®

SAP2000
Linear and Nonlinear
Static and Dynamic
Analysis and Design
of
Three-Dimensional Structures

INTRODUCTORY TUTORIAL

Computers and Structures, Inc. Version 11.0

Berkeley, California, USA October 2006
 Copyright

The computer program SAP2000 and all associated documentation are proprietary and
copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers and
Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use of the program or reproduction of the documentation in
any form, without prior written authorization from Computers and Structures, Inc., is
explicitly prohibited.

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers and Structures, Inc.

1995 University Avenue
Berkeley, California 94704 USA

Phone: (510) 845-2177

FAX: (510) 845-4096
e-mail: [email protected] (for general questions)
e-mail: [email protected] (for technical support questions)
web: www.csiberkeley.com

© Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2006.

The CSI Logo is a registered trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.
SAP2000 is a registered trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
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 DISCLAIMER

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF SAP2000. THE PROGRAM HAS
BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED. IN USING THE PROGRAM,
HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY
IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS
ON THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THE PROGRAM.

THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE

PROGRAM AND MUST INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS.
 Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction
Using This Manual 1-1
Overview of the Program 1-1
Using this Tutorial 1-2

Chapter 2 An Introductory Tutorial

The Project 2-2
The Interface 2-2
Step 1 Begin a New Model 2-3
Define a Material 2-6
Define an Auto Select Section List 2-7
Step 2 Add Frame Objects 2-11
Draw Frame Objects 2-11
Replicate Objects 2-13
Trim Objects 2-16
Assign Member End Releases 2-19
Save the Model 2-20

i
SAP2000

Step 3 Add Area Objects 2-21

Define the Area Sections 2-21
Draw the Area Object 2-22
Mesh the Area Object 2-24
Step 4 Add Restraints 2-26
Step 5 Define Load Cases 2-27
Step 6 Assign Gravity Loads 2-29
Step 7 Assign Area Stiffness Modifiers 2-31
Step 8 Run the Analysis 2-32
Step 9 Graphically Review the Analysis
Results 2-34
Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects 2-38

ii
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Using this Manual

This manual introduces you to SAP2000 Version 11. The step-by-step
instructions guide you through development of your first model. The in-
tent is to demonstrate the fundamentals and to show how quickly and
easily a model can be created using the program. Completing the tutorial
will give you hands-on experience working with SAP2000, which for
most people is the quickest way to become familiar with the program.

If you are viewing this manual as a .pdf file, we strongly recommend that
you print it before starting the tutorial. It will not be practical to use the
SAP2000 program while trying to read this manual on your computer
screen.

Overview of the Program

SAP2000 is a stand-alone finite-element-based structural program for the
analysis and design of civil structures. It offers an intuitive, yet powerful

Using this Manual 1-1

SAP2000

user interface with many tools to aid in the quick and accurate construc-
tion of models, along with the sophisticated analytical techniques needed
to do the most complex projects.

SAP2000 is object based, meaning that the models are created using
members that represent the physical reality. A beam with multiple mem-
bers framing into it is created as a single object, just as it exists in the
real world, and the meshing needed to ensure that connectivity exists
with the other members is handled internally by the program. Results for
analysis and design are reported for the overall object, and not for each
sub-element that makes up the object, providing information that is both
easier to interpret and more consistent with the physical structure.

Overview of the Tutorial

SAP2000 is an extremely versatile and powerful program, with many
features and functions. This tutorial does not attempt to cover all of those
capabilities. Rather, we briefly show how to work with the program, pro-
viding some commentary along the way. To more fully grasp the value
of SAP2000, use this introductory tutorial in conjunction with the
SAP2000 documentation, including the Verification manual.

We recommend that you perform each step of the tutorial as you read the
manual. Therefore, the program should be installed on your computer be-
fore you begin. Prepare to spend at least one hour going through the ex-
ample. If at any time you need to stop, save your model so that you may
continue at a later time.

During the course of the tutorial, we will explore many of the basic fea-
tures of SAP2000. We hope that you enjoy and find this approach helpful
as a starting point in your use of this powerful and comprehensive ver-
sion of SAP2000.

Welcome to SAP2000.

1-2 Overview of the Tutorial

 Chapter 2

An Introductory Tutorial
This chapter provides step-by-step instructions for building a basic
SAP2000 model. Each step of the model creation process is identified,
and various model construction techniques are introduced. At the com-
pletion of this chapter, you will have built the model shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
The Tutorial
Model

2-1
SAP2000

The Project
The tutorial project is a five panel, sloped truss bridge. The bridge spans
60 feet, and both the width and height of the panels are 12 feet. The sup-
ports are rollers at one end, and pins at the other.

The trusses and cross members are to be constructed of 2L4X4s, while

the deck will be a concrete slab 5 inches thick. The bridge will be ana-
lyzed for static loads only, and the deck will be loaded with a Dead Load
= 10 pounds per square foot (psf) and a Live Load = 100 psf.

