JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD

M.Tech Aerospace Engineering

w.e.f 2009-2010
COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS

Year I Semester

S.No. Code Subject L/T P C

1 Mathematical Modeling 4 0 3
2 Engineering Analysis of Flight Vehicles 4 0 3
3 Continuum Mechanics 4 0 3
4 Air Transportation Systems 4 0 3
5 Elective-I 4 0 3
6 Elective-II 4 0 3
7 Digital Simulation Lab-I 0 6 2
8 Seminar-I 0 6 2
Total 22

II Semester

S.No. Code Subject L/T P C

1 Aircraft Control and Simulation 4 0 3
2 Space Transportation Systems 4 0 3
3 Computational Approaches to Aerospace 4 0 3
Vehicle Design
4 Aerospace Sensors and Measurement Systems 4 0 3
5 Elective-III 4 0 3
6 Elective-IV 4 0 3
7 Digital Simulation Lab-II 0 6 2
8 Seminar-II 0 6 2
Total 22

III Semester

S.No. Code Subject Credits

1 Comprehensive Viva Voce 2

2 Project Seminar 4
3 Project Seminar 16
Total 22

IV Semester

S.No. Code Subject Credits

1 Project Seminar+ Project Work 22

Total 22

1
 Electives

Elective-I Elective-II
Fundamentals of Aerospace Engineering Modeling and Simulation of Fluid Flows
(Required to be taken by all students other than
B.Tech Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering degree
holders)
Aerodynamics of Flight Vehicles Computational Structural Analysis
Flight Vehicle Structures Flight Navigation and Surveillance Systems
Air-breathing Propulsion Airlines Operations and Scheduling
Aircraft Systems Rotorcraft Aerodynamics
Elective-III Elective-IV
Aero-thermodynamics of Hypersonic Flight Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion
Dynamics and Control of Structures Mechanics of Composite Materials
Missile Guidance Tactical Missile Design
Advanced Topics in Air Traffic Management Systems High Angle of Attack Aerodynamics
Spacecraft Dynamics and Control Optimal Control

Entry Level Qualification: B.Tech (Aeronautical / Aerospace / Mechanical / Marine Engineering / Naval
Architecture) or equivalent.

8011

2
 FIRST YEAR - I SEMESTER

CORE SUBJECTS

Mathematical Modeling
Engineering Analysis of Flight Vehicles
Continuum Mechanics
Air Transportation Systems

3
 2009-20010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 8

MATHEMATICAL MODELING

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO MODELING AND SINGULAR PERTURBATION METHODS

Definition of a model, Procedure of modeling: problem identification, model formulation, reduction,
analysis, computation, model validation, Choosing the model, Singular Perturbations: Elementary
boundary layer theory, Matched asymptotic expansions, Inner layers, Nonlinear oscillations

UNIT-II: VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND RANDOM SYSTEMS

Variational calculus: Euler’s equation, Integrals and missing variables, Constraints and Lagrange
multipliers, Variational problems: Optics-Fermat’s principle, Analytical mechanics: Hamilton’s
principle, Symmetry: Noether’s theorem, Rigid body motion, Random systems: Random variables,
Stochastic processes, Monte Carlo method

UNIT-III: FINITE DIFFERENCES: ORDINARY AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
ODE: Numerical approximations, Runge-Kutta methods, Beyond Runge-Kutta, PDE: Hyperbolic
equations-waves, Parabolic equations-diffusion, Elliptic equations-boundary values

UNIT-IV: CELLULAR AUTOMATA AND LATTICE GASES

Lattice gases and fluids, Cellular automata and computing

UNIT- V: FUNCTION FITTING AND TRANSFORMS

Function fitting: Model estimation, Least squares, Linear least squares: Singular value decomposition,
Non-linear least squares: Levenberg-Marquardt method, Estimation, Fisher information, and Cramer-
Rao inequality, Transforms:Orthogonal transforms, Fourier transforms, Wavelets, Principal
components

UNIT-VI: FUNCTION FITTING ARCHITECTURES

Polynomials: Pade approximants, Splines, Orthogonal functions, Radial basis functions, Over-fitting,
Neural networks: Back propagation, Regularization

UNIT-VII: OPTIMIZATION AND SEARCH

Multidimensional search, Local minima, Simulated annealing, Genetic algorithms

UNIT-VIII: FILTERING AND STATE ESTIMATION

Matched filters, Wiener filters, Kalman filters, Non-linearity and entrainment, Hidden Markov models

TEXT BOOK
• The Nature of Mathematical Modeling, Neil Gershenfeld, Cambridge University Press, 2006,
ISBN 0-521-57095-6

4
REFERENCE BOOKS
• Mathematical Models in the Applied Sciences, A. C. Fowler, Cambridge University Press,
1997, ISBN 0-521-46140-5
• A First Course in Mathematical Modeling, F. R. Giordano, M.D. Weir and W.P. Fox, 2003,
Thomson, Brooks/Cole Publishers
• Applied Numerical Modeling for Engineers, Donald De Cogan, Anne De Cogan, Oxford
University Press, 1997

5
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF FLIGTH VEHICLES

UNIT-I: THE MORPHOLOGY OF FLIGHT VEHICLES

Introduction, Key factors affecting vehicles configuration, Some representative flight vehicles.

UNIT-II: EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR RIGID FLIGHT VEHICLES

Definitions, Vector and Scalar realizations of Newton’s second law, The tensor of inertia, Choice of
vehicle axes, Operation of the vehicle relative to the ground; flight determination, Gravitational terms
in the equations of motion, The state vector.

UNIT-III: INTRODUCTION TO VEHICLE AERODYNAMICS

Aerodynamics contributions to X,Y and M, dimensionless coefficients defined, equations of perturbed
longitudinal motion.

UNIT-IV: AIRCRAFT DYNAMICS

Equations of Motion of Aircraft including forces and moments of control surfaces, Dynamics of
control surfaces.

UNIT-V: STATIC STABILITY, TRIM STATIC PERFORMANCE AND RELATED

SUBJECTS
Impact of stability requirements on design and longitudinal control, Static performance.

UNIT-VI: DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SPACECRAFT WITH RESPECT TO NON-

ROTATING PLANETS
Introduction, Numerical integration of ordinary differential equations, Simplified treatment of boost
from a non-rotating planet, An elementary look at staging, Equations of boost from a rotating planet.

UNIT-VII: DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SPACECRAFT

Equations of Motion of Launch Vehicles with respect to a rotating planet, Motion of Spacecraft with
respect to a rotating planet.

UNIT-VIII: DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE-ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY

Equation of motion, Approximate analysis of gliding entry into a planetary atmosphere.

TEXT BOOK

• Engineering Analysis of Flight Vehicles, Holt Ashley, Dover Publications, 1992

6
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3

CONTINUUM MECHANICS

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION, VECTORS AND TENSORS

Background and Overview, Vector Algebra - Definition of a Vector, Scalar and Vector Products, Plane
Area as a Vector, Components of a Vector, Summation Convention, Transformation Law for Different
Bases; Theory of Matrices - Definition, Matrix Addition and Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar,
Matrix Transpose and Symmetric Matrix, Matrix Multiplication, Inverse and Determinant of a Matrix;
Vector Calculus - Derivative of a Scalar Function of a Vector, The del Operator, Divergence and Curl
of a Vector, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems, Gradient, Divergence and Curl Theorems;
Tensors- Dyads and Polyads, Nonion Form of a Dyadic, Transformation of Components of a Dyadic,
Tensor Calculus, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Tensors

UNIT II: KINEMATICS OF CONTINUA

Introduction, Description of Motion- Configurations of a Continuous Medium, Material Description,
Spatial Description, Displacement Field; Analysis of Deformation- Deformation gradient tensors,
Isochoric, Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Deformations, Change of volume and surface; Strain
Measures- Cauchy-Green deformation tensors, Green Strain tensor, Physical Interpretation of the
Strain Components, Cauchy and Euler Strain Tensors, Principal Strains; Infinitesimal Strain Tensor
and Rotation Tensor- Infinitesimal Strain Tensor, Physical Interpretation of Infinitesimal Strain Tensor
Components, Infinitesimal Rotation Tensor, Infinitesimal Strains in Cylindrical and Spherical
Coordinate Systems; Rate of Deformation and Vorticity Tensors- Definitions, Relationship between D
and E, .Polar Decomposition Theorem, Compatibility Equations, Change of Observer- Material Frame
Indifference.

UNIT III: STRESS MEASURES

Introduction, Cauchy Stress Tensor and Cauchy’s Formula, Transformation of Stress Components and
Principal Stresses- Transformation of Stress Components, Principal Stresses and Principal Planes,
Maximum Shear Stress. Other Stress Measures - Preliminary Comments, First Piola- Kirchhoff Stress
Tensor, Second Piola- Kirchhoff Stress Tensor, Equations of Equilibrium.

UNIT IV: CONSERVATION OF MASS, MOMENTA AND ENERGY

Introduction, Conservation of Mass - Preliminary Discussion, Material Time Derivative, Continuity
Equation in Spatial Description, Continuity Equation in Material Description ,Reynolds Transport
Theorem. Conservation of Momenta - Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum, Equation of
Motion in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates, Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum,
Thermodynamic Principles - Introduction, The First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy Equation,
Special Cases of Energy Equation, Energy Equation for One-Dimensional Flows , The Second Law of
Thermodynamics.

7
UNIT V: CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
Introduction, Elastic Solids - Generalized Hooke’s Law, Material Symmetry, Monoclinic Materials,
Orthotropic Materials, Isotropic Materials, Transformation of Stress and Strain Components, Nonlinear
Elastic Constitutive Relations, Constitutive Equations for Fluids - Ideal Fluids, Viscous Incompressible
Fluids, Non-Newtonian Fluids, Heat Transfer - General Introduction, Fourier’s Heat Conduction Law,
Newton’s Law of Cooling, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Electromagnetics - Maxwell’s Equation,
Constitutive Relations.

UNIT VI: LINEARIZED ELASTICITY

Governing Equations, The Navier Equations, The Beltrami-Michell Equations, Types of Boundary
Value Problems and Superposition Principle. Clapeyron’s theorem and Reciprocity Relations -
Clapeyron’s theorem, Betti’s Reciprocity Relations, Maxwell’s Reciprocity Relation, Solution
Methods, Types of Solution Methods, Example: Rotating Thick Walled Cylinder; Two-Dimensional
Problems, Airy Stress Function, End Effects: Saint-Venant’s Principle, Torsion of Noncircular
Cylinders. Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy - Total Potential Energy Principle, Derivation
of Navier’s Equations, Castiglian’s Theorem I . Hamilton’s Principle-Hamilton’s Principle for a Rigid
Body, Hamilton’s Principle for a Continuum

UNIT VII: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Governing Equations- Preliminary Comments, Summary of Equations, Viscous Incompressible Fluids,
Heat Transfer; Fluid Mechanics Problems - Inviscid Fluid Statics, Parallel Flow (Navier-Stokes
Equations), Problems with Negligible Convective Terms; Heat Transfer Problems- Heat Conduction in
a Cooling Fin, Axisymmetric Heat Conduction in a Circular Cylinder, Two-Dimensional Heat
Transfer, Coupled Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

UNIT VIII: LINEAR VISCOELASTICITY

Preliminary Comments- Initial Value Problem, the Unit Impulse, and the Unit Step Function, The
Laplace Transform Method, Spring and Dashpot Models - Creep Compliance and Relaxation Modulus,
Maxwell Element , Kelvin-Voigt Element, Three-Element Models , Four-Element Models , Integral
Constitutive Equations, Hereditary Integrals, Hereditary Integrals for Deviatoric Components, The
Correspondence Principle, Elastic and Viscoelastic Analogies

TEXT BOOK

• An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics, J.N. Reddy, Cambridge University Press, 2007

REFERENCE BOOKS

• Continuum Mechanics, George. E. Mase, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Book

Company, 1969
• Continuum Mechanics, Ellis H. Dill, CRC Press, 2006
• Continuum Mechanics for Engineers, Second Edition, George E. Mase, G.Thomas Mase
CRC Press,1999
• Computational Continuum Mechanics, Ahmed A. Shabana, Cambridge University Press, 2008
• Introduction to Computational Mechanics, Fourth Edition, W. Michael Lai, David Rabin and
Erhard krempl, .Elsevier Inc, 2010
• Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium, Lawrence E. Malvern, Prentice-
Hall, 1969
• A First Course in Continuum Mechanics, Y. C. Fung, Prentice Hall, 1994

8
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3
AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

UNIT – I: THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

Introduction, history of aviation - evolution, development, growth, challenges. The aerospace
industry, airline industry – structure and economic characteristics

UNIT – II: AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS – OBJECTIVES, CONSTRAINTS

Air transportation systems – objectives, environment, operational constraints - statutory compliance
with safety, security and environmental regulations, financial viability – demand, costs,
efficiency and effectiveness, compatibility with operational infrastructure – aircraft, airports,
facilities, equipment, crew and personnel, the atmosphere, air space..

