NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS

COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

1. Array operations: Traversing, Insertion, Deletion in array

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5],i,n,j,k,c,ch,b,m;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the array;-");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("1 : Insert \n");
printf("2 : Delete \n");
printf("3 : Traiversing \n");
printf("Enter the coice :-");
scanf("%d",&c);
switch(c)
{
case 1:
printf("\nEnetr the position:-");
scanf("%d",&j);
printf("\nEnter the value:-");
scanf("%d",&k);
for(i=n;i>=j;i--)
{
a[i+1]=a[i];
}
a[j]=k;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",a[i]);
}
break;
case 2:
printf("Enter the position to delete :-");
scanf("%d",&b);
for(i=b;i<n;i++)
a[i]=a[i+1];
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",a[i]);
}
break;
case 3:
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

printf("%d\n",a[i]);
}
break;
}
getch();
}
/*OUTPUT
Print Array:-1,2,3,4,5,8
1) : Insert
2) : Delete
3) : Traiversing
Enter the coice :-1
Enetr the position:-5
Enter the value:-10
Print Array:-1,2,3,4,5,10,8
Enter the coice :-2
Enetr the position To delete:-2
Print Array:-1,2,4,5,10,8

2. Addition and Multiplication of Two Polynomials.

CODE:
/*POLYNOMIAL OF ADDITION USING LINKED LIST*/

#include<stdio.h>
struct node
{
int coff;
int pow;
struct list *next;
};
typedef struct node POLY;
void Insert(POLY **first,int co,int power)
{
POLY *newnode,*temp;
newnode=(POLY *)malloc(sizeof(POLY));
newnode->coff=co;
newnode->pow=power;
newnode->next=NULL;
if(*first==NULL)
*first=newnode;
else
{
temp=*first;
while(temp->next!=NULL)
temp=temp->next;
temp->next=newnode;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

}
}
void Display(POLY *temp)
{
if(temp==NULL)
{
printf("\n\n\tLIST IS EMPTY.");
return;
}
printf("\nPOLYNOMIAL IS:\n\n");
while(temp!=NULL)
{
printf("%dX^%d",temp->coff,temp->pow);
if(temp->next!=NULL)
printf(" + ");
temp=temp->next;
}
return;
}
void POLY_ADD(POLY *first,POLY *second,POLY **dest)
{
POLY *ptr1,*ptr2;
ptr1=first;
ptr2=second;
while((ptr1!=NULL)&&(ptr2!=NULL))
{
if((ptr1->pow)>(ptr2->pow))
{
Insert(dest,ptr1->coff,ptr1->pow);
ptr1=ptr1->next;
}
else if((ptr1->pow)<(ptr2->pow))
{
Insert(dest,ptr2->coff,ptr2->pow);
ptr2=ptr2->next;
}
else
{
Insert(dest,ptr1->coff+ptr2->coff,ptr1->pow);
ptr2=ptr2->next;
ptr1=ptr1->next;
}
}
while(ptr1!=NULL)
{
Insert(dest,ptr1->coff,ptr1->pow);
ptr1=ptr1->next;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

}
while(ptr2!=NULL)
{
Insert(dest,ptr2->coff,ptr2->pow);
ptr2=ptr2->next;
}
printf("\n\n\tPOLYNOMIAL ADDED SUCCESSFULLY");
return;
}
void main()
{
POLY *first,*second,*dest;
int ch,ele,pow;
first=NULL;
second=NULL;
dest=NULL;
do
{
clrscr();
printf("\t\t\t\tMERGING MENU\n\t\t\t\t************\n");
printf("\n\t\t\t1.INSERT INTO FIRST LIST\n\t\t\t2.INSERT INTO
SECOND LIST");
printf("\n\t\t\t3.DISPLAY FIRST LIST\n\t\t\t4.DISPLAY SECOND
LIST");
printf("\n\t\t\t5.MERGE\n\t\t\t6.DISPLAY MERGED
LIST\n\t\t\t7.EXIT");
printf("\n\n\t\t\tENTER YOUR CHOICE:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("\nEnter The cofficient:");
scanf("%d",&ele);
printf("\nEnter The Power(DECREASING
ORDER):");
scanf("%d",&pow);
Insert(&first,ele,pow);
break;
case 2:
printf("\nEnter The Element:");
scanf("%d",&ele);
printf("\nEnter The Power(DECREASING
ORDER):");
scanf("%d",&pow);
Insert(&second,ele,pow);
break;
case 3:
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