The Interface
The top menu line contains all of the commands and options available to
SAP2000, including Define, Draw, Select, Assign, Analyze, Display and
Design. These listed menus contain the commands that will be needed
most often when using SAP2000, and many of the most frequently used
commands are accessible as a single click button in the screen regions
surrounding the drawing areas. The availability of a button is indicated
in the main menus by the existence of an icon to the left of the command.
The lower right corner shows the current unit selection. Figure 2 shows
the layout of the interface.

Figure 2 Menu Line

The Interface

Units

2-2 The Project

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Step 1 Begin a New Model

In this Step, the basic grid that will serve as a template for developing the
model will be defined. Then a material will be defined and a list of dou-
ble angle sections will be selected for the truss Auto Select Section list.

A. Click the File menu > New Model command or the New Model but-
ton . The form shown in Figure 3 will display. Verify that the de-
fault units are set to Kip-in.

Figure 3
New
Model
form

B. The New Model form allows for the quick generation of numerous
model types using parametric generation techniques. However, in
this tutorial the model will be started using only the grid generation.
When laying out the grid, it is important that the geometry defined
accurately represents the major geometrical aspects of the model, so
it is advisable to spend time carefully planning the number and spac-

Step 1 Begin a New Model 2-3

SAP2000

ing of the grid lines. Select the Grid Only button, and the form
shown in Figure 4 will display.

Figure 4
Quick Grid Lines
form

C. The Quick Grid Lines form is used to specify the grids and spacing
in the X, Y and Z directions. Set the number of grid lines to 11 for
the X direction, and to 2 for the Y and Z directions. Type 6 ft (in-
cluding the ft) into the X direction spacing edit box and press the En-
ter key on your keyboard. Note that the program automatically con-
verts the 6 ft to 72 to be consistent with the default units of inches.
Enter 12 ft or 144 for both the Y and Z direction spacing. The val-
ues specified in the First Grid Line Location area locate the origin of
the grid lines – make sure that these values are all set to zero for this
tutorial.

2-4 Step 1 Begin a New Model

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Display Title Bar (active) Model Status

Global Axes

Figure 5
The SAP2000 windows

D. Click the OK button to accept the changes, and the program will ap-
pear as shown in Figure 5. Note that the grids appear in two view
windows tiled vertically, an X-Y “Plan” View on the left and a 3-D
View on the right. The number of view windows may be changed
using the Options menu > Windows command.

The “Plan” view is active in Figure 5. When the window is active,

the display title bar is highlighted. Set a view active by clicking
anywhere in the view window.

Directly under the display title bar is an indicator showing the model
status. This indicator will display either “Object Model” or “Analysis
Model” – objects represent physical members and are typically what

Step 1 Begin a New Model 2-5

SAP2000

the user draws in SAP2000, while the analysis model shows the ele-
ments that are generated by meshing those objects.

Note that the Global Axes are displayed as well, and that the Z posi-
tive is in the “up” direction. When SAP2000 refers to the direction of
gravity, this is in the negative Z direction, or “down.”

E. To make viewing our model easier, we will reduce the size of the
grid bubbles. Click the Define menu > Coordinate Systems/Grids
command. The Coordinate/Grid Systems form will display.

1. Make sure that the Systems item on the Coordinate/Grid Systems

form has Global highlighted and click the Modify/Show System
button. The Define Grid Data form will appear.

2. Type 36 into the Bubble Size edit box.

3. Click the OK buttons to close the Define Grid Data and Coordi-
nate/Grid Systems forms.

Define a Material
Two default material properties are predefined; one for concrete and one
for steel. A third material property will be added for the double angle
sections. Varying levels of sophistication may be used to define the ma-
terials, including inputting advanced nonlinear stress-strain curve data.
For this tutorial, the “Quick” material definition option will be used.

A. Click the Define menu > Materials command to display the Define
Materials form shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6
Define Materials
form

2-6 Step 1 Begin a New Model

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

B. Click the Add New Material Quick button to display the Quick Ma-
terial Definition form shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7
Quick Material
Definition form

C. The Quick Material Definition form allows for the rapid selection of
material types from predefined standards. Select Steel from the Ma-
terial Type drop-down list.

D. Select ASTM A36 from the Specification drop-down list; the program
has all of the properties needed for this material type already defined.

E. Click the OK buttons to close the Quick Material Definition and De-
fine Materials forms.

Define an Auto Select Section List

An auto select section list is simply a list of sections. Auto select section
lists are assigned to frame objects in the same manner as an individual
section property. When an auto select section list is assigned to a frame
object, the program can automatically select the most economical, ade-
quate section from the list when designing the member. When perform-
ing the initial analysis, the program will assign the median section from
the list for the analysis properties.

