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    Atomic Orbitals and Electron Configurations: The Electron Dart Lab

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    Peter
    The document discusses atomic orbitals and electron configurations. It explains that quantum calculations show electrons exist as probability clouds around the nucleus, known as orbitals. These orbitals are described by four quantum numbers - principal energy level (n), sublevel (l), orbital (ml), and electron spin (ms). Electron configurations follow the Aufbau principle of occupying the lowest energy levels first, are governed by the Pauli exclusion principle of two electrons per orbital of opposite spin, and use Hund's rule to place electrons singly in orbitals of the same energy before pairing.

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    Atomic Orbitals and Electron Configurations: The Electron Dart Lab

    Uploaded by

    Peter
    100 views3 pages
    The document discusses atomic orbitals and electron configurations. It explains that quantum calculations show electrons exist as probability clouds around the nucleus, known as orbitals. These orbitals are described by four quantum numbers - principal energy level (n), sublevel (l), orbital (ml), and electron spin (ms). Electron configurations follow the Aufbau principle of occupying the lowest energy levels first, are governed by the Pauli exclusion principle of two electrons per orbital of opposite spin, and use Hund's rule to place electrons singly in orbitals of the same energy before pairing.

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    5. Orbitals & e Configurations

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    The document discusses atomic orbitals and electron configurations. It explains that quantum calculations show electrons exist as probability clouds around the nucleus, known as orbitals. These orbitals are described by four quantum numbers - principal energy level (n), sublevel (l), orbital (ml), and electron spin (ms). Electron configurations follow the Aufbau principle of occupying the lowest energy levels first, are governed by the Pauli exclusion principle of two electrons per orbital of opposite spin, and use Hund's rule to place electrons singly in orbitals of the same energy before pairing.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    100 views3 pages

    Atomic Orbitals and Electron Configurations: The Electron Dart Lab

    Uploaded by

    Peter
    The document discusses atomic orbitals and electron configurations. It explains that quantum calculations show electrons exist as probability clouds around the nucleus, known as orbitals. These orbitals are described by four quantum numbers - principal energy level (n), sublevel (l), orbital (ml), and electron spin (ms). Electron configurations follow the Aufbau principle of occupying the lowest energy levels first, are governed by the Pauli exclusion principle of two electrons per orbital of opposite spin, and use Hund's rule to place electrons singly in orbitals of the same energy before pairing.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Atomic Orbitals and The Electron Dart Lab

    Electron Configurations
    Aka, where the electrons hang out in atoms
    • What did we learn
    from dropping the
    darts on to the
    target?

    • Quantum
    calculations show
    the same thing for
    actual atoms

    The Quantum Mechanical Atom Atomic Orbitals


    • Best thought of as a region of
    space in which there is a high
    • SchrÖdinger’s Equation probability of finding an
    • assumed the electron was electron
    a standing wave • Remember, we can’t know
    for sure unless we
    • By solving the equation, measure
    determined the probability of
    finding an electron in a given • Solving the SchrÖdinger
    region around the nucleus. equation leads to the four
    quantum numbers that
    • These regions are called describe these clouds of
    probability
    orbitals
    First quantum number (n) Second quantum number (l)
    • Sublevels

    • Principal energy level • Called s, p, d, f (sharp, principal,


    diffuse, fundamental)
    • n can have integral values of 1, 2, 3, …etc. • Can take on any integral value

    • Determines distance from the nucleus starting with 0 up to a maximum


    of n-1.
    • When n = 1, lowest energy level • When l = 0, refers to s
    • Maximum capacity of principal level = 2n 2
    • when l = 1, refers to p

    • when l = 2, refers to d

    • when l = 3, refers to f

    Third quantum number (ml) Fourth quantum number (ms)


    • Orbitals

    • Has values from -l to + l, including 0

    • This number determines the orientation of the electron cloud


    • Electron “spin”
    surrounding the nucleus.
    • Electron in an orbital can have either of two
    • Capacity of each orbital is 2 electrons. spins
    • Total number of orbitals in a shell is 2n

    • When l =0, ml = 0 (only 1 orbital)


    • ms = +1/2 or -1/2
    • Paramagnetism and diamagnetism are
    • When l =1, ml = -1, 0, 1 (3 orbitals) explained using spin number.

    • When l =2, ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 (5 orbitals)


    Electron Configurations Aufbau Diagram
    • The way that electrons are arranged around the nucleus.

    • Follow three rules:


    1. Aufbau Principle-

    • Electrons occupy the lowest possible energy level first


    2. Pauli Exclusion Principle-

    • Each orbital can only hold 2 electrons with opposite spin


    3. Hund’s Rule-

    • when filling orbitals of equal energy, each electron goes in


    its own orbital before doubling up

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