Display(first);
break;
case 4:
Display(second);
break;
case 6:
Display(dest);
break;
case 5:
POLY_ADD(first,second,&dest);
break;
case 7:
exit(1);
break;
default:
printf("\n\n\tWRONG CHOICE.");
}
getch();
}while(ch!=7);
}

OUTPUT:

ADDED POLYNOMIAL
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

3. Addition and Transpose of Sparse Matrices.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define SIZE 10
typedef struct sp
{
int row,col,val;
}SPR;
void readmat(int a[][SIZE],int m, int n);
int mak_sparse(int a[][SIZE], int m,int n, SPR s1[]);
void display_spr(SPR s[],int n);
void main()
{
int a[SIZE][SIZE],b[SIZE][SIZE],i,j,k,m,n,i1,i2,n1,n2,i3,n3;
SPR s1[SIZE],s2[SIZE],s3[SIZE];
i1=i2=i3=1;
clrscr();
printf("\n\tEnter size for matrix A(col n row):- ");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
printf("\n\tEnter %d elements for matrix A:- ",m*n);
readmat(a,m,n);
n1=mak_sparse(a,m,n,s1);
display_spr(s1,n1);
getch();
printf("\n\tEnter size for matrix B(col n row):- ");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
printf("\n\tEnter %d elements for matrix B:- ",m*n);
readmat(b,m,n);
n2=mak_sparse(b,m,n,s2);
display_spr(s2,n2);
getch();
s3[0].row = s1[0].row > s2[0].row ? s1[0].row : s2[0].row;
s3[0].col = s1[0].col > s2[0].col ? s1[0].col : s2[0].col;
while(i1 < n1 && i2 < n2)
{
if(s1[i1].row == s2[i2].row)
{
if(s1[i1].col == s2[i2].col)
{
s3[i3].row=s1[i1].row;
s3[i3].col=s1[i1].col;
s3[i3].val=s1[i1].val+s2[i2].val;
i3++;
i2++;
i1++;
}
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

else if(s1[i1].col < s2[i2].col)

{
s3[i3].row=s1[i1].row;
s3[i3].col=s1[i1].col;
s3[i3].val=s1[i1].val;
i1++;
i3++;
}
else
{
s3[i3].row=s2[i2].row;
s3[i3].col=s2[i2].col;
s3[i3].val=s2[i2].val;
i3++;
i2++;
}
}
else if(s1[i1].row < s2[i2].row)
{
s3[i3].row=s1[i1].row;
s3[i3].col=s1[i1].col;
s3[i3].val=s1[i1].val;
i3++;
i1++;
}
else
{
s3[i3].row=s2[i2].row;
s3[i3].col=s2[i2].col;
s3[i3].val=s2[i2].val;
i2++;
i3++;
}
}
while(i2<n2)
{
s3[i3].row=s2[i2].row;
s3[i3].col=s2[i2].col;
s3[i3].val=s2[i2].val;
i2++;
i3++;
}
while(i1<n1)
{
s3[i3].row=s1[i1].row;
s3[i3].col=s1[i1].col;
s3[i3].val=s1[i1].val;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

i1++;
i3++;
}
n3=i3;
s3[0].val=n3-1;
printf("\n\tAdded sparse matrix is:- \n");
display_spr(s3,n3);
getch();
}
void readmat(int a[][SIZE],int m, int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
}
int mak_sparse(int a[][SIZE], int m,int n, SPR s1[])
{
int i,j,k=1;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
{
if (a[i][j] != 0)
{
s1[k].row=i;
s1[k].col=j;
s1[k].val=a[i][j];
k++;
}
}
}
s1[0].row=m;
s1[0].col=n;
s1[0].val=k-1;
return(k);
}
void display_spr(SPR s[],int n)
{
int i;
printf("\n\tRow\tCol\tVal\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",s[i].row,s[i].col,s[i].val);
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

4. Singly Linked List: Create, Display, Insertion, Deletion, Search, Reverse

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
typedef struct student
{
int no;
char name[20];
struct student *next;
}stud;
stud *head,*tail,*new1;
void add();
void disp();
void search();
void del(int);
void rev();
int count=0;
void main()
{
char ch;
int delet;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t--------------------------------------------");
printf("\n\t\t\t1. Create List..");
printf("\n\t\t\t2. Add Node to List");
printf("\n\t\t\t3. Display List");
printf("\n\t\t\t4. Search Node");
printf("\n\t\t\t5. Delete Node");
printf("\n\t\t\t6. Reverse of List..");
printf("\n\t\t\t7. Exit...");
printf("\n\t\t--------------------------------------------");
printf("\n\n\tEnter Your Choice...");
ch=getchar();
fflush(stdin);
switch(ch)
{
case '1':
head=tail=new1=NULL;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

