweetness on the desert airtJ,and "Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife / Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray". "[oole rush in where angels fear to tread" (foolish people
are often reckless, attempting feats that the wise avoid). This saying is from An Essay on Criticism, by Alexander Pope. Friday see Man Friday. Gay, John (1685-1732), an English poet and dramatist; author of The Beggar's Opera (1728); see also Chapter II. girl Friday, a female secretary or general helper in an office. 44

Gray, Thomas(1716-71), an English poet whosebest-known work is Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, usually called Gray's Elegy. Much quoted is the following line from the elegy: "Far from the madding crouid's ignoble strife ..." His other poems are Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College (1747) and Pindaric Odes (1758), all of them written with high perfection. Gray studied Icelandic and Celtic poetry and then wrote The Fatal Sisters and The Descent of Odin (1761). His prose work is Journal (1775), a description of Gray's tour among the English lakes. He is also considered one of the greatest of English letterwriters and an accomplished scholar; in 1768 he accepted the Professorship of Modern History in Cambridge University. He died there and is buried at Stoke Poges, the scene of his Elegy.
his novels Far From the Madding Crowd.

In the late 19th century the English author Thomas Hardy named one of

Gulliver's Travels, a satire by Jonathan Swift written in 1726. Lemuel Gulliver, an Englishman, travels to exotic lands, including Lilliput (where the people are six inches tall), Brobdingnag (where the people are seventy feet tall), and the Land of Houyhnhnms, where horses are the intelligent beings, while humans, called Yahoos, are mute brutes of labour. Probably the most famous image from this book is the tiny Lilliputians successfully tying down the sleeping giant, Gulliver. Houyhnhnms, a race of talking horses - the most moral and highly developed creatures that Gulliver met (in Gulliver's Travels, by J. Swift). Laputa, an imaginary flying island inhabited by philosophers engaged in absurdly impractical enterprises, ridiculous projects and pseudo-scientific exper'iments (in Gulliver's Travels, by J. Swift). Lilliput, the first land that Lemuel Gulliver visits in Gulliver's Travels, by J. Swift. The inhabitants, though human ill form, are only six inches tall. Lilliputian, 1. n a tiny in habi taut of Lillipu t (from Gulliver's Travels by J. Swift) 2. adj very small. The word is especially appropriate for a miniature version of something. Man Friday, a native character in Robinson Crusoe by D. Defoe, so named because Crusoe found him on a Friday. He
45

becomes Crusoe's servant and companion after Crusoe saves him from cannibals.
Figuratively, servant. a "man Friday" is a valued helper or a loyal and trusted male

A Modest Proposal, an essay by Jonathan

called a masterpiece

Swift, often of irony. The full title is A Mode.t

Proposal for Preventing Children of the Poor People in I relatui from Being a Burden to Their Parent. or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to Their Public. Swift
emphasizes the terrible poverty of 18th century Ireland by ironically proposing that Irish parents earn money by selling their children as food.
innovative suggestion.
The phrase
"0

modest proposal" is often used ironically to introduce a major

Moll Flanders, the main female character in the book The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe. In the book, Moll tells the story of her many marriages, relationships and life of crime in a way which is amusing and makes the reader sympathetic towards her. Pope, Alexander (1688-1744), an English poet regarded as the most brilliant satirist of the period. His translation of Homer's Iliad (1715-20) made him a successful literary figure, but he is best remembered as the author of such works as The Rape of the Lock (1714) and The Dunciad (1728). In both he used the form of the epic for comic effect, describing foolishness of fashionable people. He was a friend of many of the great writers of his time, including Swift and Gray, but his witty attacks made him unpopular with many others. Robin eon. Crusoe (full title The Life and Strange

Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner), a novel (1719) by Daniel Defoe, based on the
adventures of Alexander Selkirk, on a book by William Dampier and on other sources. It was followed by two less successful sequels (1719, 1720). It tells the story of a sailor, who is shipwrecked and cast ashore on an uninhabited island. The novel was one of the great successes of world literature and has evoked many similar works from other writers.
46

Robinson Crusoe, the hero of a novel by Daniel Defoe, published in 1719. Robinson Crusoe's boat sinks and he finds himself alone on an island. With great ingenuity and energy, Crusoe sets out to civilize his surroundings; he clothes himself, grows crops, and builds and furnishes a house. Eventually, he has the company of his servant, whom he calls Man Friday, a black man Crusoe has saved from cannibals. Crusoe is finally rescued after spending twenty-eight years on the island. Robinson Crusoe has come to symbolize a person who has the strength and resourcefulness to thrive in isolation. Steel, Sir Richard (1672-1729), a British essayist and dramatist born in Ireland; with J. Addison he was the chief contributor to the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator. Swift, Jonathan (1667-1 745), an Anglo-Irish satirist and a churchman. His first satires, A Tale of a Tub - on "corruptions in religion and learning" and The Battle of the Books describing in mock-heroic style a contest between ancien ts and moderns, were published in 1704. He also wrote various pamphlets, chiefly on ecclesiastical subjects. In 1713 Swift became Dean of 8t Patrick's, in Dublin. He interested himself in Irish affairs, and attained extraordinary popularity by his Drapier's Letters. In 1726 he published Gulliver's Travels, his most widely and permanently popular work; a bitter satire, it has by a curious irony become, in expurgated form, one of the favourite books of children. In the last years of his life Swift wrote some of his most brilliant works - Rhapsody on Poetry, Verses on the Death of Dr Swift and A Modest Proposal- a horrible but masterly piece of irony. He was buried in St Patrick's Cathedral. Yahoos, the crude, dirty "brutes" of the Land of the Houyhnhnms in Gulliver's Travels, by J. Swift. The Yahoos are irrational people, and represent the worst side of humanity. By contrast, the wise and gentle Houyhnhnms, their masters, are rational horses, and represent humanity at its best.
Figuratively, a "yahoo" is 1. an uncouth or uncivilized person; 2. (sometimes cap) a rough, noisy, or bad-mannered upper-class British person.

47

8. LITERATURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY (SECOND HALF)

Cultural Literacy List
Auld

Lang Syne Blake, William Boswell, James Burns, Robert Fielding, Henry Johnson, Samuel

Mrs Malaprop Richardson, Samuel Sheridan, Richard Smith, Adam IITiger! Tiger! burning bright"

This was the era of sentimentalism and its opponents. Sentimentalism was started by Samuel Richardson and Laurence Sterne and continued into the 19th century. Richardson is famous for the novel Pamela written in the form of a series of letters. Later he wrote Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison. Richardson's novels are sentimental but contain much psychological understanding; they greatly influenced the later development of the English novel. The main work by Laurence Sterne is The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy. Gent. It is a wildly eccentric and original novel. Stern also wrote A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy. As for Henry Fielding and Tobias Smollett, they wrote realistic novels. Fielding's first novel Joseph Andrews was originally intended as a parody of Richardson's Pamela. Fielding's best-known work, and his masterpiece, is Tom Jones which he described as "a comic epic poem in prose". Tobias Smollett wrote several novels including Peregrine Pickle and Humphry Clinker. His vigorous style and his humour infl uenced Dickens. Samuel Johnson and James Boswell also wrote realistic novels. Samuel Johnson is known for his wit and for his balanced and careful criticism of literature. Johnson, who is sometimes called "Dr Johnson" (he held a doctorate from Oxford), compiled an important dictionary of the English language. The story of his life is told in The Life of Samuel Johnson by James Boswell. Since that time "Boswell" has become a general term for a biographer, for example: "James Joyce found his Boswell in Richard EHmann" .
48

Sentimentalism, both in comedy and in tragedy, cast a blight over the theatre. Ranged against it were Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Sheridan. Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer and Sheridan's The Rivals and The School for Scandal are classics of English comedy. It is important to know the name of one character in the play The Rivals by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. The name is Mrs Malaprop. She constantly mixes up words that sound similar. Anticipatory of the romantic movement in poetry was Robert Burns who turned outward to nature and inward to himself for inspiration. Burns was the son of a farmer, and worked as a farm labourer until he was 27. His best poems were written in the Scottish dialect, and he is considered the national poet of Scotland. He was also a great songwriter. "Burns Night" in January is celebrated by Scotsmen all over the world. The 18th century popularized the so-called "Gothic novel". This is a mock-romantic horror story, traditionally set in a castle built in the Gothic style. One of the best examples of the Gothic novel is Horace Walpole's novel The Castle of Otranto. Scottish song, customarily sung on New Year's Eve; the title means "Time Long Past". The words were handed down orally; the 18th century poet Robert Burns wrote them down. The song begins:
Should auld (old) acquaintance be forgot, And never brough t to mind? Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And auld lang syne!

Auld Lang Syne, a traditional

"The best-laid plans of mice and men often go awry" (No

matter how carefully a project is planned, something may still go wrong with it.), the saying is adapted from a line in a poem To a Mouse, by Robert Burns:
The best-laid schemes o'mice an' men Gang aft a-gley.

Blake, William (1757-1827), an English author and artist, an early leader of romanticism. He is best known for his collection of poems Songs of Innocence (1 789) and Songs of
49

Experience (1794). The latter contains a famous poem The Tiger. Blake illustrated, printed, and distributed all of his books himself. Much of his work shows his mystical vision of the world. His poetry, in works like the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, expresses a romantic idealism and a contempt for the hypocrisy of conventional morality. In other works he creates his own myths to convey his ideas, using images from the Bible. His vivid creative imagination is also evident in his highly original paintings and illustrations, such as those for The Book of Job (1826). See also Chapter VI. Boswell, James (1740-95), a Scottish author, best known for his Life of Samuel Johnson.
"Boswell" has become 8 general term for
8 biographer.

Burns, Robert (1759-96), a Scottish poet, known for his poems in Scottish dialect, such as To a M ouse,A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne and many others. He wrote both in English and in the dialect of Lowland Scotland on love, the country, and the life of working people. The warmth and humanity of his verse has won it lasting popularity, even among people who normally read little poetry. He loved Scotland deeply and the Scots have long regarded him as their national poet. Many lines from Burns' poetry have become proverbial: "The best-laid schemes of mice and men gang aft a-gley" (often go astray); "Oh, wad some power the giftie gie us to see oursels as others see us!" (Oh, if the good spirit would only give us the power to see ourselves as others see us); "A man's a man fora' (all) that". Bums Night, birthday of Robert Burns, Scotland's national poet, celebrated by the Scots and other lovers of the poet in many countries of the world each year on 25 January. The celebration usually takes the form of a supper at which traditional Scottish dishes are eaten (including haggis and mashed potatoes and turnips, known as "bashed tatties and neeps") and during which a Scottish piper plays, wearing national Highland dress. Some of Burns' most popular poems are recited and there may be Scottish dancing after the meal is finished. Burns Night celebrations are held not only in
50

Scotland and in many places in England, but also amongst British people living in other countries, with several British embassies regarding Burns Night as one of the social events of the year. " ...dark Satanic mills", a phrase from William Blake's poem Milton used to suggest the unpleasant appearance and poor working conditions of the industrial buildings in the north of England in the past.
And was Jerusalem builded here Among these dark Satanic mills?