UNIT –III: STRATEGIES TO MEET OBJECTIVES

Analysis, understanding, forecasting, planning, marketing, management of resources. Adoption
of improved technologies, optimal operational procedures, synthesis, implementation

UNIT –IV: THE SYSTEM ELEMENTS – AIRCRAFT

The system elements – the aircraft, airlines, airports, airspace. Aircraft - costs, compatibility with
objectives, and operational infrastructure, direct and indirect operating costs, safety, security,
efficiency and effectiveness.

UNIT – V: AIRLINES – OBJECTIVES, PLANNING, OPERATIONS – PROCEDURES

Route selection and development, fleet planning and acquisition, airline schedule development,
fleet assignment, aircraft routing, gate assignment, flight operations - irregular operations,
schedule recovery and robustness. Maintenance of aircraft and equipment. Airline operating
costs and measure of productivity.

UNIT –VI: AIRPORTS

Airports - demand, siting, runway characteristics, capacity, pavement strength, maneuvering
area, aprons, passenger terminals, safety, security. Airport operations –. Airport demand,
capacity and delays

UNIT – VII: AIRSPACE

Airspace management – Communication, navigation, surveillance systems - categories of
airspace, sectors, separation minima, capacity, demand, delay. The ATC systems - evolution,
equipment and operations. ICAO future air navigation systems

UNIT VIII: CHALLENGES OF THE FUTURE

Coping with future changes. Critical issues and prospects for airline industry
TEXT BOOKS
• The Air Transport System, Hirst, M.,Woodhead Publishing Ltd, (also AIAA), 2008, ISBN-13:
978 1 845693251.
• Airline Operations and Scheduling, Bazargan, M.,Ashgate, 2004, ISBN – 075463616X.
• Air Transportation – A Management Perspective, Wensveen,J.G., Ashgate, 2007, ISBN 978-0-
7546-7171-8.
• Global Airline Industry, Belobaba, P. et al., AIAA,2009.
9
 FIRST YEAR -I SEMESTER

ELECTIVE-I

Fundamentals of Aerospace Engineering

(Available only for Students other than B.Tech in
Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering)
Aerodynamics of Flight Vehicles
Flight Vehicle Structures
Airbreathing Propulsion
Aircraft Systems

10
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3

FUNDAMENTALS OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

(ELECTIVE-I)

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS

Historical Perspective of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Anatomy of the Airplane, Anatomy of a Space
Vehicle, Aerodynamic forces, Parameters affecting aerodynamic forces: Dimensional analysis; Theory
and experiment: wind tunnels, Atmosphere: Properties of U.S. standard atmosphere, Definitions of
altitude,

UNIT-II: ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOWS IN INCOMPRESSIBLE AND COMPRESSIBLE

FLUIDS
Continuity equation, Bernoulli’s equation, Application of Bernoulli’s equation: Airspeed indicators
and wind tunnels, One-dimensional compressible flow concepts, Speed of sound, Compressible flow
equations in a variable-area stream tube, Application to airspeed measurement, Applications to
channels and wind tunnels

UNIT-III: TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW AND FINITE WING

Limitations of one-dimensional flow equations, Theory of lift: circulation, Airfoil pressure distribution,
Helmholtz vortex theorems, Simulating the wing with a vortex line, Downwash, Elliptic lift
distribution, Lift and drag: momentum and energy, Slope of finite wing lift curve, Verification of
Prandtl wing theory, Additional effects of wing vortices, Search for reduced induced drag

UNIT-IV: VISCOUS EFFECTS, TOTAL DRAG DETERMINATION AND HYPERSONIC

FLOWS
Boundary layer, Boundary layer on bluff bodies, Creation of circulation, Laminar and turbulent
boundary layers: skin friction, Nature of Reynolds number, Effect of turbulent boundary layer on
separation; Parasite drag, Drag due to lift, Importance of aspect ratio; Prediction of drag divergence
Mach number, Sweptback wings, Total drag, Supersonic flow: shock waves and Mach waves,
Supersonic wing lift and drag, Area rule, Supersonic aircraft, Hypersonic flows: Temperature effects,
Newtonian theory

UNIT-V: AIRFOILS, WINGS AND HIGHLIFT SYSTEMS

Early airfoil development, Modern airfoils, Supersonic airfoils, Airfoil pitching moments, Effects of
sweepback on lift, airfoil characteristics, Airfoil selection and wing design; Airfoil maximum lift
coefficient, Leading and trailing edge devices, Effect of sweepback, Deep stall, Effect of Reynolds
number, Propulsive lift

UNIT-VI: AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE, STABILITY AND CONTROL

Level flight performance, Climb performance, Range, Endurance, Energy-state approach to airplane
performance, Takeoff performance, Landing performance; Static longitudinal stability, Dynamic
longitudinal stability, Dynamic lateral stability, Control and Maneuverability: turning performance,
Control systems, Active controls

11
UNIT-VII: AEROSPACE PROPULSION AND AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES
Aerospace Propulsion: Piston engines, Gas turbines, Speed limitations of gas turbines: ramjets,
Propellers, Overall propulsion efficiency, Rocket engines, Rocket motor performance, Propulsion-
airframe integration; Aircraft structures: Importance of structural weight and integrity, Development of
aircraft structures, Importance of fatigue, Materials, Loads, Weight estimation

UNIT-VIII: ROCKET TRAJECTORIES, ORBITS AND REENTRY

Rocket trajectories, Multistage rockets, Escape velocity, Circular orbital or satellite velocity, Elliptical
orbits, Orbital maneuvers, Atmospheric entry: ballistic entry and lifting entry, Entry heating

TEXT BOOK
• Fundamentals of Flight, Richard S. Shevell, Pearson Education Publication, ISBN 81-297-
0514-1, 1989

REFERENCE BOOK
• Introduction to Flight, John D. Anderson, Jr., Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Fifth
Edition, Fifth Edition, 2007, ISBN 13: 978-0-07-066082-3

12
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3

AERODYNAMICS OF FLIGHT VEHICLES

(ELECTIVE-I)

UNIT-I: AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOILS

Vortex sheet, Vortex sheet in thin-airfoil theory, Planar wing, Properties of symmetrical airfoil,
Properties of cambered airfoil, Flapped airfoil, Numerical Solution of thin airfoil problem, Airfoil of
arbitrary thickness and camber

UNIT-II: THE FINITE WING

Flow fields around finite wings, Downwash and induced drag, Fundamental equations of finite-wing
theory, Elliptical lift distribution, Arbitrary circulation distribution, Twisted wing: Basic and
Additional lift, Approximate calculation of additional lift, Winglets, Stability and trim of wings,
Higher approximations, The complete airplane, Interference effects,

UNIT-III: AIRFOILS IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

Boundary conditions, Airfoils in subsonic flow: Prandtl-Glauert transformation, Critical Mach number,
Airfoils in transonic flow, Airfoils in supersonic flow

UNIT-IV: WINGS AND WING-BODY COMBINATIONS IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Wings and bodies in compressible flows: Prandtl-Glauert-Goethert transformation, Influence of
sweepback, Design rules for wing-fuselage combinations

UNIT-V: LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Conservation of energy in the boundary layer, Rotation and entropy gradient in the boundary layer,
Similarity considerations for compressible boundary layers, Solution of energy equation for Prandtl
number unity, Temperature recovery factor, Heat transfer versus skin friction, Velocity and
temperature profiles and skin friction, Effects of pressure gradient

UNIT-VI: FLOW INSTABILITIES AND TRANSITION FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT

FLOW
Gross effects, Reynolds experiment, Tollmien-Schlichting instability and transition, Natural laminar
flow and laminar flow control, Stability of vortex sheets, Transition phenomenon, Methods for
experimentally detecting transition, Flow around spheres and circular cylinders

UNIT-VII: TURBULENT FLOWS

Description of turbulent field, Statistical properties, Conservation equations, Laminar sub-layer, Fully
developed flows in tubes and channels, Constant-pressure turbulent boundary layer, Turbulent drag
reduction, Effects of pressur gradient, Stratford criterion for turbulent separation, Effects of
compressibility on skin friction, Reynolds analogy: Heat transfer and temperature recovery factor, Free
turbulent shear flows

13
UNIT VIII: AIRFOIL DESIGN, MULTIPLE SURFACES, VORTEX LIFT, SECONDARY
FLOWS, VISCOUS EFFECTS
Airfoil design for high C l max , Multiple lifting surfaces, Circulation control, Streamwise vorticity,
Secondary flows, Vortex lift strakes, Flow about three-dimensional bodies, Unsteady lift

TEXT BOOK

• Foundations of Aerodynamics: Bases of Aerodynamic Design, Arnold M. Kuethe and Chuen-

Yen Chow, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Fifth Edition, 1997, ISBN: 978-0-471-12919-6

14
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3

FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES

UNIT-I: STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND LOADS OF AIRCRAFT

Loads on Structural components, Function of structural components, Fabrication of structural
components, Connections; Airworthiness: Factors of Safety- flight envelope, Load factor
determination, Airframe loads: Aircraft inertia loads, Symmetric maneuver loads, Normal
accelerations associated with various types of maneuvers, Gust loads

UNIT-II: SHEAR FLOW AND SHEAR CENTER IN OPEN AND CLOSED THIN WALL
SECTIONS
Open Sections:Shear center and elastic axis, Concept of shear flow, Beams with one axis of symmetry;
Closed Sections: Bradt-Batho formula, Single and multi-cell closed box structures, Semi monocoque
and mono cocque structures, Shear flow in single and multi cell monocoque and semimonocoque box
beams subject to torsion

UNIT-III: THIN PLATE THEORY

Bending of thin plates: Pure bending of thin plates, Plates subjected to bending and twisting, Plates
subject to distributed transverse load, Combined bending and in-plane loading of a thin rectangular
plate, Bending of thin plates having a small initial curvature, Energy method for bending of thin plates

UNIT-IV: STRUCTURAL INSTABILITY IN THIN PLATES

Buckling of thin plates, Inelastic buckling of plates, Experimental determination of critical loads for a
flat plate, Local instability, Instability of stiffened panels, Failure stress in plates and stiffened panels,
Tension field beams

UNIT-V: BENDING, SHEAR AND TORSION OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS-I

Bending and Open Thin-Walled Beams: Symmetrical bending, Unsymmetrical bending, Deflections
due to bending, Calculation of section properties, Applicability of bending theory, Temperature effects

UNIT-VI: BENDING, SHEAR AND TORSION OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS-II

Shear of Beams: General stress, strain and displacement relationships for open and single cell closed
section thin-walled beams, Shear of open and closed section beams; Torsion of Beams: Torsion of
closed and open section beams; Combined Open and Closed Section Beams: Bending, Shear, Torsion

