RASHTRIYA

SANSKRIT SANSTHAN.

NEW DELHI

(Kendriya oanstcrit Vidyapeetha,

Tirupatt Series No. 29)

SIDDHANTA
OF

SIROMA~1

BHASKARACARYA
English Exposition and Annotation in the light and language of modern Astronomy

By Dr. D. ARKASOMAYAJI
Ex-Principal. D. N. R. College, Bhimavaram, A.P., Ex-Reader in Astronomy, Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati, Recipient of President's Award.

KENDRIYA

SANSKRIT TIRUPATI 1980

VIDYAPEETHA

First Edition 1980

All Rights reserved

Price Rs.

Published for the RASHTRIY A SANSKRIT SANSTHAN Ministry of Education, S. W. & Culture., Government of India, New Delhi

By Dr. M..D. BALASUBRAHMANY AM,

Principal, Kcndriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, TIRUPATI (A.P.)

Printed

by the Ratbnam

Press, Madras-6QO 001.

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DEDICATION AT THE FEET OF LORD VENKATESVARA

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DEDICATION English Translation of the Sanskrit verses 1. Oh! Lord Venkatesvara I I offer thee this work of mine as a flower at Thy feet, who art being approached day and night by throngs of people in a flow like that of the Ganga, jumping down the heights of the Himalayas, crying out fullthroated one of Thy names 'Govinda' in shrill imploring voices, surging out from the depths of agonizing hearts!

2.

The great work named Siddhanta Siromani of Bhaskaracarya, was indeed commented upon by a host of scholars both ancient and modern. Yet, I not a great scholar make bold to comment once again. Oh! Lord Venkatesvara l Thou alone Knowest and no mortal does, what stress and strain I underwent while working on this commentary. Hence I dedicate this at Thy feet alone not to any mortal, however great he may be! This commentary has been written by me carefully understanding the depths of both the ancient and modern systems of astronomy. If this could invoke the pleasure of well -meaning scholars, then I deem myself fortunate, and that my toil will have been well rewarded.

3.

viii
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IX 4. This work indeed sucked the very blood out of me. It contains many a new detail unnoticed hitherto. Only unbiased scholars could under-stand the essence of this work. If somebody pronounces unknowingly that this is all a repetition of what has been already written, simply having turned out a few pages, how could he know where I showed new aspects of the genius of Bhaskara ? He, who does not study the Siddhanta SiromaI).i of Bhaskaracarya, and feels that he is a scholar reading a few other sub-standard books on Hindu astronomy, does verily go to bathe in a dirty pond, ignoring the holy Ganga, jumping down the heights of the Himalayas in surging and dancing billows ! D.
ARKASOMAYAJI

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BIOGRAPHICAL 1. In the state known as the Andhra Pradesh, there is a famous city called Rajahmundry on the banks of the holy Godavari. Not far away from this City, there is a village known Velicheru, teeming with Vedic and Sanskrit scholars. There I had my birth in a family reputed for a religious conduct. My mother, by name, Mangamamba led her life both in the worship of my father, and her favourite Deity Kanaka Durga , My father, a Vedic scholar conducted his life on a rigorous Vedic path. Alas! It was not given to me to serve them for long! I bow to my eldest brother Sri Venkata Rama who leads a rigorously religious life, and who it was, that initiated me into a study of the Vedic and Sanskrit lore. I bow to my next elder brother by name Subrahmanya Somayaji who has passed away having spent his life in worshipping God and godly Brahmins. Alas! Though I was initiated into the Vedic and Sanskrit lore in my boyhood, I was later distracted into the secular English education only to eke out my livelihood, as if this is the Summum Bonum of Life.

2.

3.

4.

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xii
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xiii
6. How many like me, born in Brahmin families, are being proselytized into the English system of education burying in the Bay of Bengal all that is grand in the Vedic and Sanskrit lore. I raise my hands in supplication to Lord Venkatesvara, who took His abode on the Seven Hills as though to look down upon this mundane and irreligious world. It was He that has brought me here, to worship Him residing at His very feet. I feel it was the deep devotion of my wife to Lord Venkatesvara that has brought us here, dislodging us from our home and hearth. May those administrators flourish, who exert and strive to save the ocean -like Vedic lore from the yawning mouth of Oblivion!

7.

8.

9.

D.

ARKASOMAYAJI

FOREWORD Bhaskaracarya, the Second (c. 1100 A.D.) was one of the greatest mathematicians and astronomers of the World. He anticipated modern theory on the convention of signs (minus X minus = plus) and KEPLER'S method of determining the surface and the volume of a sphere. Six hundred years before the calculus of LEIBNITZ and NEWTON, Bhaskara worked at the differential coefficient. He raised and solved the problem67 x~ + 1

= yi

-a problem which FERMAT resolved after 500 years. The credit goes to Bhaskaracarya for having delineated the image of Jyotisa in its proper contours and graces. The Siddhsniasiromani is often said to be the magnum opus of Bhaskaracarya. This monumental treatise consists of four parts: (1) tstavou (arithmetic), 0) btjagaeita- (algebra), (3) Goladhyaya- (Trigonometry including spherical trigonometry) and (4) Grahaganita(Planetary motion). This work was edited with the Vasanabhasya- of the author by Bapu Deva SASTRI. Muralidhar JHA brought out two commentaries -the Vasanavarttika- of Nrsimha (1621 A.D.) and the Martel of Munisvara (1635 A.D.) on the first Chapter of the GalJitiidhYiiya (1917). Girija Prasad DVIVEDI's commentaries in Sanskrit and Hindi (volumes I & II) appeared in 1911 and 1926.

xvr

Bapu Deva SASTRI and WILKINSON published an English translation of the text in 1861. Yet the mathematical aspect of the Siddhsniaslromani has remained a terra incognita to students of Hindu Astronomy. While Phaliia-Jyotisa-cotaiuue« to be studied in traditional Sanskrit institutions, the Ga1zita-side of Astronomy is reduced to a secondary position. Realising that specialists in the twin fields of Mathematics and Astronomy have been diminishing day by day, Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha at Tirupati has started a project entitled, "Coordination of Sanskrit and Ancient Indian Sciences". Under this scheme, Dr. Arka Somayaji has now come forward to give an exposition and annotation of the Siddhamasiromasd in simple English based on the language of modern Astronomy for the benefit of the students and scholars interested' in the Khagola-sastram. Dr. Arka Somayaji is an eminent scholar in Mathematics'and Dynamic or Spherical Astronomy. He hails from a family of " Siddhantin-s ". To whet his appetite in learning the mnemonical methodology for compiling" an almanac, he studied Mathematics and Jyotisa (including Spherical Astronomy). He learnt the Taittirtyasarhhita under his brother, Dhulipala Venkatarama Avadhani of Rajahmundry. He wrote a thesis on "A Critical Study of the Ancient Hindu Astronomy", which was published in 1972. He has to his credit eight works including the Jyotirvijeanam (1964) and two Sanskrit poetical compositions (Brahmaiijali and the Hanumatl'ijaya-) .. He won the President's award in 1974. "

..

xvii In order that critical editions of rare and valuable texts on Jyotisa be brought out, the Tirupati Vidyapeetha appointed Dr. Arka Somayaji as Reader in Hindu Astronomy. Accordingly the Vidyapeetha has undertaken the publication of his English annotation of the Siddhdntasiromani. I trust this treatise will go a long way not only to project India's image in the World of Mathematics and Astronomy, but also inspire scholars from the transoceanic distance to listen to the jungle roar of the ancient Indian 'Wisdom.
KENDRIYA SANSKRIT VIDYAPEETHA }

TlRUPATI October 21, 1980

M. D.

BALASUBRAHMANYAM

Principal

iii

PRE

FiA C E

From the Mathematician's point of view, Bhaskaracarya's Siddhanta Siromani contains all that was beautiful in the Ancient Hindu Astronomy. I am aware that a translation of this work into English was done long ago by M. M. Bapudeva Sastry and Wilkinson; but I did not have the good fortune of having a copy in my hands all these years. 1 did go through the translation once long ago, but it gave me the impression that all the beauties there that appeal to a Mathematician were not brought out fully. There are, however, a good number of Sanskrit commentaries both ancient and modern but even they, in my humble opinion, have not done full justice to the elucidation of Bhaskara's mathematical genius. Further misinterpretations are not infrequent in some of those books, as will be pointed out in the course of this book. What has sponsored me to undertake to write an English commentary, (1 may add that a Sanskrit commentary also has been written by me on this work and has been awaiting printing) is essentially that innumerable modern professors of Mathematics complain many a time that there is no such a presentation of Siddhanta Siromani in English as will enable them to assess the Mathematical content of it in the light and language of modern Astronomy. Hence, I have sought to produce a fresh commentary, which I hope will meet the desire of such professors and students of Mathematics. I may add here that this work of mine seeks to present only the mathematical side of Siddhanta Siromani. It is no history of Hindu Astronomy, where the originality of the Ancient Hindu Astronomers is sought to be evaluated. I may confess that I am no historian.

xx
In the course of this book, I shall have occasion to quote from most of the Astronomers of ancient India like Aryabhata I, Varahamihira, Lalla, Aryabhata 11, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara 1, Munjala, Vatesvara and Sripati not to speak of some others, whose books are available in print or manuscript. One thought that lurks in my mind, 1 make bold to present in this preface. 1 say 'I make bold' because, there are some historians of Hindu Astronomy, who are too ready to attack me if I claim that there must have been not a primitive astronomical activity in ancient India prior to Aryabhata I. The reason for their attack is that prior to Aryabhata's work, only one crude Vedanga Jyotisa has come to light. Also' some of these historians have a strong impression that the galaxy of Hindu Astronomers ranging from Aryabhata derived an incentive from a foreign source especially the Greek. If such historians agree to keep an open mind, I make bold to present my thought as follows. In my humble opinion there must have been considerable astronomical activity in ancient India even prior to Aryabhata. This is borne out by the following expressions of Aryabhata and others. Aryabhata says' that he dived into the then extant astronomical lore, which got mixed up with mathematical and non-mathematical (mythological or otherwise) knowledge., and by his intellect and the grace of his Goddess, broughtout the truly mathematical. Varahamihira" says that he was codifying the then extant five Siddhantas, out of
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which the 'Saviita' was more accurate. Brahmagupta" says, again, that he was giving a clear presentation of the ancient Brahma Siddhanta which got obsolete by a long lapse of time. in the wake of these statements and a number of others, is it not right to construe that there did exist some ancient astronomical texts which are lost to us. If, as asserted by a host of modern interpreters, we think that there was only the crude Vedangajyotisa, before Aryabhata, does it not tantamount to saying that these three great astronomers (leave others) were impostors, who, having derived their knowledge from a foreign source, simply claimed that there were existent before them, Saura, Brahma and some other Siddhantas which dealt with Graha-ganita, It is uncharitable to say that three rational astronomers were sueh impostors. So, we must conclude that there did exist some astronomical activity, which we have no right to call primitive like the Vedangajyotisa. Some might think that there might be. existing some other texts in between the times of Vedangajyotisa and Aryabha but that at the time of the Vedangajyotisa' (roughly 1180 B.C.) astronomy in India was that crude. Even this conclusion need not be
"I am going to tell clearly what has been, the best. what has been kept secret and briefly - worded in a nut shell from out of the works of ancient Acsryas ".

"The Siddhanta of pauli sa is allright, :tbe Romaka is very nearly tbe same, but the Suryasiddhanta is imore accurate, whereas the two others Vasi~tha and paitsmaha are crude ".

3. 4.

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I. of

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Verse 7-Vedangajyoti~a. equinoctial point was at the beginning which means that the time was 1180 B.C.

the vernal of Dhanistha, approximately.

correct, for 'the simple reason that, even today, crude works exist side by side with advanced works. The simple fact that a Vedangajyantisa belonging to 1180 B.C. has been unearthed and nothing else, is not a complete proof that there did not exist more advanced texts some where else in such a big country like India especially when locomotion or transport was difficult. Just one more thought, 1 place before the learned historians, which is pertinent to this context. According to geology, biology and some other similar modern sciences, the first man came into the cosmic picture some millions of years ago. If that be so, how is it that we say that man remained stupid all these years and happened suddenly to blossom into a genius one fine morning round about Eighteen fifties (1850, A.D.) whereafter came all Scientific discoveries in a series, as if by the waving of a magic wand? It could not be so, as if, we are the chosen few of God. Civilizations must have been there, which got buried in the bosom of the earth, as has been revealed by the Mohenzadaro excavations. Hence we are not right in saying that the ancient Hindu civilization was so primitive at 1150 B.C. as is reflected in the Vedanga Jyotisa. 'This is another and more important reason that this author makes bold to place before the historians as to why he (the author) does have faith in the statements of Aryabhata, Varahamihira and Brahmagupta who sai<J that they were peacing out the knowledge contained in the then extant works signifying at the same time that many more books were lost even to them. In this commentary of mine, r have chosen to keep the commentary away from the Sanskrit text and Bhaskara's own Vasana Bhasya, for, otherwise the book grows bulkily unwieldy. have chosen to keep silent over passages which do not call for a mathematical elucidation. Here and there I have chosen to present what modern astronomy presents in some particular contexts, so that,

xxiii

mathematics students who do not happen to study modern astronomy may have a better perspective of the ancient Hindu astronomy, presented in Juxtaposition to the corresponding modern treatment. However, I do not propose to enter into the intricacies of modern astronomy which are not called for to elucidate the text. Before concluding, it is my sacred duty to thank the Rastriya Sanskrit Samsthan, under the Ministry of Education, Social Welfare and Culture, Government of India, for having accepted my work under the publication series of K. S. Vidyapeetha, Tirupati and the latelamented Dr. M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, former Chairman of KSV and Ex-Governor of Bihar, who encouraged me in my studies on Hindu Astronomy. Dr. M. D. Balasubrahmanyam deserves my thanks for the encouraging interest he has shown in the publication of this annotation, D.
ARKASOMAYAH

CONTENTS
Page

Foreword Preface

xv xix 1 18 29 45 Suddhi

1.

~:a:T;:a'mih:roTt lJ'far;:rrlO~it m"tf~~

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2.~ Madhyadhikara+Section II Bhaganadhyaya 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Grahanayanadhyaya Madhyadhikara - Kaksadhyaya The Adhyaya known as Pratyabda in Madhyadhikara The Section known nirnaya in Ch. I The Section -Circumference as

53
70 83 102 223 331 346 449 471 482 501 521 545

Adhimasadi-

Bhu-Paridhi-Manadikara of the Earth of Planets

Spastadhikara - Rectification The Triprasnadhikara Parvasambhavadhikara Lunar Eclipses Grahacchayadhikara Grahodayastadhikara Srngonnatyadhikara Grahayutyadhikara Patadhyaya Appendix

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our

to tongue in meaning ful words-that Sun, who rises to protect this world, whose duty it is to expel darkness, who is reported to be the Spouse of the lotus-creeper, who purges out the sins of all those thR.t supplicate him, and on whose rising take place Vedic sacrifices and thereby the gods in heaven headed by Indra get feasted.

Ve1'se 1. May the Sun at once gi ve expression

Commentary (Comm.).

Needs no Commentary.

Verse 2. Excels that blessed Brahmagupta, the son of Jishnu, who is hailed as the orest-j-wel of Mathetutieians ; excel also those like Varabamihire who were the authors of well known work", who were adepts in reasoning, and u age of beautiful expression and on a stu iy of whose works, one like me even of lesser intellect, wl}i be able to produce monumental works. Comm. Needless to comment. However, we may • state ODe thing. Bhaskara's quoting the name of Brahmagupta at the very outset, and that too with reverence, informs us that he is going to accept the Agama. of Brahmagupta in preference to that of others like Arya.bhata, This means that he is going to adopt the number of revolutions of planets in a Yuga. and such other astronomical constants as were adopted by Brahmagupsa. This point will be clarified later.
the This blessed author Bbaskara is now writing work named Biddhanta-Siromani, the crest-jewel of all astronomical wor ks, for the pleasure of good minded lItatronomers, a.fter. having bowed to the lotus-Ieet of his

Verse 3

51

father,

from

whom

he has derived

his' knowledge

this

work containing

good metres, will be easy to understand,

besides being flawless and clear, and will enable intelligent re"ders to develop their abiliby to understand things.

Comm.

Not neeessary.