Fielding, Henry (1707-54), an English novelist and playwright, who started his career with writing light comedies and farces. He formed a company of comedians and managed a small theatre in the Haymarket, London. Fielding's early satirical plays led to the introduction of censorship. His first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742. The next few years were occupied with writing his Miscellanies (1743) which contained some essays, poems and a grave satire The History of Jonathan Wild the Great. In 1748 Fielding was appointed Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Westminster and founded "the Bow Street Runners", an early police force, in his efforts to fight crime in London. Publication of his great masterpiece Tom Jones (full title The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling) in 1749 brought Fielding fame and recognition. The novel has a long and cleverly constructed plot which presents a vivid picture of English society at that time; it shows insight into human nature, the genial humour and wisdom. The book had an important influence on the development of the English novel. Goldsmith, Oliver (1728-74), an Irish poet, writer and playwrigh t. His works include the novel The Vicar 0f Wakefield (1766) and the play She Stoops to Conquer(1773). Gothic adj of or relating to a literary style popular in the late 18th century, characterized by gloom, the grotesque and the supernatural. Hume, David (1711-76), an influential Scottish writer on philosophy and history, whose best known works areA Treatise of Human Nature(1740) and his History of England (1754-62). 51

T he Immortal Memory, (esp. in Scotland) the title of a toast to Robert Burns, usu. made at parties on Burns Night. Johnson, Samuel (1709-84), an. English lexicographer, critic, and conversatlonal ist, whose greatest works are his Dictionary (1755), his edition of Shakespeare (1765), and his

Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets (1779-81).

malapropism, an often amusing misuse of a word, such that the word incorrectly used sounds familiar to the intended word but means something quite different, as in I am not under the affluence of alcohol (instead of influence

of alcohol).
The word comes from the name of Mrs Malaprop, a character in Richard Sheridan's play The Rivals, known for her funny misuse of words. See also Chapter II. Richardson, Samuel (1689-1761), an English novelist whose psychological insight and use of epistolary form exerted a great influence on the development of the novel. His first novel Pamela (1740), written mostly in the form of letters between the characters, tells how the virtuous heroine keeps her virtue and reforms her suitor. The work was parodied by Fielding, but like Richardson's other moral novels, Pamela had great success and influenced taste and the development of the novel in Europe. His later novels are Clarissa (1747) and Sir Charles Grandison (1753). Sheridan, Richard Brmsley (1751-1816), an English politician and playwright, born in Dublin. He is famous for his *comedies of manners, The Rivals (1775) and The School for Scandal (1777), which gently criticize the society of his time. His real ambitions, however, were in politics, and he held several important government posts. Despite his public success, however, his debts grew and he died in poverty. Smith, Adam (1723-90), a Scottish economist who established a school of thought in economics and is best known for a work usu. known as The Wealth of Nations (1776). Smollett, Tobias George (1721-71), a Scottish novelist, whose picaresque satires include Roderick Random (1748), Peregrine Pickle (1751) and Humphry Clinker(1770). The latter is considered his best novel. Smollett displayed great narrative
52

power and a remarkable sense of comic. He also translated Lesage's Gil BLas (1749), Cervantes' Don Quixote (1755) and the works of Voltaire (38 volumes, 1761-74). Sterne, Laurence (1713-68), an English writer of novels, born in Ireland. Sterne spent most of his life as a clergyman in Yorkshire. He achieved literary success with his novel Tristram Shandy (1767), which parodies the conventions of the novel (then still a new form) and anticipates modern "stream of consciousness" techniques. He wrote A Sentimental Journey (1768) after travelling to France and Italy. "Tiger! Tiger! burning bright ...", the first line of the poem The Tiger, from Songs of Experience, by William Blake. The first stanza reads:
Tiger! Tiger! burning brigh t In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame the fearful symmetry?

Tom Jones (full title The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling), a novel by Henry Fielding, published in 1749 and named after its hero. He is represented as a foundling who is brought up by Thomas Allworthy (Squire Allworthy); in the end Tom is discovered to be the squire's illegitimate nephew, and is made his heir. Jones is a young man of a naturally attractive and generous character, who has his share of human weaknesses. The book is generally considered one of the masterpieces of English fiction. Tristram Shandy, a character in a book of the same name, by Laurence Sterne, considered to be one of the earliest novels written in English. The book describes the humorous adventures of a group of amusing characters including Tristram Shandy himself. Walpole, Horace (1717-97), an English writer noted for his letters and for his delight in the Gothic, as seen in his house Strawberry Hill and his novel The Castle of Otranto (1765). Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759-97), an English writer who wrote in favour of social and educational rights for women.
53

9. LITERATURE OF THE 19TH CENTURY (FIRST HALF)

Cultural Literacy List
"albatross around one's neck" Kubla Khan

Austen, Jane Brontes, the Browning, Elizabeth Barret Browning, Robert Byron, Lord Byronic hero Coleridge, Samuel Taylor Frankenstein
Ivanhoe

Lake poets
Ode on a Grecian Urn Pride and Prejudice

romanticism Scott, Sir Walter Shelley, Percy 8ysshe

••A thing of beauty ie a joy forever" "Water, water, everywhere"

Wordsworth, William
lonely as a cloud" The World IB Too Much With UB Wuthering Heights

"I wandered
Jane Eyre

Keats, John

English literature of the early 19th century is called romantic. Romanticism was a movement in literature and the fine arts which began in the 19th century and stressed personal emotion, free play of imagination and freedom from rules of form. Among the leaders of romanticism in English literature were Lord Byron, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley and William Wordsworth. Some of them (for example, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey) belonged to the so-called "Lake School". These poets lived in the Lake District and drew inspiration from the scenery there. The Romantic period saw the growth of individualism and political republicanism, and the American and French revolutions, which greatly affected the romantic poets. The most outstanding of them was Lord George Gordon Byron, a handsome and daring English poet of the early 19th century, known for his rebelliousness, and his air of brooding. Byron became famous with the publication of Childe Harold and his Oriental Romances, but is now best known for his Don Juan, a long satirical poem. Byron actually became involved in Italian and Greek revolutionary activity. He died of a fever ill Greece, where he had gone to take part in the Greek war of independence against the Turks.
54

Byron introduced into literature the so-called "Byronic hero", an isolated romantic individualist who finds reality and deity only within himself. A Byronic hero is always a melancholy and rebellious person. Percy Bysshe Shelley supported many of Byron's ideas. His poems include To a Skylark, Ode to the West Wind. Ozymandias, Queen M ab, the tragedy The Cenci, the lyric drama Prometheus Unbound, and the elegy on his friend Keats' death Adonats, Shelley's wife, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, wrote

Frankenstein.
Another romantic poet, John Keats, wrote the poems Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, and Endymion. Romantic prose is exemplified by the works of Walter Scott, a Scottish author of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He wrote immensely popular historical novels. such as Ivanhoe and Waverley. and poems, including The Lady of the Lake. Realistic trends are visible in the works of Jane Austen. She is particularly famous for her witty irony and perceptive comments about people and their social relationships. T he Abbot, a novel by Sir W alter Scott, published in 1828. It is based on incidents from the life of Mary Queen of Scotts, covering the period from her imprisonment in Lochlevel to her flight into England after the battle of Langside, "albatrose around one'e neck", the phrase alludes to Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. in which a sailor who shoots a friendly albatross is forced to wear its carcass around his neck as punishment. Figurntively it means an annoying burden. the Ancient Mariner, the main character in the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He is an old sailor who shot down an albatross and, because the other sailors thought he had brought bad luck to the ship, wore the albatross on a rope round his neck. Many unl ucky and terrible things happened and the sailor later tells his story to anyone who will listen. Anne of Gierstein, a romance by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1829. The scene is laid mainly in the Switzerland of the 15th
55

century. This is one of the works that Scott wrote during the last seven years of his life, when he was burdened by debt and forced himself to unremitting toil to satisfy his creditors. The Antiquary, a novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1816. It is so named after the principal character, Jonathan Oldbuck the Antiquary, and repeats the missing-heir plot which Scott had already used in Guy Mannering. Arnold, Mathew(1822-88), an English poet and critic. His first volume of poems was published in 1849 and was followed by several others, his most famous poems including The Scholar-Gipsy (1853) and Dover Beach (1867). For 35 years he worked as an inspector of schools. His prose and essays on literary, cultural, educational and social themes established him as the leading social critic of his time. Austen, Jane (1775-1817), an English novelist. The daughter of a clergyman, Austen spent her short life in Hampshire, near the south coast of England, in a large lively family. She never married. Her novels describe the everyday life of people in the uppermiddle class circles she knew best. Money and social position were very important and the only role of a woman of that class was to find a rich husband. Austen's works include Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice ( 1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1816), Northanger Abbey (1817), and Persuasion (1818). Her characters spend most of the time in the countryside, doing little or no work. Occasionally they go to London; sometimes they go to Bath, a fashionable town. Her novels may sound boring, but they are a record of wha t life was like for the upper-middle class in the early nineteenth century and are among the finest and most entertaining novels written at that time. La Belle Dame Sans M erci, the ti tIe of one of the best- known poems of John Keats which describes a knight who falls in love with a beautiful, magical woman. The Betrothed, a novel (1825) by Sir Walter Scott, classed as one of the Tales of the Crusaders. The Black Dwarf, a novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1816. The Black Dwarf was a name given in parts of Scotland
56

to a most malicious, uncanny creature considered responsible for all mischief done to flocks and herds; hence the name was applied in the novel to Sir Edward Mauley, who was deformed and gnomish-looking. The Bride of Lammermoor , a novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1819. The titular heroine of the novel is Lucy Ashton. She is in love with, and loved by, the Master of Ravenswood, an impoverished laird who regards Lucy's father as the cause of his family's ruin. However, under the influence of Lucy's affection, his wrath softens; nevertheless, al though Lucy's father consents to the match, her mother forbids it, ordering her daughter instead to marry the Laird of Bucklnw. Lucy's letter to Ravenswood, apprising him of the situation, is intercepted, so that he remains ignorant of the circumstances, and returns to Lucy just as the wedding ceremony with Bucklaw is ended. Ravenswood immediately challenges Lucy's brother and husband to a duel for the next day; but before this event can take place, Lucy, on her wedding night, stabs her husband to death, and is found in a state of hopeless insanity.
TheopernLucia

di Lammermoor, by Gaetano Donizetti, isbased

011

this novel.

Bronte, Anne (1820-49), an English writer, the younger sister of Charlotte and Emily, known for her novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). Earlier she wrote Agnes Gray, a story of a governess's life (published in 1847). Bronte, Charlotte (1816-55), an English writer, the elder sister of Anne and Emily, best known for her novel Jane Eyre (1847). She also wrote Shirley (1849) and Villette (1852), which told of her stay in Brussels. Charlotte was the organizing genius of the family, and has been claimed not only as one of the greatest of English women novelists but as the first writer of "feminist" novels. Bronte, Emily (1818-48), an English poetess and novelist, the sister of Anne and Charlotte. In 1845 Charlotte discovered the manuscript of Emily's poems and persuaded her to let them be published. In the small volume of poems by the three sisters Emily's contribution was by far the most important; it includes the well-known Old Stoic and Last Lines which show the spirit of the writer's indomitable nature. A year later (in 1847) her
57

novel Wuthertng Heights appeared, a grim but powerful story that brought her fame. The Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), the three famous sisters who wrote poetry and prose, best remembered for their novels. They lived nearly all their lives in a small village in Yorkshire (N England). Between 1847 and 1848, all three sisters published novels. They all wrote under different names because "good" women at that time were not allowed to write. Emily Bronte became Ellis Bell, Charlotte Bronte - Currer Bell; Anne Bronte - Acton Bell. Charlotte was the only sister to achieve fame in her lifetime, with Jane Eyre. Emily's masterpiece Wuthering Heights did not appear until after her death. All three sisters died very young. The house where they lived is now a museum and you can walk from it over the Yorkshire moors to the farm where W uthering Heights is set. Browning, Elizabeth Barret (1806-61), an English poet and the wife of Robert Browning. Elizabeth Browning is best known for Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850) which are not translations but the intensely personal utterance of a wife's feelings for her husband. The most famous of these sonnets begins:
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach ...

