KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT-I

Satellite Communication and Broadcasting

Submitted by:

Toya Nath Acharya

ME in communiction Engineering

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Submitted to:
Bhupendra Bimal Chhetri
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Kathmandu University

28 April, 2010

1
 Look Angle Calculation:

The Look angle is calculated using Azimuth angle and

angle of elivation denoted by Az and
El respectively. The formula for Elevation and azimuth
angle calculation is given below:

El = y - 90o
g = central angle
rs = distance between satellite and earth centre
re = radius of the earth
cos (g) = cos(Le) cos(Ls) cos(ls – le) + sin(Le) sin(Ls)

rs d …………(1)
=
sin ( ψ ) sin ( γ )

cos (El) =sin ( γ ) ….(2)

2 1/2
re r
[() () ]
1+
rs
−2 e cos ( γ )
rs

using equation (1) and (2), angle of elevation is

calculated.

Where Le- lattitude of earth station

Ls-lattitude of subsatellite point
ls –longitude of subsatellite point
le- longitude of earth station

sin|( l e−l s )|cos ( L s )

α=sin−1 [ sin ( γ ) ]
Case 1: Earth station in the Northern Hemisphere with
( a ) S a t e l l i t e t o t h e S E o f t h e e a r t
( b ) S a t e l l i t e t o t h e S W o f t h e e a

Case 2: Earth station in the Southern Hemisphere with

(c) Satellite to the NE of the earth station: Az = a
(d) Satellite to the NW of the earth station: Az = 360o - a

Link Buget Calculation:

2
For the Link buget analysis, uplink and down link two type of link calculation is needed.
Formula for the calculation of link bugeet analysis are given below:

G = (Π * d / λ) 2 [dBi]……(1)
Where,
G=gain of antenna of interest
λ=C/f,
C = Speed of light
f = frequency of interest
d = diameter of antenna (m)

EIRP=Pt*Gt…………(2)
Where,
Pt =power transmitted by Transmitting antenna
Gt=gain of transmitting antenna

Pr = (Pt*Gt*Gr*C2)/(4π*R*F)2….(3)
Where,
Pt=power transmitted by antenna
Gt &Gr=gain of transmitting and
receineing antenna respectively
R=distance between satellite and
Earth station
F=frequency of interest

FSL=(4π*R/λ)2……………..(4)
Where,
FSL is free space loss

Noise Power = KTB……….(5)

Where,
K= (-228.6 dBJ/K)
T= Equivalent Noise Temperature (K)
B= Noise Bandwidth of a receiver

G/T is receiver antenna gain to temperature ratio and C/N is carrier power to noise power ratio,
which is also known as received power to noise power ratio.

The link budget calculation considered the all types of losses from transmitting link to receiver link.
The uplink and down link calculation using matlab code is given below.
Matlab code for Look angle calculation and Link budget calculation:

%Look angle calculation and link budget analysis calculation using Maltlab
%Satellite communication assignment-I
%submitted by Toya Nath Acharya
%submitted to Bhupendra Bimal Chhetri