UNIT-VII: STRESS ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS

Wing spars, Fuselages, Wings, Fuselage frames and wing ribs, Laminated composite structures

UNIT-VIII: SMART MATERIALS AND ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES

Smart Materials Technologies and Control Applications: Control requirements, Smart Materials-
Piezoelectric elements, Electrostrictive elements, Magentostrictive transducers, Electrorheological
fluids, Shape memory alloys, Fiber optic sensors, Applications of smart materials, Adaptive Structures:
Adaptive aerospace structures-Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), Shape control and active flow,
Damping of vibration and noise, Smart skins, Systems

15
TEXT BOOK

• Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students , Fourth Edition, T. H. G. Megson, Butterworth-

Heinemann, Elsevier Ltd, 2007

REFERENCES

• Mechanics of Aircraft Structures, Second Edition, C. T. Sun, John Wiley & Sons,
2006
• Theory and Analysis of Flight Structures, Robert M. Rivello, McGraw-Hill, 1969
• Airplane Structural Analysis and Design, Earnest E. Sechler, Lois G. Dunn, Dover
Publications, 1963
• Mechanics of Elastic Structures, J. T. Oden and E. A. Ripperger, McGraw-Hill, 1981
• Smart Material Structures: Modeling, Estimation and Control, H. T. Banks, R. C. Smith, Y.
Wang, John Wiley & Sons, 1996
• Adaptive Structures: Engineering Applications, David Wagg, Ian Bond, Paul Weaver and
Michael Friswell (editors), John Wiley & Sons, 2007

16
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3
AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION
(ELECTIVE-I)

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTALS OF JET PROPULSION

Principles of Air-breathing Propulsion, Basic Thermodynamics, Propulsion Cycles, Classification of
Engines, Ideal and Real Cycle Analysis - Turbojet and Turbofan, Effects of Altitude, Mach number,
Aircraft Performance and Engine Performance analysis, Aircraft Engine Design, Thrust Augmentation
methods, Jet Engine Noise and Methods of Noise Reduction.

UNIT-II: INLETS AND NOZZLES

Subsonic and Supersonic Inlets, Combined Area Changes and Friction, Supersonic Inlet Design
Considerations, Starting an inlet, Additive Drag, Performance Map, Nozzles- Non-ideal equations for
Various Nozzles, Converging-Diverging Nozzle, Variable Nozzle and Effects of Pressure Ratios on
Engine Performance, Performance Maps, Thrust Reversers, Thrust Vectoring.

UNIT-III: COMBUSTION CHAMBER

Combustion Process, Chemical Kinetics, Fuel Types and Properties, Variation in Gas Properties,
Factors affecting Combustion Process, Types of Combustion Chambers, Flame Stabilization, Ignition
and Engine Starting, Adiabatic Flame Temperature, Pressure Losses, Design and Optimization,
Performance Maps.

UNIT-IV: COMPRESSORS AND TURBINES

Types of Compressors, Euler’s Turbo-Machinery Equations, Axial Compressors-Geometry of
Compressors, Velocity Polygons and Triangles, Single-Stage Energy Analysis, Variable Stators,
Radial Equilibrium and Streamline Analysis Method; Centrifugal Compressors- Geometry, Velocity
Polygons, Impeller Design, Performance Maps; Axial Flow Turbines- Geometry, Single-Stage Energy
analysis, Velocity Triangles, Performance Maps, Thermal Limits of Blades and Vanes, Numerical
problems and Performance Analysis.

UNIT-V: RAMJETS
Basics of Ramjets, Combustors for liquid fuel ramjet engines, Combustion Instability and its
Suppression, Solid fuel Ramjet Engines, Testing of Ramjets, Ram-rockets- Performance analysis,
Ducted and Shrouded types, Air-augmented rockets, Integrated ramjet-rocket systems, Nozzle-less
solid propellant rockets and Integrated Ramjet-rocket boosters, Dump combustors and associated
combustion problems, Computational fluid dynamics techniques in the design and development of
combustors.

UNIT-VI: HYPERSONIC AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION

Hypersonic Air-breathing Propulsion, SCRAM jet engines-Methods of Analysis, Hypersonic Intakes,
Supersonic Combustors, Engine Cooling and Materials Problem, CFD Applications, Liquid Air-cycle
Engines, Space Plane Applications, Experimental and Testing Facilities, The Shock Tunnel.

17
UNIT-VII: DESIGN OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE
Aircraft Mission Analysis, Engine Selection- Performance and Parametric Analysis, Sizing the Engine,
Major Considerations in Engine Component Design - Rotating Turbo-machinery, Combustion
Systems, Inlets and Exhaust Nozzles

UNIT-VIII: SYSTEM MATCHING AND ANALYSIS

Matching of Gas Turbine Components, Cycle Analysis of one and two spool engines, Gas Generator,
Component Modeling, Solution of Matching Problem, Dynamic or Transient behavior, Matching of
Engine and Aircraft, Use of Matching and Cycle analysis in Second stage design

TEXT BOOKS

• Fundamentals of Jet Propulsion with applications, Ronald D. Flack, Cambridge University

Press, 1st Edition, 2005.
• Elements of Propulsion: Gas turbines and Rockets, Jack D. Mattingly, AIAA Education series,
2nd Edition, 2006
• Aircraft Engine Design, Jack D. Mattingly, AIAA Education Series, 2nd Edition, 2008.
• Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion, William H. Heiser, David T. Pratt, AIAA Education
Series, 1st Edition, 1994
• Gas Turbine theory, Cohen H., Rogers G.F.C, Saravanamutto H., Longman Publication, 4th
Edition, 2003

18
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
(ELECTIVE-I)

UNIT – I: AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS

System - definition, examples, attributes – process, input, output, feedback, external influence.
Systems engineering, application to engineering systems. Aircraft systems – principal components –
airframe systems, vehicle (utility) systems, avionics systems, mission systems. Subsystems – purpose,
description, safety aspects, integration, design drivers. The product life cycle – stages – the engineering
processes.

UNIT – II: AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Hydraulic system services, the hydraulic circuit, actuation, the hydraulic fluid, hydraulic piping,
hydraulic pump, fluid conditioning, the reservoir, emergency power sources. Aircraft applications,
examples of B Ae, Airbus, Boeing implementations. The landing gear system for retraction, steering,
braking and anti-skid.

UNIT – III: ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Aircraft electrical system characteristics, power (AC and DC) generation, Power generation control,
voltage regulation, parallel operation, supervisory and protection functions. Modern electrical power
generation types, Electrical power quality. Primary power distribution, power conversion and energy
storage. Secondary power distribution, power switching, load protection. Electrical loads, motors and
actuators, lighting, heating, subsystem controllers, ground power. Emergency power generation.
Typical civil transport aircraft electrical systems examples. Electrical load management system.
Aircraft electrical wiring.

UNIT – IV: ENGINE CONTROL AND FUEL SYSTEMS

The engine control problem, control system parameters, example systems, design criteria. Engine
starting, air flow, fuel flow & ignition control, engine rotation, throttle levers, engine indications.
Integrated flight and propulsion control.

Characteristics of aircraft fuel systems, fuel system components – fuel transfer pumps, fuel booster
pumps, fuel transfer valves, non-return valves. Fuel quantity measurement systems. Fuel system
operation modes - fuel pressurization, engine feed, fuel transfer, use of fuel as heat sink, external fuel
tanks, fuel jettison, in-flight refueling. Integrated civil aircraft fuel systems.

UNIT – V: PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS.

Use of pneumatic power in aircraft, Sources of pneumatic power, the engine bleed air, engine bleed air
control. Users of pneumatic power, wing and engine anti-ice, engine start, thrust reversers, hydraulic
system, pitot-static systems.

19
The need for controlled environment in aircraft. Sources of heat. Environmental control system design,
ram air cooling, fuel cooling, engine bleed, bleed flow and temperature control. Refrigeration systems,
air cycle and vapour cycle systems, turbo fan, boot strap, reversed boot strap systems. Humidity
control. Air distribution systems. Cabin pressurisation, g tolerance, rain dispersal, anti-misting and
demisting. In-flight entertainment systems

UNIT – VI: FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Principles of flight control, flight control surfaces, control surface actuation, flight control linkage
systems, trim and feel. Power control, mechanical, direct drive, electromechanical, electro-hydrostatic
actuation, multiple redundancy. The fly by wire system. Airbus and Boeing implementations,
Inter-relationship of flight control, guidance and vehicle management systems.
Advanced systems - integrated flight and propulsion control, Vehicle management systems. All-
electric aircraft concept, more-electric aircraft power generation concepts. Impact of stealth design-
examples

UNIT – VII: SYSTEMS SAFETY, DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Safety considerations – function, performance, integrity, reliability, dispatch availability, Economy
considerations – maintainability, product support. Failure severity categorization, design assurance
levels. Integration of aircraft systems

Systems design, specifications and requirement, regulations. Design guidelines and certification
techniques. Safety assessment processes - functional hazard analysis, preliminary systems safety
analysis, systems safety analysis, common cause analysis. Requirements capture. Fault tree analysis,
failure modes and effects analysis, component reliability, dispatch reliability, Markov analysis.

UNIT – VIII: SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE, INTEGRATION

Architectural representation of systems, merits, definitions, types, architecture modeling and trade-
off. Systems integration, definitions, levels of integration, examples, management o f systems
integration. Aircraft system example

Verification of system requirements, tools - modeling, simulation, test rigs and prototypes, Modeling
techniques - types of models and simulations. Test rigs and prototypes. Declaring verification.

Need for interoperability of evolving systems. Forward compatibility and backward compatibility,
Factors affecting compatibility. System configurations. representation. configuration control – need,
the process.

TEXT BOOKS
• Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration, Moir, I. and
Seabridge, A., AIAA Education Series, AIAA, 2001, ISBN: 1-56347506-5
• Design and Development of Aircraft Systems – An Introduction, Moir, I., and Seabridge, A.,
AIAA Education Series, AIAA, 2004, ISBN: 1-56347-722-X.
• Civil Avionics Systems, Moir, I. and Seabridge, A., AIAA Education Series, AIAA, 2002, ISBN
1-56347589-8

REFERENCES
• Ground Studies for Pilots: Flight Instruments and Automatic Flight Control Systems, Harris,
D., sixth edition, Blackwell Science, 2004, ISBN 0-632-05951-6.
• Aircraft Electrical Systems, Pallet, E. H. J., Indian Edition, The English Book Store, New
Delhi, 1993, ISBN81-70002-059-X

20
• Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems, Bolton, W.,Butterworth Heinemann.
• Aircraft Instruments & Integrated Systems, Pallett, E.H.J., Longman Scientific & Technical,
1996.

FIRST YEAR – I SEMESTER

ELECTIVE-II

Modeling and Simulation of Fluid Flows

Computational Structural Analysis
Flight Navigation and Surveillance Systems
Airlines Operations and Scheduling
Rotorcraft Aerodynamics

21
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF FLUID FLOWS

(Elective-II)

UNIT-I: BASIC EQUATIONS OF FLUID DYNAMICS AND DYNAMICAL LEVELS OF

APPROXIMATION
General form of a conservation law, Mass conservation equation, Momentum conservation law or
equation of motion, Energy conservation equation; Navier–Stokes equations, Approximations of
turbulent flows, Thin shear layer approximation, Parabolized Navier–Stokes equations, Boundary layer
approximation, Distributed loss model, Inviscid flow model: Euler equations, Potential flow model.