Browning, Robert (1812-89), an English poet recognized as one of the best in his time. He is best remembered by his short lyrics which are in most cases simple and direct. The collection of his works Bells and Pomegranates, published in several parts between 1841 and 1846, include such poems of lasting popularity as Pippa Passes, Home Thoughts from Abroad and The Pied Piper of Hamelin. Browning was noted for his dramatic monologue developed in Men and Women (1855), which contained fifty of his finest poems, such as Love Among the Ruins, Evelyn Hope, The Last Ride Together. In 1868-69 there came The Ring and the Book, his greatest achievement. Buried in *Westminster Abbey.
The love that Browning and his wife, Elizabeth Barret Browning, had for each other has been much celebrated.

58

Byron, George Gordon (1788-1824), an.English romantic poet. He is best known for poems such as Childe Harold' 8 Pilgrimage (1812-18) and Don Juan (1819-24). He was one of the great figures of the romantic movement, and his poetry has always been admired, esp. outside Britain. He embodied the romantic hero, melancholy and rebellious, though his works displayed a subtle irony and wit. His private life caused great controversy; rejected by English society, he spent much of his life abroad, and died of fever in Greece while fighting against the Turks for Greek independence. Byronic hero, a kind of hero found in several of the works of Lord Byron. Like Byron himself t a Byronic hero is a melancholy and rebellious young man, distressed by a terrible wrong he committed in the past. Castle Dangerous, a tale by Sir Walter Scott, published ill 1831. It was published together with Count Robert of Paris as the foolish series of Tales of My Landlord (1832). Chronicles of the Canongate, a collection of stories by Sir Walter Scott. The first series published in 1827, includes The Highland Widow, The Drovers and The Surgeon's Daughter. The second series (The Fair Maid of Perth) was published in 1828. The tales are supposed to be narrated by Mr Chystal Croftangry, to whom they are told by Mrs Baliol. Clare, John (1793-1864), an English poet, noted for his descriptions of country life in The Shepherd's Calender(1827) and The Rural Muse (1835). He was confined to lunatic asylum from 1837. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834), an English poet and critic, best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(1798) and Kubla Khan (1818). The excellence of his poetry placed him in the first rank of English poets. He also delivered in 1808 a course of lectures on Shakespeare and published Biographia Literaria in 1817. His knowledge of philosophy, science, theology and litera ture was alike wide and deep. Together with Wordsworth Coleridge was the leader of romanticism in England. Count Robert of Paris, a novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1831, the 25th of Waverly novels, in the fourth series of Tales
59

of My Landlord. The sceneis laid in the 11th century, during the

first Crusade, when Godfrey of Bouillon came to Constantinople at the head of the Crusaders. Count Robert was a French Crusader, one of the most famous and reckless of the period. "dreaming spires", a phrase from a poem by Mathew Arnold, which people use to suggest the beauty of Oxford, the English university town. The Fortunes of Nigel, a novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1822. The scene is laid at London during the reign of James I. Frankenstein, a novel (1818) by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, which tells the story of a scientist, called Frankenstein, who made a creature by joining together bits of dead bodies and then brought it to life by passing an electric current through its body. The Frankenstein's monster was larger than most men and fantastically strong. The creature was gentle at first, but later became violent and attacked its creator. People often call the creature Frankenstein. The story is still very popular. In horror films, the monster is usually pictured with an oversized square brow, metal bolts in his neck and forehead, and greenish skin. Frankenstein's monster, a thing that cannot be controlled by the person who created it and causes a great trouble or damage (from Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein). "God's in his heaven - all's right with the world", a line sung by a little Italian girl, Pippa, in the poem Pippa Passes by Robert Browning. Haworth, a small village in Yorkshire in the N England which tourists visit because the English writers the Bronte sisters lived there. The area is described in Emily Bronte's famous book Wuthering Heights. Hazlitt, William (1778-1830), a British essayist and critic. His works include Characters of Shakespeare's Plays (1817), a collection of essays called Table Talk (1821), and The Plain Speaker (1826). Hazlitt was the first author in Britain to make most of his living from writing and lecturing about literature, and his judgements on the work of contemporary poets were often sharp and outspoken.
60

The Heart of Midlothian, a novel P.>.' .~fr\~r.~lter Scott, published in 1818, taking its title from the popular name of Tolbooth , an Edinburgh prison, demolished in 1817. It is one of the Tales of My Landlord. The scene is laid in the time of

the Porteous riot in the reign of George II. Heathcliff, the central character in the book Wuthering H eights by Emily Bronte. Attractive to Catherine Earnshaw (Cathy) because of his wildness, he is prevented from marrying her and later punishes those who have ruined his life. Ivanhoe, 1. a novel by Sir Walter Scott (1820) about the imaginary brave knight Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe. The scene is laid in England during the reign of Richard 1(1189-99); 2. an opera of three acts by Arthur Sullivan, with a libretto by Julian Sturgis adapted from Sir Walter Scott's novel of the same name, first performed at the opening of the Royal English Opera House on Jan. 31,1891. I wandered lonely ae a cloud", the first line of the poem Daffodils, by William Wordsworth. It begins:
II

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high, o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils.
British people often quote the poem when talking about daffodils.

Jane Eyre, the title of a book by Charlotte Bronte written in 1847, about a woman who becomes a governess and falls in

love with her employer, the mysterious and moody Edward Rochester. He proposes to her, but Jane discovers that he is already married to an insane woman. Eventually Jane and Rochester are able to marry. The book describes Jane's situation and her relationship with Rochester in a powerful and clever style and is one of the most widely read English novels even today. Keats, John (1795-1821), an English poet, one of the bestloved figures in the English literature, a leading poet of the romantic movement; known for poems such as ToAutumn and Ode to a Nightingale, which are often studied in school in Britain. Among his other poems are To Psyche, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Endumion, which contains the famous line CIA thing of beauty is a joy forever".
61

His fines t poetry was included in a volume Lamina and other Poems (1820). Keats is generally regarded as one of the greatest of the Romantic poets, and his poems are still widely read for the richness and sensuousness of their language. He died in Rome of tuberculosis at the age of twenty-five. Kenilworth, a novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1821. The scene is laid in England in the reign of the Queen Elizabeth. Kingsley, Charles (1819-75), an English novelist and historian; a clergyman, whose writings combine elements of strict moral teaching with a concern for social justice. His best-known works are the historical novel Westward Ho! (1855) and the children's book The Water Babies (1863). Kubla Khan, an evocative poem (1818) by Samuel Taylor Coleridge about an exotic emperor. It begins with these lines:
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree ...

"Lake poets", a term applied to William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey because of their residence during much of their lives ill the Lake District of England, from whose landscape they derived much poetic inspiration. They are also thought of as a group because they were friends and because they were similar in their poetic practices and critical principles. Lamb, Charles (1775-1834), an English essayist and poet who worked with his sister Mary Lamb (1764-1847) on Tales from Shakespeare (1807), a book telling the stories of Shakespeare's plays. His best-known poems are The Old Familiar Faces and Rosamund Gray (both 1798). Lamb was also one of the most subtle and penetrating critics. itA man's reach should exceed his grasp", words from a poem by Robert Browning, suggesting that, to achieve anything worthwhile, a person should attempt even those things that may turn out impossible. Ode on a Grecian Urn, a poem by John Keats. It contains the famous lines:
"Beauty is truth, truth beauty," - that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. 62

Old Mortality, a novel by-SirWalter Sco.tt~l8:1q~ is called It so from the epithet given to Robert Paterson, who passed his life in restoring the gravestones of the Convenanters (Convenanter, in Scottish history, is a subscriber to the National Convenant (1638), or to the Solemn League and Convenant (1643); also, in later and more general sense, anyone upholding the principles of the Reformed Presbyterian Church). Peacock, Thomas Love (1785-1866), an English satirical writer and poet whose works include Headlong Hall (1816) and Nightmare Abbey (1818). In the latter he satirized political and literary figures of his time, using dialogues between the characters over dinner. the Pied Piper, the main character in an old fairy story about a man who freed the town of Hamelin in Germany from rats by playing his flute and making the rats follow him to the river and drown. When he was not paid for his job, the Pied Piper led away all the town's children too.
Used figuratively, means a person who attracts followers.

The Pied Piper 01 Hamelin, a poem by Robert Browning based on a folk tale from the Middle Ages Germany. The town of Hamelin is infested with rats, and the citizens hire a piper in multicoloured (pied) clothing to lure the rats out with his charming music. The rat' follow the piper into the river and drown. When the townspeople refuse to pay the piper, he 1ures away all the children of the town. Pride and Prejudice, a book (1813) by Jane Austen in which the most important characters are the Bennett family and Mr Darcy. It is a comic novel about the life of an upper-middleclass family in 18th-century England. A complex succession of events ends with the marriages of the two eldest Bennett daughters. Quentin Durward, a novel by Sir Walter Scott (1823). Quentin Durward is an archer of the Scottish Guard, who seeks his fortune in France in the reign of Louis XI. T he Rime 01the Ancient Mariner, a poem (1798) by Samuel Taylor Coleridge about an old sailor who is compelled to tell strangers about the supernatural adventures that befell him at sea after he killed an albatross, a friendly sea bird. The famous lines are:
63

Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.

Rob Roy, popular name of Robert MacGregor(1671-1734), a Scottish bandit, known as the "Robin Hood of Scotland". He led the outlawed clan MacGregor, and was involved in blackmail and stealing cattle. He was ordered to leave Scotland as punishment but was later forgiven. He is remembered mainly through Sir Walter Scott's novel of the same name. Rob Roy, a novel by Sir Walter Scott (1818) about Robert MacGregor (1671-1734) or Campbell (commonly called "Rob Roy"), a Scottish outlaw. He got his name "Roy" from his red hair. He became a Highland freebooter (1712) and under the protection of the Duke of Argyll, he levied blackmail on the Scottish gentry. The novel gives a romanticized version of his activities. romanticism, a movement in literature and the fine arts, beginning in the early 19th century, that stressed personal emotion, the quality of admiring feeling rather than thought, and wild natural beauty rather than things made by people. Among the leaders of romanticism in English literature were William *Blake, Lord Byron, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley and William Wordsworth. Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832), a Scottish romantic novelist and poet. Both his early verses and his more famous historical novels were inspired by the traditions, legends and history of Scotland, esp. the Border region. His narrative poems include The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), Marmion (1808) and The Lady of the Lake (1810). Scott is chiefly remembered for his novels, including several based on historical characters, e. g. The Heart of Midlothian (1818), Rob Roy (1817), Waverley (1814); they show author's learning, wit and political attitudes. Among other works Ivanhoe (1819), Kenilworth (1821) and Quentin Durward (1823) were immensely popular and influenced writers both in Britain and Europe, where several of his plots were used for romantic operas. "Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness", the first line of the poem To Autumn by John Keats, remembered and reused by many people. 64

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1797-1851), an English novelist and second wife of P. B. Shelley. She is most famous as the author of Frankenstein (1818) and other Gothic stories. Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822), a great English poet of the 19th century, one of the leaders of romanticism. By the age of 20 he was a social rebel, both ill his way of life and his writings (e. g. The Revolt of Islam, 1817). After 1818 he settled in Italy with his second wife, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, and his most famous works were written there. They include short poems Ode to the West Wind (1820), To a Skylark (1820), the verse drama Prometheus Unbound (1820) and Adonais (1821), an elegy on the death of Keats. His works show his remarkable lyrical gift, his originality and his hatred of oppression. Like John Keats, Shelley died at an early age, in a storm at sea after visiting Byron.
Shelley's wife, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, wrote Frankenstein.