3
fprintf('\n\n');
fprintf('..........Look Angle parameters........\n\n');
Ls=input('satellite latitude =');
ls=input('satellite longitude =');
Le=input('Earth station latitude =');
le=input('Earth station longitude =');
rs=input('The distance between earth centre to satellite in meter =');
fprintf('\n');
Re=6378*10^3; %radius of earth in meter
gama=acosd(cosd(Ls)*cosd(Le)*cosd(ls-le)+sind(Ls)*sind(Le));
d1=(Re^2+rs^2-2*Re*rs*cosd(gama));
d=sqrt(d1); %slant distance
El=acosd((rs*sind(gama))/d);
a=abs(le-ls);
alfa=asind(sind(a)*cosd(Ls)/sind(gama));
%fprintf('\n');
% link budget analysis for uplink
fprintf('.........The uplink parameters.........\n\n');
C=3*10^8;
PI=3.14;
K=1.23*10^-23;
Kdb=mag2db(K);
Ptu=input('Enter the transmit power in watt ='); %transmit power
Ptudb=pow2db(Ptu);
Wvtudb=input('Enter the waveguides loss in db =');%waveguides losses
Gtudb=input('Enter the transmit antenna gain in db =');
EIRPudb=Ptudb+Gtudb-Wvtudb;
Fu=input('Enter the uplink frequency in Hz =');%uplink frequencies
lamdau=C/Fu;%wavelength
FSLu=((4*PI*d)/lamdau)^2;%free space calculation
FSLudb=mag2db(FSLu);
Ludb=input('Enter the other losses present in the free space in db =');%loss %present in space
except the free spaceloss
Lutdb=FSLudb+Ludb;%total loss in atmosphere
Gru=input('Enter the receiver antenna gain =');%for this time the receiver %antenna gain is
satellite antenna gain
Grudb=mag2db(Gru);
Wvrudb=input('Enter the received waveguide loss in db =');%received %waveguides loss in db
Prudb=EIRPudb+Grudb-Lutdb-Wvrudb;%received power or simply is known as %carrier power
Tsysu=input('Enter the system noise temperature in Kelvin =');
Tsysudb=mag2db(Tsysu);
GTRudb=Grudb-Wvrudb-Tsysudb;%gain to temperature ratio for satellite antenna
Nubw=input('Enter the noise bandwidth in Hz =');
Nubwdb=mag2db(Nubw);
Noudb=Kdb+Tsysu+Nubwdb;
CNRudb=Prudb-Noudb;%C/N ratio in db
fprintf('\n');

4
% link budget analysis for downlink
fprintf('.........The downlink parameters.........\n\n');
Ptd=input('Enter the transmit power in watt ='); %transmit power
Ptddb=pow2db(Ptd);
Wvtddb=input('Enter the waveguides loss in db =');%waveguides losses
Gtddb=input('Enter the transmit antenna gain in db =');
EIRPddb=Ptddb+Gtddb-Wvtddb;
Fd=input('enter the uplink frequency in Hz =');%uplink frequencies
lamdad=C/Fd;%wavelength
FSLd=((4*PI*d)/lamdad)^2;%free space loss calculation
FSLddb=mag2db(FSLd);
Lddb=input('Enter the other losses present in the free space in db =');%loss %present in space
except the free spaceloss
Ldtdb=FSLddb+Lddb;%total loss in atmosphere
Grd=input('Enter the received antenna gain =');% the receiver antenna gain
Grddb=mag2db(Grd);
Wvrddb=input('Enter the received waveguide loss in db =');%received %waveguides loss in db
Prddb=EIRPddb+Grddb-Ldtdb-Wvrddb;%received power also known as %carrier power
Tsysd=input('Enter the system noise temperature in kelvin =');
Tsysddb=mag2db(Tsysd);
GTRddb=Grddb-Wvrddb-Tsysddb;%gain to temperature ratio
Ndbw=input('Enter the noise bandwidth in Hz =');
Ndbwdb=mag2db(Ndbw);
Noddb=Kdb+Tsysd+Ndbwdb;
CNRddb=Prddb-Noddb;%C/N ratio in db
CNRt=((db2mag(CNRudb))^-1)+(db2mag(CNRddb)^-1);%total C/T ratio in db for %Uplink and
downlink
CNRtdb=mag2db(CNRt);
fprintf('\n\n');
fprintf('..........Look Angle calculation........\n\n');
if(Le>0 && ls>0)
Az=180-alfa;
fprintf('The azimuth angle in degree is%f =\n',Az);
elseif(Le>0 && ls<0);
Az=180+alfa;
fprintf('The azimuth angle in degree is%f =\n',Az);
elseif(Le<0 && ls>0)
Az=alfa;
fprintf('The azimuth angle in degree is%f =\n',Az);
else
Az=360-alfa;
fprintf('The azimuth angle in degree is%f =\n',Az);
end
fprintf('Elevation angle is %f =\n',El);
fprintf('\n\n');
fprintf('........the Uplink calculation........\n\n');
fprintf('Transmit power in db is = %f\n',Ptudb);

