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Physical and Data Link Layer Functions

The document summarizes key concepts related to physical and data link layer functions. It discusses topics like analog and digital signals, transmission impairments, line coding, multiplexing techniques, transmission media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optics, and wireless transmission. It also covers error detection methods, data link layer sublayers, and IEEE LAN standards.

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28 views20 pages

Physical and Data Link Layer Functions

The document summarizes key concepts related to physical and data link layer functions. It discusses topics like analog and digital signals, transmission impairments, line coding, multiplexing techniques, transmission media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optics, and wireless transmission. It also covers error detection methods, data link layer sublayers, and IEEE LAN standards.

Uploaded by

malhotradhrscribd
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physical and data link layer

functions
Physical layer
• Signals: Analog and Digital
• Analog: Time and frequency domain
• Composite signals, bandwidth
• Digital : Bit interval, bit rate: nyquist
• Shannon capacity theorem for digital signals
• Transmission impairments: attenuation,
distortion , noise
Digital transmission
• Line coding
• Block coding: synchronization
• Conversion from A to D:
• Sampling: nyquist rate
• Transmission mode: serial and parallel
• Serial : Synchronous and asynchronous(at byte
level)
• Over air transmission : ASK, FSK, QPSK and
QAM
Dividing a link into channels
Categories of multiplexing
Figure 6.6 Example 1
Prisms in WDM multiplexing and demultiplexing
TDM frames
DS hierarchy
Table 6.1 DS and T lines rates
Rate Voice
Service Line
(Mbps) Channels

DS-1 T-1 1.544 24

DS-2 T-2 6.312 96

DS-3 T-3 44.736 672

DS-4 T-4 274.176 4032


Transmission media and physical layer
Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media
Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

Category Bandwidth Data Rate Digital/Analog Use

1 very low < 100 kbps Analog Telephone

2 < 2 MHz 2 Mbps Analog/digital T-1 lines

3 16 MHz 10 Mbps Digital LANs

4 20 MHz 20 Mbps Digital LANs

5 100 MHz 100 Mbps Digital LANs

6 (draft) 200 MHz 200 Mbps Digital LANs

7 (draft) 600 MHz 600 Mbps Digital LANs


Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables

Category Impedance Use

RG-59 75 W Cable TV

RG-58 50 W Thin Ethernet

RG-11 50 W Thick Ethernet


Table 7.3 Fiber types

Type Core Cladding Mode

50/125 50 125 Multimode, graded-index

62.5/125 62.5 125 Multimode, graded-index

100/125 100 125 Multimode, graded-index

7/125 7 125 Single-mode


Unguided Media: Wireless

Radio Waves

Microwaves

Infrared
Position of the data-link layer
LLC and MAC sublayers
IEEE standards for LANs
Error detection and correction:
• Parity check
• 2 D Parity check
• CRC
• Checksum

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