"euieetneee and light", a phrase popularized by Mathew Arnold; it has been used earlier by Jonathan Swift. According to Arnold, sweetness and light are two things that a culture should strive for. Sweetness is moral righteousness and light is intellectual power and truth. He states that someone "who works for sweetness and light united, works to make reason and the will of God prevail" . "A thing of beauty is a joy forever" the first line of the poem Endymion, by John Keats.
t

A thing of beauty is a joy forever: Its loveliness increases; it will never Pass into thingness; but still will keep A bower quiet for us, and a sleep Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.

The Water Babies, a children's story (1863) by Charles Kingsley, which tells how a young boy called Tom falls into a river, becomes a water baby and learns all about good and evil from his water friends and enemies. "Water, water, everywhere, / Nor any drop to drink", lines from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The speaker, a sailor on a becalmed ship, is surrounded by salt water that he cannot drink.
65

These lines are often used to describe a situation the midst of plenty but cannot partake of it.

in which someone is in

The World Is Too Much With Us, a sonnet by William Wordsworth, ill which the poet complains that people are too attached to the trivial things of the world and not sufficiently aware of nature as a whole. The first lines read:
The world is too much with us; late and SOOIl, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!

Wordsworth, William (1770-1850), an English poet, generally regarded as the greatest of his time. He was born in the Lake District, and it was the experience of natural world in his youth (later described in his long autobiographical poem The Prelude (1805) that shaped his poetry, which invokes a universal spirit prevailing human beings and all of nature. With Coleridge he created the English romantic movement; together they published Lyrical Ballads (1798), a collection of poems (including Wordsworth's TinternAbbey) which attacked the poetical conventions of the 18th century and became the important landmark in English literature. Wordsworth was living near Coleridge in Somerset at this period, but later returned to the Lake District, where he lived with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth (1771-1855), who kept a journal of their life. Here he produced Poems in Two Volumes (first in 1807, second in 1835), which include Ode to Immortality, The Daffodils, Yarrow Visited, The Solitary Reaper. Wordsworth thought that poetry should use the language of ordinary speech. Such lyrics as To the Cuckoo and I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud restored to English poetry a clarity and reality. The feeling of a mystic union with nature is found throughout his poetry and above all in the Ode to Immortality. With his nature poetry Wordsworth established a tradition which had lasted over a century. He was appointed *poet laureate in 1843. Wuthering Heights, a novel (1847) by Emily Bronte, one of the most famous books by the Bronte sisters. The story tells of the destructive and passionate love between two children, Catherine and Heathcliff, who grow up on a farm called

Wuthering Heights on the Yorkshire Moors. Catherine and Heathcliff both love and hate each other. Heathcliff leaves the farm when Catherine refuses to marry him and later inflicts cruel suffering on all involved in their separation. Xanadu, an unreal place of wonderful beauty (from the name of a place in the poem K ubla Khan by S. T. Coleridge). Exercises Ex.t. Match the title or the book (poem) with the name of its
author:

Paradise Lost Robinson Crusoe Gulliver's Travels The Pilgrim's Progress Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Auld Lang Syne Daffodils The World is Too Much With Us KublaKhan The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Childe Harold Prometheus Unbound Frankenstein Ode on a Grecian Urn The Tiger Ivanhoe Pride and Prejudice Friday Christian Mrs Malaprop Frankenstein the Bennets the Yahoos

Jane Austen Daniel Defoe John Bunyan Robert Burns William Wordsworth Samuel T. Coleridge John Keats John Milton George G. Byron Jonathan Swift W al ter Scott Thomas Gray William Blake Percy B. Shelley Mary W. Shelley

Ex. 2. Match the name of the character with the title of the book (poem): Gulliver's Travels The Pilgrim's Progress Robinson Crusoe The Rivals Frankenstein Pride and Prejudice
67

Ex. 3. Match the phrase with the name of the author who first
used it: "Drink to me only wtth thine eyes." "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may." "Had we but wo~d enough, and time / Thts coyness, Lady, were no crime." "Ttme's winged chariot." ..Death, be not proud." ..For whom the bell tolls." "No man is an island." "To justify the ways of God to man." "They also serve who only stand and wait." "Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife." "The beet-kud schemes of mice and men often go astray." "Oh, if the good spirit would only give U8 the power to see ourselves as others see us." "A man's a man for all that." .. wandered lonely as a cloud." I "The world is too much with us." "Water, water, everywhere / Nor any drop to drink." "Beauty is truth, truth beauty." "A thing of beauty is a joy forever." ..Tiger! Tiger! burning bright."

Samuel T. Coleridge Andrew Marwell John Donne John Milton Robert Burns Robert Herrick John Keats Thomas Gray Ben Jonson William Blake William Wordsworth

Ex. 4. Answer these questions:

1. What makes the Authorized Version of the Bible a very important book in the history of the English literature? 2. Who was the leading poet at the beginning of the 17th century? 3. What phrase from Ben Jonson's poetry is still widely used? 4. What are the contributions to the English language by Robert Herrick and Andrew Marvell? 5. What can you say of John Donne's poetry? 6. What is John Milton best known for?
68

7. How does his poem justify the ways of God to man? 8. What makes Milton one of the greatest of all English poets? 9. Why do they sometimes mention Francis Bacon as a possible author of the plays commonly attributed to William Shakespeare? 10. What book marked the second half of the 17th century? 11. Who is the central character of The Pilgrim's Progress? 12. What is Alexander Pope known for? 13. Why is Daniel Defoe's name associated with journalism? (And in your mind?) 14. What is Jonathan Swift famous for? 15. Could you give some words and phrases from Swift's works that have come into the English language? 16. Why do we say that Thomas Gray's poetry stands apart in the history of English literature? 17. What are his contributions to the English language? 18. What are the big names of the era of sentimentalism? 19. Why is Samuel Johnson sometimes called "Dr Johnson"? 20. Why has Boswell become a general term for a biographer? 21. Could you name some of the plays by Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Sheridan? 22. What makes the name of Mrs Malaprop very popular even now? 23. What book began the vogue of the Gothic novel? 24. Who is the national poet of Scotland? 25. Why do they celebrate the "Burns Night" in January as a national holiday of Scotch people all over the world? 26. Do you know any lines from Burns' poetry that have become proverbial? 27. What poets belonged to the Roman tic movement of the 19th century? 28. What are the two phrases from Wordsworth's poetry that are well known? 29. What poems made Samuel Coleridge famous? 30. What phrases from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner have become part of the English language? 31. What is the popular image of Lord Byron? 32. What kind of people are Byronic heroes? 33. Do you know any poems by Shelley?
69

34. What makes "Frankenstein" a synonym of "monster"? 35. What are the most famous poems of John Keats? 36. What is William Blake best known for? 37. Can you give any titles of historical novels written by Sir Walter Scott? 38. What is Jane Austen famous for?
Ex. 5. Explain the following words and phrases:

Drink to me only with thine eyes. Gatherye rosebuds while ye may. Death, be not proud. Never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. No man is an island. They also serve who only stand and wait. Laputa. Lilliput. Yahoo. Far from the madding crowd. Sweetness and light. Sentimentalism. The Gothic novel. Burns Night. Romanticism. Albatross around one's neck. Art for art's sake. Byronic hero. Beauty is truth, truth beauty.
Ex. 6. Comment on these names and titles:

King James Bible: Paradise Lost; The Pilgrim's Progress; Francis Bacon; Robinson Crusoe; Friday; Gray's Elegy; Dr Johnson; James Boswell; Auld Lang Syne: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: Pride and Prejudice.
Ex. 7. Topics for discussion:

1. English literature of the 17th century. 2. Prose of Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift. 3. Era of sentimentalism. 4. Poetry of Robert Burns.
70

5. Romanticism in poetry and prose. 6. Social comedy (the novels of Jane Austell).

10. LITERATURE OF THE 19TH CENTURY (SECOND HALF)

Cultural Literacy List
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Carroll, Lewis Charge of the Light Brigade Cheshire Cat A Christmas Carol Conrad, Joseph David Copperfield Dickens, Charles Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan Dracula Dr Watson "East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet" "Elementary, my dear Watson" Eliot, George "The female of the species is more deadly than the male" "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest" Great Expectations GungaDin Hardy, Thomas Heart of Darkness "Home is the sailor, home from sea" Inoictue ''It is a far better thing that I do..." "It was the best 01times, it was the worst of times" Kipling. Rudyard limerick Oliver Twist Scrooge,Ebenezer Shaw, George Bernard Sherlock Holmes Stevenson, Robert Louis The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and MrHyde Tennyson, Alfred, Lord Treasure Island Tweedledum and Tweedledee Uriah Heep Wells, H. G. Wilde, Oscar

In Britain, the 19th century is traditionally called the Victorian age. Victorian is a descriptive term for the time when Victoria was Queen of England, from 1837 to 1901. The Victorian period in England is known as a time of industrial progress, colonial expansion, and public fastidiousness in morals. The Victorian age might better be described, however, as one of prose. High Victorian literature (1830-1880) is dominated by Charles Dickens and William M. Thackeray. Late Victorian and Edwardian literature (1880-1920) has frequently been seen as dominated by the work of the subtle, demanding expatriate American Henry James (1843-1916)
71

and by that of the novelist patronizingly dismissed by James as the "good little Thomas Hardy". By the closing years of the 19th century such mid-Victorian moral confidence had begun to sound oppressively, even comically, ou tmoded. Oscar Wilde, for one, mocked at the very idea in the title of his Trivial Comedy tor Serious People and

The Importance of Being Earnest (1895).

Popular literature of crime pioneered by Wilkie Collins have left more lasting traces 011 the popular imagination. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle'e story A Study in Scarlet introduced Sherlock Holmes to the reading public in 1887. The British colonial expansion had Rudyard Kipling and Joseph Conrad. The end of the 19th century was marked by the growing number of limericks. In poetry of the period Lord Tennyson, Swinburne and Kipling stood out as the most notable figures. The development of drama declined until the end of the century when there was a revival with the plays of Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, a book (1865) by Lewis Carroll. Alice, a young girl, enters Wonderland by following the White Rabbit down his hole and has many strange adventures there. She meets the Mad Hatter and March Hare, the grinning Cheshire Cat and the Queen of Hearts. The book is internationally popular. Barchester Chronicles, the collective title of six novels (18551867) by Anthony Trollope. He portrays in them the intrigues and struggle for power among the local Anglican clergy. Barnaby Rudge, a novel by Charles Dickens which came out in parts, and was published in book form in 1841. It is based on the anti-Catholic riots of the London populace in June, 1780, which were instigated and abetted by Lord George Gordon Barnaby. Black Beauty, the name of a horse, the central character of a book of the same name, by Anna Sewell, written in 1877, and later filmed and made into a television programme. Blackmore, R. D. (1825-1900), an English writer best known for his novel Lorna Doone (1869), a historical story set on Exmoor, in Devon.
72

Bleak House, a novel by Charles Dickens, published in the

period 1852-53 in 20 monthly numbers. It was named from a dreary-looking house which was his summer residence at Broadstairs. The book was aimed at the delays of the Court of Chancery, and is generally considered one of the most impressive of Victorian novels. Carroll, Lewis (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) (1832-98), an English writer and lecturer in mathematics at Oxford University, famous as the author of the classic children's storiesAlice'sAdventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking GLass (1871). He also wrote nonsense verse

(The Hunting of the Snark, 1876). The Charge of the Light Brigade, apoem(1854) by Tennyson
that celebrates the heroism of a British cavalry brigade in its doomed assault on much larger forces during the Crimean War. Many British soldiers were killed because they were sent into a valley which was heavily defended by Russian cannons. The poem contains the well-known lines:
Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward.

and Theirs not to reason whyt Theirs but to do and die: All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.