UNIT II: MATHEMATICAL NATURE OF THE FLOW EQUATIONS AND THEIR

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS Simplified
models of a convection–diffusion equation, Definition of the mathematical properties of a system of
PDEs, Hyperbolic and parabolic equations: characteristic surfaces and domain of dependence, Time-
dependent and conservation form of the PDEs, Initial and boundary conditions

UNIT III: DISCRETIZATION TECHNIQUES Finite

Difference Method for Structured Grids: Basics of finite difference methods, Multidimensional finite
difference formulas, Finite difference formulas on non-uniform grids, General method for finite
difference formulae, Implicit finite difference formulae; Finite Volume Method: Conservative
discretization, Basis of finite volume method, Practical implementation of finite volume method;
Introduction to Finite Element Method: Finite element definition of interpolation functions, Finite
element definition of the equation discretization: integral formulation, Method of weighted residuals or
weak formulation, Galerkin method, Finite element Galerkin method for a conservation law;
Structured and Unstructured Grid Properties: Structured grids, Unstructured grids, Surface and volume
estimations, Grid quality and best practice guidelines

UNIT IV: ANALYSIS OF NUMERICAL SCHEMES

Consistency, stability and error analysis of numerical schemes: Basic concepts and definitions, Von
Neumann method for stability analysis, New Leapfrog, Lax-Fredrichs and Lax-Wendroff schemes for
the linear convection equation, Spectral analysis of numerical errors; General Properties and High
Resolution Numerical Schemes: General formulation of numerical schemes, Generation of new
schemes with prescribed order of accuracy, Monotonicity of numerical schemes, Finite volume
formulation of schemes and limiters

UNIT V: TIME INTEGRATION METHODS FOR SPACE DISCRETIZED EQUATIONS

Analysis of space-discretized systems, Analysis of time integration schemes, Selection of time

22
integration methods, Implicit schemes for multidimensional problems: Approximate factorization
methods

UNIT -VI: ITERATIVE METHODS FOR RESOLUTION OF ALGEBRAIC SYSTEMS

Basic iterative methods, Overrelaxation methods, Preconditioning techniques, Nonlinear problems,
Multigrid method.

UNIT VII: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INVISCID FLOWS

Euler equations, Potential flow model, Numerical solutions for the potential equation, Finite volume
discretization of the Euler equations, Numerical solutions for the Euler equations

UNIT-VIII: NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF VISCOUS LAMINAR FLOWS

Navier-Stokes Equations for laminar flows, Density based methods for viscous flows, Numerical
solutions with the density-based method, Pressure correction method, Numerical solutions with
pressure correction method.

TEXT BOOK
• Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Second Edition, Charles Hirsch,
Elsevier Publication, 2007

REFERENCES
• Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications, John David Anderson, McGraw
Hill, 1995
• Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, 2nd Edition, John C. Tannehill, Dale A.
Anderson, Richard H. Pletcher, Taylor & Francis, 1997

23
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3
COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
(Elective-II)

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION, FINITE ELEMENT DISCRETIZATION OF PHYSICAL

SYSTEMS
Areas of Analysis, Methods of Analysis, Computer Software, Brief History of the Finite Element
Method, Finite Element Solutions, Application of the Galerkin Method

UNIT- II: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS-BASIC THEORY, STRUCTURAL

MECHANICS-FINITE ELEMENTS
Modeling of Material Behavior, Finite Element Formulation Based on the Stationary Functional
Method,.
One-Dimensional Line Elements, Two-Dimensional Plane Elements, Three-Dimensional Solid
Elements, Isoparametric Quadrilateral and Hexahedron Elements, Torsion of Prismatic Shafts, Plate
Bending Elements, Shell Elements.

UNIT -III: SPINNING STRUCTURES, DYNAMIC ELEMENT METHOD

Derivation of Equation of Motion, Derivation of Nodal Centrifugal Forces, Derivation of Element
Matrices; Bar Element, Beam Element, Rectangular Pre-stressed Membrane Element, Plane Triangular
Element, Shell Element.

UNIT -IV: GENERATION OF SYSTEM MATRICES, SOLUTION OF SYSTEM EQUATIONS

Coordinate Systems and Transformations, Matrix Assembly, Imposition of Deflection Boundary
Conditions, Matrix Bandwidth Minimization, Sparse Matrix Storage Schemes; Formulation and
Solution of System Equation, Sparse Cholesky Factorization.

UNIT -V: EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS, DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF ELASTIC STRUCTURES

Free Vibration Analysis of Undamped Nonspinning Structures, Free Vibration Analysis of Spinning
Structures, Quadratic Matrix Eigenvalue Problem for Free Vibration Analysis, Structural Stability
Problems, Vibration of Prestressed Structures, Vibration of Damped Structural Systems, Solution of
Damped Free Vibration Problem; Method of Modal Superposition, Direct Integration Methods,
Frequency Response Method; Response to Random Excitation.

UNIT VI: NONLINEAR ANALYSIS, STRESS COMPUTATIONS AND OPTIMIZATION

Geometric Nonlinearity, Material Nonlinearity, Numerical Examples; Line Elements, Triangular Shell
Elements, Solid Elements, Optimization, Examples of Applications of Optimization

24
UNIT VII: HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF SOLIDS, COMPUTATIONAL LINEAR
AEROELASTICITY AND AEROSERVOELASTICITY
Heat Conduction, Solution of System Equations, Numerical Examples, Coupled Heat Transfer and
Structural Analysis.; Formulation of Numerical Procedure, Numerical Example

UNIT VIII: CFD-BASED AEROELASTICITY AND AEROSERVOELASTICITY

Computational Fluid Dynamics, Time-Marched Aeroe1astic and Aeroservoe1astic Analysis,
ARMA Model in Aeroelastic and Aeroservoelastic Analysis, Numerical Examples

TEXT BOOK

• Finite Element Multidisciplinary Analysis, K.K.Gupta and J.L.Meek, Second Edition,

AIAA, Education Series, 2003.

REFERENCE BOOK

• Finite Element Analysis – Theory and Application with ANSYS, Saeed Moaveni, Second
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003

25
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3

FLIGHT NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

(ELECTIVE-II)

UNIT-I: ROLE OF NAVIGATION IN FLIGHT VEHICLE MISSION - NAVIGATION

EQUATIONS
Introduction: Definitions of navigation and surveillance, Guidance versus navigation, Categories of
navigation, Civil and military aircraft, Phases of flight, Design trade-offs, Evolution of avionics,
Human navigator; Navigation Equations: Geometry of the Earth, Coordinate frames, Dead-reckoning
computations, Positioning, Terrain-matching navigation, Course computation, Navigation errors,
Digital charts, Software development

UNIT-II: TERRESTRIAL-RADIO-NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

General principles, System design considerations, Point source systems, Hyperbolic systems

UNIT-III: SATELLITE RADIO NAVIGATION

System configuration, Basics of satellite radio navigation, Orbital mechanics and clock characteristics,
Atmospheric effects on satellite signals, NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, Global Orbiting
Navigation Satellite System(GLONASS), GNSS integrity and availability

UNIT-IV: INERTIAL NAVIGATION

Inertial navigation system, Instruments, Platforms, Mechanization equations, Error analysis,
Alignment, Fundamental limits

UNIT-V: AIR-DATA SYSTEMS, ATTITUDE AND HEADING REFERENCES

Air-Data Systems: Air-data measurements, Air-data equations, Air-data systems, Specialty designs,
Calibration and system test; Attitude and Heading References: Basic instruments, Vertical references,
Heading references, Initial alignment of heading references

UNIT-VI: DOPPLER AND ALTIMETER RADARS, LANDING SYSTEMS

Doppler Radars: Functions and applications, Doppler radar principles and design approaches, Signal
characteristics, Doppler radar errors, Equipment configurations, Radar Altimeters: Functions and
applications, General principles, Pulsed radar altimeters, FM-CW radar altimeter, Phase-coded pulsed
radar altimeters; Landing Systems: Low-visibility operations, Mechanics of landing, Automatic
landing systems, Instrument landing systems, Microwave-landing system, Satellite landing systems,
Carrier landing systems,

26
UNIT-VII: MULTISENSOR INTEGRATED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Inertial system characteristics, Integrated stellar-inertial systems, Integrated Doppler- inertial systems,
Airspeed-damped inertial system, Integrated stellar-inertial-doppler system, Position update of an
inertial system, Noninertial GPS multisensor navigation systems, Filtering of measurements, Kalman
filter basics, Open-loop and closed loop Kalman filter mechanizations, GPS-INS mechanization,
Practical considerations, Federated system architecture

UNIT-VIII: AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Services provided to aircraft carriers, Government responsibilities, Flight rules and airspace
organization, Airways and procedures, Phases of flight, Subsystems, Facilities and operations, System
capacity, Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems

TEXT BOOKS

• Avionics Navigation Systems, Second Edition, Myron Kayton and Walter R.Freid, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc, 1997, ISBN 0-471-54795-6

• Civil Avionics Systems, Moir, I and Seabridge, A, AIAA Education Series, AIAA, 2002, ISBN
1-56347589-8

27
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
4 0 3
AIRLINES OPERATIONS AND SCHEDULING
(ELECTIVE-II)

UNIT – I: NEWORK FLOWS AND INTEGER PROGRAMMING MODELS

Complexity of airline planning, operations and dispatch - need for optimization – role of
operations research and simulation. Networks, definitions, network flow models – shortest path
problem, minimum cost flow problem, maximum flow problem, multi-commodity problem.
Integer programming models – partitioning problems, travelling salesman problem –
mathematical formulation – decision variables, objective function, constrains, methods of
solution. Solution by simulation.

UNIT – II: FLIGHT SCHEDULING

Significance of flight scheduling. The route system of the airlines – point-to-point flights, hub-
and-spoke flights. Schedule construction- operational feasibility, economic viability. Route
development and flight scheduling process – load factor and frequency – case study

UNIT – III: FLEET ASSIGNMENT

Purpose of fleet assignment. Fleet types, fleet diversity, fleet availability – performance
measures, Formulation of the fleet assignment problem – decision variables, objective function,
constraints, solution. Scenario analysis. Fleet assignment models.

UNIT – IV: AIRCRAFT ROUTING

Goal of aircraft routing –maintenance requirements, other constraints. Routing cycles, routing
generators. Mathematical models of routing. Decision variables, objective functions –
alternatives – constraints - flight coverage, aircraft available. Example problems and solutions

UNIT – V: CREW AND MANPOWER SCHEDULING

Crew scheduling process – significance. Development of crew pairing – pairing generators –
mathematical formulation of crew pairing problem – methods of solution, Crew rostering –
rostering practices – the crew rostering problem – formulation, solutions. Manpower
scheduling, modeling, formulation of the problem, solutions

UNIT – VI: GATE ASSIGNMENT Gate

assignment – significance – the problem - levels of handling – passenger flow, distance matrix-
mathematical formulation, solution.

UNIT – VII: AIRLINE IRREGULAR OERATION, DISRUPTION OF SCHEDULE AND

RECOVERY
28
The problem statement, the time band approximation model – formulation of the problem – the
scenarios – solution.

UNIT – VIII: COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY, CASE STUDIES OF AIRLINE

OPERATIONS AND SCHEDULING AND SIMULATION
Complexity theory, heuristic procedures. Case studies of airline operation and scheduling – study
through simulation modeling – use of available software.