For this particular tutorial, the program will analyze and design from a
set of double angles (2L4X4s), which will be chosen from an auto select
sections list created now.

Step 1 Begin a New Model 2-7

SAP2000

A. Click the Define menu > Frame Sections command, which will dis-
play the Frame Properties form shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8
The Frame
Properties
form

B. Click the Import New Property button, which will display the Im-
port Frame Section Property form shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9
Import Frame
Section
Property form

2-8 Step 1 Begin a New Model

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

C. Verify that Steel is showing in the Frame Section Property Type

drop-down list and then in the Click to Import a Steel Section area of
the Import Frame Section Property form, click the Double Angle
button, which will open the Section Property File form.

D. Use the Section Property File form to locate the SECTIONS8.PRO

file, which contains the properties of the double angles to be used in
the model. The SECTIONS8.PRO file likely will be stored with the
program files for SAP2000. Highlight the file name and click the
Open button. The Sections8.pro sections list form shown in Figure
10 displays.

E. Select A36 from the Material drop-down list – this is the material
property defined in the previous section. Clicking on the + button
will display the Define Materials form where material properties may
be altered or added.

F. Scroll down the list of double angles in the Select Sections to Import
area until you find the first 2L4X4. Click once on that member to
highlight it.

Figure 10
Sections8.pro
sections
list

Step 1 Begin a New Model 2-9

SAP2000

G. Scroll further down the list until you find the last 2L4X4. Hold down
the Shift key on your keyboard and click once on the last
2L4X4X7/16X3/8; all of the 2L4X4s should now be highlighted.

H. Click the OK button, and then click the OK button in the Double
Angle Section form to add the angles selected to the list in the Prop-
erties area on the Frame Properties form.

I. Click the Add New Property button in the Click to area of the
Frame Properties form and the Add Frame Section Property form
will display.

J. In the Frame Section Property Type drop-down list, select Steel.

K. Click the Auto Select List button to display the Auto Selection Sec-
tions form shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11
Auto
Selection
Sections
form

2 - 10 Step 1 Begin a New Model

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

L. Type TRUSS in the Auto Section Name edit box.

M. Locate the 2L4X4X1/2 double angle under the List of Sections, and
click once to highlight it.

N. Continue down the list until you find the last double angle,
2L4X4X7/16X3/8, and while holding down the shift key on the key-
board, click once on this section. All of the 2L4X4s should now be
highlighted.

O. Click the Add button to move the selected list to the Auto Selections
edit box on the right side of the form.

P. Click the OK button and then click the OK button on the Frame
Properties form to accept your changes and add the TRUSS auto se-
lect list to the Properties list.

Step 2 Add Frame Objects

In this Step, Frame objects with the associated TRUSS sections list are
drawn using the grids and snap-to options, and generated using Edit
menu commands.

Draw Frame Objects

Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=144 view is active (see Step 1-D for
directions on how to make a view active). This view should be in the left
window. Also check that the Snap to Points and Grid Intersections
command is active. This will assist in accurately positioning the frame
objects. This command is active when its associated button is de-
pressed. Alternatively, use the Draw menu > Snap to > Points and
Grid Intersections command. By default, this command is active.

A. Click the View menu > Set 2D View command.

1. Click on the X-Y plane option.

2. Type 0 into the Z= edit box to display the plan view at the lower
elevation, and click OK.

Step 2 Add Frame Objects 2 - 11

SAP2000

B. Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button or use the Draw

menu > Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command. If you accessed the
Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command via the Draw menu, the
Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button will depress verifying your
command selection. The Properties of Object pop-up form for frames
will appear as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12
Properties of
Object form

If the Properties of Object form is covering any part of the model in

either view, click on the blue title bar and drag it out of the way.

C. Click in the Section drop-down list on the Properties of Object form

and scroll down to TRUSS. Single click on it to assign the auto select
list TRUSS to the members you will draw.

D. To draw the first frame object, left click once in the X-Y Plane view
at the X-Y origin, and then click again at the far right end along the
same horizontal grid line (x=720, y=0). The cursor location is indi-
cated in the lower right-hand corner of the interface. A frame line
should appear in both views (plan and 3D). After clicking to define
the end point of the frame object, a right click will “lift the pen” so
you will no longer be actively drawing, but will leave the Draw
Frame/Cable/Tendon command active so that you may add addi-
tional objects.

If you have made a mistake while drawing this object, click the Se-
lect Object button, to leave the Draw mode and go to the Select
mode. Then click the Edit menu > Undo Frame Add command,
and repeat Items B-D.

2 - 12 Step 2 Add Frame

me Objects
 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

E. Repeat Item D, drawing an additional frame object parallel to the

first member from (x=0, y=144) to (x=720, y=144). These members
form the bottom chords of the trusses. Right click to stop drawing.