Cheshire cat, a cat with an enormous grin encountered by Alice ill Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The cat tends to disappear, leaving only its smile hanging in the air.
"Smiles like a Cheshire cat" refers to anyone with a conspicuous and longlasting smile.

The Chimes, Charles Dickens' Christnras story for 1844. It

is one of the most sociological narrativea, a bitter attack upon the political economy of Victorian England. A Christmas Carol, a story (1843) by Charles Dickens about the spiritual conversion of the miser Ebenezer Scrooge. The full title of the story is A Christmas Carol in Prose; Being a Ghost Story of Christmas. It is regarded as one of the best, and is certainly one of the best-known, examples of the "dreamand-reformation" type of story, familiar in English drama and poetry as well as fiction. 73

It tells how the miser Ebenezer Scrooge visited by the ghost

of his stingy partner, Jacob Marley, and the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Future reforms and offers help to the crippled boy Tiny Tim, son of Scrooge's clerk Bob Cratchit. The story is famous for its opening sentence, "Marley was dead, to begin with", and for the frequent cry of Tiny Tim, which closes it, "God bless us, everyone!" Collins, Wilkie (1824-89), an English novelist. His most famous works are The Woman in White (1860) and The Moonstone (1868) , the first real detective novels in English. He was a friend of Dickens and influenced his later work. Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur(1859-1930), an English author, best known for creating the character of detective Sherlock Holmes. Doyle was originally a doctor, but began writing full-time after the success of his first Holmes story,A Study in Scarlet, in 1887. His other works include The Sign of the Four(1890), The Hound of the Baeheruillee (1902), The Valley of Fear

(1914), The Sherlock Holmes Short Stories (1892-1927). Conan Doyle also wrote historical romances Micah Clarke (1889), The White Company (1890) and the scientific romance The Lost World (1912).
Conrad, Joseph (1857-1924), a British novelist, born of Polish parents (original name Teodor Korzeniowski). He went to sea as a young man and used this as the background for many of his novels (e. g. Lord Jim, 1900) which explore the theme of human vulnerability and corruptibility. His other novels include Heart of Darkness (1902), The Mirror of the Sea (1906), Under Western Eyes (1911), The Shadow-Line (1917), The Arrow of Gold (1919). He was a leading modernist and is considered by many to be one of the best novelists in the English language. The Cricket on the Hearth, a Christmas book by Charles Dickens, published in 1845. The singing match between a tea kettle and a cricket on a carrier's hearthstone, in which the lntter comes out ahead, gives its name to the book: "To have a cricket on the hearth is the luckiest thing in the world". David Copperfield, a novel (1850) by Charles Dickens, largely the story of Dickens' own life. David Copperfield is sent 74

away to work at a very young age, and grows to manhood over the course of the book. The account of David's grim boyhood was designed to expose the cruel conditions of child labour in Britain at that time. Many well-known characters appear in the book, among them Mr Micawber and Uriah Heep. The Diary of a Nobody, a book written in 1892 by two brothers, George and Weedon Grossmith, which covers 15 months of the life of Charles Pooter in the early 1890s and remains popular today. Dickens, Charles (1812-70), an English novelist, considered by many to be the greatest one of all. His high reputation rests on his creation of a range of memorable, often odd, characters (e. g. Scrooge and Mr Pickwick), on his descriptions of the bad conditions in which poor people lived in the 19th century Britain (which helped to bring about social reforms), and perhaps above all on his ability as a storyteller to make his readers laugh and cry. His novels include The Ptckuiick Papers (1837), Oliver Twist (1839; based on Dickens' own harsh boyhood), Nicholas Nickleby (1839), A Christmas Carol (1843), Dombey and Son (1848), David Copperfield (1850), Bleak House (1853), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Great Expectations (1861), and many others. Dickens, a man of keen social conscience, used his books to portray the suffering of the working class at the time of the Ind ustrial Revolution. His novels often tell the stories of young children who work hard to escape a life of poverty. Many of the stories were set in London and his novels. show how-the city changed during his lifetime. He mocked and denounced the social evils of Victorian England as well as showing humour and pathos. Most of his books first appeared as serials in magazines. Each week or month, Dickens had to write another chapter of his story. He had to write. last and sometimes changed the stories if the public did not like his last chapter or partieularly liked certain characters. Dickens was very popular during his lifetime, and frequently gnva public readings from his books. His sentimentality. and caricature- are still widely appreciated, and many of his characters, with their-unusual
75

names, have entered popular folklore. Among them are the miser Scrooge, the orphan Oliver Twist (who "asked for more"), the drunken midwife Sarah Gamp, who always carried an old umbrella (so that "gamp" is now a colloquial word in English for an umbrella) and the pathetic cripple boy Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol. This last story, with its evocation of a Victorian Christmas, is probably still the most popular and bestknown work that Dickens produced. Dickensian adj suggesting Charles Dickens or his writings: a) about the old-fashioned, unpleasant dirtiness of Victorian England; b) about the cheerfulness of Victorian amusements and customs. Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan see Conan Doyle. Dracula, a novel (1897) by Bram Stoker based on the vampire legend. Count Dracula, a vampire, is from Transylvania, a region of Eastern Europe now in Romania. He takes his name from a bloodthirsty nobleman of the Middle Ages. To lay the vampire Dracula's spirit to rest, one must drive a woodenstake through his heart.
Count Dracula was played in films by the Hungarian-born actor Bela Lugosi, whose elegant, exotic accent has become permanently associated with the character.

Dr Watson, the companion and assistant of Sherlock Holmes in the stories by Conan Doyle. Watson helps the great detective in his investigations and serves as an audience for Holmes' explanations of how he has solved the crimes. Dr Watson is the person who tells the stories and whose stupidity shows how brilliant the great detective is. It is said that Dr Watson is a self-mocking portrayal of Conan Doyle nimself. "East is East, and West is West, and never the twain. shall meet", a line from a poem by Rudyard Kipling The Ballad of East and West (1889). It continues, a few lines later:
But there is neither East nor West .•. When two strong men stand face to face ...

Elementary, my dear Watson", a phrase often attributed to Sherlock Holmes, who supposedly says this to his amazing companion, Dr Watson, as he explains his reasoning in solving a crime. Though these precise wordswere never used in the Holmes'
II

76

stories, something like them appeared in the story The Crooked Man: "Excellent!" I (Watson) cried. "Elementary," said he. Eliot, George (real name Mary Ann Evans) (1819-80), a woman writer, one of the greatest English novelists. Her books show learning, humour and feeling and deal with morality. They give a detailed picture of provincial Victorian society. Her best-known works are Adam Bede (1859; it tells the story of an idealistic carpenter), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), and Middlemarcb (1872). Far From the Madding Crowd, a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1874, about the lives of country people in midVictorian Dorset. The town of Casterhridge in the novel is actually the real town of Dorchester. The title, taken from a line in Thomas *Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, is an appropriate designation of the group of rustics in "Wessex", Hardy's fictional English county, who provides an amusing background for the lively pursuit of a fascinating heroine, Bothsheba Everdene, by three men: farmer Bolwood, sergeant Troy, and Gabriel Oak, a shepherd.
The phrase is now sometimes used humorously when talking about the peace and quiet of the country.

"The female of the species is more deadly than the male", a frequently repeated line from the poem The Female of the Species by R. Kipling when saying how cruel women are. "Fifteen men on the dead man'B chest - yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!", lines from a pirates' song in Treasure Island by R. Stevenson. the ghost of Christmas past, a character in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol who comes to show Scrooge scenes from his past. The phrase is sometimes changed and used in other writing now. Grahame, Kenneth (1859-1932), a Scottish writer famous esp. for the children's story The Wind in the Willows. Great Expectations, a novel (1861) by Charles Dickens about a young man Pip, who believes that he will become rich by inheriting money. Worldly ambitions lead him to abandon his true friends. Gung« Din, a poem by Rudyard Kipling about the native water-carrier for a British regiment in India. It ends: 77

Though I've bel ted you an' flayed you, By the livin' Gawd (God) that made you, You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din!

Haggard, Sir H. Rider (1856-1925), an English writer of adventure stories. The best known King Solomon's Mines (1885) and She (1887) are set in southern Africa. Hard Times, a novel (1854) by Charles Dickens about a very practical man, Thomas Gradgrind, who lives in an industrial city and spoils his children's lives because he only thinks about profits. Hardy, Thomas (1840-1928), an English novelist and a poet. Born in Dorset, he set most of his stories in that country (which he called Wessex). The underlying theme of most of them (e. g. Far From the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the D'Urberuilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1895) is the way in which human lives are controlled by the often cruel whims of fate. He wrote about the English countryside, showed howfanning life was rapidly changing with the introduction of machines. His last two novels, Tess of the D'Urberotlles and Jude the Obscure, were very controversial, particularly in their treatment of sexual passion. Later in his life Hardy turned to writing poetry, which some recent critics regard more highly than his novels. He is buried in *Westminster Abbey. Heart of Darkness, a short novel (1902) by Joseph Conrad. It tells the story of a seafarer, Marlow, who is sent to the interior of Africa in search of a "mad adventurer" named Kurtz. The book's title refers both to the location of the story and to the evil and darkness in people's hearts. Henley, William Ernest (1849-1903), an English man of letters. He collaborated with Robert Louis Stevenson on three plays and wrote several volumes of poetry. Epitomized in his most famous poem, I noictus (1900), is Henley'S characteristic admiration for courageous, active and joyful acceptance of life's difficulties. "He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches", a phrase from Maxims for Revolutionists by George Bernard Shaw. Holmes, Sherlock see Sherlock Holmes.
78

"Home is the sailor, home from sea, and the hunter home from the hill", lines from a poem Requiem by R. L. Stevenson,
composed for engraving on a tombstone. The Hound of the Baekeroilles, astory(1902) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in which the detective Sherlock Holmes tries to find out who is responsible for killings that appear to have been done by a large, fierce dog. Humpty Dumpty, a character shaped like an egg in an old nursery rhyme:
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the King's horses and all the King's men Couldn't put Humpty together again.

Inoictue, a popular poem (1900) by William Ernest Henley. "Invictus" is Latin for "unconquered". The speaker in the poem
proclaims his strength in the face of adversity:
My head is bloody, but unbowed ... I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul.

"It is a far better thing that I do, than 1have ever done", a sentence from the end of A Tale of Two Cities by Ch. Dickens. The
character who says this is about to die in place of another man. 141t as the best of times, it was the worst 01 times", the w first sentence of A Tale of Two Cities by Ch. Dickens, referring to the time of the French Revolution. Jerome, Jerome K. (1859-1927), an English writer, the author of humorous books, such as Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow and his most famous Three Men in a Boat (both 1889). Jude the Obscure, a novel (1895) by Thomas Hardy. It deals with the tragic career of a humble stonecutter whose ambition to acquire an education is frustrated by a cold reception at Oxford, and whose personal life is shipwrecked by the selfishness of two women. This was the last novel written by Hardy. According to one of the critics, Jude the Obscure will live, because "it is the truest thing that Hardy ever wrote" .
79

The Jungle Book, each of the two books (1894, 1895) of stories by Rudyard Kipling about a young boy called Mowgli who was brought up in the jungle by animals, such as the wolves, Baloo the bear and Baghera the panther. These are the finest animal stories ever written. They were made into a successful cartoon film by W al t Disney. Kidnapped, an adventure story for children (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson about the kidnapping of a boy, David, who has seen a man being killed. He has to travel across the Highlands of Scotland to escape. It is in manyways Stevenson's finest work, and has authentic Scottish atmosphere. Kipling, Rudyard (1865-1936), an English poet, shortstory writer and novelist. He was born in India, where several of his books are set (e. g. The Jungle Book, Kim and many of the poems in Barrack-Room Ballads). He wrote in a wide range of forms, in verse and in prose, for children and adults, and a particular theme of his was the details of people's working lives. Among his famous works are Plain Tales from the Hills (1888), Barrack-Room Ballads (1892), two Jungle Books (1894, 1895), Kim (1901), Just So Stories [or Children (1902), Puck of Pook's Hill (1906). Today it is his sometimes enigmatic short stories that are most highly regarded. He was the first English writer to be awarded the Nobel prize for literature ill 1907. Lear, Edward (1812-88), an English humorist and artist, noted for his illustrated nonsense poems (Book of Nonsense, 1846) and some of the best limericks ever written, including this one:
There was an old man with a beard, Who said, "It is just as I feared! Two owls and 8 hen, Four larks and a wren Have all buil t their nests in my beard!"