Verse 4. Ancient astronomers did write, of course, 'works abcund ing in intelligent expression; nonetheless this work is started to give expression to some lacunae in their works. I am going to make am-nds for tbe deficiencies of the older works and these improvements will. be found here and there in their respective places; So, I b~8eecb the good-minded mathen.aticians to go thrc,u~h this entire work of mine also (for, otherwise, they m:W not locate my own contribution). Comm.
Not necessary.

Ve1'se 5. May the good people be r leased with the :particulsrs of my contribution 1 May the ilt-rnrudsd people also deri ve pleasure out of ridiculing me wHb i.sI10t'tldlCa unable to underetand my contribumon 1 Comm.
Not necessary,

Verse 6. A Siddbanta work ie an aatroncmleal treatise is such a. one which deals with the variou, lUeamrei! of. time ranging from a TIti (to be explained shortly) upto ..the duration of a. Ka lpa which culmina.tes in a deluge; ..planetary theory, artthmaticel computations as well as algebraical processes, Questions with respect to intricate ideas and their answers, location of the earth, the stars and the planets, and description and usage of inl:ltiruments. Comm.
Not necessary.

. Verse 7. Though one knows Mtrology and tha.t part ot the science of .Jyotisha. which is known as Samhita (and
which deals with various subjeots like

Muhurta8 t.e. aUtipi~

.oions moments to be prescribed for various functions, Desarishtss it Oalamitons oocurenoes to the countries ete.) which form a part of the Science, be cannot answer 80 many intrica te pro ble ms pertaining to Artrooowy. SUJh a. person, who does not know the astronomical part of the science, which abounds in innunerable reasonings, is one like a. king depicted in a. drawing, or a lion fast tied to iii pole.

..

Comm.

Not necessary,

Verse 8. The Science of Jyantisha without Astronomy, is like a. king's anny w.thout roarmg elephants though excelling in hordes etc j is like a. garden without; mango trees, or Irke a lake witbout water, or again like a. JaJy parted with her newly married lover. Comm.
Not necessary.

Verse 9. The Vedic lore prescribes Sacrifices to be performed; these sacrifices are based upon a knowledge of appropriate time to perform them. This science of astronomy gives a knowledge of time; hence it has been reckoned as one of the six Vedangas or limbs of the Veda. Comm,
Not necessary. of the the tlie the

Verse 10. (Out of the six Vedaugas) The science grammar is like the face of the person of the Veda, science of J yaunisha takes the place of the eyes, Nirukts tha t of the ears; the Kal pa tha t of the hands; Siksha that of the nose and the Ohandas the place of 1eet. Coman, Ver.se 11.
Not necessary.
",

science of Jyautisha tieing as the very eyes of the Person of the Veda, so it . f!,ocla.i.pled'as the mor3"tim'p'6'rtant of the six Anga.s the"Veda, _in as much as, ev~n if a person bo This

depiote~ bas been

of

or limbs 'e1fdqw~d

4
with limbs like the ears, nose etc, if he b~ devoid of vision, he could not do anything.

Comm. Not necessary.

Verse 12. (Since this Science of Astronomy bas been declared M the most important of the Vedangas) hence this has to be studied by the Dwijas (ie Brsbmine Ksbatriyas and the Vaishyas who form the three higher castes), also because it is sacred, secret and the best discipline. By so doing they would acquire Dharma, Artha, Kama. as well as fame (Life is depicted as having a. four-fold purpose out of which, Dharma, Artha and Ram-!' form the first trro, Mokshllo being the ulsimate goal of life).

Comm. Not neccasery.

Verses 13 and 14. The creator having created the stellar circle along with the planets, placed the latter at the beginning of the circle, put them in oouataut revolution, a.t the same time putting the exnreme two stars (on either aide) in a fixed position.

Comm. Bhsekara's own oommsnsary Vasana Bhasha under this verse mentions the following points, which are to be noted. The twenty seven star.s known as Aswini, Bharani etc. occupy positions roughly at equal diatanoes along tbe Zodiac, arranged from west to east. The planets were all placed in the beginning of the stellar eirola in such a way tbat tbey were in a straight line the moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn oooupying consecutive positions from the earth in inoreasing distances, not of uniform measure. Tbe circle of stars known as the Zodiac lies far behind all the planets. There is !lo wind known as pravaha which keeps the entire Z)d 'ae, a.s well as the planets below going round and round in the Westerly direction. At the same tIm" the planets while participa.ting in this westerly motion, ha.ve them'lelv8s individual motion to wards the east. T,wo sbars, are etaced

one at the north-pole are fixed

1,

and the other at the south, motion motion motion. that due to of the planets

and

they is far

The

diurnal

pravahs

greater opposite

than the individual in a direction to that of diurnal

among

the stars

from west to east ie the direction

In this context, it is worth-noting mentioned

~~I+I~if;ir: ... "

Aryabhata

the diurnal rotation of the earth in the verse Bhaskara must have been aware of this j yet, in spite of his rational outlook in all matters, misguided himself in this respect (vide verse 3 M .dbyaglttiapparently for fear of tr a,:1ition.

vasana-Goladhyaya),

Verse 15. The first Mabayuga, the first year, the fil'st day of tbe bright half of the first month nam=d Madhu, 9 all of tbr m began simultaneously at the Sun-rises at Lanka on Fun-day, at the beginning of the first Kalpa which marked the beginning of creation.
Oomm. Though, in the Commentary before, Bhaekara gave expression to the fact that Time is eternal with no beginning and no end, herein he mentions the point of Time when creation con.menoed, So, at the back of his mind, the concept of Time arose only at the beginning of creation, whereas before creation, as well as after deluge the alT1~r;:i'llfitr~~, there was and would be neither the concept of Time DOl.' space, In other words, both space and Time are manifest only after creation, and get extinguished after deluge.

Verses 16, 17 and 18. The unit of Time named Tatpara is Ij30th of what is known as Nimesa or the time taken during the fall of an eye lid; One-hundredth of a. -Tatrata is known as a. Trti ie the time taken to pierce a. _lotus-leaf with the finest needle. Eighteen N iml ~n,8 are eq ual to 80 Ka~tha. Thirty Ka~tba.s are equal to a. liala:, thirty Kalas litre equal to one sidereal gha.tr. Two

6 gbatra make a. Eshsna and thirty Kshanae make a sidereal day. Thirty sidereal days are equal to a sidereal month and twelve sidereal montbs make So sidereal year (not the sidereal solar year). The Zodiac, divided into twelve Ul,lIR, and 360 degrees, a degree divided into 60 minutes of arc and a minute divided into 60 seconds of arc 'all correspond to the year and its successive divisions.

Oomm. In the Commentary under these verses, Bhaskat's. gives further details of di vision of time as follows.
The time taken to pronounce a guru, i.e. double the time of pronouncing a short vowel, is one-tenth of a. Pran!}', which is the time required by a h alrhy person to inhale and exhale once. Six Prana« make one VigbMI and sixty gbatis make one sidereal day. It may be clr arly noted here tLat this sidereal month consisting of thirty aiderasl days is not the sidereal mouth that is the time taken by the Moon to go round the Zodiac, nor the sidereal year defined above is the time that the Sun takes to go round the Zodiac once in his a iparent annual motion. To distinguish these latter divisions of time, we shall use the nomenclature sidereal lunar month and sidereal solar year. There are further other divisions of time which will be later elucidated.

Verses 19, 20. The time taken by the Sun to com .. plete one revolution with respect to the stars goes by the name 'The sidereal solar yf ar '. 'I'his will be a day for the gods and demons. The time that elapses between two eonseontive new moons or conjunctions of the Moon wisb the Sun is called a Chandra-masa or a lunar month or simply .a lnnation. This again is the day of the Pitrs or the Manes. .
'; The time that elapses between two consecutive Sun rises at a plaos is termed the Savana' day or ai"vil day • .T~is is called _SMra~Sa.va.na, day-and in is also the day of the earth. "

7,
'I'he sidereal day is the time taken by the stars round the earth once. It is called Nakshatra·dina. to go

Comm. - In Hindu mythology gods are' supposed to reside at the north- pole, where one civil day is the same one sidereal solar year for the other places; also the demons are supposed to reside at the south pole so that their civil day also is equal to a sidereal solar y( ar. But, what is day to the gods is night to the demons and viceversa,

as

If we call the earth, the moon of the moon so to say, which it is 80, when it is the moment of new moon for the earth, it is the moment of Full Moon to the Moon. Thus what is a Obandrs-maee to the earth may very well be ealle d with respect to the Moon a Bhauma-mgss, In Hindu mythology the manes are supposed to take residence on the surface of the Moon. We know from modern astronomy that the moon revolves about her axis once roughly in a Inflation. Thus for' the man on the moon' , a day is roughly equal to our lunation. So if the manes were to reside on the moon, their day is eqlial roughly to It lunation of OUt's. We say' roughly' because as we see under the chapter of the lunar eclipse, the moon almost shows the same face to the earth on account of what are called' librations in longitude '. On this count lSle time of rotation of the moon does not exactly coincide with the time of a lunation.

A civil day for a place is also the civil day for every place of the earth so that it is called the earth's day. By • day' here we do not mean the time when the Sun is above the horizon, for that time differs from place to place on the earth. A oi vil day is the sum-total of the duration of day and the duration of night for any place and it will be Been tht this is the same for the entire earth except a.t tpe places having perpetual day. The word Saul9rSavana. 18 used to signify that the time that elapses between two consecutive riaea.ot &?y other planet is termed the Savan"

8
ds.y pertaining to that planet. Thus th'e Chlindra Sa:vana. day is roughly equal to 24 hl's-521 and this is the longest of the Savana, days pertaining to the planets. The shortest Sa,s,! a days is that of the 8aturn, since Saturn moves a. very Ji ttle along the ecliptic and his Savana day is therefore just a little longer than the sidereal day. This nomen. clature brings in the phenomenon tl at the Sa:, ana da.y of a retrograde planet happens to be less than a sidereal day. But in a given time, which is sufficiently long like a yuga, the Savana days of a planet are equal to the number of I sidereal revolutions in that period minus the number of the planetary revolutions in the same period. ThiS will be constant for a given planet in such a long period, though individual days happen to be SOIDe shorter and some longer than a aiden al day. The modern sidereal day is the time between two consecutive rises of the equinoctial point" and a~ the equinoctial points have a slow retrograde motion, the modern siderr a,1 day is just a little shorter tban the HIndu sidereal day, which does not take cognizance of the revolution of the equinoctial points round the (arth in reckoning diurnal motion. The Hindu aatro nourers SpEll,', 01 the revolusicn of the stars only around the Ea'th in the couttx.t of diurnal motion. It will be noted that the Saura-Savaua day or the civil day will not be of the same duration, siuce the Sun h8.$l unequal motion amongst the stars fnIIJ da.y to day. WLen the Sun is in perIgee and has the I.lJ8.X. dady velocrty, bis 8:hao9. day at that moment is the longest and the Saura. Sa van a. day when the Sun is in apogee will be the shortest. Though in Indian Chronology a. da.y is divided into sixty ghasis for convenience, these ghatia are evidently longer than the Na:ksha.tra.-ghatld or the sidere ..l gba.tis, WblOh are of a. fixed dUI anon, Thut'! a Bava.na. gha.tl is a. little longer than a Nakshatra.·ghati snd whab is more, 1\ Sa.ura.-SaTaua gLati is of a variable dui atiou from day to Qri.y, the variation being of course very' small,

9 Tbe concept 'of a. month originally arose out of the pbenomenon of new-moons, for, this phenomenon 'alone

a,pJ?€&ls to every lay man, when he could not sight

tbt3

Moon. The concept of an year arose originally out of what is called a. tropical year, which is the time between two consecutive conjunctions of the Sun with an equinootial point and which it is that makes the seasons recur. Thus the primitive man must have had the concept of an year when he once saw the mango trees blossoming and again when he saw them blossom. This is why the Hindus celebrate the new year's day with eating the neem flower with unripe mangos, which goes by the phrase NimbaKusuma bbaksbanam or eating the neem flower. In the Vedic times, however, the year began with the luni-Solar month called Marga.Slr~a, which brings in the new year crops. In the Vedio saoriflces, there is thus what is called the Agrahaya~eljlti, where the word Agra-haya~a means the Marga-Sirljl9. month. The etymology, of the word is that aTsr ~ir tI~~ aq_ 9lT~nrrqOTq:ie the year is ahead of this month, whioh therefore is the beginning month of the year. This is also why the ancient lexicon named Amarakos'a. enumerates the months from Marga-Slfljla. This is the month when the full moon occurs when the Moon is in the star Mrgas'ira. We have also an inkling from this that the vernal equinoctial point was probably situated in the star ~Mrgas'ira. The Veda however enumerates the stars from the star Krittica, and we have a statement in the S'atapabba-Brabmana that "ll;aT Ir ~ iifOU<FiT: !ll:;~ f1.(~) iI' ~~q.ijie Behold! these stars which go by the name the Krittic as do not deflect from the east-point. As this group of Krittikas is situated on the ecliptic, the statement that they were risio g in the east signifies that the Vernal equiD,octial point was situated in the Kritticas". Arguing about the situation of the vernal equinoctial point in the so-called Yedic times, the late Lokarnanya Baja ,Ga.ngadh.8Ja Tilak concluded that Vedic literature must ha.ve had .1~::be~inni~g ~b~u~ ~i~~t. ~.~ousan~ years ag~. . .,

10
From the original concepts of the month and the year, fartber concepts of the different kinds of month and the YEa.r arose with the advance of astrorromical knowledge; We shall deal with these different kinds of the month and the year in their respective contexts. In these two verses, we have the definitions of Sauramana, Daiva-maua, chsndra-mnua, Paitra-maua, Savana.mana, and Nak§atra-mana, six of the nine manss, is measures of time.

Verses 21,22,23, 24,25. The four yuga-padas named Krita, Tl'eta, Dwapara and Eali consist of 4 X 13:.2000. 3 X 432000, 2 X 4·)2000 and 432000 mean solar years respectively, the Bum total of which consisting of (4+3+2+1) X 43200 = 43,20000 me au solar years, is calleda yuga, ErICh of the yuga-padas above are inclusive of what are called their respective Sandbyaa and Sandhyamsas which constitute one-twelfth of their own durations.
A Manu's duration consists of 71 yuga~ and 14 Manus' duration is reported to be the day- time of Brahms, whose night is also of an equal duration.
The duration of a Manu, known as a M'l.Dvantara. has

a Sandbya-KaJa on either side, ie before and after, equal to one Krita, If these are taken into account, the daytime of Brahma amounts to one thousand yugas and ii, goes by the name a Kalpa so that a complete day of Brabma equals two Kalpas, The life-duration of Brahms
consists of one hundred years on this scale (where one year = 360 days). This hfe-duration of Brahma goes by the name Maha' Kal pa, as reported by elders. In as much 9.S Time was without a. beginning and will have no end either, I do not know how ma.ny Brahmas have gone

before.

Comm, In these verses we are given what is known a.s Brahma-mana, the seventh of the nine mana.s. Inciden~
~ally we are also given ~he measures yuge..padas,

11
Manvantaras and a Ealta, Since in many ancient astrQ-

nomical

works,

tIle l'ev~JutiorJs

of the

planets

and

the

planetary points like nodes, apogees or aphelia are given as integers during the course of a yuga, the concept of a yuga must have arisen as follows. The durations of the sidereal revolutions of the planets and the apogee of the Moon and its node having been ascertained by observation, a period was calculated in which are contained integ. 811 u.ultiples of those du-ations, In other words a ynga of 4320000 mean solar y< ars is construed as the period in which the planets the node and apogee of the Moon n.ake an integral number of revolutions with respect to the stars.