F. Left click at (x=0, y=0) and then at (x=0, y=144) to draw the first
transverse member.

G. Click the Select Object button, or Press the Esc key on the key-
board to exit the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command.

Replicate Objects
Make sure that the program is in the Select mode.

A. Select the transverse member spanning between the longitudinal

chords by left clicking directly on the member, or left clicking to the
right of the object, holding the left mouse button down, and dragging
the mouse across the member. See Figure 13 for selection options.

Right to Left Window Select

Selects everything in contact with window
Figure 13
Graphical
Selection
Options

Direct Select
Left to Right Window Select Selects only single object
Selects everything within the window

Step 2 Add Frame Objects 2 - 13

SAP2000

B. Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to access the form
shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14
Replicate
form

C. On the Linear tab, type 144 into the dx edit box.

D. Type 5 into the Number edit box.

E. Click the OK button. Note that transverse members have been gen-
erated at every other grid line.

F. Click on the Select menu > Select > Select Lines Parallel To >
Click Straight Line Object command and left click once on the
longitudinal chord member along the X axis. This select command
selects the other chord object that is parallel as well.

G. Click on the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Automatic

Frame Mesh command to access the form in Figure 15. Select the
Auto Mesh Frame option and check the at Intermediate Joints and at
Intersection with Other Frames… check boxes, and click OK.

This meshing is necessary to ensure connectivity between the chords

and the other members because the chords were drawn as single
“physical” objects. From an analytical standpoint, the chords will

2 - 14 Step 2 Add Frame

me Objects
 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

now be connected to all of the elements framing into them, but in the
Physical model they will remain as single objects.

Figure 15
Assign
Automatic
Frame Mesh
form

H. Click the Select All button or use the Select menu > Select > All
command to select all of the objects currently in the model.

I. Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to access the Replicate
form.

1. Type 72 into the dx edit box, 0 into the dy box, and 144 into the
dz box.

2. Type 1 into the Number edit box.

3. Click OK to accept the changes.

The framing at the bottom plan will be replicated at the top level
with a shift of 72 inches in the X direction.

Step 2 Add Frame Objects 2 - 15

SAP2000

Trim Objects
Make sure that the program is in the Select mode, and that the X-Y view
is active.

A. Click the View menu > Set 2D View command.

3. In the Set 2D View form click on the X-Y plane option.

2. Type 144 into the Z= edit box to display the plan view at the up-
per elevation, and click OK.

B. Click the Assign menu > Clear Display of Assigns command to

remove the Frame Subdivide identifiers.

C. Click on both top chords, the next to last transverse member to the
right, and the two point objects at the far right ends of both chords,
as shown in Figure 16. The selected objects should be shown as
dashed lines.

Click Click

Figure 16
Select mode
for Trim

Click Click

2 - 16 Step 2 Add Frame

me Objects
 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

D. Click the Edit menu > Edit Lines > Trim/Extend Frames com-
mand to access the Trim/Extend Selected Frames form.

1. Select the Trim Frames option, and click OK.

Selecting the Trim Frames option will trim the two top chords be-
yond the next to last transverse member. To trim a Frame member,
select the member, select a member to be used as the trim location,
and select a point object on the side to be trimmed.

E. Click on the “orphaned” transverse frame member on the far right,

and go to the Edit menu > Delete command, or Press the Delete key
on your keyboard.

F. Make sure that the plan view is active and click the View menu >
Set 2D View command.

4. In the Set 2D View form click on the X-Z plane option.

2. Type 0 into the Y= edit box and click OK.

Your model now appears as shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17
Model after
frame
objects
have been
added in
plan

Step 2 Add Frame Objects 2 - 17

SAP2000

G. Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button or use the Draw

menu > Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command. The Properties of
Object pop-up form for frames will display.

H. Make sure that the Section item on the Properties of Object form is
set to TRUSS.

I. To draw the first diagonal, left click once in the X-Z Plane view at
the X-Z origin, and then click again at the nearest end of the top
chord (x=72, z=144). Without clicking on the right mouse button,
add a second diagonal by doing a left click at point (x=144, z=0).

J. Diagonals for one bay are now drawn.

K. Right click and then click on the Select Object button, or Press
the Esc key on the keyboard to exit the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon
command.

L. Draw a Selection Box from Right to Left across the two diagonals
just drawn to select both diagonals. See Figure 13 for selection op-
tions.

M. Click the Edit > Replicate command to access the Replicate form.

1. Type 144 into the dx edit box, 0 into the dy box, and 0 into the
dz box.

2. Type 4 into the Number edit box.

3. Click OK to accept the changes.

All of the diagonals for one truss have been drawn.

N. Draw a Selection Box from Right to Left across all of the diagonals.

O. Click the Edit > Replicate command to bring up the Replicate form.

1. On the Linear tab, type 0 into the dx edit box, 144 into the dy
box, and 0 into the dz box.

2. Type 1 into the Number edit box.

2 - 18 Step 2 Add Frame Objects

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

3. Click OK to accept the changes.

The model now appears as shown in Figure 18.