"lest we forget", a phrase from R. Kipling's poetry which is often written on British monuments to people killed in the First and Second World Wars, or on wreaths put on such monuments, e. g. on Remembrance Day. limerick, a short poem, usu. about something funny or improbable. It is always five lines long and has a characteristic 80

rhyming scheme: the first and second lines rhyme with the fifth line, and the shorter third line rhymes with the shorter fourth.
There was a young man from Kew Who found a dead mouse in his stew. Said the waiter, "Don't shout Or wave it abou t, Or the rest will be wanting it tool"

The name "limerick" allegedly comes from Limerick, a town in Ireland, said to back the social gatherings where the group sang "Will you come up to Limerick?" after each set of verses, ex temporized in turn by the members of the party. Limericks have been popular since the end of the 19th cen tury, and in modern times have often been indecen t or vulgar. Little Dorrit, a novel by Charles Dickens, written in 1857. It is a rather sentimental story about a young woman Amy (Little Dorrit) and her love for her father and then for her future husband. Long John Silver, a famous character from Treasure Island. Long John Silver is a cruel and frightening pirate who has a wooden leg and a parrot which sits on his shoulder. Lord Jim, a novel (1900) by Joseph Conrad about a ship's officer who leaves his ship thinking that it is about to sink, and spends the rest of his life trying to make up for this dishonorable action. the Mad Hatter, a character in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Alice goes to the Mad Hatter's tea party where nobody eats or drinks anything, the Mad Hatter and the March Hare talk nonsense and the Dormouse keeps falling asleep. Mansfield, Katherine (1888-1923), an English writer born in New Zealand who lived in England. She is well-known esp. for her short stories. Her stories such as those in Bliss and Other Stories (1920), The Garden Party (1922) and The Aloe (1930) are full of in tensi ty and poetic feeling. the March Hare, a character in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. He is a mad hare who talks nonsense. The Mayor of Casterbridg e, a novel (1886) by Thomas Hardy describing the rise and fall of a farm worker who becomes Mayor of a town called Casterbridge but dies a poor and ruined man.
81

"Casterbridge" is Hardy's name for the old Dorsetshire town of Dorchester where Michael Henchard, hero of this story, rises to the position of mayor. The novel opens with a striking incident in which Henchard sells his wife, and ends with his poignant and tragic death. Meredith, George (1828-1909), an English novelist and poet. His works, notable for their social satire and analysis of character include the novels Beauchamp's Career (1876) and The Egoist (1879), and the long tragic poem Madem Love (1862). Though he was much praised in his lifetime, his difficult style of writing has caused his reputation to suffer. The Mill on the Flo88, a largely autobiographical novel (1860) by George Eliot in which the main characters, Tom and Maggie Tulliver, represent the author and her brother, Isaac. Mowgli, a character in The Jungle Book by R. Kipling, who is lost in the jungle as a small child and is cared for and taught by the animals in the jungle, esp. the wolves. Oliver Twist, a novel by Charles Dickens which appeared in monthly parts in 1837-39. It is a story of a poor boy brought up in the workhouse. The most famous scene in the book is when Oliver holds out his bowl and asks for more porridge ("Please, sir, I want some more") because he is still hungry, for which he is punished. He escapes and is taken in by Fagin, a thief who has a group of young boys, led by Artful Dodger, who steal for him. Oliver will not steal, but he is forced by Bill Sikes, a cruel thief, to help him get into a house. Finally Sikes is killed, Fagin is caught and Oliver is eventually taken into a wealthy household and brought up by a good man, Mr Brownlow.
t t

The musical Oliver! is based on this story.

penny dreadful BrE. a book about exciting adventures or violent crime, originally costing one penny t of a type that was common in the 19th century. Figuratively, a cheap, often lurid or sensational book or magazine. The Pickwick Papers, a book written in 1837-39 by Charles Dickens about the members of the Pickwick Cluba club founded by Samuel Pickwick. Its members were Pickwick himself, Tracy Tupman, Augustus Snodgrass, and Nathaniel Winkle. The book is full of funny stories and hilarious jokes. 82

The Picture of Dorian Gray, a novel (1891) by Oscar Wilde about a young attractive man who keeps his portrait in a room at the top of his house. As the man gets older, he becomes an evil and immoral person, but his face does not change with age. Instead, his picture changes to show how old, ugly and vicious he has become. Pygmalion, a play by G. B. Shaw; see Chapter II. Ratty, a character in The Wind in the Willows, a children's story by Kenneth Grahame. He is a water rat, known esp. for his enjoyment of "messing about in boats". The Revi8ed Ver8ion, a British revision of the Authorized Version of the Bible printed in 1881 and 1885. Rossetti, Christina Georgina (1830-94), an English poetess, sister of the famous painter Dante Gabriel *Rossetti. Her poetry shows her religious faith and a romantic melancholy (Goblin Market and Other Poems, 1862; The Prince's Progress. 1866; Verses, 1893). She also wrote poems for children (SingSong, 1872). Scrooge, Ebenezer, the central character in Charles Dickens' story A Christmas Carol, who is very mean and thinks that Christmas is a waste of time and money.
The name "Scrooge" is now used to describe a very miserly person.

Sewell, Anna (1820-78), an English writer known for her children's book Black Beauty (1877), about a horse. Shaw, George Bernard (1856-1950), an Irish playwright and critic, he spent most of his career in England. After writing several unsuccessful novels (best of them Cashel Byron's Profession, 1886), he turned to theatre, producing over 50 plays. The first ones were often concerned with social reform: in Widower's Houses (1892) he attacked slum landlords, in Philanderer (1893) he wrote about the "new woman" and Mrs Warren's Profession (1893) is a study of prostitution (the play was even suppressed). Later plays present satire in lighter vein: The Deuil's Disciple (1901), John Bull's Other Island (1900) and Pygmalion (1916) which caused a minor sensation by introducing in its dialogue the expletive "bloody". Among Shaw's best-known plays are also Heartbreak House (191 7) - a satire on English society and Saint Joan (1924) - a study of the Maid of Orleans, his greatest box-office success.
83

All his plays are distinguished by Shaw's own argumentative wit. He was known for his outspokenness and barbed humour. Shaw campaigned for many causes, esp. socialism, feminism and spelling reform. He also wrote important works on music, and was a champion of the work of Wagner. He received the Nobel prize for literature in 1925. Shaw's Comer, a 19th century house in the village of Ayot St. Lawrence, Hertfordshire, where the dramatist George Bernard Shaw lived for 44 years, until his death in 1950. The house is now owned by the National Trust, and is open to the public. Sherlock Holmes, a fictional English private detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Using his acute intelligence and power of observation and deduction, he solved (with his friend Dr Watson) cases which mystified the police. He is usu. pictured wearing a cape and deerstalker hat, and smoking a curved pipe. The Sherlock Holmes stories are still immensely popular and have been filmed many times. Figuratively, any shrewd detective can be called Sherlock Holmes, or simply Sherlock.
Apopular pub in central London, containing a reconstruction of Holmes' fictional residence in Baker Street. is named after Sherlock Holmes.

Silas Marner, a novel (1861) by George Eliot, perhaps the most

artistically constructed of her books. The author shows how the misanthropic weaver, Silas, is drawn back into human relationships through a child's love. After having been unjustly accused of theft, Silas becomes an embittered miser, living in solitude. Utterly bereft when his treasured earnings are stolen, he finds new meaning in life after adopting a motherless little girl, Eppie. Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850-94), a Scottish writer. Besides his famous adventure stories Treasure Island (1882), Black Arrow (1888) and Kidnapped (1886), and his poetry for children A Child's Garden of Verses (1885), he wrote more serious psychological works like The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886). He travelled widely, recording his experiences in works such as Travels with a Donkey (1879). Stevenson spent the last few years of his life as a planter and storyteller on Samoa in the Pacific Ocean. Stoker, Bram (born Abraham Stoker) (1847-1912), an Irish novelist. His most famous work is Dracula (1897), which
84

is considered one of the best horror tales ever written. It has undergone many adaptations, esp. in the cinema. T he Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and M r Hyde, a novel (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson about the good Dr Jekyll, whose well-intentioned experiments on himself periodically turn him into the cruel and sadistic Mr Hyde. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde provide a classic example of split personality. In addition, the two characters often serve as symbols of the good and evil sides of a single personality. Swinburne, Algernon Charles (1837-1909), an English poet and critic. His best work is Poems and Ballads (1866, 1878 and 1889). Swinburne's poetry is marked by its musical qualities. He had great technical skill, but many found his anti-religious outlook and the masochistic sexual content of his work scandalous. As a critic he stimulated interest in *Blake and the *Brontes. Tennyson, Alfred, Lord (1809-92), an English poet, very popular in his own time; he was poet laureate of Britain for over forty years. His best-known works are verse narratives, mainly on themes from ancient and medieval mythology, "e. g. The Lady of Shalott (1832), The Lotos-Eaters (1832), Morte d'Arthur (1842), Idylls of the King (1859). But he also wrote poems on topical themes, e. g. The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854). All his poetry is characterized by richness and musicality of language. He achieved full recognition as a great poet in 1842 when Poems in two volumes were published. They included Locksley Hall and Ulysses. In 1847 The Princess appeared containing lyrics such as The Splendour Falls and Tears, Idle Tears. His great elegiac poem In Memoriam was published in 1850. In the period 1875-91 Tennyson wrote a series of dramas bu t they did not achieve permanent success. He was made *poet laureate in 1850. Buried in *Westminster Abbey. Tess olthe D'Urbervilles(full title Tess of the D'UrberviUes: a Pure Woman), a novel (1891) by Thomas Hardy. It is set in Wessex, like Hardy's other books and describes country life as well as the sad story of 8 young woman, Tess. Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811-63), an English novelist, who ranks as one of the greatest of English novelists.
85

Since 1837 he wrote for Fraser' s Magazine where his works first appeared: The Great Hoggarty Diamond, Catherine and Barry Lyndon. He also contributed to *Punch - The Book of Snobs and J eame' 8 Diary. The turning point of his career was the publication in monthly numbers of Vanity Fair(184 7-48). This brilliant work gave him at once a place beside Fielding at the head of English novelists. Largely autobiographical Pendenuis followed in 1849. Then Henry Esmond, his masterpiece appeared in 1852, The Newcomers in 1853, Two Virginians in 1857. He also wrote a series of essays The

Roundabout Papers (1860-63).