break;
case '2':
add();
break;
case '3':
disp();
break;
case '4':
search();
break;
case '5':
printf("\nEnter Node no:- ");
scanf("%d",&delet);
del(delet);
break;
case '6':
rev();
break;
case '7':
exit(0);
//break;
default:
printf("\nInvalid Choice...");
break;
}
}
}
void add()
{
char ch;
int n1;
//clrscr();
while(1)
{
new1=(stud *)malloc(sizeof(stud));
printf("\nEnter No:- ");
scanf("%d",&new1->no);
printf("\nEnter name:- ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(new1->name);
count++;
new1->next=NULL;
if(head==NULL)
head=new1;
else
tail->next=new1;
tail=new1;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

printf("\n\tDo you want to Continue[Y/N]...");

ch=getchar();
fflush(stdin);
if(ch=='n' || ch=='N')
return 0;
}

void disp()
{
stud *temp;
temp=head;
if(head==NULL)
printf("\nSorry! List in Empty...");
else
while(temp!=NULL)
{
printf("\nNo:- %d",temp->no);
printf("\nName:- %s",temp->name);
temp=temp->next;
}
printf("\n\nTotal No of Nodes=%d",count);
getch();
}
void search()
{
stud *temp;
int n,f=0;
temp=head;
printf("\nEnter Search No:- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(temp==NULL)
printf("\nSorry! List is Empty...");
else
while(temp!=NULL)
{
if(temp->no==n)
{
printf("\nNo:- %d",temp->no);
printf("\nName:- %s",temp->name);
f++;
}
temp=temp->next;
}
if(f==1)
printf("\n[%d] Found [%d] times...",n,f);
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

else
printf("\nSorry! Not Found....");
getch();
}
void del(int delet)
{
stud *temp;
int n;
temp=head;
if(temp==NULL)
{
printf("\nSorry! List is Empty....");
sleep(3);
exit(0);;
}
else
{
while(temp->next!=NULL)
{
count++;
if(count==delet)
{
temp=temp->next;
free(temp);
}
}
}
}
void rev()
{
stud *p1,*p2,*p3,*temp;
p1=head;
p2=p1->next;
p3=p2->next;
head->next=NULL;
p2->next=p1;
while(p3!=NULL)
{
p1=p2;
p2=p3;
p3=p3->next;
p2->next=p1;
}
head=p2;
temp=head;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

printf("\nRoll-> %d Name:-%s",temp->no,temp->name);
temp=temp->next;
}
getch();
}

5. Singly Circular Linked List: Create, Display, Insertion, Deletion, Search.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
typedef struct student
{
int no;
char name[20];
struct student *next;
}stud;
stud *head,*tail,*new1;
void add();
void add_beg();
void add_after();
void disp();
void search();
void del(int);
void del(int);
int count=0;
void main()
{
char ch;
int delet;
int pos;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t--------------------------------------------");
printf("\n\t\t\t1. Create List..");
printf("\n\t\t\t2. Add Node to List");
printf("\n\t\t\t3. Display List");
printf("\n\t\t\t4. Search Node");
printf("\n\t\t\t5. Delete Node");
printf("\n\t\t\t6. Add at begining..");
printf("\n\t\t\t7. Add After position...");
printf("\n\t\t\t8. Delete particular node...");
printf("\n\t\t\t0. Exit...");
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

printf("\n\t\t--------------------------------------------");
printf("\n\n\tEnter Your Choice...");
ch=getchar();
fflush(stdin);
switch(ch)
{
case '1':
head=tail=new1=NULL;
break;
case '2':
add();
break;
case '3':
disp();
break;
case '4':
search();
break;
case '5':
printf("\nEnter Node no:- ");
scanf("%d",&delet);
del(delet);
break;
case '6':
add_beg();
break;
case '7':
printf("\nEnter the position after to insert:- ");
scanf("%d",&pos);
add_after(pos);
break;
case '8':
printf("\nEnter Node no to delete:- ");
scanf("%d",&pos);
del(pos);
break;
case '0':
exit(0);
//break;
default:
printf("\nInvalid Choice...");
break;
}
}
}
void add()
{
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

char ch;
int n1;
//clrscr();
while(1)
{
new1=(stud *)malloc(sizeof(stud));
printf("\nEnter No:- ");
scanf("%d",&new1->no);
printf("\nEnter name:- ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(new1->name);
count++;
new1->next=head;
if(head==NULL)
head=new1;
else
tail->next=new1;
tail=new1;
printf("\n\tDo you want to Continue[Y/N]...");
ch=getchar();
fflush(stdin);
if(ch=='n' || ch=='N')
return 0;

void disp()
{
int c=0;
stud *temp;
temp=head;
if(head==NULL)
printf("\nSorry! List in Empty...");
else
{
while(temp->next!=head)
{
printf("\nNo:- %d",temp->no);
printf("\nName:- %s",temp->name);
temp=temp->next;
c++;
}
printf("\nNo:- %d",temp->no);
printf("\nName:- %d",temp->name);
c++;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