Figure 18
Model after
all frame
objects have
been added

Assign Member End Releases

Make sure that the program is in the Select mode, and that the X-Z view
is active.

A. Draw a Selection Box from Right to Left across all of the diagonals.

B. Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Releases/Partial

Fixity command to access the form shown in Figure 19. Check the
Moment 33 (Major) check boxes for both the Start and End Releases.

By releasing the moments in the major direction, the diagonals in the

trusses will behave as pinned elements.

C. Click the OK button to accept the changes and return to the Select
mode.

Step 2 Add Frame Objects 2 - 19

SAP2000

Figure 19
Assign Frame
Releases form

D. Click the View menu > Set 2D View command. In the Set 2D View
form click on the X-Z plane option and type 144 into the Y= edit box
and click OK. Alternatively, use the Move Up in List button.

E. Draw a Selection Box from Right to Left across all of the diagonals.

F. Click the Assign menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Releases/Partial

Fixity command to access the Assign Frame Releases form and
make sure that the Moment 33 (Major) check boxes for both the Start
and End Releases are checked. Click the OK button to accept the
changes.

G. Click the Assign menu > Clear Display of Assigns command to

remove the Frame Releases identifiers.

Save the Model

During development, save the model often. Although typically you will
save it with the same name, on occasion you may want to save it with a
different name to record your work at various stages of development.

2 - 20 Step 2 Add Frame

me Objects
 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

A. Click the File menu > Save command, or the Save button, to
save your model. Specify the directory in which you want to save
the model and, for this tutorial, specify the file name Truss.

Step 3 Add Area Objects

In this step, a concrete deck is added to the model.

Define the Area Sections

Make sure that the X-Z view is active. Now switch to a “plan” view, and
define the properties for the concrete deck.

A. Click the View menu > Set 2D View command. In the Set 2D View
form click on the X-Y plane option, type 0 into the Z= edit box and
click the OK button.

B. Click the Define menu > Area Sections command. The Area Sec-
tions form will display.

C. Make sure that the Select Section Type to Add item is set to Shell.
Click the Add New Section button in the Click to area of the form.
The Shell Section Data form shown in Figure 20 displays.

1. Type DECK into the Section Name edit box.

2. Verify that the Material Name is set to 4000Psi in the Material

area. Clicking on the + button will display the Define Materials
form where material properties may be altered or added.

3. Set the Thickness (both Membrane and Bending) to 5 to indicate

that the concrete deck is 5 inches thick.

By definition, a Shell object has both Membrane and Bending

behavior.

4. Click the OK button and then click the OK button in the Area
Sections form to complete the deck definition.

Step 3 Add Area Objects 2 - 21

SAP2000

Figure 20
Shell Section Data
form

Draw the Area Object

Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view is active. Now draw an area
object to represent the deck using the following Action Items.

A. Click the Draw Poly Area button , or go to the Draw menu >
Draw Poly Area command. The Properties of Object pop-up form
for areas will display as shown in Figure 21.

Make sure that the Section item in this box is set to DECK. If it is
not, click once in the drop-down list opposite the Section item to ac-
tivate the drop-down list and select DECK from the list.

Figure 21
Properties of
Object box

2 - 22 Step 3 Add Area Objects

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

B. Check that the Snap to Points and Grid Intersections command is

active. This will assist in accurately drawing the area object.

C. Click once at point (x=0,y=0). Then moving clockwise around the

model, click once at these object points in this order to draw the out-
line of the deck: (x=0,y=144), (x=720,y=144) and (x=720,y=0).

D. Press the Enter key on your keyboard to stop drawing.

E. Click on the Select Object button, or Press the Esc key on the
keyboard to exit the Draw Poly Area command.

F. To better view the deck addition, click the Set Display Options
button, or go to the View menu > Set Display Options command.
When the form appears, check the Fill Objects check box and the
Apply to All Window check box, as shown in Figure 22.

Figure 22
Display Options for Active Window form

G. Click OK to accept the changes, and the model now appears as

shown in Figure 23.

Step 3 Add Area Objects 2 - 23

SAP2000

Figure 23
Model after the area object has been drawn

Mesh the Area Object

Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view is still active. The area object
will now be meshed similar to the previous meshing of frame objects.

A. Right click anywhere on the area object to display the Object Model
– Area Information form as shown in Figure 24.

B. Click on the Assignments tab on the Object Model – Area Informa-

tion form.

2 - 24 Step 3 Add Area Objects

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Figure 24
Object Model –
Area Information
form

C. Double click in the edit box opposite the Automatic Area Mesh item
to display the Assign Automatic Area Mesh form as shown in Figure
25.

D. Select the Mesh Area Based On Points On Area Edges option.

E. Check the Intersections of Straight Line Objects In Meshing Group

With Area Edges check box.