TEXT BOOKS
• Airline operations and Scheduling, Bazargan, M., Ashgate, 2004, ISBN 0-7546-3616-X.
• Operations Research in Airlines Industry, Yu, G.,Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
• Network Flows – Theory, Algorithms and Applications, Ahuja, R. et al., Prentice Hall, 1993.
REFERENCES
• Handbook of Optimization, Paradalos, P.M. and Resende, M.G.C., Oxford Univ. Press, New
York, 1993.
• www.airlinestechnology.net

29
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

ROTORCRAFT AERODYNAMICS
(ELECTIVE-II)

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTALS OF ROTOR AERODYNAMICS, BLADE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Momentum theory analysis in hovering flight, Disk loading and power loading, Induced inflow ratio,
Thrust and power coefficients, Comparison of theory with measured rotor performance, Non-ideal
effects on rotor performance, Figure of merit, Induced tip loss, Rotor solidity and blade loading
coefficients, Momentum analysis in axial climb and descent, Momentum analysis in forward flight,
Blade Element Analysis in hover and axial flight, forward flight

UNIT-II: ROTATING BLADE MOTION

Types of rotors, Equilibrium about the flapping hinge and lead-lag hinge, Equations of motion for a
flapping blade, Blade feathering and the swashplate, Dynamics of a lagging blade with a hinge offset,
Coupled flap-lag motion, Coupled pitch-flap motion, Other types of rotors, Introduction to rotor trim

UNIT-III: HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE

Hovering and axial climb performance, Forward flight performance, Performance analysis,
Autorotational performance, Vortex ring state(VRS), Ground effect, Performance in maneuvering
flight, Factors influencing performance degradation

UNIT-IV: AERODYNAMIC DESIGN OF HELICOPTERS

Overall design requirements, Conceptual and preliminary design processes, Design of the main rotor,
Fuselage aerodynamic design issues, Empennage design, Role of wind tunnels in aerodynamic design,
Design of tail rotors, Other anti-torque devices, High speed rotorcraft, Smart rotor systems, Human-
powered helicopter, Hovering micro air vehicles

UNIT-V: AERODYNAMICS OF ROTOR AIRFOILS

Helicopter rotor airfoil requirements, Reynolds number and Mach number effects, Airfoil shape
definition, Airfoil pressure distribution, Aerodynamics of a representative airfoil section, Pitching
moment and related issues, Drag, Maximum lift and stall characteristics, Advanced rotor airfoil design,
Representing static airfoil characteristics, Circulation controlled airfoils, Very low Reynolds number
airfoil characteristics, Effects of damage on airfoil performance

UNIT-VI: UNSTEADY AIRFOIL BEHAVIOR

Sources of unsteady aerodynamic loading, Concepts of blade wake, Reduced frequency and reduced
time, Unsteady attached flow, Principles of quasi-steady thin airfoil theory, Theodorsen’s theory,
Returning wake-Loewy’s problem, Sinusoidal gust-Sear’s problem, Indicial response-Wagner’s
30
problem, Sharp edged gust-Kussner’s problem, Traveling sharp edged gust- Milne’s problem, Time
varying incident velocity, Indicial method for subsonic compressible flow, Non-uniform vertical
velocity fields, Time-varying incident Mach number, Unsteady aerodynamics of flaps, Principles of
noise produced by unsteady forces,

UNIT-VII: DYNAMIC STALL

Flow morphology of dynamic stall, Dynamic stall in the rotor environment, Effects of forcing
conditions on dynamic stall, Modeling of dynamic stall, Torsional damping, Effects of sweep angle,
airfoil shape on dynamic stall, Three dimensional effects on dynamic stall, Time-varying velocity
effects on dynamic stall, Prediction of in-flight airfoils, Stall control

UNIT-VIII: ROTOR WAKES AND BLADE TIP VORTICES, ROTOR-AIRFRAME

INTERACTIONAL AERODYNAMICS
Characteristics of rotor wake in hover and forward flight, Vortex models of rotor wake, Aperiodic
wake developments, General dynamic inflow models, Descending flight and vortex ring state, Wake
developments in maneuvering flight; Rotor-fuselage interactions, Rotor-empennage interactions,
Rotor-tail rotor interactions

TEXT BOOK

• Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, Second Edition, J. Gordon Leishman, Cambridge

University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-85860-7

31
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester T P C
0 6 2

DIGITAL SIMULATION LAB - I

I. MATLAB/ Simulink Fundamentals for Aerospace Applications

MATLAB introduction, Plotting and graphics: Plot, log and semi-log plots, polar plots,
Subplots, axis, mesh, contour diagrams, flow diagrams, movies, MATLAB Toolboxes: Continuous
transfer functions, root locus, Nichols chart, Nyquist chart, linear quadratic regulator, state-space
design, digital design, Aerospace toolbox; M Cells, Structures and M-files, MEX-files,

Standard Simulink libraries, Simulink aerospace blockset, Building Simulink linear models: transfer
function modeling in Simulink, zero pole model, state-space model; Simulink LTI viewer and usage of
it, equivalent Simulink LTI models, Single-Input, Single-Output(SISO) design tool, Building Multi-
Input, Multi –Output models, Building Simulink S-functions; Stateflow introduction: Opening,
executing, and saving stateflow models, constructing a simple stateflow model, using a stateflow truth
table

II. Software Development for Simulation of Fluid Flows

• Generation of structured and unstructured grids in two and three dimensions
• Solution of Burgers equation using explicit MacCormack method
• Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer over a flat plate
• Riemann solver for shock tube problem

III. Flow Simulation using FLUENT

• Simulation of Flow past airfoils and wings
• Simulation of Compressible flow in convergent-divergent nozzle
• Simulation of compressible flow in a compressor

REFERENCES

• Basic MATLAB, Simulink, and State Flow, Richard Colgren, AIAA Education Series, 2007
• Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Steven T. Karris, Orchard
Publications, 2006, ISBN –9744239-8-X
• Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, Second Edition, John C. Tannehill, Dale
A. Anderson, Richard H. Pletcher, Taylor & Francis Publication, 1997.
• Computational Fluid Dynamics, T. J. Chung, Cambridge University Press, 2002

32
 FIRST YEAR - II SEMESTER

CORE SUBJECTS

Aircraft Control and Simulation

Space Transportation Systems
Computational Approaches for Aerospace Design
Aerospace Sensors and Measurement Systems

33
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

AIRCRAFT CONTROL AND SIMULATION

UNIT-I: THE KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS OF AIRCRAFT MOTION

Vector Kinematics, Matrix Analysis of Kinematics, Geodesy, Earth’s Gravitation, Terrestrial
Navigation, Rigid-Body Dynamics.

UNIT-II: MODELING THE AIRCRAFT

Basic Aerodynamics, Aircraft Forces and Moments, Static Analysis, The Nonlinear Aircraft Model,
Linear Models and the Stability Derivatives.

UNIT-III: MODELING, DESIGN AND SIMULATION TOOLS

State Space Models, Transfer Function Models, Numerical Solution of the State Equations, Aircraft
Models for Simulation, Steady State Flight, Numerical Linearization.

UNIT-IV: AIRCRAFT DYNAMICS

Aircraft Dynamic Behavior, Aircraft Rigid Body Modes, The Handling Qualities Requirements,
Stability Augmentation Systems

UNIT-V: CONTROL DESIGN

Feedback Control, Control Augmentation Systems, Autopilots and Flight management systems,
Nonlinear Simulation.

UNIT-VI: MODERN DESIGN TECHNIQUES

Assignment of Closed-Loop Dynamics, Linear Quadratic Regulator with Output Feedback, Tracking a
Command, Modifying the Performance Index, Model Following Design, Linear Quadratic Design with
Full State Feedback, Dynamic Inversion Design.

UNIT-VII: ROBUSTNESS AND MULTIVARIABLE FREQUENCY DOMAIN TECHNIQUES

Multivariable Frequency Domain Analysis, Robust Output Feedback Design, Observers and the
Kalman Filter, LQG/Loop Transfer Recovery.

UNIT-VIII: DIGITAL CONTROL

Simulation of Digital Controllers, Discretization of Continuous Controllers, Modified Continuous
Design, Implementation Considerations.

34
TEXT BOOK

• Aircraft Control and Simulation, Brian L. Stevens and Frank L. Lewis, John Wiley & Sons,
2003

2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3
SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

UNIT-I: Systems Engineering and Systems Design Considerations

Introduction, Systems engineering definition, System engineer, Systems engineering cycle, Systems
engineering process, Doctrine of successive refinement, Systems engineering in a DOD Context,
Systems Engineering in a NASA Context, Systems Design Considerations: Overview of design
process, System integration, System interfaces and control, Tools and methodologies, Systems
analysis, Modeling, and the trade study process, Basic launch vehicle system trade analysis
methodology, System effective studies

UNIT II: Transportation System Architecture, Infrastructures and U.S. Space Shuttle
Introduction, Historical drivers for space infrastructure, Political considerations, National mission
model, Private sector and commercialization, Development of commercial space transportation
architecture and system concepts, Cost drivers for space transportation architecture options,
Recommended improvements to space transportation architectures, Planning for future space
infrastructure, Transportation Infrastructure for moon and mars missionsU.S. Space Shuttle:
Introduction, Historical background, Development of shuttle system, Orbiter development, Current
shuttle vehicle and operations, Shuttle evolution and future growth,

UNIT-III: Expendable Space Transportation Systems and Reusable Space Launch Vehicles
Introduction, Expendable launch vehicle design, History behind existing Expendable Launch Vehicles,
Evolving the expendable launch vehicle, Reusable space launch vehicles: Background—Previous
efforts at hypersonic flight, Early aerospace plane conceptual studies, The X-series of research aircraft,
Challenges facing manned aerospace planes, Manned reusable systems development programs-Past
and Ongoing., NASA reusable launch vehicle studies in 1990s., Hypersonic waveriders, Importance of
vehicle health management, Future reusable space launch vehicles

UNIT IV: Operations and Support Systems

Introduction, Launch operations definition, Shuttle mission operations, Facility requirements for
launch operations, Obstacles to streamlining launch operations, Evolutionary launch operations
strategies, Designing for future expendable launch vehicle launch operations, Improving Existing
Launch Operations, Future launch operations

UNIT V: Systems and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization

Introduction, Launch vehicle conceptual design problem, Modeling needs, Optimization strategies and
applications, Collaborative work environment of the future
35
UNIT-VI: Systems Technology Development
Introduction, Vehicle technologies, Propulsion technologies, Ground and mission operations
technologies, Assessing technological options, Technology transfer and commercialization, Applying a
commercial development process for access to space

UNIT VII: Program Planning, Management, and Evaluation

Introduction, Management Trends, Good Project Management as Team Building and a Balancing Act,
Types of Project Management, Configuration Management, Risk Management, Earned value
management, Total Quality Management, Managing ultra-large projects

UNIT VIII: Future Systems

Introduction, Next generation space transportation systems, Accelerator concepts, Nuclear fission and
fusion based concepts, Antimatter-based propulsion concepts, Solar propulsion concepts, Laser and
beamed energy propulsion Concepts, Magnetic Monopoles Concept, Field and Quantum Effect
Propulsion Concepts.

Text Book

• Space Transportation: A Systems Approach to Analysis and Design, Walter Hammond, AIAA
Education Series, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1999.