Thackeray for some years produced Christmas books of which the best was The Rose and the Ring(1855). He was master of a style of great distinction and individuality. Three Men in a Boat, a famous book written in 1889 by Jerome K. Jerome, about three men and a dog who row up the Thames on holiday. Through the Looking Glass, the sequel (1871) to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by L. Carroll. In it, Alice passes through a mirror over a fireplace and finds herself once more in an enchanted land, where she meets Tweedledum and Tweedledee, the White Knight, Humpty Dumpty and other amazing creatures. Tom Brown's Schooldays, a book (1857) which described life in a 19th-century English boys' private school. The book describes much bullying of younger boys by older boys. The story shows the growth of young Tom from a somewhat irresponsible boy to a-morally strong youth. The idealized portrai t of headmaster Dr Arnold is 111s6 memorable. Treasure Island, a novel (1882) by Robert· Louis Stevenson about a young boy, Jim Hawkins, who joins with two men in hiring a ship to search for buried treasure.-Among the ship's crew are the pirate Long John Silver and his men, who are after the treasure for themselves. With considerable-luck, and the aid of his friends, Jim foils their plans-and gains the treasure .. · The novel is recognized as one of the finest-adventure storiee for boys ever written. Trollope, Anthony (1815-82), a British novelist. Trollopeis best known for two groups of novels: one set in the imaginary
86

ty of Barchestershire and telling of the lives of the local gentry, clergy, etc. (e. g. The Warden (1855), Barchester Towers (1857), Doctor Thorne (1858); and the other dealing with the social and political world of London, e. g. Phineas Finn (1869), The Eustace Diamonds (1873), The Prime Minister (1876), often known as the "Palliser" novels. He was an employee of the Post Office, and invented the pillar box. Tweedledum and Tweedledee, two fictional characters from the book Through the Looking Glass by L. Carroll. They are pictured as fat twins who are identical in speech, attitude and appearance.
COUll

Figuratively, any two people or positions that have no real differences are said to be "like Tweedledum and Tweedledee".

Uriah Heep, a wicked character in David Copperfield by Dickens who pretends to be very willing to do everything his master wishes, but in reality controls him and cheats him. He is known esp. for saying repeatedly that he is "so very "umble" (humble). Vanity Fair, a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, which appeared in monthly parts (1847-48). It is a novel of English society in the early years of the 19th century, which satirizes the pretensions of upper-middle classes. It is generally considered one of the best of all English novels. The central character Becky Sharp is a friendless girl, "with the dismal precocity of poverty", whose object is to rise in the world. She is agreeable, cool, selfish and entirely immoral. Becky Sharp is probably Thackeray's greatest creation.
The name of the novel comes from the name of a place in the allegory =Ptigrtm'« Progress (1678) by John *Bunyan. Used figuratively it means the social life of a place or of the world, regarded as lacking seriousness and moral worth.

The War of the Worlds, a book (1898) by H. G. Wells, one of

the first great works of science fiction. In 1938 a US radio broadcast of the play, based on the book, frightened many people, who thought that the events described on the radio were real. Wells, Herbert George (1866-1946), an English novelist, much concerned with social and political reform. He achieved early popularity with science fiction stories such as The Time Machine (1895), The Invisible Man (1897) and The War of the Worlds (1898). No writer (except Jules Verne) has ever succeeded in making his scientific romances so
87

convincing and in many respects so accurate in the light of later scientific progress. Later he produced in his novels true and effective studies of lower middle-class life. Kipps, the Story of a Simple Soul (1905) has been called the first modern novel. Such novels as Love and Mr Lauisham (1900), The History of Mr Polly (1910), The Passionate Friends (1913) and Bealby (1915) have a wealth of human interest and a happy sense of humour. In his final period he became a pure political and sociological writer. The most popular of all his books was Outline of History (1920); it was followed by The Science of Life (1929) and The Work. Wealth, and Happiness of Mankind (1932). He was the most widely read and influential British writer of his time and was recognized as one of the greatest minds of the century. "the white man's burden", the duty that white people believed in the past that they had to manage the affairs of less developed peoples. The expression comes from a poem by Rudyard Kipling, and was used esp. in the 19th century. the White Rabbit, a character from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by L. Carroll. He keeps looking at his watch because he is late, and disappearing down rabbit holes. Wilde, Oscar (1854-1900), an Irish-born author who spent most of his career ill England. His works include poems, one novel, several plays, a collection of stories. While studying at Oxford he formulated his philosophy of "Art for art's sake" and became the leader of the so-called "aesthetic cult" . A volume of his poems was published in 1881. In 1888 he published The Happy Prince, a book of children's fairy tales with an occasional undercurrent of satire. His novel The Picture of Dorian Gray appeared in 1891. His plays - Lady Windermere's Fan (1892),A Woman of No Importance (1893), The Ideal Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) are noted for their brilliantly witty dialogues and also their sharp social observation. Wilde himself was famous for his flamboyant lifestyle. Many of the clever and fUIUlY things he said in conversations are still famous. Wilde was convicted of homosexual activity and spent two years in prison. The Ballad of Reading Goal (1898) is based on his experiences there. After his release he went to live in France under an assumed name and soon died.
88

The Wind in the Willows, a popular children's story (1908) by Kenneth Grahame, whose characters are all animals who live on the river bank. The main characters are Mole, Ratty, Toad, and Badger. Exercises
Ex. 1. a) Match the title of the book with the name of its author:

Jane Austen Emily Bronte Charles Dickens Thomas Hardy

Far From the Madding Crowd Oliver Twist Pride and Prejudice Wuthering Heights

b) With what parts of Britain is each novelist linked? Why? c) Make a list of your country's most famous novelists. Do they write about the country or the city? Imaginary towns or real towns? Rich people or poor people? Ex. 2. Match the title of the book with the name of its author:
Barchester Chronicles The Charge of the Light Brigade The Pied Piper of Hamelin Poems and Ballads Gunga Din Vanity Fair Sonnets from the Portuguese A Christmas Carol The Jungle Book The Mayor of Casterbridge Inuictue Jane Eyre David Copperfield Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Great Expectations The Picture of Dorian Gray Oliver Twist Wuthering Heights The Strange Case of Dr JekyU and MrHyde Adam Bede Pygmalion Treasure Island The lVarof the Worlds Dracula The Hound of the Baskerutlles

Robert Browning Elizabeth Browning Rudyard Kipling William E. Henley Bram Stoker Alfred Tennyson A. C. Swinburne W. M. Thackeray Charles Dickens George Eliot Charlotte Bronte George Bernard Shaw Emily Bronte Thomas Hardy Arthur Conan Doyle Anthony Trollope Robert L. Stevenson H. G. Wells Lewis Carroll Oscar Wilde
89

Ex. 3. Match the name of the character with the title of the book:
White Rabbit Mawgli Sherlock Holmes Becky Sharp March Hare Scrooge
Bob Cratchit

Cheshire cat Fagin Henry Higgins Pip Tweedledum and Tweedledee King Arthur Tiny Tim Dr Watson Oliver Uriah Heep Edwnrd Murdstone Samuel Pickwick Long John Silver Jane Clara Peggoty Edward Rochester Wilkins Micawber Dr Jekyll

Idylls of the King The Jungle Book A Christmas Carol Jane Eyre Oliver Twist The Pickwick Papers Pygmalion Vanity Fair David Copperfield Great Expectations A Study in Scarlet Treasure Island The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and MrHyde Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking Glass The Sign of the Four

Ex. 4. Match the phrase with the name of the author who first used it:
"God's in his heaven - all's right with the world." "East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet. "You're better man than I am, Gunga Din." "A man's reach should exceed his grasp." "I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul." "Please, sir, I want some more." "I'm a very 'umble person." "It is a far better thing that I do, than I have ever done," "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times." "Fifteen men on the dead man's chestyo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum," "Home is the sailor, home from sea, and the hunter home from the hlll." "Off with her head! Ofr with her head!" "Elementary, my dear Watson,"
It

Rudyard Kipling William E. Henley Charles Dickens Lewis Carroll Robert L. Stevenson Robert Browning Arthur Conan Doyle

90

Ex. 5. Answer these questions:

1. Why do they call the second half of the nineteenth century the "Victorian period"? 2. What are the most famous poems of Lord Alfred Tennyson? 3. What does "The Charge of the Light Brigade" celebrate? 4. What well-known lines does the poem contain? 5. What poem is Robert Browning famous for? 6. What phrases from his poetry have come into the English language? 7. What is Elizabeth Browning famous for? 8. What is the title of Swinburne's book of poetry? 9. Why is Rudyard Kipling so popular with children? 10. What are his contributions to the phraseology of the English language? 11. What is the most famous poem of William E. Henley? 12. What is the meaning of its title? 13. Do you know any of the limericks? 14. Who wrote some of the best-known limericks? 15. Why might the Victorian age be better described as one of the prose? 16. Who were the most famous novelists? 17. What books by William M. Thackeray do you know? 18. Who is the leading character of Vanity Fair? 19. What kind of a woman was she? 20. Can you mention some of the novels by Charles Dickens? 21. What is the plot of A Christmas Carol? 22. Why do they say that David Copperfield is largely a story of Dickens' own-life? 23~ What makes a young boy, Pip, in the novel Great Expectations abandon his true friends? 24. What makes Oliver Twist a very popular-novel even now? Compare the book with the musical of the same title. 25. Can you· give the names of some of the- characters from Charles Dickens' works that are well-known all over the world? 2.6. What are his contributions to the portrait gallery of the English literature and to the phraseology of the English language?
91

27. What are the Bronte sisters associated with? 28. George Eliot is the nom de plum e of a woman writer, isn't it? 29. What are the most famous of her works? 30. What does Anthony Trollope describe in his books? 31. What makes Thomas Hardy a widely read writer even nowadays? 32. What is the most famous of Robert Louis Stevenson's books? 33. Why is Alice's Adventures in Wonderland so popular with children as well as with adults? 34. Could you describe some of the characters from the book? 35. Who was the most famous writer of science fiction at the turn of the century? 36. Dracula is a horror story, isn't it? Who wrote it? 37. What makes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle the most famous of detective story writers? 38. Why do people believe that Sherlock Holmes is a real person and still send letters to his Baker Street address where he supposedly lived? 39. Do you think that Dr Watson represents the author himself? 40. Who were the leading dramatists of the Victorian period? 41. What are the most famous of the plays written by Bernard Shaw? 42. What play is the musical My Fair Lady based on? 43. What makes Oscar Wilde so popular in this country?
Ex. 6. Explain the following words and phrases:

Victorian poetry and prose Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die the Pied Piper of Hamelin God's in his heaven - all's right with the world. a man's reach should exceed his grasp East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet. the female of the species is more deadly than the male I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul limerick Vanity Fair Oliver (who "asked for more") gamp
92

Fagin Uriah Heep in the Pickwickian sense Scrooge God bless us every one It is a far better thing that I do, than I have ever done. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde smiling like a Cheshire cat Tweedledum and Tweedledee Elementary, my dear Watson. Sherlock Holmes Pygmalion Dorian Gray
Ex. 7. Try to guess the allusive meaning of the following words and phrases:

a men's reach should exceed his grasp How I love thee? Let me count the ways. I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul. Christmas? Bah, humbug! in a Pickwickian sense Scrooge Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Dracula Sherlock Holmes Elementary, my dear Watson. Dorian Gray
Ex. 8. Topics for discussion:

1. Victorian poetry. 2. Victorian novelists. 3. Charles Dickens, his novels and characters. 4. Drama: B. Shaw, O. Wilde. 5. Alice's Wonderland. 6. Books of adventure and science fiction. 7. Sherlock Holmes: a character that has come into life as a real person.

93

11. LITERATURE OF THE 20TH CENTURY (BEFORE WORLD W AR II)

Cultural Literacy List
Barrie, J. M. Bennet, Arnold "The Bloomsbury Group" Blyton, Enid Brave New World Chesterton, G. K. Christie, Agatha Eliot, T. S. Galsworthy, John Greene, Graham HUton, James Huxley, Aldous Joyce, James Lawrence, D. H. Masefield, John Maugham, W. S. Milne, A. A. Never-Never Land O'Casey, Sean Peter Pan Priestley, J. B. Shangrt-La Snow, C. P. Wallace, Edgar The Waste Land Waugh, E. Winnie the Pooh Woolf, Virginia Yeats, W. B.