The area object representing the deck was drawn as a single object,
but needs to be meshed into multiple analysis elements so that there
will be connectivity between the deck and the intermediate points
along the chord elements. Meshing, unlike dividing, does not create
new objects. If the Edit menu > Edit Areas > Divide Areas com-
mand were to be used, new objects would be created.

F. Click the OK button and then the OK button on the Object Model –
Area Information form to complete the area object meshing.

Step 3 Add Area Objects 2 - 25

SAP2000

Figure 25
Assign Automatic Area Mesh form

Step 4 Add Restraints

In this step, supports for the truss bridge are defined. Make sure that the
X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view is still active, and that the program is in the Se-
lect mode.

A. Click on the two joints marking the right ends of the two bottom
chords.

B. Click on the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to access
the Joint Restraints form as shown in Figure 26.

C. Click on the Roller button to assign restraints in the Translation

3 direction for these two joints. Click OK to accept the assignment.

2 - 26 Step 4 Add Restraints

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Figure 26
Joint
Restraints
form

D. Click on the two joints marking the left ends of the two bottom
chords. The lower left-hand corner of the interface should indicate
“2 Points Selected.”

E. Click on the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command access the
Joint Restraints form.

F. Click on the Pinned button to assign restraints in the Translation

1, 2, and 3 directions for these two joints. Click OK to accept the as-
signment.

G. Click the File menu > Save command, or the Save button, to
save your model.

Step 5 Define Load Cases

The loads used in this tutorial consist of dead and live static loads acting
in the gravity direction.

For this example, assume that the dead consists of the self-weight of the
bridge plus an additional 10 pounds per square foot (psf) applied to the
concrete deck. The live load is taken to be 100 psf applied to the deck.

Step 5 Define Load Cases 2 - 27

SAP2000

A. Click the Define menu > Load Cases command to access the Define
Loads form shown in Figure 27. Note there is only a single default
load case defined, which is a dead load case with self-weight
(DEAD).

Figure 27
Define Loads form

Note that the self-weight multiplier is set to 1 for the default case.
This indicates that this load case will automatically include 1.0 times
the self-weight of all members.

In SAP2000, both Load Cases and Analysis Cases exist, and they
may be different. However, the program automatically creates a cor-
responding analysis case when a load case is defined, and the analy-
sis cases are available for review at the time the analysis is run.

B. Click in the edit box for the Load Name column. Type the name of
the new load, LIVE. Select a Type of load from the drop-down list;
in this case, select LIVE. Make sure that the Self Weight Multiplier is
set to zero. Click the Add New Load button to add the LIVE load to
the load list.

The Define Loads form should now appear as shown in Figure 28.
Click the OK button in that form to accept the newly defined static
load case.

2 - 28 Step 5 Define Load Cases

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Figure 28
The Define Loads form after the live load case has been defined

C. Click the Assign menu > Clear Display of Assigns command to

remove the Joint Restraints identifiers.

Step 6 Assign Gravity Loads

In this Step, the dead and live gravity loads will be applied to the model
using two slightly different procedures. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @
Z=0 view is still active, and that the program is in the Select mode.

A. Click anywhere on the area object to select the deck. The status bar
in the lower left-hand corner should show “1 Areas, 4 Edges Se-
lected.” If you make a mistake in selecting, click the Clear Selection
button, and try again.

B. Select the Assign menu > Area Loads > Uniform (Shell) command
to access the Area Uniform Loads form. Select DEAD from the Load
Case Name drop-down list as shown in Figure 29. Clicking on the +
button will display the Define Loads form where load cases may be
altered or added.

Step 6 Assign Gravity Loads 2 - 29

SAP2000

Figure 29
Area Uniform
Loads form

1. Select lb-ft from the Units drop-down list.

2. Type 10 in the Load edit box in the Uniform Load area.

Again, remember that the Gravity Direction is in the negative

Global Z direction.

3. Click the OK button to accept the dead load.

C. Right click anywhere on the area object to display the Object Model
– Area Information form and select the Loads tab.

D. Double click in the edit box opposite the Force/Area item to display
the Area Uniform Loads form. Select LIVE from the Load Case
Name drop-down list.

1. Select lb-ft from the Units drop-down list.

2. Type 100 in the Load edit box in the Uniform Load area.

3. Click the OK button to accept the live load.

E. Click the OK button on the Object Model - Area Information form.

F. Click the Assign menu > Clear Display of Assigns command to

clear the display of the assigned loads.

2 - 30 Step 6 Assign Gravity Loads

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Step 7 Assign Area Stiffness Modifiers

In this Step, the membrane properties of the Area object is modified to
prohibit the deck from acting as a flange for the bottom chords of the
trusses. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view is still active, and that
the program is in the select mode.