We have excluded here the aphelia and the nodes of the planets, as we shall see later their sidereal revolutions were not based on observation but by an assumption that those points also must be having an integral Dumber of revolutions curing the course of a Ealpa, having started at the beginning of the Hindu Zodiac is the beginning point of Aswini at the beginning of the Kalpa, On this aennnption cited, and using indeterminate analysis the Dumber of their sidereal revolutions were got as reported by Bhaskaracbarya in his Commentary in the chapter Bhagsnadhyaya. He hi'! given us a clue that the numbers of sidereal revolutions of the planets including the node and • apogee of the Moon were originally determined by observations though he appr als to Agama. that tbose numbers were given by Agaua, as accepted and transmitted by Brahmsguptacharya. Even in the Upapatthis or proofs that Bhaskaracbarye, gives regarding the numbers of sidereal revolutions known as Bhaganas, we pereei ve that he consciously commits the logical flaw known as {a~a~l~<j<itlli' as we are going to show in tbat context. 'Ihe proofs he adduces are indeed balled upon Aryabhatacbarya.'s verse 48. Golapada. namely

nat

f'tfftn:Nq)trI~~' II::qf.Tr)mc!.l~t~~

~f~aR(U'i(Ql~lC\ a{~mu: a'itcr

~ij

and on Br80hmaguptaoharya's

~ia-'liccrr. q~~ ~:!:l)s;:qf€{~a~~6'i.: ij~:

and

verse HI, oh. 20 namely

§f~rfm"ijlf(qT ~(n:r&!ll1s~r;r.:r'f'l
Aryabba.bacharya his immediate followers Lalla-

chsrya and Vateswaracharya. make the yuga.-padas of equal duration. Brahmaguptacharye oritioiaes Aryaphata for
having said so against the Canons of the Smrtis as well as . Romaka for having ignored the concept of yugas, msnvantaras and Kalpa, as this he deems as a heresy (Vide verses

9 & IS ch. I).

Indeed there seem to be two schools among the ancient Hindu Astronomers one of Brahmagupta who was followed by Sripati, Bhaskara and a number of others and the other of Aryabhata who was followed by Lalla, Vateswara., Bhasbra I, and a host of others mostly hailing from Kerala. There is an Arya.bhata. who has been termed Aryabbata.

II and who wag the author of a book named Brihad-Aryabhatiyam or Maba-Siddha.nta 81'l it is also called. M. M.
Sudhakara Dwivedi mentions in his Ganaka-Tarangat}i, that this Aryabbata. should have existed a.fter the author of Modern Surya Siddhanta. Aryabhata I, Aryabbata II, many of the Kerala. astronomers used a different nomenclature to signify numbers, denoting them by letters. Thus one of. the distinguishing features of the Kerala school of astronomers (not all of them) seems to be to use letters for numbers. One Kalpa = 14 Manvanteras = 14 X 71 yugas 15 Sandhis in between the Manvantara3 each equal to a. Krita ie 4 Kalis = 994 yugas + 60 Kalis = 994 6 ·yuga.s = 1000 yugas = 4320000000 mean Solar years.

Bhaskara speaks of Sa.ndhyas and of them equal to l~of the yugapadas,

Sandhyamsas

each

Thus one Kali=432000 yeal's=1200 Di~y;'ibdas (gods' yea.rs each year being equal to 360 Bolar years) ". 1000

Divyabda.s since -f""! X 1200 = 100 = measure of the Sandbya and Sandbyams» times. At this rate Dwa.pat'a ... 2000 200 200 Divyabda> and so on. However, tbe measure of the Sandhyas with respeot to a Msnvautara does not follow this one-twelfth rule, because a. Krlta is not -fl!th of the Mauvantara. Thus 1000 Dlvyabdas = one Kali excluding 8andhya and Bandbyamsa, whereas 1000 yugas = one Kalpa including the Sandhyas and Sandhyamells.

·roo + IOcr

IS

When a. yuga. was conceived as a. period wherein the 'planets make all integral number of revolutions, it goes :without saving that they make integral numbers of revolutions in a Manvantara or a Kalpa. When a Kalpa was conceived as the period in which the slow-moving planetary points aphelia and nodes also make an integral number of revolutions, one wonders how a manvantara wag conceived. It is further peculiar why suoh an odd number 71 was chosen, when it was said that 71 yugas make a Ma'lVantara One also wonders why the modern Surj asiddhanta says that after the Kalpa began, creation started only af~er 47400 Divyabdas whereas neither Brahmagupta nor Bhaskara. speaks of this. As a matter of fact Bhaskara menticns later the number of years that had elapsed upto the beginning of the Baka era, as equal to 1972947179, but does not -speak when the creation of planets and stars began actually,

Verse 26. Half the life-period of the present Brahms. bas elapsed; some said that only eight and half years of his life bas elapsed - Let the Agama or tradition be whatsoever; we don't have any need of knowing it. be'cause the planetary positions have to be computed only from the beginning of this Kal pa,
Comm. yateswa.ra. it was that mentioned thJJ._tonly . eight and hall years of the present Brahms had elapsed "Vide verse lO.Yadhyadhikara. .. h, I Vateswaora Siddhanta] c . VateBwara. prescribes tha.t Aha.rgana. or the oolleotionof

d&ys has to be calculated from the birth-time of this Brahms, but Bhaskara. rightly points out tha.t it is a waste of labour, for, all the planets must have returned to the Zero-point of the zodiac ie the beginning of the Sta.l' Aswini a.t the beginning of this Kalps and hence it is suffleieut to oalculate only from the beginning of this Kalpa, Further Bhaskara states that when the very planets did not exist during the lash elapsed night of Brahma, what is the fun of calculating their positions. There is also a. tradi tion tha.t there are nine Brabmas and that the present one is the very first. This tradition Bhaskara does not mention, because he exclaims that he does nob know how many Bcahmas have gone by, Time being without a beginning.

Verse 27. In as much as the creation started only from the beginning of this Kalpa which is the present da.ytime of Brahma, and because deluge takes place at the end of the day-time, the question of Computing the planetary positions arises only when the planets exist. If some (the allusion is to Vateswal'a) propose to compute the planetary positions even when the very planets did not exist, may we salute those great people!
Comm, Not necessary, Verse 28. Six Manus have elapsed in this Kalpa.". thereafter twentyseven yugas, as well as three yugapadas namely Krita, Treta: and Dwapsra. Further 1:)179 years of this fourth yugapada namely Kali have elapsed by the end of the Bske king (which moment was the beginning of the Saka era). Hence in the present Kalpa ie the day-time of this Brahms, 19729 47179 years had elapsed upto the beginning of the Sa.ka era. Comm, The computation is as follows:

6 Manvantar!l.s 6 X 71 X 10 Kaliyugas since eaoh Manvantara Consiats of 71 yu.grul and Ii yug& Consists of

15
ten KaliYl1gas (one yuga = Krita. TreMl Dwapara Kali =- 4 3 2 1 = 10 Kaliyugas). The Sandhis that were there in between the Manus and in the beginning of the first Ma.nu are seven and eaoh Sandhi being equal to'

+++

one Krita or four Kalis, the seven Sandhis Kaliyugas.

=7 X 4

23

Further it is stated that 27 yugas bard elapsed in the present seventh Manvantara known as Vaivasva.ta whioh are equal to 27 X 10 = 270 K'-1liyugas. Further in the present yuga, Krisa, Tl'eta: and Dwapars had elapsed equal to 4 3 2 = 9 Kaliyugas.

++
= =

Thereafter in the present Kaliyuga 3179 years elapsed npto the beginning or the Saka era. Thus totalling we ha ve 4260 28 270 9 kalis 3179 years.

4567 kalis

+ + 3179

4567 X 432000

+ 3179

years. years.

= 179 294 7179 year as mentioned.

Verse 29. The six Manus tha.t went before the present Vaivasvata. were Swayambbuva, Swarocj~a, Auttama Tama,sa, Raivata. and Cakshusha.. Comma
Brahmamana, Clear-Upto this point we have the seventh of the nine manas. seen tbe

Verse 30. The Samhitikas declare that a Stl.mvatsara is equal to the time of a mean sidereal revolution of Guru the Jupiter (This is the Barbaspatyamaua}, The ninth mana named the Manushyamana is composite of the four manaa (as detailed in verse 31). Oomm,
The years of the Barha.spatya mana are enu-

merated aa Vijaya, Jaya etc which are sixty in number. The same names are also adopted in the candram:Ina. ie tbe Iunl-Bolar reckoning (In vogue in the Andhra. Pradesh
and some other provinces too) only with the difference tbQ.t prabhava is taken as the starting year in which sequence Vijaya bappens to be, the twenty-seventh year. Binoe th~

16
mean sidereal revolution takes roughly 11.8 years; five revolutions take 59 mean solar years. The sixbieth. ..year' thereafter of the Jovian Cycle is considered as an Adhi; Bamvatsara thereof so that the lnni-Solar reckoning as well as the jovian reckoning get wedded together. Thus to get the jovian year we have simply to add 27 to the Iuni-solar year. The wedding of the two reckonings has its analogy in the process of interoalation which weds the solar reckoning with the luni Solar only with the difference tha.t months of the latter reckoning are set apart as Adhika or extra months. Just as the process of intercalation brings in its train what is called a Ksbayamasa as per the convention that, that month would be set apart as an Adhikamasa, which does not carry So Sarnkranti ie entrance of the Sun into the next Rasi, in which process there appears a month in which there may occur two Samkramis which is hence considered as a Kshayamasa, jUlt in a similar way that luni-Solar year in which the Jupiter enters the next Basi, is supposed to be normal whereas that year in which such an entrance does not take place is deemed an Adhika. year and set apart while that year which carries two entrances is deemed as a Kshya. ymr. The process of intercalation which weds together the solar and the luni-solar reckonings will be elucidated further in its approprilLte context. The word Samhitikas means the authors 01 the works called Samhitaa like the Varaha- Brihatsamhit!\ etc.

Verse 31. The manusbya-mana or that which men follow, adopts the year, the Ayana the ~tu or the season (six in number during an year) and the yuga according to the movement of the Sun ie according to Sauramana. the months and the thithis according to the luni-solar reckoning ie according to Cbandramana the Vratas, upavasas, treatment of diseases, deliveries of ladies, the names of the weeks all these according to the reckoning of civil' days ie;a,ccordillg to Sa:vana.mana. and finally the ghatis to the

17 Comm. A lunabion is divided into thirty bithis, which

go by the names pratipat etc. of which there are fifteen in the brighter halt of the Iunation and fifteen in the dark . fortnight. The pratipat tithi is that duration of time beginning from the moment of New Moon and ending when the Moon has over taken the Sun by 12°; the second tithi named dwitiya begins at the end of pratipat and lasts upto the point of time when the moon's elongation is 24° and 80 on. Thus the tithis are seen to be of unequal length in as much as both the Sun and the Moon have unequal motion. The mean duration of a sithi is seen to be a little less than a civil day since a lunation has ronghly 29i civil days. There is a convention that the tithi which is current at a Sun-rise will be considered to be the tithi of the whole day. As per this convention it so happens that a. tithi lasts just a little after Sun-rise and the next tithi vanishes during the same day so tbat the next but one will be taken for the next day. This vanishing tithi is known as a Ksbaya tithi which is also called a Kshayaba. Again it so happens that a tithi may be current at two consecutive Sun-rises beginning a little before the Sun-rise of the first day and extending a, little after the next Sun-rise. Such a tithi is called DinaTraya or a tithi which touches three days. In this m3.tter if seems as though we have gained a tithi but ultinately as a. tithi must be less than a civil day, it so happens tba,~ on .the average there will be a. Kshayaha. ronghly in 64 ti this. We shall Bee more about this matter subsequently,

Verse 32. Thus there are nine manas Mansve, Divys (or of gods), Barhaspatye, (Jovian) paitra, Nakshatra, Saara, Ohandra, Savana and Brabma, But the planetary positions are to be computed by men by their own mana.
Comm, Not necessary.

Here ends the Adhya:ya known as Kala-mana in the . Madbyadhikar&.

-,

MADHYXDHIKARA - SECTION IT BHAGANA:DHYi\YA Ve-rses 1 to 6. The number of sidereal revolutions of the Sun during a Ks lpa is 43200COCOO. It is also the Dumber of those of Mercury and Venus, and tbose of the S'igbrocckas of the planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
The Moon makes 57753300000 sidereal revolutions in a Kalpa, the Mars 2296828522, the Mercury's s'ighroceha 17936998984, the Jupiter 334:.126155, the s'ighroccba of Venus 702~3394r)2 and the Saturn 146567298. The sidereal revolutions of the apogees of the Sun and the Moon and those of the aphelia of Mars, Mercury, J upiter, Venus snd Saturn in a K91r;a are respectively 4:30, 488105858, 292, 3i>2,855, 653. 41. The retrograde sidereal revolutions of the nodes of the orbits of MOOD, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and S!lJturn are respectively ~32jl1168, 267, 521,63, 893, 584.

Comm. Since Mercury and Venus will be oscillating about the Sun in their apparent motion as seen.from the earth in a long period of time. the Dumber of sidereal revoluhions made by the Sun is also equal to that made by Mercury and Venus, Since, as we see ill the Course, of the f::!p3~tadhikara the Sun plays the part of what is called the Stghroccba of the three major planets named Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, the, number of the Sun's sidereal revolutions is also the same as that of their s'ighrooohas.
The reason why the sidereal revolutions of what are called the s'ighrocchas of Mercury and Venus are.tb~t same as the heliocentric sidereal revolutions ot. .1};(tiroury AAd Venus will be clarified in the sra~tadhikara. The reason why the sidereal revolutions of the major planets

the same as their heliocentric the same adhikara.

ones will also be clarlfled

in

The reason why we have termed tbeMandoccbM as apogees in the ease of the Sun and the Moon and as aphelia with respect to the other planets is that the Sun moves found the earth relatively while the M)on directly moves round the earth whereas the remviuniug planets move round the Sun while the Sun moves relatively round bhe earth. In other words the Sun and Moon have apogees whereas the remaining planets aphelia.
The nodes of the planets are the points of intersection of thsir orbits with the ecliptic which is the apparent orbit of the Sun. 111 other words the planetary orbits are inclined to the ecliptic which m-ans that their orbital planes do not coincide with the ecliptic plane, In Hindu Astronomy the Sun, the Moon and also the two nodes of the lunar orbit which go by the nam ss R~hll and Ketu are also termed as grahas along with the other five which are known as Tau-graha.s or planets resembling stars. Th9 etymology of the word "planet" is than it moves amongst stars; in this respect the nine Hindu grahas also moving among the stars are eligible to have the same ~ppeliMion though it is not permitted in modern astronomy, But the word graba has a dlilerent connotation etymologically namely ~nfTRt qr "lititfa crr !f&:: ie that which seizes the fates of men is known as a graba, In the coarse of this work we use the word graha and planet synonymously 80 that we deem the Sun, the Moon and the nodes .of the lunar orbit also as planets.

~~a'

'When the ancient Hindu astronomers knew by obserya,tion tbat the nodes of the lunar orbit have a retrograde :t!lot:iQD, ;~nd could also measure their mean motion, they ~ex:tep.ded.the.an1l.10gy to the nodes of-the other planets also, whose motion could not be measured during anybody's life-

time-Hence the estimate of their mean Hindu Astronomers naturally went wrong.

motion

by the

Noticing that the Mandocoha of the Moon has a progressive motion which the Hindu astronomers could measure correctly, they extended the analogy to the apogee of the Sun and the aphelia. of the other planets whose motion also being very slow could not be measured during the life-time of a man. So here also the estimate of their mean motions of the Sun's apogee and the planetary aphelia went wrong.

Bhaskaracbarys bas given proofs as to how the sidereal revolutions could be got but as we shall see later in the Sf3l?tadhikara., hi" proof occasionally suffers from what is called '{a~a~Tl5I'~~,Ilf' ie ' begging the question'. We shall however construct our own proofs at tbat place deferring them for the present, for, the proofs require an elucidation which obtains in the Bpastadhikara, alone. Verse 7. The number of diurnal stars in a Kalpa is 1582236450000.
revolutions of the

Comm, In fact this number is that of the diurnal rotations of the earth which is equal to the number of apparent diurnal rotations of the stars, if the earth ir deemed as :fixed. 'l'be only Hindu Astronomer who made bold to say that the earth is rotating and not the stars came under criticism by Brahmagupta and the latter Hindu assrcnomers. Aryabhata. said aT~C'!Sl;J;yfa: iI·h~:q1(Q(~:;_;r~ fCf17.T'liir<le:.q:, a'{T.I'(?' rf;:r +nfir enlQ_. ~~q~ urmf;:r ~Iatnif. "ie Even as it man stationed on a moving boat perceives tha.t the trees etc on the banks of the canal, river or lake to be moving in the opposite direction supposing himself statiouary, so also men stationed on the surface of the earth (which ,is like a moving boat) perceive the a.otually sta.tio*. ,nary .stars to be moving direotly from e/1st to west a.t' Lanka is the equator ".