The anti-Victorian revolt which had begun well before the turn of the century became more assertive. There is a substantial example of it in John Galsworthy's novel The Man of Property. A cool appraisal of English society is noticeable in H. G. Wells' Tono-Bungau. Arnold Bennet's The Old Wiues' Tale is a triumph of fictional realism. During the First World War there were many good examples of poetry. A common theme of the poetry written by serving soldiers was a deep alienation between the fighting man and the civilian, the world of the trenches and the careless, comfortable life of England, only a few hours' journey away by boat and train. The Britain to which demobbed troops returned in 1918 and 1919 proved not to be the "Land fit for Heroes" promised by the wartime Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. Bennet, Galsworthy and Wells still enjoyed a large readership; in the 1920s they were denounced by Virginia Woolf for their materialism and lack of true insight into human life. The self-proclaimed apostle of new literary and moral freedoms, D. H. Lawrence proclaimed the novelist to be
94

superior to the saint or philosopher. Lawrence's new philosophy, like F'reudean psychology, was centered on the liberation of sexuality from inherited social repression. Some cri tics proclaimed the Irish novelist J ames Joyce "the best living prose writer" and his novel Ulysses "almost the finest thing that they have read"; yet it was published in Paris in 1922 in a limited edition, after the confiscation of the book in Great Britain and the United States, on pornographic grounds. The innovations of modernism touched the English theatrical mainstream in the twenty years between the two world wars only indirectly. Inter-war drama is represented by O'Casey, Coward and Priestley. J. B. Priestley, one of the most familiar and popular figures during the Second World War, established his reputation as a novelist with The Good Companions and Angel

Pavement.
The oddities, fads and fashions of inter-war upper-class England are nowhere better chartered than in P. G. Wodehouse's mockery of them. Auden, Wystan Hugh (1907-73), an English poet who wrote his most important poems in the 1930s. At Oxford he was the leading figure in a left-wing nearMarxist group, which responded to the public chaos of the 1930s. In 1939, Auden left Europe to settle in America, becoming a US citizen in 1946. Another Time (1940) contained many of his most famous poems. Later, his work became increasingly Christian in tone. He was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford in 1956. Auden's influence on later poets has been immense. He was a master of verse form, accommodating traditional patterns to fresh contemporary language. Barrie, Sir J(ames) M(athew) (1860-1937), a Scottish playwright and novelist. His novels, like The Little Minister (1891), combine sentimentality and gentle humour. His most famous play is Peter Pan (1904) (the story of a boy who refuses to grow up) the copyright of which Barrie gave to the Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital in London.
95

Beerbohm, Sir Max (1872-1956), an English critic, wit and caricaturist, whose works include Zuleiha Dobson (1911), a satire on Oxford undergraduates. He also published a number of books of caricatures. He was knighted in 1939. Belloc, Hilaire (1870-1953), an English poet, essayist and historian, born in France, noted particularly for his verse for children in The Bad Child's Book of Beasts (1896) and

Cautionary Tales (1907).

Bennet, Arnold (1867-1931), an English writer best known for his novels about the five pottery towns in the Midlands. Among his most famous works areAnna of Five Towns (1901), Claqhanger (1910) and his masterpiece The Old Wives' Tale (1908) in which he describes the life of working people in great detail and creates some remarkable characters. He was also an influential book critic and wrote a number of plays. Big Ears, a character in the Noddy children's stories by Enid Blyton. It is Noddy's best friend, who has large ears, a white beard, and looks like a *garden gnome. Biggles, a character in stories by Captain W. E. Johns. Biggles is a fighter pilot in the First World War, known for his flying skills, daring and abili ty to remain calm under enemy fire. He was very popular with British schoolboys for many years. the Bloomsbury Group, a group of writers, artists and intellectuals who met regularly as friends in Bloomsbury (a district of London) at the beginning of the 20th century (from about 1907 to 1930). They were noted for their radicalism and critical attitude to many aspects of contemporary society, notably morality, religion and aesthetics. The group included Leonard and Virginia Woolf, Clive and Vanessa Bell, Roger Fry, E. M. Forster, Lytton Strachey, Duncan Grant and John Maynard Keynes. Blyton, Enid (1897-1978), an English writer, author of over 600 children's books. Among her best-known works was the Noddy series, featuring the same characters such as Noddy and Big Ears, two puppet friends, and the Famous Five and Secret Seven. AIthough her wri ting has been cri ticized by some adults who thought it was sexist and racist, her books themsel ves remain as popular as ever among her young readers.
96

Brave New World, depicts the potential Humans are produced freedom of their own. The phrase is now society that is similar

a novel (1932) by Aldous Huxley that horrors of life in the 25th century. and controlled to serve society without used to describe any real or imaginary to this.

The title of the novel comes from aline in the play *The Tempest by William *Shakespeare.

Brazil, Angela (1868-1947), an English writer of stories about schoolgirl life. Brldeehead Revisited, a book by Evelyn Waugh, written in 1945, which was filmed in 1980. The story of a rich family in war-time, based in a large country house, suggested a pleasant idea of the past to many people in Britain. Brooke, Rupert (1887-1915), an English poet known for his romantic war poems including The Old Vicarage, Grant chester and The Great Lover (collection published in 1946). He fought in the First World War and died of bloodpoisoning on the Greek island of Skyros. Buchan, John (1875-1940), a Scottish statesman, historian and writer, best known for his popular adventure novels such as The Thirty-nine Steps (1915) and Greenmantle (1916). Bulldog Drummond, a character, Hugh "Bulldog" Drummond, in stories by Sapper (Herman McNeile, 18881937). He was an ugly but likeable British ex-army officer chasing Carl Peterson, an international criminal. Bunter Billy, the main character in children's stories by Frank Richards about a British public school. Bunter is a fat, stupid boy with glasses who loves eating and is.always getting into trouble. Captain Hook, an evil pirate character from the play Peter Pan by J. Barrie, Peter Pan's enemy. He has a metal hook instead of one of his hands. Captain Hook lost his hand in a fight with Peter Pan, and Peter Pall threw his hand into some water. It was eaten by a crocodile, who liked the taste so much that it then followed Captain Hook around trying to catch and eat the rest of him. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, a well-known children's story by Roald Dahl about a poor boy who wins the chance to tour a magical chocolate factory.
97

Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1874-1936), an English poet, novelist and essayist. His best-known stories are about Father Brown, a Roman Catholic priest who uses his clever mind to explain or find the answer to crimes (The Innocence of Father Brown, 1911). Christie, Dame Agatha (1890-1976), an English writer of detective stories, many of which have been made into films. She helped raise the detective story to a prominent place in literature. Her fiction is noted for its ingenious plots, sustained suspense, and for its ever-present congenial humour. Her most famous characters are the detectives Hercule Poirot and an elderly spinster Miss Marple. Two of her bestknown books are Murder on the Orient Express and Death on the Nile (1937). Agatha Christie's play *The Mousetrap. also a detective drama, has been running continuously in London since 1952. Besides being a detective writer, Agatha Christie has written six romantic novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott, several plays and a book of poems. She has also assisted her archaeologist husband Sir Max Mallowan on many expeditions to the Near East. Cold Comfort Farm, a humorous novel by Stella Gibbons about a lonely farm where the people are very strange and the life is very hard. Crompton, Richmal (1890-1969), an English writer. She wrote the famous series of children's books of which the first is Just William. Doctor Dolittle, a man in children's stories who gets on well with animals and can talk their language (created by Hugh Lofting). Du Maurier, Daphne (1907-89), an English novelist, her novels often have an element of melodrama. They include Jamaica Inn (1936), Rebecca (1938), Frenchman's Greek (1942), My Cousin Rachel (1951), and MaryAnn (1954). The Apple Tree (1952) is a collection of short stories. Eeyore, a character in the Winnie the Pooh children's stories by A. A. Milne. Eeyore is a donkey who is usually sad, feeling sorry for himself, and fearing the worst thing that could happen, but who is also lovable and funny. 98

Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1888-1965), a British poet and dramatist, born in the US. His poetry includes Pruf rock and Other Observations (1917), The Waste Land (1922), Ash Wednesday (1930) and Four Quartets (1944). Works like The Waste Land and Four Quartets express his disillusioned but deeply religious view of the world in a style that is moving and lyrical despite the plainness of his language. He also wrote several verse dramas (e. g. Murder in the Cathedral, 1935), and was an influential critic and publisher. T. S. Eliot was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1948. Fleming, Ian (1908-64), an English writer who wrote many books about the secret agent James Bond. Some of them have been made into successful films. Forester, Cecil Scott (1899-1966), a British writer bestknown for his stories about the Royal Navy in the days of sailing ships, esp. those about the character Captain Horatio Hornblower (first appeared in The Happy Return, 1937). Forster, Edward Morgan (1879-1970), an English novelist, short-story writer and critic who is best known for his novels Room With a View (1908), Howards End (1910) and A Passage to India (1924), in all of which he stresses the need for sincerity in human relationships and criticizes English middle-class values. Several of his novels have been made into films. Galsworthy, John (1867-1933), an English novelist and dramatist. His first collections of stories and two novels attracted little attention. In 1906 his novel The Man of Property appeared and his first play The Silver Box was presented. The novel was the first part of what was later entitled The Forsyte Saga which was made up of In Chancery (1920) and To Let (1921) with two additional interludes The Indian Summer of a Forsyte and Awakening (1920). They all deal with the same family, the Forsytes, and form a clever and intimate study of that upper-middle class which held a dominant position in the England of Victorian times but has been practically destroyed by two world wars and the establishment of the welfare state. Galsworthy depicted the faults as well as the virtues of his characters, who have been accepted as typical of the English moneyed class.
99

A second trilogy, dealing with a later generation of the same family, was entitled A Modern Comedy (1929). The last trilogy in one volume End of Chapter appeared in 1934. Some of his other novels - The Island of Pharisees (1904), The Dark Flower (1913), Saint's Progress (1919). Among Galsworthy's plays are Strife (1909), Justice (1910), The Skin Game (1920), Windows (1922) and Escape (1926). They have a restrained and simple dialogue which is effective because of the author's skilful artistry. Galsworthy was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1932. See also Chapter II. Goodbye, Mr Chips, a novel (1934) by James Hilton. It is the sentimental story of a gentle British schoolmaster, who thinks back over the essentially unexciting life. Hilton wrote the book in four days, and it became a best-seller when it was published (1934). It was later adapted into a successful play and motion picture. Greene, Graham (1904-91), an English novelist, one of the most powerful novelists of his time. Greene's works include more than twenty novels, collections of short stories and essays, plays and film scripts, travel books. Greene has always been a highly topical writer. The depression, international capital monopolies, war-scare, survivors from torpedoed ships, diamond-smuggling by neutrals, spy-scare, the Cold War, antiAmericanism - this list of headlines comes only from novels England Made Me (1935), The Heart of the M atter(1948) and

The Quiet American (1955).

His novels of different time periods (before the war, during the war and after the war) include The Man Within (1929), A Gun for Sale (1936), The Ministry of Fear (1943), The End of theAffair(1951), Our Man in Havana (1958), The Comedians (1966), The Honorary Consul (1973), Monsignor Quixote (1982), all being intensely concerned with psychology. Greene became a Catholic in 1926 and his characters are often involved in moral or religious conflicts, as in The Power and the Glory (1940). His best-known film script is The Third Man (1949). His plays include The Living Room (1953), The Complaisant Lover (1959) and some other. Among his travel books are Journey 100