A. Click anywhere on the area object to select the deck, or click Select
menu > Get Previous Selection command, or click the Get Previ-
ous Selection button. These actions select the deck object.

B. Click the Assign menu > Area > Area Stiffness Modifiers com-
mand to access the Property/Stiffness Modification Factors form
shown in Figure 30.

1. Type 0 in the Membrane f11 Modifier edit box.

2. Type 0 in the Membrane f22 Modifier edit box.

These actions will prohibit the deck objects from carrying in-
plane axial loads.

3. Click OK to accept the assignment.

Figure 30
Property/Stiffness
Modification
Factors form

Step 7 Assign Area Stiffness Modifiers 2 - 31

SAP2000

C. Click the Assign menu > Clear Display of Assigns command to

clear the display of the stiffness modifiers.

D. Make the 3-D View active by clicking anywhere in the window, and
click the View menu > Show Grid command. This will toggle the
grid lines off in the 3-D View, providing a less cluttered image of the
model.

E. Click the File menu > Save command, or the Save button, to
save your model.

Step 8 Run the Analysis

In this Step, the analysis model will be viewed and the analysis will be
run.

A. Click the Set Display Options button. When the form appears,
check the Show Analysis Model check box as shown in Figure 31.

Figure 31
Display Options for Active Window form

B. Click the OK button to accept the display setting.

C. If the model has not previously been analyzed, a message similar to

the one in Figure 32 displays.

2 - 32 Step 8 Run the Analysis

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Figure 32
Analysis Model
message

D. Click the Yes button to display the analysis model. Note that under
the 3-D View display title bar that the model status has changed to
Analysis Model. Take a moment to verify that the element formation
is as expected.

E. Click the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command or the Run
Analysis button, to access the Set Analysis Cases to Run form as
shown in Figure 33.

Figure 33
Set Analysis
Cases to Run
form

Note that the program has automatically defined three different

analysis cases: DEAD, MODAL and LIVE based on the load cases
defined previously, as well as the assumption that the program may
need modal properties for some analysis options, even though no dy-
namic functions have been defined.

1. Select MODAL from the Case Name list.

2. Click the Run/Do Not Run Case button to set the action for
MODAL to Do Not Run, as we intend to run only a static analy-
sis.

Step 8 Run the Analysis 2 - 33

SAP2000

3. Click the Run Now button.

The program will create the analysis model from your object-based
SAP2000 model, and will soon display an analysis window. Data
will scroll in this window as the program runs the analysis. This in-
formation may be accessed at a later time by going to the File menu
> Show Input/Output Text Files command and selecting the file
with the .LOG extension.

F. When the analysis is finished, the message “ANALYSIS COM-

PLETE” will display. Click OK to close the analysis window. The
program automatically displays a deformed shape view of the model,
and the model is locked. The model is locked when the Lock/Unlock
Model button, , appears depressed. Locking the model prevents
any changes to the model that would invalidate the analysis results.

Step 9 Graphically Review the Analysis Results

In this Step, the analysis results will be reviewed using graphical repre-
sentation of the results.

A. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view is active. Then click on
the XZ View button to reset the view to an elevation.

B. Click the Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables button, , or the

Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables command
to bring up the Member Force Diagram for Frames form shown in
Figure 34.

1. Select DEAD from the Case / Combo Name drop-down list.

2. Select the Axial Force option.

3. Select the Auto option under the Scaling area.

4. Select the Fill Diagram option.

2 - 34 Step 9 Graphically Review the Analysis Results

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Figure 34
Member Force
Diagram for
Frames form

5. Click the OK button to generate the axial force diagram shown

in Figure 35.

Figure 35
Axial force
diagram in
an elevation
view

Step 9 Graphically Review the Analysis Results 2 - 35

SAP2000

C. Right click on the top chord member in the X-Z view to access the
Diagram for Frame Object form shown in Figure 36.

Figure 36
Force details
obtained by
right-clicking
top chord of
truss in the
elevation view
in Figure 35

Note that the program displays the force diagrams for the entire top
chord object just as it was drawn, even though the program has
automatically meshed the frame object into smaller elements for
analysis.

1. Click the Scroll for Values option and you may obtain the values
at any location by moving the mouse over the diagrams with the
left button held down.

2. Click the Done button to close the form.

D. Make sure that the X-Z View is active, and then click the Display
menu > Show Deformed Shape command or the Show Deformed
Shape button to access the Deformed Shape form shown in Fig-
ure 37.

2 - 36 Step 9 Graphically Review the Analysis

alysis Results
 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

1. Select LIVE from the

Case/Combo Name
drop-down list.

2. Check the Cubic

Curve check box.

3. Click the OK button

to generate the
deformed shape
shown in Figure 38.

Figure 37
Deformed Shape
form

Figure 38
Deformed
Shape in an
elevation view

E. Right click on the middle joint on the top chord object in Figure 38
to display the Joint Displacements results form shown in Figure 39.