}
printf("\n\nTotal No of Nodes=%d",c);
getch();
}
void search()
{
stud *temp;
int n,f=0;
temp=head;
printf("\nEnter Search No:- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(temp==NULL)
printf("\nSorry! List is Empty...");
else
while(temp->next!=head)
{
if(temp->no==n)
{
printf("\nNo:- %d",temp->no);
printf("\nName:- %s",temp->name);
f++;
}
temp=temp->next;
}
if(f==1)
printf("\n[%d] Found [%d] times...",n,f);
else
printf("\nSorry! Not Found....");
getch();
}
void del(int delet)
{
stud *temp,*temp1;
int n;
temp=head;
if(temp==NULL)
{
printf("\nSorry! List is Empty....");
sleep(3);
exit(0);;
}
else
{
if(head->no==delet)
{
temp=head;
head=head->next;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

free(temp);
}
while(temp->next!=head)
{
if(temp->next->no==delet)
{
temp1=temp->next;
temp->next=temp1->next;
free(temp1);
}
temp=temp->next;
}
if(temp->next->no==delet)
{
temp1=temp->next;
temp->next=head;
free(temp1);
}
}
}
void add_beg()
{
clrscr();
new1=(stud *)malloc(sizeof(stud));
printf("\nEnter data to add at beginig....");
printf("\nEnter no:- ");
scanf("%d",&new1->no);
printf("\nEnter Name:- ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(new1->name);
if(head==NULL)
{
head=new1;
new1->next=new1;
}
else
{
new1->next=head;
head=new1;
tail->next=head;
}
getch();
}
void add_after(int pos)
{
int count=0;
stud *temp;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

temp=head;
while(temp->next!=head)
{
count++;
if(count==pos)
{
new1=(stud *)malloc(sizeof(stud));
printf("\nEnter No. :- ");
scanf("%d",&new1->no);
printf("\nEnter Name:- ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(new1->name);
new1->next=temp->next;
temp->next=new1;
}
temp=temp->next;
}
}

void del(int n)
{
stud *temp,*q;
clrscr();
q=head;
while(q->next->next!=NULL)
{
if(q->next==n)
{
Temp=q->next;
q->next=temp->next;
free(temp);
}
q=q->next;
}
}

6. Doubly Linked List: Create, Display, Insertion, Deletion, Search, Reverse.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
typedef struct student
{
int no;
struct student *prev;
struct student *next;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

}stud;
stud *head,*tail,*new1;
void add(int);
void ins_beg();
void ins_after(int);
void disp();
void search(int);
void disp_rev();
void main()
{
int n;
char ch;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t---------------------------------------------");
printf("\n\t\t\t1. Add Node");
printf("\n\t\t\t2. Display");
printf("\n\t\t\t3. Add at begining...");
printf("\n\t\t\t4. Add after node..");
printf("\n\t\t\t5. Search Node..");
printf("\n\t\t\t6. Display Reverse...");
printf("\n\t\t\t0. Exit");
printf("\n\n\t\t-------------------------------------------");
printf("\n\n\t\tEnter Your Choice....");
fflush(stdin);
ch=getchar();
switch(ch)
{
case '1':
printf("\nNumber of Node:- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
add(n);
break;
case '2':
disp();
break;
case '3':
ins_beg();
break;
case '4':
printf("\nEnter Node no after to insert:- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
ins_after(n);
break;
case '5':
printf("\nEnter Node no:- ");
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

scanf("%d",&n);
search(n);
break;
case '6':
disp_rev();
break;
case '0':
exit(0);
return;
default:
printf("\nInvalid Choice..");
break;
}
}
}
void add(int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
new1=(stud *)malloc(sizeof(stud));
new1->next=NULL;
printf("\nEnter number:- ");
scanf("%d",&new1->no);
if(head==NULL)
{
head=new1;
head->prev=NULL;
}
else
{
new1->prev=tail;
tail->next=new1;
}
tail=new1;
}
getch();
}
void disp()
{
stud *temp;
int count=0;
temp=head;
clrscr();
while(temp!=NULL)
{
count++;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