36
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO AEROSPACE VEHICLE DESIGN

UNIT-I: PRINCIPLES OF AEROSPACE DESIGN

Historical Perspective on aerospace design, Traditional manual approaches to design and design
iteration, Design teams, Advances in modeling techniques, Tradeoffs in aerospace system design,
Design automation, evolution and innovation, Design search and optimization, Take-up of
computational methods, Design oriented Analysis: Geometry modeling and design parameterization,
Computational mesh generalization, Analysis and design of coupled systems

UNIT-II: ELEMENTS OF NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION-I

Single variable optimizers- line search, Multi variable optimizers: Population versus single point
methods, Gradient based methods, Noisy/Approximate function values, Non-gradient based
algorithms, Termination and convergence aspects, Constrained optimization, Problem transformations,
Lagrange multipliers, Feasible directions method, Penalty function methods, Combined Lagrangian
and penalty function methods, Sequential quadratic programming, Chromosome repair

UNIT-III: ELEMENTS OF NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION-II

Meta models and Response surface methods: Global versus local meta models, Meta modeling tools,
Simple RSM examples, Combined approaches-Hybrid searches and meta heuristics, Multi-objective
optimization, Multi-objective weight assignment techniques, Methods for combining goal functions,
fuzzy logic and physical programming, Pareto set algorithms

UNIT-IV: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Finite-difference methods, Complex variable approach, Direct methods, Adjoint mehods, Semi-
analytical methods, Automatic differentiation

UNIT-V: APPROXIMATION CONCEPTS

Local approximations, Multipoint approximations, Black-box modeling, Generalized linear models,
Sparse approximations techniques, Gaussian process interpolation and regression, Data parallel
modeling, Design of experiments, Surrogate modeling using variable fidelity models, Reduced basis
methods

UNIT-VI: DESIGN SPACE EXPLORATION-SURROGATE MODELS

Managing surrogate models in optimization: Trust regions, Space mapping approach, Surrogate
assisted optimization using global models, Managing surrogate models in evolutionary algorithms

37
UNIT-VII: DESIGN IN THE PRESNCE OF UNCERTAINTY
Uncertainty modeling and representation, Uncertainty propagation, Taguchi methods, Welch-Sacks
method, Design for six sigma, decision theoretic formulations, Reliability-based optimization, Robust
design using information-gap theory, Evolutionary algorithms for robust design

UNIT-VIII: MULTI-DISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION

Multi-disciplinary analysis, Fully integrated optimization, System decomposition and optimization,
Simultaneous analysis and design, Distributed analysis optimization formulation, Collaborative
optimization, Concurrent subspace optimization, Co-evolutionary architectures

TEXT BOOK
• Computational Approaches for Aerospace Design-The Pursuit of Excellence, Andy J. Keane,
Prasanth B. Nair, John Wiley & Sons, 2005, ISBN 10:0-470-85540-1

38
 009-2010

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

AEROSPACE SENSORS AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

Characteristics of Measuring systems:: Readability, Sensitivity, Hysteresis, Accuracy, Precision:
Calibration, Standards, Experiment planning, Causes and types of experimental errors, Statistical
analysis of experimental data

UNIT II: FLOW MEASUREMENTS

Pressure Measurement: Manometer, Pressure transducers, Scanning valves; Temperature
Measurement: Thermometers, Thermocouples, Thermopiles, Keil probes; Velocity Measurement: Pitot
probes, Hot wires, 7 hole probes, Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), Particle Image Velocimetry
(PIV), Doppler Global Velocimetry(DGV) ; Turbulence Measurements: LDV, Hot wire anemometers,
Root Mean Square(RMS), Spectrum;

UNIT III: FLOW VISUALIZATION

Path-, Streak-, Stream-, and Time lines, Direct visualization, Surface flow visualization, Flow field
visualization, Data driven visualization

UNIT-IV: FORCES AND MOMENTS FROM WIND TUNNEL BALANCE MEASUREMENTS

Types of wind tunnels, Aeronautical wind tunnels, Wind tunnel data systems, Balances, Balance
requirements and specifications, External balances and internal balances

UNIT V: STRESS AND STRAIN MEASUREMENTS

Stress and strain, Strain measurements, Strain gauge types, Basic characteristics of of a strain gage,
Electrical resistance strain gauges, Rosette analysis, Strain gauge sensitivity, Stress gauges

UNIT VI: MOTION AND VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

Two simple vibration instruments, Principles of seismic instrument, Practical considerations for
seismic instruments, Sound measurements

UNIT VII: MOTION AND INERTIAL MEASUREMENTS

Applications of accelerometer sensors, Acceleration sensing principles, Pendulous accelerometer (open
and closed loop), Micro-machined accelerometer, Piezoelectric accelerometer, Rate gyroscope
principles, Rate-integrating gyroscope principles, Micro-gyro sensors, Laser gyros

UNIT-VIII: SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE DETERMINATION SENSORS

Infrared earth sensors-Horizon Crossing Sensors, Sun sensors, Star sensors, Rate and rate integrating
gyros, Magnetometers
39
TEXT BOOKS
• Experimental Methods for Engineers, Seventh Edition, J. P. Holman, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004
• Measurement Systems-Application and Design,5th Edition, Ernest O Doebelin, Dhanesh N
Manik, Tata McGraw Hill, 2007
• Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, Jewel B Barlow, William H. Rae,Jr. , Alan Pope, John
Wiley, Third Edition, 1999
• Spacecraft Dynamics and Control-A Practical Engineering Approach, Marcel J. Sidi,
Cambridge University Press, 1997

40
 FIRST YEAR - II SEMESTER

Elective-III

Aero-thermodynamics of Hypersonic Flight

Dynamics and Control of Structures
Missile Guidance
Advanced Topics in Air Traffic Management Systems
Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

41
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF HYPERSONIC FLIGHT

(Elective-III)

UNIT I: GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HYPERSONIC FLOWS

Defining hypersonic flow, Characterizing hypersonic flow using fluid dynamic phenomenon. Basic
Equations of Motion: Equilibrium and non-equilibrium flows, Equilibrium conditions, Dependent
variables, Transport properties, Continuity, momentum and energy equations, General form of the
equations of motion in conservation form.

UNIT II: DEFINING THE AEROTHERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT

Empirical correlations complemented by analytical techniques, General comments about CFD,
Computations based on a two layer flow model, Techniques treating entire shock layer in a unified
fashion, Calibration and validation of the CFD codes

UNIT III: EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF HYPERSONIC FLOWS

Ground-based simulation of hypersonic flows, Ground-based hypersonic facilities, Experimental data
and model design considerations, Flight tests, Importance of interrelating CFD, ground-test data and
flight-test data

UNIT IV: STAGNATION-REGION FLOW FIELD

Stagnating streamline, Stagnation-point convective heat transfer, Radiative heat flux

UNIT V: PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION:

Newtonian flow models, Departure from the Newtonian flow field, Shock-Wave / Boundary Layer
(Viscous) Interaction for two-dimensional compression Ramps, Tangent-Cone and Tangent-Wedge
approximations, Need for more sophisticated models, Pressure distributions for a reacting gas,
Pressures in separated regions

UNIT VI: BOUNDARY LAYER AND CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER:

Boundary Conditions, Metric or equivalent cross-section radius, Convective heat transfer and skin
friction, Effects of surface catalycity, Base heat transfer in separated flow

UNIT VII: VISCOUS INTERACTIONS:

Compression ramp flows, Shock/Shock interactions, Flow field perturbations around swept fins,
Corner flows, Examples of Viscous Interactions for Hypersonic Vehicles: X-15, Space shuttle orbiter,
Hypersonic air-breathing aircraft

UNIT VIII: AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

OF HYPERSONIC VEHICLES
Newtonian Aerodynamic Coefficients, Re-entry capsule aerodynamics, Shuttle orbiter aerodynamics,
X-15 Aerodynamics, Hypersonic aerodynamics of research plane, Dynamic stability considerations;
Design Considerations: Reentry vehicles, Design philosophy, Design considerations for rocket-

42
launched/glide reentry vehicles, airbreathing vehicles, combined rocket/airbreathing powered vehicles,
Design of a new vehicle

TEXTBOOKS
• Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics, John J. Bertin, AIAA Education Series, 1994.

REFERENCE BOOKS
• Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics, Second Edition, J. D. Anderson, AIAA
Eucation Series, 2006
• Basics of Aerothermodynamics, Ernst Heinrich Hirshchel, Springer-Verlag, 2005

43
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3
DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF STRUCTURES
(Elective-III)

UNIT-I: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

Newton’s Second Law, Impulse and Momentum, Moment of a Force and Angular Momentum, Work
and Energy, Systems of Particles, Rigid Bodies, Euler’s Moment Equations.

UNIT-II: PRINCIPLES OF ANALYTICAL MECHANICS

Degree of Freedom and Generalized Coordinates, The Principle of Virtual Work, D’Alembert’s
Principle, Hamilton’s Principle, Lagrange’s Equations of Motion, Hamilton’s Canonical Equations,
Motion in the Phase Space, Lagrange’s Equations of Motion in Terms of Quasi-Coordinates.

UNIT-III: CONCEPTS FROM LINEAR SYSTEM THEORY

Concepts from System Analysis, Frequency Response, Response by Transform Methods, The Transfer
Function, Singularity Functions, Response to Singularity Functions, Response to Arbitrary Excitation,
The Convolution Integral, State Equations. Linearization about Equilibrium, Stability of Equilibrium
Points , Response by the Transition Matrix, Computation of the Transition Matrix, The Eigenvalue
Problem, Response by Modal Analysis, State Controllability, Output Equations, Observability,
Sensitivity of the Eigensolution to Changes in the System Parameters, Discrete-Time Systems.

UNIT-IV: LUMPED-PARAMETER STRUCTURES

Equations of Motion for Lumped-Parameter Structures, Energy Considerations, The Algebraic
Eigenvalue Problem, Free Response, Qualitative Behavior of the Eigensolution, Computational
Methods for the Eigensolution, Modal Analysis for the Response of Open-Loop Systems.

UNIT-V: CONTROL OF LUMPED-PARAMETER SYSTEMS. CLASSICAL APPROACH

Feedback Control Systems, Performance of Control Systems, The Root-Locus Method, The Nyquist
Method, Frequency Response Plots, Bode Diagrams, Relative Stability. Gain Margin and Phase
Margin, Log Magnitude-Phase Diagrams, The Closed-Loop Frequency Response. Nichols Charts
Sensitivity of Control Systems to Variations in Parameters, Compensators, Solution of the State
Equations by the Laplace Transformation

UNIT-VI: CONTROL OF LUMPED-PARAMETER SYSTEMS. MODERN APPROACH

Feedback Control Systems, Pole Allocation Method, Optimal Control, The Linear Regulator Problem,
Algorithms for Solving the Riccati Equation, The Linear Tracking Problem, Pontryagin’s Minimum
Principle, Minimum-Time Problems, Minimum-Time Control of Time-Invariant Systems
Minimum-Fuel Problems, Simplified On-Off Control, Control Using Observers, Optimal Observers.
The Kalman-Bucy Filter, Direct Output Feedback Control, Modal Control

UNIT-VII: DISTRIBUTED-PARAMETER STRUCTURES, EXACT AND APPROXIMATE

METHODS
Boundary-Value Problems, The Diffenrential Eigenvalue Problems, Rayleigh’s Quotient, The
Rayleigh-Ritz Method, The Finite Element Method, The Method of Weighted Residuals, Substructure
of Undamped Structures, Damped Structures.
44
UNIT-VIII: CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTED STRUCTURES
Closed-Loop Partial Differential Equation of Motion, Modal Equations for Undamped Structures,
Mode Controllability and Observability, Closed-Loop Modal Equations, Independent Modal-Space
Control, Coupled Control, Direct Output Feedback Control, Systems with Proportional Damping,
Control of Discretized Structures, Structures with General Viscous Damping.