5
fprintf('Wave guide loss for uplink in db is = %f\n',Wvtudb);
fprintf('EIRP in db is = %f\n',EIRPudb);
fprintf('Free space loss is in db = %f\n',FSLudb);
fprintf('The receiver antenna gain in db is = %f\n',Grudb);
fprintf('The received power in db is = %f\n',Prudb);
fprintf('Wave guide loss for uplink in db is = %f\n',Wvrudb);
fprintf('The system noise temperature in db is = %f\n',Tsysudb);
fprintf('The received antenna gain to system noise temperature ratio in db is = %f\n',GTRudb);
fprintf('The noise power bandwidth in db is = %f\n',Nubwdb);
fprintf('The noise power in the given bandwidth in db is = %f\n',Noudb);
fprintf('The Carrier to noise power ratio in db is = %f',CNRudb);
fprintf('\n\n');
fprintf('........the downlink calculation........\n\n');
fprintf('Transmit power in db is = %f\n',Ptddb);
fprintf('Wave guide loss for uplink in db is = %f\n',Wvtddb);
fprintf('EIRP in db is = %f\n',EIRPddb);
fprintf('Free space loss is in db = %f\n',FSLddb);
fprintf('The receiver antenna gain in db is = %f\n',Grddb);
fprintf('The received power in db is = %f\n',Prddb);
fprintf('Wave guide loss for uplink in db is = %f\n',Wvrddb);
fprintf('The system noise temperature is db is = %f\n',Tsysddb);
fprintf('The received antenna gain to systme noise temperature ratio in db is = %f\n',GTRddb);
fprintf('The noise power bandwidth in db is = %f\n',Ndbwdb);
fprintf('The noise power in the given bandwidth in db is = %f\n',Noddb);
fprintf('The Carrier to noise power ratio in db is = %f\n',CNRddb);
fprintf('\n\n');
fprintf('.......for uplink and downlink.......\n\n');
fprintf('The combined carrier to noise power ratio in db is=%f',CNRtdb);
fprintf('\n\n');

Example problem for look angle and link budget calculation using above matlab program

..........Look Angle parameters........

satellite latitude =0
satellite longitude =-120

6
Earth station latitude =40
Earth station longitude =-80
The distance between earth centre to satellite in meter =42164000

.........The uplink parameters.........

Enter the transmit power in watt =850

Enter the waveguides loss in db =2
Enter the transmit antenna gain in db =51
Enter the uplink frequency in Hz =6100000000
Enter the other losses present in the free space in db =1
Enter the receiver antenna gain =23
Enter the received waveguide loss in db =0.5
Enter the system noise temperature in Kelvin =450
Enter the noise bandwidth in Hz =2500000

.........The downlink parameters.........

Enter the transmit power in watt =10

Enter the waveguides loss in db =1.5
Enter the transmit antenna gain in db =30
enter the uplink frequency in Hz =3900000000
Enter the other losses present in the free space in db =2
Enter the received antenna gain =41
Enter the received waveguide loss in db =1
Enter the system noise temperature in Kelvin =140
Enter the noise bandwidth in Hz =2500000

..........Look Angle calculation........

The azimuth angle in degree is232.546280 =

Elevation angle is 28.276478 =

........the Uplink calculation........

Transmit power in db is = 29.294189

Wave guide loss for uplink in db is = 2.000000
EIRP in db is = 78.294189
Free space loss is in db = 398.540029

7
The receiver antenna gain in db is = 27.234557
The received power in db is = -294.511283
Wave guide loss for uplink in db is = 0.500000
The system noise temperature in db is = 53.064250
The received antenna gain to system noise temperature ratio in db is = -26.329694
The noise power bandwidth in db is = 127.958800
The noise power in the given bandwidth in db is = 119.756902
The Carrier to noise power ratio in db is = -414.268185

........the downlink calculation........

Transmit power in db is = 10.000000

Wave guide loss for uplink in db is = 1.500000
EIRP in db is = 38.500000
Free space loss is in db = 390.769420
The receiver antenna gain in db is = 32.255677
The received power in db is = -323.013743
Wave guide loss for uplink in db is = 1.000000
The system noise temperature is db is = 42.922561
The received antenna gain to system noise temperature ratio in db is = -11.666884
The noise power bandwidth in db is = 127.958800
The noise power in the given bandwidth in db is = -190.243098
The Carrier to noise power ratio in db is = -132.770645

.......for uplink and downlink.......

The combined carrier to noise power ration in db is=414.268185