21
Why none of the latter Hindu astronomers, though many of them could intuit this simple phenomenon, boldly . came out asserting this, is rather mysterious, Even toda.y there is such au irrational orthodox type of scholars who ale not in touch with modern astronomy, holding the view tha.t the earth does not move.
In Hindu Astronomy it was postulated that there is what is called the pravaha wind, which effects moving of the entire stellar universe along with the planets from east to West. It is a very simple matter to visualize earths' rotation, instead of supposing that the entire stellar Universe is being driven round the earth. The absurdity in this latter supposition might not have been clear to the orthodox type of the Hindu Astronomers, for, they could not measure the dimensions of the giant stars and supergiants, which are everyone of them mighty Suns. Though, however, the dimensions of the Sun were known to them to be far greater than those of the earth, it did not occur to them why a mighty Sun should go round a. pigmy earth, Or even if it occured to astronomers like Bhaskara, they dared not to go against the puranio tradition. Since the stars do not move among themselves while partaking this diurnal motion, the entire starry skies are -obtiged to go round the earth as a rigid structure, if we suppose that the earth is not rotating about, herself. This kind of supposition is just like a revolving person, revolving about himself and claiming that the entire Universe is revolving round him and not he about himself. Bhaskara gives the proof of getting this number of diurnal rotations of the stars during an year in the verses 5-7 of Madbyagati Vasana, ~i:r ml.'1T~f~a"t to. a3 follows. e Suppose a. star and the Sun rise together toda.y. Tomorrow . the star will bave arisen earlier than the Sun who will have moved towards the east of the star by his OW1;). {&pparentj daily motion. So tomorrow's sun-rise will ge;

belated by the duration of time that the arc of the ecliptic covered by the Sun's today's motion takes to rise. This duration of time is variable on two counts; first by the, variable motion of the Sun and second by the obliquity of the ecliptic on account of which even equal ares of the ecliptic will not rise in equal times. In other words the duration of time between two consecutive Sun-rises will not be the same. This duration of a particular day can roughly be calculated by tbe rule of three as follows. Let the Sun be in a particular Rasi, the rising time T of which could be computed; let the Sun cover an arc of XO in that Rasi on that day. Then the time taken by that arc to rise is :~, where a Basi consists of 30°, This time computed

in Sidereal measure added to 60 Sideral ghatis is equal to the length of the day, During the course of an year ie the time taken by the Sun to move round the ecliptic starting from the Zero-point of the zodiac and again returning to the same point, the Sun will have made one revolution less than the stars. Thus if • R • the number of diurnal revolutions of the Sun (flhere R will be not an integer) during all year or what is the same the number of Slvana or civil days during an year, they are equal to R 1 sideral days. Hence tbe number of sideral days in a kalpa will be equvl to the number of civil days in a. kalpa together with the 'number 4320000.000 which is tbe number of revolutions 'made by the Sun relative to the stars.

, . In this context we are to know the number of civil days in a kalpa, The proof given by Bhaskara in Ganitsdbyaya. under verses 1-6 in BhagaQopapattbi is as foll~ws, Drs. w a circle on a horizontal plane and place a. vertical -pole called gnomon at the centre of the circle. Observe the point of intersection of the gnomon's shadow with the oiroumterence of the circle at Son-rise on a. day in the iUtta.rayaI)a ie during the course of the Sun's north-word <journey, just a.t the time when his rising point is very near . east point and also to the south thereof. Then from

that· -day go on counting the number of days, whichwill be" 365 when the Sun again rises very nearly at the same point and jost to the south of the east point. It will be . found tha.t the Sun will rise the next day just a little to the north of the east point, which means that the Sun has taken 365 days and a fractional part of a day to complete his revolution round the stars. Having noted the two points of intersection of the gnomonic shadow with the circle, on those two consecutive days when the Sun happens to rise just a little to the south and then on the next day just a little north of the east point, and having measured the arcs in minutes between those points of intersection and the western point of the horizontal circle (western because the gnomonic shadow of the rising Sun is cast towards west) then the following rule of three is to be applied. If during 60 gbatis of the day, the sum of the arcs in minutes is covered, what will be the time taken by the shadow to traverse the arc between the west point and the northern point of interaection. This added to 3M, gives the number of civil days in an year. Here it wilt" be noted that this year is tropical because rising in the east signifies the Sun's position at an equinox.

Verse 8. The number of solar days in a kalpa equal to 1555200000000 and of the lunar days or tibhis J 602999000000.

IS

is

Oomm. The solar days here cited are oounted at the rate of 360 per year; and the lunar days at the rate of 30 per lunation. Tithi is defined 3.'1 mentioned by us under verse 31 of the previous section. Since there are thirty tithis in a lunation, their enumeration is quite alright; but there seems to be a little oddity in saying that there are 360 solar days in an year. This kind of a sola.r day iss. little Ionger than a. oivll day and does not correspond to any particular' motion of the Sun, say for example the ".ttme ta.ken by the Sun to move a. degree along the ecliptic, definition of.sQla.r-da.ys. pertains only .to' a. stil!ulatioD

860 solar days constitute a solar year and no sion is given for a. single solae day, This definition of. solar _days, though apparently a,rtifio:a.l, has SO IDe signi-. flcance, namely that the difference of the solar and lunar days defined above constitutes 15933000000 Adhikamasas in a kslpl at the rate of 30 titbis per month. In other words the difference between the solar and lunar days, is the number of tithis that the luniso lar reckoning gains over the solar. This topic will be dealt with later.

Verse 9. The number of civil days in a kalpa is equal to 1577916450000; the number of the diurnal revolutions of the stars minus the number of sidereal revolutions of any particular planet constitute the days of that particular planet with respect to the earth.
Comm., The civil days in a kalpa are evidently the number of Sun- rises. These are as mentioned before the difference of the number of diurnal revolutions of the stars and the number of the sidereal revolutions of the Suo. By analogy, the number of the days of a particular planet with respect to the earth or what is the same the number of risings of that planet in a kalpa as seen from the earth, is the difference of the number of the diurnal revolutions of the stars and the number of the sidereal revolutions of that planet in a kalpa, Thus we have Saura-Ku-dinani, Chandra-Ku-dinnni, Bhauma-Ku-dinani eto, where tb€: word 'Ku' means the earth. The Saura- Ku-dinani are the civil days defined before. It will be noted tha.t the Ohandra-Ku·dinani are not the lunar days.

Verse 10. The number of Adhikamasas or intercala.ry months in a. kalpa is equal to 1593300000 and the number of Dina-Kshayaa is 25062550000.
Comm. A Iuni-solar year as per Candramana ie the lqni-solar reckoning consists of twelve lunationa j as suob its length falls shor] of that of the solar yea.r by 11 day. ~ R:h~yii._ .5~ Vighatis and SO.Suk.shmaghatii.. If both _he

25
solar and luni-solsr years begin simultaneously this year, by the end of the Iuni-solar year, it will have gained over the solar year the above-mentioned days. This difference which goes by the name Adhimesa-Sesbe or Suddhi accrues to the length of a lunstion in about 3:3t solar months. Unless this accruing difference is set apart by some device, and the beginnings of the two years again brought together, the luni-Solar year looses its significance of an year, for, it does not accord with seasons. It being a convention that an year should begin with the spring, if the luni-Solar year also is to begin with the spring, it is to be wedded to the solar year by some device. 'I'he device adopted in this behalf was to leave out a month in the luniSolar reckoning as soon as it could be seen that a month has been gained by this reckoning over the solar. This knowledge is had from the following fact. The zodiac is divided into twelve equal portions called Rasi's beginning from the first point of the Hindu Zodiac, ie, from the first point of the a.sterism division called Aswini. The Sun traverses each of these Basis in one Solar month, and on account of the unequal motion of 'the Sun, these solar months are of unequal length. The entrance of the Sun from one Rasi into another is called a Samkranti, and the moments of Samkrantis are held to be holy for religious purposes. The solar month being a little longer than a. luna• tion, normally a. Samkranti occurs in a. lunatio n, But it so happens that in a. particular lunar month this Samkranti might not occur. The Suddhi which is the time between the moment of New Moon and the subsequent Sa.mkranti and which is therefore the time gained by the Iuni-Bolar reckoning over the Solar, having accrued to a lunaaion, it is an indication that the luni-Solar reckoning has gained a lunation over the Solar. That lunasion not carrying a. Samkranti is termed an Adhikamasa and is left out. That it is left out is connoted by the word Adhika which means extra, as well as by the convention that no auspicious celebrations like 1\ marriage etc. should not ~a.ke

26
during that month. The next lunar month is termed as the Nija-masa or the month which is the true. In this convention however, there may occur two Samkrantis in one particular lunar month. For this to happen two criteria are to be satisfied namely that, that particular lunar month must be greater than the concurrent solar month and secondly one of the two Samkrantis must occur immediately after a New-moon so as to permit the second Samkranti to occur just before the lapse of the lunar month. The Sun coming to his perigee roughly about the lunar month Margasira, and as such having the quickest motion at that point, he covers the length of the Rasi of 30° within the shortest span of time making that Solar month shorter than the corresponding lunar month. Since the months Kartica and pausha, one before and the other after Margasira, also being thus longer than the corresponding solar months, two Sankrantis could occur, if at all, in these three lunar months. If they occur, tha.t lunar month is termed a Kshayamasa. Since two lunar months are to correspond to two Samkrantis, convention has it that two lunar months lapse .simultaneously during that lunation, the previous lunaaion running during the forenoon and the subsequent lunation during the afternoon. Thus a Kshaya masa. is also called a yugalibhuta masa or a twin masa, which therefore makes one lunation virtually vanish. On aooouut of this vanishing', it is called a Kshayamasa, After What an inter:va.l·of time this Kshaya mas a occurs how a month precedes it having no Samkranti and how again a lunation follows it without a Samkranti will be seen in a subsequent context. This convention perta.ining to the institution of an Adhikamasa goes by the. name 'Inter-calation'. It was mentioned before that on an average an Adhikamasa occurs once in 32! solar months roughly-Also, Adbikamasas are the excess of lunations over the solar months in a given period. There being 51840000000 sola.r months in a Kalpa and 53433300000 lunations the number of Adbikamasas is therefore ~593300000 as mennoned,

27
Kshayahas were explained before and their number in a Kslpe is the difference of the civil days and the tibhis, Verses 11, 12. The numbr of solar months in a Kalps is 51840000000; the number of lunar months is 53433300000. The number of solar months being subtracted from the number of lunations, we have the number of Adhikamasas-The number of solar days together with the days of Adhika months are equal to the lunar days or the tithis; or again the lunar days minus the Ksbayahas are equal to the number of civil days or the reverse will be had by a reverse process. Oomm. Already explained.

Verse 13. The excess of the sidereal revolutions of the moon over the number of the Sun's sidereal revolutions is equal to the number of ohandramasas or Iunations. Or again the excess of the sum of the sidereal revolutions of the moon and the tithis over the sum of the lunationa and the diurnal revolutions of the stars is equal to the number of Kshayahas. Oomm. The first part is clear, Regarding the second, let the number of lunations be x and the number of the Jridereal revolutions of the moon be y. Then y -x=z, the number of the sidereal revolusions of the Sun because y - z = x from the first part above. If now, the number of the diurnal revolutions of the sta.rs be t, then t - z = t(y - x) = t x - y = civil days. Subtraoting these civil days from 'U' the number of 'I'ithis, we have the number of Kshayaha.s namely U - (t x - y) = (U y) (t x) which aocorde with tile statement.

Ve1'se 14. The number of Adh~kamasas is equal to the excess of the number of sidereal revolutions of the Moon over thirteen times the number of sidereal revolutions of the Sun. .

28 Oomm. Let x and y be the numbers of sidereal revolutions of the Moon and the Sun respectively. The x-y is evidently the number of lunations as mentioned before. Also 12y is the number of solar months which if subtracted from the number of lunations will give the number of Adhimasas ie x - y-12 y = x -13 y = Adhikamasas as mentioned.
This completes the Bhaganadhyays, of Madhyadhi-

kars..

verse 1. To Compute the AhargaQa the collection of days from the beginning of Kalpa ie from the beginning of creation. Multiply the number of sidereal solar years from the beginning of Kalpa by 1g; add the number of elapsed lunar months; multiply by thirty j add the number of elapsed tithis. Let this number be x, Then

[X :

A]

the integral number obtained by dividing the product of X and A the number of Adhikamasas in a Kalps by s the number of Bolar days thereof gives the number of elapsed Adhikamasas. MUltiply this number of Adhikamasas by 30 and add to x. The result gives the number of elapsed tithis, Let this be y. Then

[Y ~

KJ the integral num-

ber obtained by dividing the product of y and K the number of Kshayahas in a Kalps by T the number of Tithis in a Kalpa, gives the number of Kshayahas. Subtracting this number from y, we have the Ahargal)a ie the number of the elapsed civil days from the beginning of Kalpa. This AhargalJ.a has its beginning on Sunday and is itself constituted of mean solar days. While computing the Adhiksmasas or Kshayahas, the integral numbers of the quosienss alone should be taken rejecting the remainders. Oomm. The elapsed number of solar years is directed to be multiplied by 12 in the beginning. This number does not constitute purely solar years. Solarity was secured upto the point of the last intercalation of an Adhikamasa and thereafter one or two luni -solar years would have been added. But Construing these one or two Iunisolar years as mean solar years dOGS not make a difference while computing the Adhikarnasas, for the following reason. Adhikarnasas normally occur once in three years. Even

30
!supposing that the number of the elapsed years contain three lnni-solar years after the year carrying the last intercalary mouth, the error in construing them to be aolar will be roughly minus one solar month. In other words the difference between three mean solar years and three lnnisolar years will be roughly one solar month. Since one Adhikamasa occurs roughly in 82i solar months, so the number of Adhikamasas obtained by construing three Iunisolar years as mean Solar years will be in defaul t by roughly 1.2 32i or mf of . As we are counting obtained on lv t e integra I num b er y the i rejecting not the

Adhikamasas

as a quotient of -~ should

remainder,

the above default

normally

effect the quotient. Mos] rarely, however, it might effeot the quotient by one, Ior which provision is made by Bhaskara in verse 3 under Adhimasadinirnaya section, Madhyamadhikara namely ;p:rf!)sf'e1j:Jr~: 'lfcrcr)~q'~'e1: ete. which means that if the quotient is in default by one, where it is definitely known that one more Adhikamasa did occur, we are directed to add one and if we certainly know that the quotient oontains one more Adhikamjtaa, When the Adhikamasa is shortly to occur and has not occrusd we are directed to substract one from the quotient. This principle of ~<fir<{f;r~"'ftOi is to be observed even in the context of Esbayabas ie we are directed to add one or subtract one from the number of civil days by a.djusting the AhargaI).a to the week- day on which the Ahargal}a is sought to be found. Thus construing the elapsed number of years to be solar, multiplying them by twelve we have the elapsed solar months. Adding to this the number of the elapsed luni-Solar months construing these to be solar, which fact also does not affect normally the number of Adhikamasas to be obtained (for the same reason above) and multiplying by 30 and adding the elapsed tithis we have the elapsed number of Bolar days (This number may not be exaotly the

31 elapsed number of solar days, lor, we have construed the one, two or three luni-Sclar years as mean solar as well as the elapsed lunations of the present year as solar months j 'but this difference does not affect hhe cornpubabio n of Adhikamasas as mentioned above). Then, as we are given that 15933,00000 Adhikamasas occur in 1555'200000000 solar days of the Kalpa, if x be the number of solar days found give the number of the Adhikemases. Adding these Adhikamasas mul tiplied by 30, to x the solar days obtained above, we have the Tithis elapsed upto the day in question. If now, we subtract the Kshayaha:s from these Tithis, we shall have the number of Sa:vana:bas or the Ahargal)a required. Since in 1602999000000 Titbis of the Kalpa there will be '25082550000 Kshayahas, if ' hi b y be t h e T It IS a ove
0

btai d y X '25082550000 amsu, 160J899000000

will

be

tbe Kshaya:has from the beginning of the KaJpa upto the day in question; subtracting these from Y, we have the required Ahargal)a.

Verse 4.

Computation

of the planetary

positions.