TEXT BOOK

• Dynamics and Control of Structures, Leonard Meirovitch, John Wiley & Sons, 1990

REFERENCE BOOKS

• Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, Dewey. H. Hodges, G.Alvin

Pierce- Cambridge University Press, 2002

• Structural Dynamics in Aeronautical Engineering, Maher N. Bismarck-Nasr, AIAA Education

Series, 1999

• Adaptive Structures: Engineering Applications, David Wagg, Ian Bong, Paul Weaver, Michael
Friswell (eds) , John Willey & Sons, Ltd, 2007

45
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

MISSILE GUIDANCE
(ELECTIVE-III)

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTALS OF TACTICAL MISSILE GUIDANCE

Proportional navigation, Simulation of proportional navigation in two dimensions, Two-dimensional

engagement simulation, Linearization, Linearized engagement simulation, Important closed-form
solutions, Proportional navigation and zero effort miss

UNIT-II: METHOD OF ADJOINTS AND THE HOMING LOOP

Homing loop, Single time constant guidance system, Construction of an adjoint, Adjoint mathematics,
Adjoints for deterministic systems, Deterministic adjoint example, Adjoint closed-form solutions,
Normalization

UNIT-III: NOISE ANALYSIS, COVARIANCE ANALYSIS AND THE HOMING LOOP

Basic definitions, Gaussian noise example, Computational issues, Response of linear system to white
noise, Low-pass-filter example, Adjoints for noise-driven systems, Shaping filters and random
processes, Example of a stochastic adjoint, Closed-form solution for random target maneuver,
Covariance analysis theory, Low-pass filter example, Numerical considerations, Homing loop
example, Acceleration adjoint

UNIT-IV: PROPORTIONAL NAVIGATION AND MISS DISTANCE

System order, Design relationships, Optimal target evasive maneuvers, Practical evasive maneuvers,
Saturation, Parasitic effects, Thrust vector control

UNIT-V: ADVANCED GUIDANCE LAWS

Review of proportional navigation, Augmented proportional navigation, Derivation of augmented

proportional navigation, Influence of time constants, Optimal guidance

UNIT-VI: KALMAN FILTERS AND THE HOMING LOOP

Theoretical equations of Kalman filter, Application to homing loop, Kalman gains, Numerical
examples, Experiments with optimal guidance

UNIT-VII: OTHER FORMS OF TACTICAL GUIDANCE, TACTICAL ZONES

Proportional navigation command guidance, Beam rider guidance, Command to line-of- sight
guidance; Tactical Zones: Velocity computation, Drag, Acceleration, Gravity
46
UNIT-VIII: STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS, BOOSTERS, AND LAMBERT GUIDANCE

Strategic Considerations: Gravitational model, Closed form solutions, Hit equation, Flight time;
Boosters: Staging, Booster numerical example, Gravity turn; Lambert Guidance: Statement of
Lambert’s problem, Solution to Lambert’s problem, Numerical example, Booster steering, General
energy management steering

TEXT BOOK

• Tactical and Strategic Missile Guidance, Fifth Edition, Paul Zarchan, Progress in Astronautics
and Aeronautics, AIAA, 2007, ISBN-10: 1-56347-874-9

REFERENCE BOOK
• Missile Guidance and Control Systems, George M. Siouris, Springer-Verlag, 2004, ISBN: 0-
387-00726-1

47
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- I Semester
T P C
4 0 3

ADVANCED TOPICS IN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

(ELECTIVE-III)

UNIT- I: AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Introduction: Air traffic services provided to aircraft operators, Government responsibilities, Flight
rules and airspace organization, Airways and procedures, Phases of flight, Subsystems of ATM
system, Facilities and operation, System capacity, Airborne collision avoidance systems, Future trends,
Capacity driven operational concept of ATM.

UNIT-II: ECONOMICS OF CONGESTION

Impact of ATM on airspace user economic performance, Effects of schedule disruptions on the
economics of airline operations, Modeling of an airline operations control center.

UNIT-III: COLLABORATIVE DECISION MAKING

Effect of shared information on pilot controller and controller- controller interactions, Modeling
of distributed human decision making in traffic flow management operations.

UNIT-IV: AIRPORT OPERATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

Analysis, modeling and control of ground operations at airports, Collaborative optimization of
arrival and departure traffic flow management strategies at airports.

UNIT-V: AIRSPACE OPERATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

Performance measures of air traffic services, Identification of airport and airspace capacity
constraints.

UNIT-VI: SAFETY AND FREE FLIGHT

Accident risk assessment for advanced air traffic management, Airborne separation assurance
systems. Human factors

UNIT-VII: COGNITIVE WORKLOAD ANALYSIS AND ROLE OF AIR TRAFFIC

CONTROLLER
Task load measures of air traffic controllers, Technology enabled shift in controller roles and
responsibilities.

UNIT-VIII: AIRCRAFT SELF SEPARATION

Cooperative optimal airborne separation assurance in free flight airspace, Automatic dependent
surveillance broadcast system - operational evaluation.

48
TEXT BOOKS

• Air Transportation Systems Engineering, Donohue, G. L. et al., (Editors), AIAA, 20003, ISBN
1-56347-474-3
• Avionics Navigation Systems, Keyton, M. and Fried, W. R., John Wiley, 2001, ISBN 0-471-
54795-6
• Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control, Fourth edition, Nolan, M.S., Thomson Learning, 2004,
ISBN-13:978-0-534-39388-5.

49
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

SPACECRAFT DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

(Elective-III)

UNIT-I: ORBIT DYNAMICS

Basic physical principles, Two body problem, Moment of momentum, Equation of motion of a particle
in a central force field, Time and Keplerian orbits, Keplerian orbits in space, Perturbed orbits: Non-
Keplerian orbits, Perturbing forces and their influence on the orbit, Perturbed geostationary orbits,
Euler – Hill equations.

UNIT-II: ORBITAL MANEUVERS

Single-impulse orbit adjustment., Multiple-impulse orbit adjustment, Geostationary orbits,
Geostationary orbit corrections .

UNIT-III: ATTITUDE DYNAMICS AND KINEMATICS

Angular momentum and inertia matrix, Rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body, Moment of inertia
matrix in selected axis frame, Euler’s moment equations, Characteristics of rotational motion of a
spinning body, Attitude kinematics equations of motion of a spinning body, Attitude dynamic
equations of motion for a nonspinning satellite

UNIT-IV: GRAVITY GRADIENT STANILIZATION

Basic attitude control equation, Gravity gradient attitude control

UNIT-V: SINGLE- AND DUAL-SPIN STABILIZATION

Attitude stabilization during the ∆V stage, Active nutation control, Estimation of fuel consumed during
active nutation control, Despinning and denutation of a satellite, Single spin stabilization, dual spin
stabilization

UNIT-VI: ATTITUDE MANEUVERS IN SPACE

Equations for basic control laws, Control with momentum exchange devices, Magnetic attitude
control, Magnetic unloading of momentum exchange devices, Time-optimal attitude control, Technical
features of the reaction wheel.

UNIT-VII: MOMENTUM-BIASED ATTITUDE STABILIZATION

Stabilization with and without active controls, Roll-yaw attitude control with two momentum wheels,
Reaction thruster attitude control

UNIT-VIII: REACTION THRUSTER ATTITUDE CONTROL

Set up of reaction thruster control, Reaction torques and attitude control loops, feed back control loops,
Reaction attitude control via pulse width modulation, Reaction control system using only four
thrusters, Reaction control and structural dynamics.

50
TEXT BOOK
• Spacecraft Dynamics and Control, Marcel J. Sidi, Cambridge University Press, 1997

REFERENCES
• Modern Spacecraft Dynamics & Control, M. H. Kaplan, Wiley, 1976,
• Space Vehicle Dynamics and Control., B. Wie, AIAA, 1998
• Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control, J. R. Wertz, editor, D. Reidel Publishing,
1978

51
 FIRST YEAR - SEMESTER II

Elective-IV

Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion

Composite Materials for Aerospace Structures
Tactical Missile Design
High Angle of Attack Aerodynamics
Optimal Control

52
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3
ROCKET AND SPACECRAFT PROPULSION
(ELECTIVE-IV)

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTALS OF ROCKET PROPULSION

Applications of Rockets, Multistage Rockets, Orbits and Spaceflight, Basics of Thermal Rocket
Engine-Thermodynamics and Performance Analysis, Types of Rockets – Propellants, Selection of
Rocket Propulsion Systems, Selection of Rockets Depending on Mission Requirements

UNIT-II: SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKETS

Solid Propellant Rockets, Basic Configuration and Performance, Propellant Grain and Configuration,
Propellant Characteristics, Properties and Design of Solid Motors, Combustion Chamber, Ignition
Process and Instability, Thrust Vector Control, Two Modern Solid Boosters: Space Shuttle SRB,
Ariane MPS

UNIT-III: LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKETS

Liquid Propellant Rockets Basics, Propellants and Feed Systems, Combustion chamber and Nozzle,
Propellant Distribution Systems, Thrust Chambers, Injectors, Combustion Instability, Performance of
Liquid Rockets, Performance Analysis, Cryogenic Propellants, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines:
Ariane Engine-Viking, HM7 B, Vulcan, Space Shuttle Main Engine- RS 68, RL 10.

UNIT-IV: ADVANCED THERMAL ROCKETS

Improving Efficiency, Single stage to orbit concepts, Practical approaches and developments, Vehicle
Design and Mission Concept, Hybrid Propellant Rockets, Performance analysis and Configuration,
Rocket Exhaust Plumes and Nozzles, Apollo 11 Case study, Orion Spacecraft and GSLV

UNIT-V: ELECTRIC PROPULSION

Electric Propulsion Principles, Electro-thermal thrusters-Performance and importance of Exhaust
Velocity, Arc-Jet Thrusters, Electromagnetic Propulsion: Ion Propulsion, Propellant Choice and
Performance, Ion Thrust and Electrical Efficiency, Mission Applications- Engine Examples, SMART I
and PPS-1350.

UNIT-VI: PLASMA THRUSTERS

Basic Plasma Physics, Hall effect thrusters and Radio frequency thrusters, Low Power Electric
thrusters, Electric Power Generation: Radio Active Thermal generators, Ideal and Optimal Flight
Performance of Electric Propulsion, Applications, Station Keeping, Transfer orbits, Gravity loss and
thrust, Electric Propulsion Engine Examples: Deep Space I, NSTAR Ion Engine.

UNIT-VII: NUCLEAR PROPULSION

Nuclear Fission Basics, Sustainable Chain Reaction, Power, Thrust and Energy, Neutron leakage and
control, Thermal Stability, Principle of Nuclear Thermal Propulsion, Performance and Working of
Nuclear Rocket Engine, Potential Applications and Operational issues, Nuclear Propelled Missions

UNIT-VIII: ADVANCED PROPULSION CONCEPTS

Pulse Detonation Engine, Antimatter Propulsion, Traveling at Relativistic Speeds, Fusion Propulsion,
Superluminal Speed, Deep space Programs, Solar sails, Space Elevators
53
TEXT BOOKS

• Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion: Principles, Practice and New Developments, Martin J.
L. Turner, 3rd Edition, Springer Publishing, 2008.
• Rocket Propulsion Elements, Seventh Edition, George P. Sutton and Oscar Biblarz. , John
Wiley & Sons, 2001.
• Advanced Space Propulsion Systems, Martin Tajmer, Springer Publication, 2004.

REFERENCE BOOKS

• Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion, Goebel M., Katz Ira, John Wiley Publications, 2008.
• Future Spacecraft Propulsion Systems, Second Edition, Paul A. Czysz and Claudio Bruno,
Springer-Praxis, 2009
• Space Transportation: A System Approach to Analysis and Design, Hammond E.W, AIAA
Education Series, 2005

54
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3
MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(Elective-IV)

UNIT- I: INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Classification and characteristics, Mechanical behavior of composite materials, Basic terminology,
Manufacture of laminated fiber-reinforced composite materials, Current and potential advantages of
fiber-reinforced composite materials, Applications of composite materials.

