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Recursive Functions, Iterates, and Finite Differences: By: Jeffrey Bivin Lake Zurich High School

The document discusses recursive functions and finite differences. It provides examples of recursive rules for sequences and how to determine if a sequence is arithmetic, geometric, or another type. It also shows how to write linear and quadratic models based on the differences between terms in a sequence.

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Usep Sholahudin
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52 views

Recursive Functions, Iterates, and Finite Differences: By: Jeffrey Bivin Lake Zurich High School

The document discusses recursive functions and finite differences. It provides examples of recursive rules for sequences and how to determine if a sequence is arithmetic, geometric, or another type. It also shows how to write linear and quadratic models based on the differences between terms in a sequence.

Uploaded by

Usep Sholahudin
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Recursive Functions,

Iterates,
and Finite Differences
By: Jeffrey Bivin
Lake Zurich High School

[email protected]

Last Updated: May 21, 2008


Recursive Function
A recursive function is a function whose
domain is the set of nonnegative integers
and is made up of two parts –
1. Start
2. Definition

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Example 1
a1 = 5
an = an-1 + 10
n=2 n=3 n=4
a2 = a(2-1) + 10 a3 = a (3-1) + 10 a4 = a(4-1) + 10
a2 = a1 + 10 a3 = a2 + 10 a4 = a3 + 10
a2 = 5 + 10 a3 = 15 + 10 a4 = 25 + 10
a2 = 15 a3 = 25 a4 = 35

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Example 2
f(1) = 3
f(n) = 5•f(n-1) + 2
n=2 n=3 n=4
f(2) = 5•f(2-1) + 2 f(3) = 5•f(3-1) + 2 f(4) = 5•f(4-1) + 2
f(2) = 5•f(1) + 2 f(3) = 5•f(2) + 2 f(4) = 5•f(3) + 2
f(2) = 5•3 + 2 f(3) = 5•17 + 2 f(4) = 5•87 + 2
f(2) = 17 f(3) = 87 f(4) = 437

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Example 3
f(1) = 1
f(2) = 1
f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2)

f(3) = f(3-1) + f(3-2) = f(2) + f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2


f(4) = f(4-1) + f(4-2) = f(3) + f(2) = 2 + 1 = 3
f(5) = f(5-1) + f(5-2) = f(4) + f(3) = 3 + 2 = 5
f(6) = f(6-1) + f(6-2) = f(5) + f(4) = 5 + 3 = 8

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Write a recursive rule
for the sequence
4, 12, 36, 108, 324, . . .
Is it Arithmetic or Geometric?

What is the pattern? multiply by 3

What is the start? a1 = 4


What is the definition? an = 3·an-1
Write a recursive rule
for the sequence
7, 12, 17, 22, 27, . . .
Is it Arithmetic or Geometric?

What is the pattern? add 5

What is the start? a1 = 7


What is the definition? an = an-1 + 5
Write a recursive rule
for the sequence
3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, . . .
Is it Arithmetic or Geometric? neither

What is the pattern? 3+4 = 7, 4 + 7 = 11, 7 + 11 = 18

What is the start? a1 = 3


a2 = 4
What is the definition? an = an-2 + an-1
Find the first three iterates of the
function for the given initial value.
f(x) = 5x + 3, x0 = 2
x1 = f(x0) = f(2) = 5(2) + 3 = 13
x2 = f(x1) = f(13) = 5(13) + 3 = 68
x3 = f(x2) = f(68) = 5(68) + 3 = 343
Determine the degree
of the function

4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28

1st difference 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Now, write the linear model
f(1) f(2)
4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28

(1, 4) m 74
2 1  3
1 3
(2, 7) y  4  3( x  1)
y  4  3x  3
y  3x  1

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Determine the degree
of the function

-1, 0, 5, 14, 27, 44, 65, 90, 119

1st difference 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29

2nd difference 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Now write the quadratic model
f(1) f(2) f(3)
-1, 0, 5, 14, 27, 44, 65, 90, 119

f (n)  an  bn  c
2

f (1)  a(1)  b(1)  c 


2
a  b  c  1
f (2)  a(2)  b(2)  c  4a  2b  c  0
2

f (3)  a (3)  b(3)  c  9a  3b  c  5


2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Now write the quadratic model
f(1) f(2) f(3)
-1, 0, 5, 14, 27, 44, 65, 90, 119

f (n)  an  bn  c
2

f (1)1  a
1 (1)1
2
b1(1) a=c2 a  b  c   1

f (2)4 a2(2)1
RREF
2
 0b(2)b= c-5 4a  2b  c  0
 

f (3)9  a3(3)12
5b(3)c= c2  9a  3b  c  5
f (n)  2n  5n  2
2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Determine the degree
of the function

1, 10, 47, 130, 277, 506, 835, 1282, 1865

9, 37, 83, 147, 229, 329, 447,


1st difference
583

28, 46, 64, 82, 100, 118,


2nd difference 136

18, 18, 18, 18,


3 difference
rd
18, 18

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Now write the quadratic model
f(1) f(2) f(3) f(4)
1, 10, 47, 130, 277, 506, 835, 1282, 1865
f (n)  an 3  bn 2  cn  d
f (1)  a (1) 3  b(1) 2  c(1)  d  a  b  c  d 1
f (2)  a (2) 3  b(2) 2  c(2)  d  8a  4b  2c  d  10
f (3)  a(3) 3  b(3) 2  c(3)  d  27a  9b  3c  d  47
f ( 4)  a (4) 3  b( 4) 2  c( 4)  d  64a  16b  4c  d  130

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS


Now write the quadratic model
f(1) f(2) f(3) f(4)
1, 10, 47, 130, 277, 506, 835, 1282, 1865
f (n)  an 3  bn 2  cn  d
f (1)  a(11) 3 1b(1)12 1c(1)1  d  a  b  c  d 1
 83 4 22 1 10 
f (2)  a (2)  b(2)  c(2)  d  8a  4b  2c  d  10
RREF 3
f (3)  a(3 27 47d  27a  9b  3c  d  47
)  b9(3) 2 3 c1(3) 
 3 
f ( 4)  a (464
)  16
b( 4) 4  1c( 4130
2
)  d  64a  16b  4c  d  130

a = 3 b = -4 c = 0 d = 2 f (n)  3n  4n  2
3 2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

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