The Ahargal].a multiplied by the number of sidereal revolutions of a planet and divided by the number of civil ~a.y8 in a Kalpa gives the planet ie its number of revolutions upto the day concerned both integral and fractional, Comm. Applying 'Rule of three', if in C the number of civil days in the Kalpa, the planet makes P sidereal revolutions how many revolutions would have been made in A the Ahargal)a? The answer is A ~ p. In this,

the integral quotient gives the number of complete revolutions made; the remainder. multiplied by 1'2 and divided by again, gives the number of Basia covered by the planet from the Zero-point of the Zodiac, and again the remainder by 30 and divided by C gives the number of deg-

32
rees covered in the next Rasi; proceeding thus, the planetary position could be had next in minutes and then in seconds of arc also. This position is the mean position of the ~ planet, at the time when the mean Sun is very nearly at the Eastern horizon at Lanka. Why it is said '< very nearly at the horizon" will be clear in the context of udayantara Samskara to be dealt with later in Spa~tadbikara.. To obtain the planetary position at the moment when the mean Sun is exactly on the horizon, we have to apply what i.s called the U dayantara oorrection and ags.in to obtain the position at the moment of True Sun-rise we have to apply what is called the Bhujantara correction, both of which will be dealt with in Spastadhikars. Having thus got the mean planetary position at True Sun-rise, we have to apply one or two as the case may be, corrections to obtain the True planetary position, besides effecting two more corrections known as Desantare, and chara to obtain the True planetary position at the time of True Sun-rise not a.t Lanka but at the place concerned.

Verse 5. To obtain the position of the mean Moon, when the mean Sun is known from what is called AvamFl.Se~a.
The Avama Se~a divided by 131490000000 in degrees is to be added to twelve times the elapsed tit his and tbe result added to the Sun's position gives the position of the Moon. Conversely the position of the Sun can be had from the posi tion of the Moon.
Comm, The moon's longitude minus the Sun's longitude known as elongation is called Vyarkendu, which divided by twelve gives the number of elapsed tit his ; a lunation which is tbe time in which the Moon overtakes the Sun by 360~, contains thirty tithis and a tithi is defined as the time, in which the Moon overtakes the Sun by 12°, beginning from the moment of conjunction ie Amavasya. Hence if the Sun's longitude be xc, aud y be the number of

33 elapsed tithis, integral or fractional (x 12y)O will be the longitude of the Moon. If, however, we consider y only afJ the integral number of tbe elapsed tibhis, we will have obtained the Moon's position from the formula (x 12 y)O at the ending moment of the titbi on the previous day. The time in between this ending moment of the tithi and the Sun-rise of the day concerned is known as Ava.maSesba, since the Avama-days or Ksbayahas are the difference of days between the number of tithis in a given period and the number of civil days during the same period. In other words, the excess of a civil day over a tithi which falls shaft of it, is the part of a civil day tbl'ht contributes towards the number of Ksbayahas in a. given period. Thus we have to compute the increase in the Moon's longitude during the aforesaid Avama-Sesha to obtain his longitude at the Sun-rise of the day concern-

ed.

But this Avama-Sesha is of the form F {t ; K}

where "t ' is the number of elapsed tithis upto the Sun-rise of the day concerned K the number of Kshayahas in a Kalpa, T is the number of tithis in a Kalpa and F

e; K}

signifies the fractional part called Avama-Sesha, the integral quotient having given the number of elapsed Kshayahas. Hence writing F

{t ; ~}

as ~ where R is the remainder

obtained by dividing (t X K) by T, the Avama-Sesha is of R the form T' This Avama-Sesha being mean solar. it bas to be rendered 1uni- Solar, which process is known a.s
;:qf"'''I!fi~arq. The rule of three used in this behalf is 'If for C civil days we have T titbis of the Kalpa, what

shall we have for

T?

R"

R T The answer is T X C

= C· This

then is the balance fractional part of atithi that is there in between the end of the elapsed aithi and the Suo-rise of tQ6 day concerned. This part of & tithi is to be multiplied by 5

34 12 to give in degrees the increase of Moon's longitude the ending moment of the tithi on the previous day. this increase is ~ X 12
j

from. Thus

but C

1577916450000

R
C

12 = 1577916450000

12

131490000000

approximately. Thus this increase is to be alded to (x 12 y)O where is tbe longitude of the Sun and y the integral part of the elapsed tithis so tha.t the Moon's longitude is
XO

131490000000'

VeTses 6, 7. Computation of the positions of the Sun and the Moon from the Adhimasa-Sesha and Avama-Besba; The Avama·Sesha divided by 271lO000000 is termed an additive constant in minutes of arc to the Sun's position j the same Avama-Seaha multiplied by 13 and divided by 35 is termed such an additive constant to the position of the Moon j Oonstrue that the Sun's position is given by as many degrees as there are elapsed tithis after the beginning of Chaitra and that the Moon's position is given by Thirteen times the same. Let these positions of the Sun and the Moon be diminished by a number of degrees equal to. what is obtained by dividing the Adhimasa-Sesha by the number of lunations in a Kalpa. Then add the respective additive constants to the positions of the Sun and the Moon so obtained. The results will be the positions of the Mean Sun and the Mean Moon.
Comm, Here the data are the Adbimasa-Sesha and the Avame-Sesha and nothing else and the problem set is tJ find the Mean positions of the Sun and Moon. The Adhimasa·Se,;na remainder is of the form R' ; 30 where the elapsed R' is the

obtained

while finding

Adhimasa.a

by dividing the product of the number or lunasions in a Kalpa and (12 x y) 30 t where x is the number of elapsed years, y the number of elapsed lunations t the number of elapsed tithis in the ourren t lunar month at the time when the Ahargane, is being computed and S the number of Solar days in a Kalpa. 'I'he form

of

the

Avama-Besba

was

formerly

stated

as

T'

The

procedure given is as follows. In the first place, we are asked to assume that the number of elapsed solar days is equal to the number of elapsed tithis from the beginning of Chaitra ie the beginning of the luni-Solar year, since we do not know- when the Solar year began; so, at the rate of I'" per a Solar day (A Solar day is not a mean solar day, Vide definition given before under verse 8. Bhaganadhyaya) the Sun's position is given by as many degrees as there are elapsed tithis; and the Moon's position must be 13 times the same since each tithi means an increase of 12° in the elongation and if XO be the Sun's position, the Moon's position must be 12 XO ahead of the Sun ie 13 x". Having got thus approximate positions of the Sun and the MOOD, we have to make amends for the roughness of the assumption made. In assuming that the longitude of the Sun is equal to the number of elapsed tithis, we have overestimated the longitude since it has to begin from the .beginning of the solar year. The time in between the beginnings of the luni-Solar year and the solar year is known as the Adhimaea-Sesba at the time of the beginning of the solar year, measured in titbis; also, we have committed an error in assuming the Sun's rate to be 1° per tithi. This also is due to Adhimasa-Sesha. subsequent to the beginning of the Solar year upto the day concernedThus the entire error committed by assuming the Sun's longitude to be as many degrees as there are elapsed ti this from the beginning of the luni-Solar year. is no other than the Adhi. masa-Beshe at the day concerned, But this Adhimaea-

Sesha is of the form

R' X 30 . S as mentioned and is ill tithis.

36
This has to be converted into solar days to gi ve us the number of degrees of the error. 'I'he conversion is effected by the rule of three as " If T tithis of a Kalpa constitute S solar days of the Kalpa, what number of solar days corresR' X 30 . R' X 30 S ponds to S ?" The answer is S X 'I' R' T
X

30

R' T /30

R' L This

where L is the

number of

lunations in a Kalpa.

R'

being the number of solar

days corresponding to the Adhimasa-Sesha upto the day concerned, the corresponding longitude of the Sun namely

R'o

L must

be subtracted from the Sun's longitude.

Now the
O

R" question arises whether we have to multiply this L by 13

to be subtracted from the longitude of the Moon; necessary, enough to subtract

R'O L

not

only, for, the Adhimasa-

sesha extends from the preceeding Am'ivasya only when the Moon's longitude was equal to the Sun's longitude. We have thus got the mean positions of the Sun and the Moon at the ending moment of the tithi on the previous day. To get their mean positions at the SUn-rise of thp concerned day, we have to make amends for the time in between, which is no other than Avama-Sesha as a fraction of a mean Bolar day. Here Bhaskara makes an ingenious approximation. The maximum Avama·Sesha could be a tithi only and the Sun moves roughly' by his daily mean motion during a tithi. So, the rule of three adopted is , If for one tithi, the Sun's daily motion is to be reckoned , what for the Avama-Beeha P The answer is Avama-Sesha. multiplied by the Sun's daily motion. 'I'he Avanla.Sesha R R R 8' being of the form T' T X rn ' = T X 59 60

R'

59Tiapproximately.

R'
1602999006000

x-15 -

R'
27110000000 very

887

This must be added to the position of the Sun to get his position at the Sun-rise concerned. In the case of the Moon the above additive constant of the SUD, is to be multiplied by 13H because the Moon's daily motion is so many times that of the Sun. Hence the additive constant in the case of the Moon is x X I3H = 13 x (1 ·l,,) where x is the additive constant in the caee of the Sun. This agrees with what Bhaskara has stated.

Verses 8, 9.
positions. The mean

Another

way of computing

the planetary

position

of

the

Sun

in

Rasis

minus

131!9~3~500

Basis where A stands for the AhargaJ,;l!:l, G

concerned in Rasis. in a Let

stands for the Savana days of the planet Kalpa gives the position of the planet pandits find out other similar methods.

Comm, The Sa:va.na days of a planet is the excess of the diurnal rotations of the stars over the sidereal revolu,tions of the planet ie D - P = G where G stands for the _ AXP Sava.na days of the planet. Hence P = D - G :. ~ where A is the AhargaJ;).a, and lYI the number of mean solar AD AG AxP days in a. Kal pa = M - M· But ~ =I F

where I is the integral number of the revolutions of the planet and F the fractional part of a revolution which is the planetary position required. Thus from the equation A><P AXD AxG F 0 .. ~ = .-. 1{- - "'-M-'- = I mlttlng the

+.

integral

part in A;

D and signifying

the remainder

as

f\

38
we have than

f' - A X G ~
AXD

= I'

+F where
gives

I" IS some integer ot her .

us the number of'

I. But

--xr-

which

diurnal rotations of the stars upto the day concerned is equal to the AhargaQa plus the number of revolutions of the Sun upto the day concerned, because Ahargal)a Revolutions of the Sun = diurnal rotations of the stars upto the day concerned. Omitting the integral AhargaQa and the integral number of revolutions of the Sun we have that the fractional the Sun's position.
~

part of A M- D. ie f" --- X Hence.

IS

no ot her t b' an

AXP

f' -

AXG
12 R

and Rasis position is

AxG 1577916450000 13149~37500 equal to the

revolutions Rasis. Thus

= 1~W7916450000

the

planetary

S.

un s position

'"

minus

13-Df93037500 where the

AXG

integral parts on either side could be ignored. Here there is a peculiarity could right away be obtained in this method. The planet A~ P

from the formula

where A is the Ahargal)a, P the number of sidereal revolu':' tions of the planet and M the number of mean Solar days in a Kalpa. Though the given method is more ounrbrons than finding through tbe. above formula, Bhaskara deliberately gives it to show the equivalence of various procedures at the same time giving us a beautiful teohnique as mentioned in his commentary. Thus in the above equation

AXP
~ =

AxD

--M - ~AXG
~

AxG
the

the first term on the right Bha-bhrania-graha and the We

hand side could be termed second term

the graha-Savana-Dina-graha..

39
have seen above !i!.lat the first term is Mean Sun ignoring the integral number.
110

other

than

the

Ver8e~ 10, 11. Proof of ether methods of computing planetary position. Even as the sums or differences of two or more of the numbers of Adhimasas, Kshayahas, lunations etc give the number of sidereal revolutions of the planets the sums or differences of two or more of the posibions of the imaginary planets which go by the names Adhimasa-graha, Ksbayabagrabs etc computed out of the numbers of those Adhimasas Kshayahas etc. give the respective planetary positions.
Oomm. This interesting concept is based upon the following principle. Suppose P to be the number of sidereal revolutions of a planet; then A ~ P gives the planetary

position, where A is the Ahargane., and M the number of mean Bolar days in a Kalpa. Now suppose P = x ::I:: Y ::I:: z where x, y, z are the numbers of Adhim.;(sas etc in a Kalpa, then

AXP ~

_~

Axx

::I::

Axy
~

::1::---

The terms on the right-hand-side may be construed to • be the Adhimasa-graha etc, which are the positions of imaginary planets and their sums or dtfferences give therefore the position of the planet, as could be seen from the above equation. Thus for example, we have the equation P1 - 13P~ = a where P1 is the number of the sidereal revolutions of the Moon and P2 the number of the sidereal revolutions of the SUD, a stands for the Adhimasas because Chlindramas80s - Sauramsses = Adhimasa.s; but Chandra.mas as = P1 - P2 and Sauramasaa _: 12 P, so that PI - P~ - 12P~ = a ie PI - 13Pg = a-. From this equation . A X PI = a. X ,f 13P2 X A

40 The first term on the right hand side is termed as tbe Adhimasa-gcabe, and the second term is evidently 13 times the position of the Sun whereas the term on the left-bandside is the Moon's position. Hence, ignoring the integral Dumber of revolutions, we have Moon's position = Adhimasa - graha 13 times Sun's position (Ignoring the number of integral revolutions means subtracting integral revolutions or adding them if necessary).

Verses 12, 13. A few more examples On the aforesaid principle. The planetary position obtained by the sum of tbe sidereal revolutions of two planets, added to or Subtracted from another planetary position obtained by the difference of the sidereal revolutions of two planets and divided by two gives the positions of the two planets respectively, the quicker of the two in the first case and the slower in the second. Similarly the planetary position computed from the difference of the sidereal revolutions of two planets subtracted from the planetary position of the quicker of the two gives the position of the slower whereas the former planetary position added to the position of the slower gives the quicker.
OO'lWm.

We have (PI
=

+ P2)

;- (_~L=_.J:'2)

= PI (1) and

Q?l

+ P22_~_t~l_=_l?2)

P2 (2) where P1 is the numb:r

of sidereal revolutions of a quick-moving planet and P~ that of a slow-moving one. Multiplying the above equations by ~ with the former notation,

= PI X A (3) and
M
= M X P~ (4)

Equations (3) and .) mean what has been stated in verse (12). Again we have the equations PI - (PI - P,)= p.

41 and PI
of sidereal revolutions of a quick and slow moving planets

+ (PI

- PI) = PI where PI and P~ are the numbers

respectively. Following the same principle as above we • could obtain their positions by multiplying the equations through out by ~ and calling planets on the left-handside as (1) Dwiparyeyantarodbhava-graha subtracted from the quick-moving one and (2) the slow-moving planet inoreased by the Dwiparyayantara-graha respectively. Verse 14. The difference of the S'ighra and S'ighraKendra as well as the Sum of the Mandocche and the Manda. Kendra give the planet to be computed. Or again a computed planet multiplied by the number of sidereal revolutions of a planet to be computed and divided by the number of sidereal revolutions of the computed gives the planet to be computed. Oomm. UI - P = KI and P - U~= Kg where U]. P, U~, Kl and Kg are respectively the number of Sidereal revolutions of the S'ighroccha, planet, the Mandoccha, the S'ighra.-Kendra and the Manda Kendra; hence, we have P = U, - Kl = UI

+ KI

from these equations also

by multiplying througout by

M' we have the planetary

position as the difference of the S'rghrocoba-grahs and S'ighra Kendra-grabs or the sum of the Mandoooba-graha and Manda-Ke!ldra-gra.ha. Again, if p]. P g be the numbers of sidereal revolutions of a. computed planet and one to be oomputed respectively and If Pl. PSi be the computed planet and the one to be computed, then A A PI !2 PI X M = Ph PI X M - P. so tha.t p. - PI

r,
6

X PI

= PI

W 10

h' h means t bat the position of the-

42 planet to be computed is got by multiplying the planetary position of a. planet computed by the number of sidereal revolutions of the planet to be computed and dividing by the number of sidereal revolutions of the planet computed. Verse 15. We get the Absrgana by multiplying the planetary position given in number of revolutions and fraction of a revolution by the number of days in a Kalpa .and dividing by the number of sidereal revolutions ill a Kalpa, How by indeterminate analysis we get the same AhargaI)a., given the number of past sidereal revolutions alone, or by the fractional part of a. revolution alone, or by the sum of the fractional parts in the case of more items involved, I shall tell later.