UNIT II: MACROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A LAMINA

Introduction, Stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials, Stiffnesses, compliances, and engineering
constants for orthotropic materials, Restrictions on engineering constants, Stress-strain relations for
plane stress in an orthotropic material, Stress-strain relations for a lamina of arbitrary orientation,
Invariant properties of an Orthotropic lamina, Strengths of an Orthographic lamina, Biaxial strength
criteria for an Orthotropic lamina

UNIT- III: MICROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF LAMINA

Introduction, Mechanics of materials approach to stiffness, Elasticity approach to stiffness,
Comparison of approaches to stiffness, Mechanics of materials approach to strength

UNIT- IV: MACROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF LAMINATES - I

Introduction, Classical lamination theory, Special cases of laminate stiffness, Theoretical versus
measured laminate stiffness

UNIT V: MACROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF LAMINATES – II

Strength of laminates, Inter-laminar stresses

UNIT-VI: BENDING AND BUCKLING OF LAMINATED PLATES

Introduction, Governing equations, Deflection of simply supported laminated plates, Under distributed
transverse load, Buckling of simply supported laminated plates under in-plane load

UNIT VII: INTRODUTION TO DESIGN OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES – I

Introduction to structural design, Materials selection, Configuration selection

UNIT VIII: INTRODUTION TO DESIGN OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES – II

Laminate joints, Design requirements and design failure criteria, Optimization concepts, Design
analysis philosophy for composite structures

TEXT BOOK
• Mechanics of Composite Materials, Robert. M. Jones, Second Edition, Taylor and Francis,
1999

REFERENCE BOOKS
• Mechanics of Fibrous composites- Carl. T. Herakovich-John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
55
 • Advanced Composite Materials, Lalit Gupta, Himalayan Books. New Delhi, 1998

2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

TACTICAL MISSILE DESIGN

(Elective-IV)

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION / KEY DRIVERS IN DESIGN PROCESS

Tactical Missile characteristics, Conceptual design process, Examples of State-of-the-Art missiles,
Aerodynamic configuration sizing parameters, Examples of alternatives in establishing mission
requirements, Baseline missile

UNIT-II: AERODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN TACTICAL MISSILE DESIGN

Missile diameter tradeoff, Nose fineness tradeoff, Boat-tail, Lifting body versus axi-symmetric body,
Wings versus no wings, Normal force prediction for surfaces, Wing aerodynamic center prediction,
Wing drag prediction, Surface planform geometry tradeoffs, Flight control alternatives, Maneuver
alternatives, Roll orientation, Static stability, Tail area sizing, Stability and control conceptual design
criteria, Body buildup

UNIT-III: PROPULSION CONSIDERATIONS IN TACTICAL NISSILE DESIGN

Propulsion alternatives assessment, Ideal ramjet Mach number and temperature technology limit,
Ramjet specific impulse prediction, Ramjet thrust prediction, Ramjet engine/booster integration,
Ramjet inlet options, Ramjet inlet spillage, Inlet shock loss, Ramjet missile drag due to booster
integration, Fuel alternatives, Rocket motor performance, Solid motor grain alternatives, Solid rocket
thrust control, Solid propellant material alternatives, Motor case alternatives, Rocket nozzle material
alternatives

UNIT-IV: WEIGHT CONSIDERATIONS IN TACTICAL MISSILE DESIGN

Benefits of lighter weight missile, Subsystem weight sensitivity to flight performance, Missile weight
prediction, Centre-of-gravity and moment-of-inertia prediction, Factor of safety, Micro-Machined
Electro-Mechanical Systems(MEMS), Manufacturing processes, Airframe material alternative,
Aerodynamic heating prediction, Insulation trades, Insulation material alternatives, Structure design,
Seeker dome materials, Thermal stress, Localized aerodynamic heating

UNIT-V: FLIGHT PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS IN TACTICAL MISSILE DESIGN

Flight performance envelope, Equations of motion modeling, Driving parameters for flight
performance, Cruise flight performance, Steady state flight, Flight trajectory shaping, Turn radius,
Coast flight performance, Boost flight performance, Intercept lead angle and velocity, Comparison
with performance requirements

UNIT-VI: MEASURES OF MERIT AND LAUNCH PLATFORM INTEGRATION

Robustness, Warhead lethality, Miss distance, Carriage and launch observables, Other survivability
considerations, Reliability, Cost, Launch platform integration

56
UNIT-VII: SIZING EXAMPLES
Air-to-Air range requirements, Wing sizing for maneuverability, Weight and miss distance
harmonization, Ramjet missile range robustness, Ramjet propulsion/fuel alternatives, Ramjet missile
surface impact velocity, Computer-Aided sizing for conceptual design, Verification process

UNIT-VIII: DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, SUMMARY AND LESSONS LEARNED

Development Process:Technology Assessment/Roadmap, Phases of Development/Design maturity,
Tactical-missile follow-on programs, Subsystem integration, Examples of technology development,
Examples of State-of-the-Art advancement, New technologies for tactical missiles; Summary and
Lessons Learned: Iterate-the-System-of-Systems Analysis, Exploit diverse skills, Apply creative skills,
Identify high-payoff measures of merit, Start with a good baseline design, Conduct balanced tradeoffs,
Evaluate a broad range of alternatives, Refine the design, Evaluate technology risk, Maintain real-time
documentation, Develop good documentation, Utilize group skills, Balance the tradeoff of importance
versus priority, Iterate the configuration design, Configuration sizing conceptual design criteria

TEXT BOOK

• Tactical Missile Design, Eugene L. Freeman, First Edition, AIAA Education Series, 2001

57
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
4 0 3

HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK AERODYNAMICS

(Elective-IV)

UNIT-I: DESCRIPTION OF FLOWS AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK

Introduction, Finite lifting wing of medium and high aspect ratio at low subsonic speeds, Low aspect
ratio rectangular wing at low subsonic speeds, Slender delta type wings, Flow over elongated slender
bodies, Aircraft type configurations, Vortex breakdown, Non-steady aerodynamics at high angles of
attack on slender configurations, Effect of separation at high angles of attack in hypersonic flows

UNIT-II: TOPOLOGY OF SEPARATING AND REATTACHING VORTICAL FLOWS

Equations for vortical flows, Topological concepts for the analysis of vortical flows,

UNIT-III: LINEAR AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS AND BODIES

Equations for potential subsonic flows, Equations for the lifting wing at low speeds, Linear panel
methods for the calculation of the subsonic aerodynamic coefficients for wings and bodies, Low and
higher order linear panel methods for subsonic and supersonic flows, Comparison of various panel
methods

UNIT-IV: VORTEX FLOWS AND THE ROLLED UP VORTEX WAKE

Vortex core of the rolled up wake, Rolled up tip vortices, Rolling up of vortex wake behind wings,
Bursting of rolled up vortices

UNIT-V: NONLINEAR AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS AND BODIES AT HIGH ANGLES OF

ATTACK
Analytical and semi-empirical methods for calculations of the non-linear aerodynamic characteristics

UNIT-VI: NONLINEAR PANEL METHODS FOR AIRCRAFT AND MISSILE

CONFIGURATIONSAT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK
Nonlinear Vortex Lattice Method (NVLM) for subsonic flows, Free vortex sheet method for subsonic
flows, NVLM for supersonic flows

UNIT-VII: SOLUTIONS OF EULER EQUATIONS FOR FLOWS OVER CONFIGURATIONS

AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK
Euler equations, Numerical methods of solution of the Euler equations: Grid generation methods,
Finite volume methods, Finite difference methods, finite element methods, multigrid calculations with
Cartesian grids and local refinements, Euler computations on three-dimensional configurations at high
angles of attack

UNIT-VIII: SOLUTIONS OF NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR FLOWS OVER

CONFIGURATIONS AT HIGH ANGKES OF ATTACK
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Formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations, Numerical methods for solutions of Navier-Stokes
equations, Method of solution of the thin layer equations, Grid topology, boundary and initial
conditions, Solutions of Navier-Stokes equations for flows in three-dimensional configurations at high
angles of attack

TEXT BOOK

• High Angle of Attack Aerodynamics-Subsonic, Transonic, and Super sonic Flows, Josef Rom,
Springer-Verlag, 1992

59
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C

4 0 3
OPTIMAL CONTROL
(ELECTIVE-IV)

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO OPTIMIZATION

Classification of systems, Parameter Optimization: Distance problem, General parameter optimization
problem, Optimal Control Theory: Distance problem, Acceleration problem, Navigation problem,
General optimal control problem, Conversion of an optimal control problem into a parameter
optimization problem, Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions

UNIT-II: PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION-I

Unconstrained Minimization: Taylor series and differentials, Function of one, two and n independent
variables; Constrained Minimization-Equality Constraints: Function of two constrained variables-
Direct and Lagrange Multiplier approaches, Distance problem, Function of n constrained variables

UNIT-III: PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION-II

Constrained Minimization-Inequality Constraints: Boundary minimal points, Introduction to slack
variables, Function of two variables, Eliminating bounded variables, Examples of linear programming,
General problem, Minimization Using Matrix Notation: Matrix algebra, Matrix calculus, Function of n
independent variables, Function of n constrained variables

UNIT-IV: DIFFERENTIALS IN OPTIMAL CONTROL AND CONTROLLABILITY

Differentials in Optimal Control: Standard optimal control problem, Differential of the state equation,
Relation between δ and d, Differential of the final condition, Differential of the integral,:
Controllability: Fixed final time, Solution of the linear equation, controllability condition,
Controllability-free final time, Navigation problem

UNIT-V: FIXED FINAL TIME- FIRST DIFFERENTIAL, TESTS FOR A MINIMUM AND
SECOND DIFFERENTIAL
Fixed Final Time-First Differential: First differential conditions-with and without final state
constraints, First integral, Acceleration problem, Navigation problem, Minimum distance on a sphere,
Fixed Final Time-Tests for a Minimum: Weierstrass condition, Legendre-Clebsch condition; Fixed
Final Time-Second Differential: Second differential, Legendre-Clebsch condition, Neighboring
optimal paths, Neighboring optimal paths on a sphere, Second differential condition, Acceleration
problem, Navigation problem, Minimum distance on a sphere, Minimum distance between two points
on a sphere, Other sufficient conditions

UNIT-VI: FREE FINAL TIME, FREE INITIAL TIME AND STATES

Free Final Time: First differential conditions, Tests for a minimum, second differential, neighboring
optimal paths, second differential conditions, Distance and navigation problems, Free Initial Time and
60
States: Problem statement, First differential conditions, Tests for a minimum, Second differential
conditions, Minimum distance from a parabola and a line, Parameters as states, Navigation problem

UNIT-VII: CONTROL DISCONTINUITIES AND PATH CONSTRAINTS

Control Discontinuities Problem statement, First differential conditions, Tests for s minimum, Second
differential, Neighboring optimal path, Second differential conditions, Supersonic airfoil of minimum
pressure drag; Path Constraints: Integral constraint, State equality constraint, Control inequality
constraint, Acceleration problem, State inequality constraint

UNIT-VIII: APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEMS

Optimal control problem with a small parameter, Application to a particular problem, Application to a
general problem, Solution by the sweep method, Navigation problem

TEXT BOOK

• Optimal Control Theory for Applications, David G. Hull, Springer-Verlag, 2003, ISBN: 0-387-
40070-2

REFERENCE BOOK

• Applied Optimal Control-Optimization, estimation and Control, Arthur E. Bryson, Jr and Yu-
Chi Ho, Taylor & Francis, 1975, ISBN 10: 0891162285

61
 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
I Year M.Tech., AE- II Semester T P C
0 6 2

DIGITAL SIMULATION LAB-II

III. Software development for the following using finite element methods:
• Thin walled beams
• Plate bending
• Beams analysis
• Trusses analysis
• Thin shells analysis

Aerospace Structural Analysis using ANSYS

• Structural analysis of aircraft wing
• Structural analysis of aircraft wing (Composite material)
• Analysis of fuselage
• Rocket motor case analysis
• Structural and thermal analysis of rocket nozzles
• Fractural mechanics of crack propagation

III. Simulation Experiments in Dynamics and Control using MATLAB and Simulink
• Simulation of Aircraft motion-longitudinal dynamics, lateral dynamics
• Six-degrees-of-freedom simulation of aircraft motion with illustration of F-16 model
• Simulation of reentry vehicle dynamics for ballistic reentry and maneuvering reentry
• Simulation of non-linear control system for controlling roll dynamics of a fighter aircraft
• Simulation of the following relating to satellite attitude dynamics:
- Torque free rotation of axisymmetric and asymmetric spacecraft
- Attitude maneuvers of spin-stabilized spacecraft

REFERENCES
• Engineering Analysis with ANSYS Software, Y. Nakasone, S.Yoshimoto, T. A. Stolarski,
Elsevier Publication, 2006
• Atmospheric and Space Flight Dynamics, Ashish Tewari, Birkhauser Publication, 2007
• Modern Control Design with MATLAB and Simulink, A. Tewari, Wiley, 2002

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