Step 9 Graphically Review the Analysis Results 2 - 37

SAP2000

Figure 39
Joint Displace-
ments obtained
by right-clicking
a joint shown in
the elevation view
in Figure 38

Note that local object axis 3 is in the positive global Z direction.

F. Close the Joint Displacements form by clicking the X in the upper

right hand corner of the form, or by clicking anywhere other than on
the form.

Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects

In this Step, the steel frame members of the trusses will be designed.
Note that the analysis should be run before completing the following Ac-
tion Items.

A. Click the Options menu > Preferences > Steel Frame Design
command. The Steel Frame Design Preferences form shown in Fig-
ure 40 displays.

1. Click in the Design Code Values drop-down list to see the avail-
able design codes. Select the AISC-LRFD99 code.

2. Review the information contained in the other items and then

click OK to accept the selections.

B. Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Start De-
sign/Check of Structure command or the Start Steel Design/Check
of Structure button, to start the steel frame design process. The
program designs the steel members, selecting the optimum member
size from the TRUSS auto select section list assigned to them when
they were drawn.

2 - 38 Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Figure 40
Steel Frame Design Preferences form

When the design is complete, the selected sizes are displayed on the
model. The model appears as shown in Figure 41.

C. Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Verify Analysis vs
Design Section command. A message similar to the one in Figure 42
appears. Click the No button to close the form.

In the initial analysis (Step 8), the program used the median section
by weight from the TRUSS auto select section list. During design
(this Step), the program selected different sections than those that
were used in the analysis. The message in Figure 42 indicates that
the analysis and design sections are different.

Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects 2 - 39

SAP2000

Figure 41
Model after the initial steel frame design

Figure 42
Analysis vs Design
Section warning
message

The goal is to repeat the analysis and design process until the analy-
sis and design sections are all the same. Note that when the bridge is
reanalyzed, SAP2000 will use the current design sections (i.e., those
selected in Step 10) as new analysis sections for the next analysis
run.

2 - 40 Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

D. Right click on one of the truss top chord members in the X-Z view
(shown in Figure 41). The Steel Stress Check Information form
shown in Figure 43 displays. Note that the reported analysis and de-
sign sections are different.

Figure 43
Steel Stress Check Information form

The main body of the form lists the design stress ratios obtained at
various stations along the frame object for each design load combi-
nation. Note that the program automatically created code-specific de-
sign load combinations for this steel frame design.

Also note that the program designed the chord as a single physical
member, just as it was drawn as a single object, even though the pro-
gram has automatically subdivided the frame object into smaller
elements for analysis.

Click the Details button on the Steel Stress Check Information form.
The Steel Stress Check Data AISC-LRFD99 form shown in Figure
44 displays. Use the File menu on the form to print the data.

Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects 2 - 41

SAP2000

Figure 44
Steel Stress
Check
Data
AISC-LRFD99
form

Click the X in the upper right-hand corner of the Steel Stress Check
Data AISC-LRFD99 form to close it. Click the Cancel Button to
close the Steel Stress Check Information form.

E. To rerun the analysis with the new analysis sections, click the Ana-
lyze menu > Run Analysis command or the Run Analysis but-
ton, and then click the Run Now button on the Set Analysis Cases to
Run form.

F. When the analysis is complete, click the OK button to close the

analysis window. Click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design >
Start Design/Check of Structure command or the Start Steel De-
sign/Check of Structure button, to start the steel frame design
process.

G. When the design is complete, click the Design menu > Steel Frame
Design > Verify Analysis vs Design Section command. A message
similar to the one in Figure 45 displays.

2 - 42 Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects

 Chapter 2 - An Introductory Tutorial

Figure 45
Analysis vs Design
Section message

The message in Figure 45 indicates the number of analysis sections

that differ from the design sections. Click the No button if sections
do not match, or the OK button if they do match, to close the form.

Repeat Action Items E through G until the message received indi-

cates that all analysis and design sections match. This may take nu-
merous iterations depending upon the complexity of the model.

H. When the analysis and design sections are the same, click the Design
menu > Steel Frame Design > Verify all Members Passed com-
mand. A form similar to that shown in Figure 46 should appear indi-
cating that all members passed.

Figure 46
Stress/capacity
check message

Note that members not passing at this stage is an indication of inade-

quate sections in the auto select section list. The program would have
used the largest section in the auto select section list for both the
analysis and design, so the message stating that members do not pass
indicates that the auto select section list needs modification. In that
case, either add more sections to the auto select sections list or assign
larger sections to the members that did not pass and continue the
analysis and design iteration.

I. Click the OK button to close the form.

Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects 2 - 43

SAP2000

J. Click the File menu > Save command, or the Save button, to
save your model.

This introductory tutorial for SAP2000 Version 11 is now complete.

2 - 44 Step 10 Design the Steel Frame Objects