Comm. While computing the

formula ~

planet we have the

AxP

= p where A

AhargaI)a, P = the num-

ber of sidereal revolutions of the planet, M = number of mean solar days in a Kalpa and p = the planetary position consisting of the number of past revolutions and also the fraction of a revolution. From the above equation, the MXP AbargaI)a A = --P- as stated. In tne case of only the integral number of revolutions or the fraction of a revolution alone being given, or the sum of remainders i~ more items than one are involved, the method of fiinding the Ahargal}.&is illustrated in gola:dhya:ya.under prss'naadhya:ya.under verses 12-21. Verse8 16, 17. Method of getting the time in solar years tha.t has elapsed from the beginning of tbe Kslpa, given the AhargaI)9t. Tbe given AhargaI)a multiplied by the number of Kehays-tithie in a. Ealpa and divided by the number of civil days in a Kalpa gives the number of the elapsed Kshaya. tithis. Adding these to the AhargaI)a. we have the lunar

43

days L. These again multiplied by the number of Adhikamasas in a. Kalpa and divided by the tithis in a Kalpa gives the elapsed number of Adhikam\isas. Multiplying this number by thirty and subtracting from the above lunar' days L, we have the elapsed solar days. Dividing these by thirty, we have the number of elapsed solar months, the remainder being solar days. Dividing the solar months by 12, we have the elapsed solar years and the remainder here are the solar months. Thus we have the solar years, solar months and solar days corresponding to the given Ahargal)a.
Comm,

clear,

The inverse process detailed here is quite

Verse 18. Computation of the Ahargal}a and the' planetary positions from the beginning of the Kaliyuga. Find the Ahargal)a from the beginning of the Kaliyuge either (according to the method described formerly with respect to a Kalpa) and this AbargaJ;la begins from Friday, Computing the mean planetary positions from this AbargaQa and adding to their mean positions at the beginning of the Kali which are known as Dhrnvakas, we have their planetary positions for the day concerned. • Verses 19,20. The Dhruvakas of the planetary positions at the beginning of Kali, given in a tabular form.
--- ----->.
.."

...

~
llR 29° 3' 50" --~J

::g
llR

...

...

---_----~(l

... B
:::I

.....

>
llR 28° 42' 14~

<>

., ;::I

= ...
(I.l

~<

., "'00 ,",,0 -1=1.

<0

., .- 0 "0= = =0 8 .... ;::11=1. = ...l< <z

....... c:sOO
4R 5° 29' 46"
00'" 1'l"O c:I ce

llR 29° 27' 36"

llR 28° 46' 34"

2R 17° 45' 36"

27° 24' 29"

5R 3° 12' 58"

Rasis Degrees
minutes

Seconds

44
Oomm. The mean Sun and the mean Moon are taken to be in conjunction at tbe zero-point of the Zodiac. The planetary positions given above are accepted by Bhaskara on the authority of Brahmagupsa. The fact that these positions differ from those given by Aryabhata. signifies that Brahmagupsa observed the True positions in his own time and to obtain those positions by calculation, he must have changed the fundamental constants such as the number of civil days, and sidereal revolutions of planets eto in a Kalpa. Here ends the section known as grahanaya.na..

MADHYXDHIKARA-KAKSHADHYXYA
Verses I, 2. The circumference of Akasa--Ka.ksha. Astronomers say that the circumference of Aka:s'a.Eaksha is 18712069200000000 yojanas. Some say it is the circumference of the universe whereas some say that it is the circumference of the mountain which goes by the name Loknloka, Those who perceive the celestial sphere as a fruit of the emblic myrobalan, (Known as Ama.laka in Sanskrit) placed in the palm, say that it is the ciroumference of the sphere of solar radiation ie the imaginary sphere whose volume is :lilledby solar light. Oomm. Bhaskara, in the course of the Commentary makes it clear that he does not subscribe to this idea. which is only mythological. Look at his words which are significant and testify to his rational outlook .. ifT~rct ",af~:, sunur ~..qrqrQ" ie "This is not our view; because it is baseless". A yojana will be seen to be equal to 5 miles approximately, Verse 3. He gives his personal view as follows.

The universe may be bounded or unbounded; our view "is that this dimension of the oiroumference is no other than the distance covered by each planet in the Kalpa. Oomm. This was an assumption made by the ancient Hindu Astronomers, as well as another assumption that the distance covered by every planet during a. day is the same, This we shall see later. Verse 4. The circumference of the universe given above divided by the number of the sidereal revolu'ions in a. Kalpa of any planet gives the circumference of bhe planetary orbit, so that in a. Kalpa, the total dietance covered is 'he oiroumferenoe of the universe.

Oomm,

Clear.

Verse 5. The circumferences of the orbits of the Sun. Moon and the Stars.
The circumference of the Sun's orbit is 4331497{- yojanas, that of the Moon 324000 yojanss, of the stellar sphere 259889850 yojanas, Coman, Later, we are told by Bhaskara that the circumference of the earth is 4967 yojanas and its diameter is 1581. As the method given by him in the Commentary in that context, to measure the circumference of the earth is correct, we may take it that the ancient Hindu Astronomers could estimate the same correctly. If that be so, when Bhsskara gives the circumference to be 4967 yojanas, it means 4967 yoj
= 3:6~ ~6~4

3960 X 44 miles or 1 yojana

7

= 5.01 miles or what is the same 1581 yoja-

nas = 7920 miles ie one yojana.=5.01 miles approximately. With this measure of a yojana, the Moon's mean distance from the earth's centre should be (as given above) 3240~~ X 7 X 5 miles
=

257725 miles approximately.

This seems to be a fair estimate and we have to find out how this estimate could be made-Indeed, there a.re many elementary trigonometrical methods of finding the distance of the Moon. Whioh of them was used by the Hindu Astronomers, we have to discuss. Bhsskara, however takes it implicitly from Brahmagupta's version. 'I'he latter does not mention from what source he derived it but simply mentions that he has resuscitated the Brahma-Biddhanta, which grew obsolete. Either he or the author of BrshmaBiddhants, must have computed this distance using trigonemetry. The following seems to be the simplest method, by which the Moon's distance was originally estiwr1ted-Refer fig. 1. Let z be the zenith-distance of the Moon as obser-

47

Fig. 1

ved from !J, place A on the primary meridian going through Lanka, Ujjain, Kerukabetra etc by an instrumeut (A protractor) described by Bhaskara under verse 5 Ohandragraha•J;.la:dhika:ra., grabaganita at the time of transitting. Let B be l.I. sublunar point on the earth at the moment of that observation, where B is also on the same primary meridian. Since both the places happen to be on the primary meridian, and such places were primarily known, both the observations could be made simultaneously. Knowing the distance A B between the two places, the angle 0 subtended by A B could be easily got from the triangle A 0 M where Q is the earth's centre and M the Moon. As a first approximation, d . -0 = d+a-Z =:=. rv- no a ., "takmg 0 M roughly to S·_-· In N.,,..... be equal to (a

+ d).

'I.

N.1n

LI

In the above equation, a being known

48 a. Sin 0 . ki d d = Sin Z _ (Sin 0)' Strwtly spes ing Sin a Sin 0 so that d = Sin (Z-O)' Since (Sin Z - Sin

0 0)

Sin (Z·O)

< Sin

(Z·O)

... the estimate of d obtained is a little greater than its true value. We shall discuss other possible methods of finding the Moon's distance in the chapter on lunar eclipses. it Having got the distance of the Moon as afore-said, ea.sy to obtain the angle oc marked in fig. 1 for, . Ml M' a 2?\a 4967 Sin cc = 0 Ml = d = 27\d = 324000 Since is small Sin ee radians.
WBoS
0<:

0:

:.

ec

= 496~2~O~438

496i8~0 191 = 52.7'

Since the Moon's daily average motion . In

;.:I.

790' - 35" is had 7 . SIxty N di 5° 7' 0 f mo ti ...a IS, IOn IS covere d' In 52. X 60 -

approximately = H = 4 Nadia, Thus the fact tha.t we are given the horizontal parallax as 4 Nadis in the context of lunar eclipses is based on this. Having obtained thus the distance of the Moon from the centre of the earth E, and having measured the angular diameter of the Moon's disc with the help of the protractor mentioned above, from the triangle EAM (Ref. fig. 2) where

Fig. 2

49

sA is a tangenb to the Moon's disc and M the centre of the Moon, Sin B = meter of the Moon's disc, r ' = the spherical radius of the Moon's disc measured in yojanas, 80 that since Sin B=B' in Hindu trigonometry when the angle is small, 324000 , 18000 r = ---1~
X

where B is the angular. semi-din-

3438

:. 27\r' = 324000X16. hence 3438 '

=

16

7 504000 X 44 = 2101

. 240 yojanas,

Bhaskera gives the semi-diameter of the Moon's disc to be 16'-0"-9'" so that the above r' is very approximately 240 yojanas as given by Bhaskara, Now with these constants pertaining to the Moon's distance, and his spherical radius, it was sought to find the spatial distance traversed by the Moon during a day. The rule of three used was "If 16'-0"-19'" of the Moon's angular semi-diameter pertains to a spatial distance of 240 yojanas a.t his orbit, what does the mean daily motion of 790'-35" pertain to ?" The answer is 683064000 = 11858! 57609 yojanas a.s given by Bhaskara elsewhere or taking the Moon's mean semi-angular diameter to be 16' only, and using the rule of three" If 16' at the lunar orbit oorrespond to 240 yojanas, what do 790'-35" correspond to" we have 790'-35"X240 = 15 X 790i'2' = £ X 9487 16' = 11858i yojanas as given by Bhaskara.
=

9487

-j

Thus having obtained the daily spatial motion, the Hindu Astronomers assumed all the other planets (including the Sun) to have the same daily mesn spatial motion. On this assumption since the, Moon's orbit will be 27,3217X11858!=324000 yojanas, and the oircumferenoe of the universe will be 324000 X 57753300000 =18712069200000000 yojsnaa the Sun's orbit will be 7

50 ciroumference of the universe. = 4331497! yojanas Number of sidereal revolutions

(b ecause

324000X57753300000 = 3240 X 577533 4320000000 432

=

= 15 X 577533 2

8662995 = 4331497j). 2

Also, the circumference of the stellar universe was presumed to be sixty times that of the Sun's orbit. With the constants obtained for the Moon's diameter and distance and with assumption that all the planets have the same daily motion, the constants pertaining to the Sun and the other planets were obtained. We shall resume this topic in another context. Verse 6. The mean daily motion of the planets. Tbe circumference of the universe divided by the number of days in the Kalpa, gives the daily spatial motion of a planet. The planets move thus a. distance of 118581 yojanae in a day.

Comm. Already explained.

Verse 7, and half the verse 8. The Aharg8.Qa mnltiplied by 11859 decreased by the quotient obtained by dividing, the product of the Aharga,Qa and 9921 by 35419 gives the distance covered by a. planet in yojanas, These yojanas divided by the ciroumference of the planet's orbit gives the fraction of a revolution and the integral number of revolutions made. Coman, Let the Ahargal;,la be Aj every planet should ha ve described a space equal to A XD where D is the distance traversed per day and is just a. little less than 11859, or more oorrectly should have desoribed a space equal to A )(

Q where 0 is the afore-said ciroumference of the

51 universe. and o the number of civil days or mean solar days in a Ealpa. For the sake of an easy computation Bhaeksra gives here an interpolation. In the first place, we are asked to multiply A by 11859 by which, sn excess is there in the result: then this excess is sought to be removed. The excess is A X 11859 correct distance described. described by any planet is

AXe because A X.Q is the o 0

In other words, the distance

A ~ 0 = A X 11859 - (A X 11859But o

!_ ~ 0)
dividing

I
by

= 18712069200000000 1577916450000

= 420024000 35419

the common factor 44550000 The space described by any planet is from I

A X 11859 - A
_ A X 11859 - A

{c

X 1l~59 - 0 }

{35419 X 11859 - 420024000}

35419

But the numerator :.

within the brackets

is 9921

Space described = A X 11859 _ ~ X

~s stated. This distance divided by the individual orbital lengths, we have the integral number of revolutions made by each planet, rejeoting which we have the fractional part of a revolution which gives the position of the planet.

Verses 8, 9. The orbit of the planet itself is no doubt the orbit of the Mandoooha (apogee with respect to the Sun and the Moon and aphelion with respect to the other Starplanets ie Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn) and of the node (point of interseotion of the orbits of the Starplanets with the eoliptic)j but while Oomputing the positions of these Mandocohas and the Nodes, as per the method indicated above ie according to the method of

52 Kakshadhya:ya, their orbits are taken to differ from those of the planets. (because slow-moving points will have longer orbits as per the assumption made namely tha.t the circumference of the universe divided by the number of the' sidereal revolutions gives the length of the orbit). Similarly the orbit of the Sun itself will be the orbit of Mercury and Venus, and the orbits of their S'ighroocbas are their real orbits wherein Mercury and Venus are taken to move with the velocity of the Sun. Comm. The prescription of the computation of a planetary position as per the method of Kakehadhyaya, bas brought in an awkward situation. Let us consider the Computation of the positions of Meroury and Venus. These two planets oscillate about the mean position of the Sun, because their orbits happen to lie within the earth's orbit. Hence their mean sidereal periods coincide with that of the BUD, which means that their numbers of sidereal revolutions coincide with the number of sidereal revolutions of the Sun. Hence the Kaksha:dhyaya method of Computing 1), planetary position brings in the idea that the orbits of Mercury and Venus coincide with the orbit of the Sun. Bbaskara perceived the awkwardness of this situation and says therefore, the above ooinoidence of the orbits must not be taken to be a reality but is intended only for the sake of computation. The actual planets Mercury and Venus ip. fact revolve says Bhaskara in the orbits of their Btghrocohas, with the velocity of the Sun-Even this supposition that the actual planets move with the velocity of the Sun Boundsodd, but this will be clarified later in the spashtasdhikara, wherein we propose to explain the peoulisr oon·oeptof S'rghroocha. at length. Here ends the Grahanayana:dhyaya aecordlng to the Kaksbadhya:ya method.

THE ADHYA:YA KNOWN AS PRATYABDA S'UDDHI IN MADHYXDHIKARA Ve1'se 1. The number of years which have elapsed from the beginning of the Kalpa, respectively multiplied by 2, 4 and 3 and divided by 8, gives what is called Dinadya in days, ghat is and Vigbatis respectively. If this be added to the number of years and divided by seven, tbe remainder gives the Abdapa 01' the lord of the year, (under whose name the week-day of the commencement of the year stands). Oomm. One mean solar year consists of 365 days, 15 ghatis, 30 palas, and 22~ Vipalas where the units are all mean solar and one mean solar day is equal to 60 mean solar ghatis, one mean solar ghati is equal to 60 mean Bolar palas, one mean solar pala is .equal to 60 mean solar Vipalas and so on in aexagesimal Bub-division. The fraction of the day over and above 365 days, namely 0-15-30-22-30 multiplied by 8 gives 2 days, 4 ghatis and 3 palas so that by the rule of three i.e, ' If in 8 mean solar years, the fraction accrues to 2 days, 4 ghatis and 3 palas, what will it accrue to in x elapsed mean solar years from the beginning of the Kalpa ? xX2a . we have the answer -8- ays, xx4 ghatis an d:XX -8 • 8 pslas, If this is added to the Dumber of the elapsed years, and the result divided by seven, the remainder gives the week-day of the commencement of the concerned year, because the remainder got by dividing 365 by 7 is one, and the week da.y advances a.t the rate of one per year, Also the Kalpa began on Sun-day. Ver8e 2. Alternate method.

Half the number of elapsed years added to -l1J of itself,_ then divided by 60 and added to 1 of the elapsed years, gives the Dinadye.

54
in
X

Comm, Since the Dinadya per year is 0-15-30-22-30, elapsed years it accrues to x X 0-15-30-22-30

=x X

15 days 60

+ x X 30 ghatis 60
_xd - 4-

+x

22J palas = -4x days+ . ~

X

xg 2-

+ x X 60 palae 45 2X '"

+ x g + 3x 2" 73
which

60
is

1g

= 4 d+ ~
given

~(1+1_) =!.d+~(l+lu)d 2 80 g 4 2 60 formula. Ver,e 2. Alternative method.

the

The number of elapsed years divided by respectively 4, 120, and 9600 and the Sum taken gives the Dinadya. Comm, Let x be the number of elapsed years.
=

Dinadya as before is x X 0-15-30-22-30

The

d + 6~ ~ ~~ d

+ x x4.5 x
2 XeO

d 60x60

_ -

(X 4"

1:40

9600

X)

d as given

Ver,e 3. To obtain what is known as Rshaya:hadya. The number of elapsed Rshayahas from the beginning of Kalpa upto the oommencement of the year, is obtained as follows. Let x be the number of elapsed years; then
x - x (1+r~~ + 30x = Rshayahas.

Coman, The number of Rshaya:has in a Kalpa of 4320000000 solar years is 25082550000 so that per year their number is 5-48-22-7-30. In this 0-48-22-7-30 is said to be Kshayaha:dya per year = 1 - (0-11-37-5~-30) putting the quantity within the brackets into a fraction, 52} vipalas
=

2--·x
=

105

60

8" palas;

7'

(37 +~) palas

=

ioi
8

X 60

g ha.t· is

101 . 101 160 g h atis ; 11 160 g ha.ti atis

1861 days -_---_ 160 X 60

55
1861 d 1 160 0f 60 ays = 160 of 31 days, One ghati.
per year the Kshayahadya for is 1 -

H
so

enoe that

J:_~ of
160

(31-1)
d

x years

it would be

{x -1~O (3~-1)} + 10)

160

xgiven.

1!0 { 30x

+x

(1

} which is the formula.

4.

Alternative

method.

The Dinadya obtained before multiplied by three, is to be diminished by 4"toth of the number of years; the result increased by loth of the number of years gives the number of Kshayahas. The Dinadya pertaining to one year is and the Kshayahadya is 0-48-22-7-30. Multiply the former by 3 and subtract from the latter; we have 0-1-51 = 0-I-H = 0-I-H == O-H HX~t- = THrr day Hence K-3D = THo day where K==Kshayaha:dya and
Oomm,

0-15-30-22-30

1> =

Dinadya

.'. K = 3D

1~~O hence

per x years

it

3D X x

:0 -

4~0 which is the formula given.

Alternative method.

4 contd.

Oomm.
48 ghatis

The Kshayahadya for an year is 0-48-22-7-30 = (1 -l )day; hence for x years x ( 1 - j ).

56
The remaining fraotion = 0-0-22-7~ = O-O-(22+1J' x ,,1> _ _ ~_ _ 177 _!_ = 0 _ ~ 60 -1 - 0-0 221<- 0 8 X 60 160 - 160 x 61 d ay

= 160 - 60

X 160 = 160

(1

1 ). hence for : - 60 '

years

.z, (1 160 60 Adding the two we have the required formula.

BaS

l)

Verse 5. To obtain the elapsed number of Adhikarnaand what is called S'uddhi.

The Bumof the Dinadya, Kshayahadya and ten times the number oi elapsed years divided by 30, gives the number of the elapsed Adhikamasas; the remainder is known as S'nddhi if diminished by the fraction of the Kshayahas. Oomm. The number of mean solar days in an year is 365-15-30-22-30; the Kshayahas in au year are 5·48-22-7-30; adding the two we have the number of tithis in an year equal to 371-3-52-30. The number of solar days being 360, the number of tithis which constitute the Adhimasas is equal to 11-3-52-30. The sum of the Dinadya and Kshayahadya in au year = 0-15-30-22-30 + 0-48-22-7-30 = 1-3-52-30. Hence the above number of tithis which constitute the Adhimaaas namely 11-3-52-30 = 10 + Sum Of Dinadya and Kshayahadya pertaining to an year. Renee for x years, the Adhimasa days are equal to x X 10+Sum of Dinadya and Ksha:hadya for x years. These Adhimasa days divided by 30 give the Adhimasas, and the remainder is called S'uddhi, so called because while finding the Ahargal]a from the beginning of a solar year, this remainder has to be subtracted. Why the frSoCtionof Kshayahas, which is there in this S'uddhi is prescribed to be subtracted, will be ezplained in another context.

Verse 6. An alternaaive method to find the AdhimaSI1S.

The number of years .divided sepa.rately by 32 and 30.

57
the sum increased by the number of years multiplied by eleven and the result divided by 30 gives the number of elapsed Adhimasas. The remainder diminished by the frlLction of Kshayahas as mentioned before, is the S'uddhi, Comm, Every year, the number of Tithis that constitute the Adhimasas accruing jn the course of years, is 11-3-52-30. The fractional part of this namely 0-3-52-30'

0-3-52! = 0 - 3

+ 2x60 ~
=
164

0 - 3*

= 0_
1 02

= 3ts1 X 6~ = :8~ into days.

to

31 8 oonverted

15

= ;0

x H ence for x years 30

x 02'

Adding t he 3~ as stated.

number of days llx, we have llx

3~

Dividing these days by 30, we have the number of elapsed Adhimasas and the remainder is S'uddhi, if the fraction of the Ksbayahas is subtraoted therefrom as indicated.

Verse 7. Method of finding the lord of the year without a knowledge of Dinadya,
The week-day at the Commenoement of the Solar year, which pertains to the lord of the year, is the remainder got by dividing by seven the S'uddhi which is itself diminished by the remainders got ,by dividing by seven separately firstly double the excess of the elapsed years over the elapsed Adhikamasas and secondly the elapsed Kshayaha.s. This may be put in symbols as R7 {S-R7 (2y-A) - Ry. K. } = R, {S' - R7 (2y - 2A K) } where R1 signifies the remainder got by dividing by seven the quaontity which follows, S signifies S'uddhi, y means the elapsed Solar years A the elapsed Adhikamasas and K the elapsed Ksbayaha.s. 8

58

Comm. The lord of the year is the lord of the weekday a.t the Commencement of the solar year. To get this week-day we have if the number of Tithis elapsed upto the beginning of the luni-solar year be T, the Suddhi sr, the Kshayahas upto the Oommencement of the solar year be K, then since the number of civil days is equal to T K, R, (civil days)=R7 (T S - K). But T=B60y BOA where y is the number of elapsed solar years and A the number of .elapsed Adhikaroa:sas. :. B, (T) = R7 (B60y + BOA) = R1 (3y 2A) since the remainder got by dividing 360 and 30 by seven are respectively 3 and 2. Hence By (civil days = AhargaI}a) = By (By 2A) R7S' - R1K. The number of Kshayahas R = Y (5-48-22-7-BO) = 5y y (0-48-22-7-30), But y (0-48-22-7-BO) = R where R is the previously oaloulated Kshayaha:dya. Hence R,K R,5y R7K. Substituting this in the above R, (civil days) = R, (3y 2A) R,S' - R, (5y R) = R,S' - R, (5y - 3y) R7 (2A) R,K ::::R, (S - R7 (2y - 2A) - R,K ] which is tbe given formula:::..: R7 (S - R7 (2y - 2A R) J.

Verse 8.
Kshaya:has Kshaylha:s.

To obtain the fractional even without So knowledge

part of the elapsed of the number of

The excess of the ghatis of the Adhimasa Sesha ie the remainder got by dividing the sum of the Dinadya, Rshayabady80 and ten times the number of elapsed years by 30 at" indioa.ted in verse 5, over the ghatis of the Dinadya, obtained under verse 1gives the fractional parn of the RshayaMs.

Oomm. The ghatis or the fractional part of the masa Sesha is the-sum of the fractional parts of Dinadha and the Kshaya:hadya so that the :excesB of the ghstis of the Adhimasa Sesha over the ghatis or the fraotionsl part of the Dinadya gives the ghstia or Lthe fractiona.l part of the Kshaya:has.
The elapsed solar year.

Verse 9,

planeta.ry

positions

a.t the end of the

59 The number of the elapsed solar years multiplied by the number of sidereal revolutions of the respective planets. in a. KllIlpa. and divided by the number of Solar years in • a Kalpa gives the planetary positions at the end of the lastSolar year.

Oomm. This is a simple rule of three. The planeta.ry positions so got, leaving out the integral numbers of revolutions made which are not required, are called the Dhruvakas of the respective planets for the ensuing solar yea.r. With respect to the apogee of the Sun and the aphelia. and nodes of the star-planets these Dhruvakas themselves give their positions for the whole ensuing year, as their motion is very very slow.
Verle 10. An alternative Dhruvska of the Moon.
method of obtaining the

The Adhimass, Sesha multiplied by 12 gives the position of the Moon at the Commenoement of the Solar year.

Oomm. Since the position of the Sun is at the Zeropoint of the Zodiac at the Commencement of the solar year .. and since the Adhimasa Sesha is the difference of the solar and luni-Solsr systems of reckoning, or what is the same. \he arc gained by the Moon over the Sun, whioh is no other than the elongation of the Moon measured in Tithie each tithi being of 120 gain of elongation, so the Adhimasa. Sesha at the Commencement of the solar year in Tithis multiplied by 12 gives the longitude of the Moon at that· Oommenoement. (Note - Bhaakara waxes into poetio eloquence in the second hali of the verse, having given the procedure in the first half),
Procedure prescribed in the event planetary positions from the beginning Ka.Uyuga. for the sake of convenience. puting

Ver,e 11.

of comof the-

60 The Dinadya may be also obtained from the beginning .0£ the Kali, which begins with Friday. The Dhruvas calculated for the commencement of the solar year are to be added to the planetary positions at the beginning of the Kali, in the event of computing the Ahargal)a. and thereby the planetary positions from the beginning of the Kaliyuga for the sake of convenience.
Comm. The Dinadya at the commencement of Kali is Zero, sinoe the .number of civil days during the length of time equal to a Kaliyuga is integral and equal to 157791645 according to Brahmagupta and Bhasksra who follows him. The Suryasiddhanta, it may be noted here, gives the number of days in a Kaliyuga as not integral but equal to 157791782.8. Hence the Dinadya computed from the beginning of the Kali is to be increased by .8 to obtain its value according to Suryasiddhanta. The planetary positions at the commencement of Kali were given by Bhaskara already.

Verse 12. The number of what are called Kshepadinas to obtain the Ahargal)a. Hereafter Bhaskara is going to obtain the planetary positions for any day during the current solar year having obtained the Dhruvakas or the planetary positions for the beginning of the Solar year. In that behalf the Ahargal)a' or the collection of days which have elapsed from the commencement of the Solar year is to be found. This Ahargal).a is obtained by subtracting the number of Kshaya:ha:s from the number of tithis that have elapsed. In finding these Ksha.yahas, we have to take note that there is a little remnant of Kshayahas a.t the beginning of the Solar year which is also to be taken into account while computing the number of Kshayahas during the course of the year. In other words, the number of Kahayabas that are going to be computed during the course of the year, for the elapsed part of the year will be in default of the

61
actual number if we ignore the accrued fraction of Kshaya:has at the commencement of the Solar year. To make amends for that default we have to add some number to the numerator of the improper fraction which is going to give us the number of the elapsed Rshaya:has during the course of the year. The formula. that is going to be used to obtain the number of Rshaya:has during the elapsed tithis is 6~ (1

+ 7~2)'

This

formula

arises

out

of the

fact that there are 55739 Rshaya:has during 3562220 tithis, so that for 64 ti this the number of Rshaya:has is equal to 64 X 55739 3562220
=

3567296 3562220 = 1 Let

+ 356:&220 = 1 +
of Rshaya:ha to be taken (for Rshaya:ha:s at into are

5076

1
3562220 = 1

+ 7~2'

the fraction

the commencement account

of the solar year,

be x ghatis i.e, :0 of a tithis

0f

are compute d out

· tlt hiIS ). i.e. x tit his ~.

L et y b e th e

number of tithis elapsed after the commencement of the solar year. Then to compute the Keha.ya:ba:s that ensue after the commencement of the solar year upto the day '"concerned during the course of the year, the formula. to

be used

IS

64 I

y(

+ 702'

1 )..

To tbis we have to add

x tithie 60 of the

as the balance of Rsha:ya:ha at the commencement solar year to be taken into aeeeount x tithis

'6() = 64 X 60 =

x X 64

xX

---00-

Now, in computing the number of tibhis which have ala psed after the commencement of the Solar year, we subtract S'uddhi from the number of tithis tha.t have elapsed ~fter the beginning or' the luni-Solar year. But

62 in this S'uddhi we have subtracted the fractional part of the Kshaya:has for a different purpose so that in subtracting tbe S'uddhi, we have increased the tithis by the fractional part of the Ksbaya:has. This increase therefore should be nullified, which means that the qua-ntity to be added is

xx

64

x -60

x X H 21 x = ~=2064=-~-

x (I

+ io)

Hence the Kshepadinas or the tithis to be added to the number of tithis which have elapsed from the commencement of the Solar year, are x (1 This means that the ghatis x which form the fractional part of the Kshayaha.s are to be inoressed by one twentieth pa.rt of themselves and are to be viewed as tit his and not gbatis as mentioned.

+ ~~).

Verse 12 (oontd.) and Verse 13. To find the AbargaQa, ie the collection of days which have elapsed from the commencement of the solar year.
The number of tithis which have elapsed from the commencement of the luni-Bolsr year diminished by the S'uddbi, increased by 7hth part of the result, and then increased by the Kshepa-tithis aforesaid, and the result divided by 64, gives the number of Kshayaba:s, which have elapsed from the beginning of the Solar year. These are. to be subtracted from the tithis which have elapsed from tbe beginning of the Solar year to give the Aharga.J,.1a.

Fig. 3

Oomm. (Refer Fig. 3). Let Tl be point indicating the commencement of luni-Solsr year ; let Rl be the point indicating the next Sun-rise. Let S be the beginning p9int of the Solar year, Rg the preceding Sun-rise and T.. sbe ending moment of she preceding tithi; Let; Ra be the

63
next Sun-rise, T. the ending moment of the tithi preceding the Sun-rise R~ upto which point the Ahargal).a. has to be found from the commencement of the Solar year. Thus • the Abargal).a to be found is SR, STa Ta R,. Here T. R, is the Kshayaghatis, at the Sun-rise concerned. SRa is a fraction of a day that is'to be there in the .A:hargal)a SR, we are seeking, While subtracting the S'uddhi Tl S diminished by the Kshayaghatis T2 Rs from the number of elapsed integral number of tithis from the commencement of the luni-Solar year namely Tl Ts we have Tl Ta - (T1 S - T!jRs) = Tl Ta - (T1 T2 - SRa) = T!j SRa. Thus instead of SRa Ri R4 we have by the above procedure SRa T2 Tao Though both T2 Ts and Ri R, are integral numbers and should be the same if the interval is small, they may differ by an integral number, if the interval happens to be long. Bhaskara says that this difference of an integral number wilt be rectified by the Kahepadinas found under verse No. 12, for, from th~se Kshspsdinas, the Kshayabas are found and aubtracted from the tithis. It will be noted that the difference of an integral number between T2 Ts and Ra R,is no other than Kshayahas,

~ra+

Or, this may be seen in an other way. We are to find SR, = Tl R4 - Tl S = Ta Ta R, - Tl S = Tl TliTl S - Ta R,) = No. of elapsed tithis - (S'uddhi Kahayaghatis a.t the day concerned). But instead of the Kshayagbatis at the day concerned Bhaskara prescribes the subtraction of the Kshayagbatis at the end of the Solar year ie instead of subtracting Ta R, it is prescribed to Bub. traot Til R,. This difference, Bhaskara says is made up by taking into account the Kshepadinas pertaining to bhe Kshayahaa,

1]\ +

Verse 14. In case the Ahargal).a.is required for flo day preceeding tbe commencement of the Solar yea.rj then the elapsed tithis are less than the Tithis of the Suddhi; so. subtraction is not feasible. In this case, it is prescribed

64
to take the elapsed bithis from the previous Ohaitra and the S'uddhi of the previous year. Also in this case the Dhruvakas pertain to the commencement of the previous. Solar year.

Oomm. Ea.sy. Verse 15. To obtain the position of the Sun.

The number of the days in the Abargsna is to be diminished by lu part of itself to obtain the number of degrees, and fractions thereof; then the AhargaI}a multiplied by three and divided by 22 gives the minutes and fraotions thereof. Adding the two results we get the position of the Sun.

Oomm. The mean daily motion of the Sun is 0-59-8-10-21. Here 59' = 10-1' = (1 - ;;1J)0; for x:
days x: (1 - iu)O
=

x:0 - 60 as mentioned.

x:O

ing part namely 0-0-8-10-21

in 0 a

The remain9807' . 72000; Converting this

.t

aft' con t' inue rae

IOn 1 IS

't . equs 1

t 0 7+ 2+ 1 + 12+ ..• 1 _1_ _!_ 1

Henoe for x da.ys 2~

of whioh a good oonvergent is 2:d' a.sstated in the verse. Verse 16.

3'

To obtain the position of the Moon.

The number of elapsed integral tithis multiplied by 12 and added to the Sun's position in degrees, gives the Moon's position in degrees at the ending moment of the tithi preoeeding the day at the Sun-rise of which the planetary positions are sought. To find the position a.t the Sun-rise required, ten times the Eahays-dina-Beaha increased by tth of itself gives the number of minutes to be added-to the position got above.

65

Coman: The first part is clear, because for every tithi, there will be an increase of elongation of 12°. To get the frsottonal part of the tithi in between the ending moment • of the tithi and the subsequent Sun-rise, the interval which is Savana ie expressed in the unit of civil day has to be converted into Iuni-Solar units. The rule of three is • If for 63 Savans. days there are 64 tit his, what will it be for the above interval?' Here the approximate ratio of H is used because the Ahargal].a which is Laghu is small ie is less than 365. The Kehaya-dina-Sesha which was got under
verses 12, 13, has a divisor . H enoe t h e quantity = of 64, and is of the :form :4 .
0

is

. s>: 68 Y to b e a dd e d IS 64 X 64 = 63

f a tithi (1 +~) to

12 X 60 minutes of arc

= ~ X 10 Y = 10 y

minutes as given in the verse. This has to be added 12tO, got before where t is the number of elapsed tithis,

Verse 17.

Computation

of Mars.

+ 0-0-90
days

The mean daily motion of Mars is 0-31-26-28-7=0-30 minus 0-0-3-31-53. If x be the number of x X 0-30
I

=X ; 2

x X 0-0-90

"

'2 X

3 ; thus
I

the

rule prescribed is " Half of the number of days gives the .,p.egrees; half the number of days multiplied by 3 gives the number of minutes" from this we have to subtract :x: X (0-0-3-31-53). The quantity within the brackets is approximately -.f." of a minute for r\'=0-D-3"-31"1-46"". Since the AhargalJa is small the precision required is there. Thus the rule is ~ beginning

xo

+ '2 X

x:

3'

+ 17 + the

x'

Dhruvaks

a.t the

of the Solar year. Computation da.ily of the S'tghroooha of the of Meroury. is

Verse 18.
The mean

motion

Budha.-S'Ighra

4°-5'-32"-18'''-28"" ~

66
If the Abarga,ua be x days then the S'Ights. will 4x X 3' be 4x" + 130 4- Dhruvaka, Proof, For x days, the mean

Rule.

motion is x X 4°

The second 12° _ 60 f part is taken to be 4x X 1301e x X 130 - x X H or

3° .

+ x X (0-5'-32"-18'''-28"''),

-15 ofa degree = 0-5'-32"-18-'''28''''.

The fraction --l?> can be seen to be a convergent of the remainder for 5'-32"299077" 1111 1 18"'-28"" = 3:&40000= 10+ 1+ 4+ 1+ 996~of which the
6~'

penultimate oonvergent is

Verse 19. The AhargaUa divided by 12 and by 71 gives respectively the positive degrees and negative minutes to be added to the Dhruvaks of Jupiter.
Comm,

If x be the Ahargaua 12 -

XO

7i + Dhruvaks
xx
= ~;.

Guru. The mean da.ily motion of Jupiter is 0-4-59-9.9=0-5' minus 0-0-0-50-51.

remainder

Evidently

0-5'

The

0-0-0-50-51
IS

61' d3:J() of which .

the

continued oonverganj

fraotlon

70+ 1

11

+ 4"'

very approximate

is .,.\ as given.
of venus.

Verse 19 contd,

To obtain the position of the S'Ighra

The Ahargal}a. mult iplied by 10 and divided by 6 and 155 respectively gives degrees positive and negative to be sdded to the Dhruvaka of Venus to give his position . Oomm. The formula. 18
. 10 x

6' - 155'

lOx

The mean daily

=

motion of the S'Ighra of Venus is ]0-36'-7"-44"'-35""

67
1°-4.0' minus 0-3'059/1-15'" 2 10 13 = 5 x = ~ 3
0 0
I

approximately,

For x: days"
I

XO

hi10 h zi grves

t h e firat part.
1
of which

AlLSO 3 -5a C'>"

a.

929 1 15" = 14400 = i5+ proximate

" .

f+ 1+ 464
IS
"2

1 ..1

"

convergent

:n=YH 10x
O

10"

f d 10,,0 H re or z ays 15f\' enee

the position

is given by -6-

lOxo - 155

+ Dhruvaka, +
is

TT

yerses

no
4i

Th e

POSliti IOn

". 2x' 0 f S a t urn IS grven b y 7[

2:"

+ Dhruvaks
The

= Saturn's mean

position, daily motion of Saturn

Comm. 0-2-0-22-51. For

x days 2x'

+x
for

is 360 approximately covergent

137".

= 2+ 1+ 1+ 1 +"2 of which a, near

X

X 0"-22-'-51"". The latter 1 11 I1 .

days, we have 2x'

part

+ Dhruvaka.

so that position

{5

2%"

of Saturn, To find the position of the apogee of

Ve7'ses 20 contd.
'M:oon.

The Ahargal,.1a divided successively by 10 and 88 and added gives the degrees to be added to the Dhruvaka of the Apogee of the Moon to obtain its position. Comm. 'The mean da.ily motion Moon it> 0-6-40-53-56, At the rate days the number of degrees covered of the apogee of the of 6' per day, in x is :0;
_1

the remainder

4601° spptoximate convergent

11 of - 88+ 41 is ;lrr;. Hence the position

is given

by io + fs + Dhruvaka
Ve1'se 21.
To obtain

as given by the verse. the position of the lunar

Node

The Aha.rgaQa. multiplied by 30 and divided by 566 gives the number of degrees to be added to the Dhruvaks to give the position of Rahu,

Comm. If the number of the sidereal revolutions of Bshu in a Kalpa multiplied by twelve divide the number of days in a Kalpa we have very approximately 566, which means that Rahu traverses a Rasi very nearly in 566 days, Hence dividing the Aharga~a by 566, and multiplying by 30, we have the degrees covered, which being added to the Dhmvaks gives the position of Rahu.
the planetary 22, 23, 24. positions. Alterna.tive method of obtaining

The Aharga~a multiplied by 100000, and divided successively by 101461, 151787, 190833, 24436, 1203400, 62416, 2990000, 898000, 1886800 gives the respective positions of the planets beginning from the Sun and those of the apogee and Node of the Moon; in the case of the Moon, however, the result is to be multiplied by 20. The results in degrees added to the Dhruvakas give their positions.

D days are

Comm. The degrees covered R X 360 X DO

M

by the planets

eto in of side-

where R is the number

R X 360 _X D 'R X 360 X D X 100000 D X .!.9_ooq..Q M ='-M X lOOOOCj'-' - = M X 10UOOO.

M X 100000. Then -:-'RX-S6-0- IS found for every R X 360 In the planet,
OU8

real revolutions in a Kalpa, M the number of mean solar days in a. Kalpe, and D the Abargana. Now

69
of the Moon, however a. multiplier 20 also is used in addition to 100000, because he has suoh a quicker motion.

Verses 25, 26.

the planets.

To obtain the mean

daily motion

of

The number of miuutes of arc moved by a planet per day gives the mean daily motion of tbat planet. Thougb, however, the spatial velocity of each planet is the same per day, in angle, the velocities differ, (on account of the varied distances) and so we perceive slowness or fastness in the movement of the planets. Comm. Easy.

The assumption of equal daily spatial velocities t.or all the planets bas been explained before. The daily angular velocity of a planet in minutes of arc is

R >< 360 X 60' were hR' M

18 th e num b er 0 f' Its sriderea 1 re-

volutions and M the number of mean solar days in a Kalpa,

Verse 27. of the planets.

The reason for unequal

angular

velocity

Since the planetary orbits are all construed as comprising of 3600 alone, a minute of arc of a smaller orbit • has a smaller apstial distance which will be covered more rapidly, the velocity being constant, whereas of a longer orbit, a minute of arc means a longer distance which will be covered in a longer time at the same 8lJatial velocity, which means that the planet appears to be slow in motion. 'I'hus the Moon, the Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn being pia ced at longer distances from the earth in ascending order their orbits are longer in ascending order so that they are slower in angular motion in that order. Here ends the section called Pratyabda chapter Madhyadbikara. S'uddhi in ~he

THE SECTION KNOWN AS ADHIMASKDlNIRNAYA IN Ch. I

Verse 1. A special feature of the computation of Abargal.).a. If the Ah[1rgal)a is to be increased 01' decreased by unity to adjusti] with the week-day, the tithis also arc to be increased or decreased by unity to be adjusted with the week-day, Then in that context of increasing or decreasing the Abarga~H' by a clay the Adhimasa-Besbe is to be increased Of deoreesed by the number of Adhimasas of a. Ealpa and the Avama-Sesha is to be increased or decreased by the Avamas or Ksbayabas of a Kalpa.
Comm. After having computed the Ahargal:U~' as pel' the directions given under verses 1-3 of the section of Grahansyena, we have to test its correctness on the basis of the week-day taking it that the Kalpa began with Sunday, In other words, since the number of the elapsed week-days accord with the number of Sun rises, the week. day on the day on which the Anargal.).ilIis computed should accord with the AhargaI).a ie dividing the Aharga!)a by seven, the remainder must give us the week-day of the day in question. But it so happens that we may have to add or subtract one from the Aharga.!)a arrived at to adjust-. the Aharga!)a with the week- day. Why does this bappen ?

The reason is as follows. When we find the AhargaI).a. for a. particular number of elapsed tithis, we are unwittingly taking the number of elapsed true tithis in the place of the average tithis. The fact that we are given in the table of constants, the number of mean units of time in a Kalpe, for example mean solar days, mean tithis etc, and the fact that computation proceeds only on the basis of these mean units, means that we have taken into account only the number of mean tithia elapsed. Hence' this is to be corrected b;y us. If we are computing the Al

71
for, say, the pra.tipat of phalguna, we automatically take that the elapsed true ti this from the beginning of the Iuni-Bolar year is 11 X 30 = 330 tithis. But it may so happen that bad we taken only the number of mean tithis elapsed, either 229 tithis or 331· tithis might havs elapsed and not 330 as construed which therefore works an error amounting to unity in the Ahal'gaQa arrived at. At the same time the error does not exceed unity, fOI', during tbe course of every luuabion, the longer titbis are almost compensated by titbis of shorter duration in the same Iunation, The variance in the length of a tithi being wrought by the variable motion of the MOOD, which ~again depends on the distance of the Moon from his apogee, is rounded off in every lunation, as the Moon completes a circle with respect to the apogee in what is called an anomalistio month. Thus it is that the AhargaJ;la is to be rectified on the basis of the week day. When this is done and the Ahargal)a happens to be increased or decreased by unity, automatioally it goes without saying, that the tithis are also increased or decreased by one. In this context there is a still more deeper significance as detailed below. The Adhimasas are computed from the following formula viz.

Axa

S-- =

+ F X 30 (1) S

where A = AhargaQa, I

= adhiIntegral

masas in a Kalpa, S = solar days in a Kalpa, quotient (A::I: 1) ~ obtained As. by division a
:!:: ;

and ~ X 30 the AdhimasaOr

Sesha-tithia.

If now A is to be increased

decreased by 1

-·--8---

::r

=I

+8

F.

. X 30 ::I:a/S from (1) = I namely

FX

~o::I:a;

hence

the adhitnaea-sesha

F X 30 is

increased

or decreased

by a ie the number or adhirnasas, is

1

Simila.rly the Avama-Sesha or tbe Kshayaha-Sesha ~9 be increased or decreased by the Kshayahas in a Tr.

72 The particular mention of the increase or decrease in the Adhimaea-Seshe, or the Avama- Sesha is necessitated in the context of computing the positions of the Sun or Moon, given the Adhimasa Sesha and Avama-Sesha. as mentioned under verses 6, 7 in the section of grahanayana.

Verse 2. Pertaining ted from the beginning

Laghu-aheegana.

to the smaller of the current

Ahargltl)a compuSolar year, called

In the case of computing the Abargal)a from the beginning of the Solar year also, when the Abargana is to be increased or decreased by unity, the tithis are to be increased or decreased by unity. The Avama-Sesha here is to be increased or decreased not by the Kshayabas of the Kalpa but only by unity because we have used the formula 714 of tithis to get the Ksbayabas. If, an Adhikamasa happens to occur during the course of the current year, the titbis, 30 in number of this Adhikamasa must be also taken into acoount to obtain the Abargal)a.

Oomm. Easy. Verse 3, 4. The Abargal)a is to be computed (larger Ahargal)a) after taking into account an Adhimase, which has conspicuously ocoured but which is not obtained by computation or by rejecting an Adhikamaso, which has not ocoured but which is obtained by oaloulvtion. The Adhimasa-Besha is to be increased or decreased by the Adbimasas of the Kalpa; the elapsed mouths from the beginning of the luni-Bolar year are to be increased or decreased by unity and then the positions of tbe Sun and the Moon are to be computed from such an Adhimaea-Beebs and such an Avema-Besha. Oomm.
S'uddhi. Already explained. A point to be noted with respect to the

VerSIJ 5.

In the esse of obtaining the S'uddhi, if 3in Adhika:tnlsa, which did not a,otma.lly occur, _is obta ined by oalculation, bhen the S'uddhi is to be increased by 30, 80 tha.t the AhargaI).a. is not affeoted by the un-oeouring Adhikarnasa. Comm. The computation of the Adhikamasas or intercalary months proceeds under the oonaideration of mean lengths. So, it is likely that an Adhikamisa may occur un-warranted by calculation or may not occur in spite O:f its being shown by oalculation. Further, an Adhikamasa may be delayed in ocourenoe by the fact that though the luni-Solar reckoning has gained over the solar by oue mean lunation, the lunation at that point may still contain a Samkranti, the preceding particular lunar month being smaller in length than the mean. Thus the convention made with respect to the ocourence of an adhikamasa, namely tha.t the lunation which does not carry a Bamkranti is to be construed as an adhikamasa, may also delay the ooourence of the Adhikamasa, though shown in calculation. Similarly an Adhikama~a may be preponed though not warranted by computation by the same logic. Verse 6. Kshayamasa.. The criteria
of

an Adhika.masa. and a

A lunation which does noli carry a Samkranti is an , Adhikamasa. j whereas a. lunation which carries two Bamkrantis is to be taken as a. Eshayamasa. The Kehayamaaa, occurs only in the course of the three lunar months named Kartioa, Margaslraba. and pausha and not during any other lunar month; when a. Kshayamasa occurs, then during the course of that yeat· there will be two Adhikamaslis ocouring on either side of the Ksha.ya.Oomm. The institution of interoalatiou : has been . explained to some extent under verse 10 of the BhagaI;1~d4We shall see some more partioulars of Intercalatioa,

74
m'isliS

1. Bhaskara has given that ·1593300000 Adhika.. occur in a. Kalpa. of 4'320000000 Solar years, which means that 15933 Adhikamasas occur in 43200 Solar years ie. 5311 Adhikamatas in 14400 solar months. Converting· 14100 into a eontinne d f rae t' . . ion, we h ave 2 1 1 1 1 111

+ 11 +

2+ 6+ 1+ 14- 7+ 3+ 2' The successive convergents are

1>3' 8' 7' 55' 5j' Let us see wha.t these oonvergents
signify. (a) The convergent H}

2 1 3 ]9 122 141

'7 means

that on an average

there are 7 Adbikamasas per 19 years. This ratio was adopted in the Romaka Siddhanta. of Pancbaaiddhantika, It means that 19 X 12 = 228 Solar months a.re equal to 235 lunations. The Metonio oyole described in modern astronomy is based upon this equivalence. The recurrence of Moon's phases in 19 years is correspondence of the Moon's phases or tithis with the dates of the English yea.r and Meton's formula. are based on this equi,alence. Recurrence of phase means recurrence of the relative positions of the Sun and the Moon, whioh again means recurrence of the S'uddhi, for S'uddhi is no other than the interval between the New Moon and Samkranti. In the next verse Bhsakara says that Kshayamasa. recurs after a lapse of either 19 years or 122 years or 141 years. The numerators of the las] three convergents are 19, 122 and 141 which are the numbers of Solar years that effeot recurrence of the same S'uddhi and as is going to be mentioned shortly a S'uddhi of 21 tithis is likely to bring in a Kshayamas!lt. Hence a Ksha.yamasa recurs either in 19 years or Ell yea.rs or 141 years.

2. Mention of the oocurence of a Ksbayaml!:sa was made by S'ripati first and not by the preceding a.strn. nomers. However, mention of it is there in the