printf("\nNo=%d",temp->no);
temp=temp->next;
}
printf("\nNo. of times=%d",count);
getch();
}
void ins_beg()
{
stud *temp;
new1=(stud *)malloc(sizeof(stud));
printf("\nEnter no:- ");
scanf("%d",&new1->no);
new1->prev=NULL;
new1->next=head;
head=new1;
}
void ins_after(int n)
{
stud *temp,*temp1;
temp=head;
while(temp->next!=head)
{
if(temp->no==n)
{
new1=(stud *)malloc(sizeof(stud));
printf("\nEnter Number:- ");
scanf("%d",&new1->no);
new1->next=temp->next;
temp->next=new1;
new1->prev=temp;
return;
}
temp=temp->next;
}
}
void search(int n)
{
stud *temp;
int count=0;
temp=head;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
if(temp->no==n)
{
count++;
}
temp=temp->next;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

}
printf("\n%d found %d times...",n,count);
getch();
}
void disp_rev()
{
stud *temp;
temp=tail;
while(tail->next!=NULL)
{
printf("\nNo.:- %d",temp->no);
temp=temp->prev;
}
getch();
}

7. Stack Implementation

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
typedef struct student
{
int no;
struct student *next;
}stud;
stud *top=NULL;
void push();
void disp();
void pop();
void main()
{
char ch;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t------------------Main Menu-----------------");
printf("\n\t\t\t1.PUSH");
printf("\n\t\t\t2.POP");
printf("\n\t\t\t3.Display");
printf("\n\t\t\t4.Exit");
printf("\n\t\t--------------------------------------------");
printf("\n\n\tEnter Your Choice....");
fflush(stdin);
ch=getchar();
switch(ch)
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

{
case '1':
push();
break;
case '2':
pop();
break;
case '3':
disp();
break;
case '4':
exit(0);
return;
default:
printf("\nSorry! Invalid Choice...");
}
}
}
void push()
{
char ch;
stud *temp;
while(1)
{
temp=(stud *)malloc(sizeof(stud));
printf("\nEnter Element:- ");
scanf("%d",&temp->no);
temp->next=top;
top=temp;
printf("\nContinue[Y/N]...");
fflush(stdin);
ch=getchar();
if(ch=='n' || ch=='N')
break;
}
}
void pop()
{
stud *temp;
if(top==NULL)
{
printf("\nSorry! Stack underflow..");

}
else
{
temp=top;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

printf("\nPopped element is %d",temp->no);

top=temp->next;
free(temp);
}
}
void disp()
{
stud *temp;
if(top==NULL)
printf("\nSorry! Stack is underflow...");
else
{
temp=top;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
printf("\nElement=%d",temp->no);
temp=temp->next;
}
}
getch();
}

8. Stack Application: Palindrome & Matching Parenthesis.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 20
char st_arr[MAX];
int top=-1;
void push(char);
char pop();
void main()
{
int i,c=0;
char s[20],s1[20];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter String:- ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(s);
for(i=0;s[i]!=NULL;i++)
{
push(s[i]);
c++;
}
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

for(i=0;i<c;i++)
{
if(s[i]!=pop())
break;
}
if(top==-1)
printf("\nPalindrome...");
else
printf("\nNot Palindrome...");
getch();
}
void push(char ch)
{
top++;
st_arr[top]=ch;
}
char pop()
{
char ch;
int j;
j=top;
ch=st_arr[top];
top--;
return ch;
}

9. STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING AN ARRAY

// Program implements array as a stack

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define MAX 10
struct stack
{
int arr[MAX];
int top ;
};
struct stack s;
void push( int item ) ;
int pop( ) ;
void display();
// adds an element to the stack
void push ( int item )
{
if ( s.top == MAX - 1 )
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

{
printf("Stack is full" );
return ;
}
s.top++ ;
s.arr[s.top] = item ;
}

// removes an element from the stack

int pop( )
{
int data;
if ( s.top == -1 )
{
printf("Stack is empty");
return NULL ;
}
data = s.arr[s.top] ;
s.top-- ;
return data ;
}
void display()
{
int i;
if(s.top==-1)
{
printf("Stack is empty\n");
return;
}
printf("Stack contains following data \n");
for(i=s.top;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%d\n",s.arr[i]);
}
}

void main( )
{
int choice,num,v;
s.top=-1;
do
{
clrscr();
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<=50;i++)
{
printf("-");
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

delay(30);
}
printf("\n ENTER 1 FOR PUSH :: ");
printf("\n ENTER 2 FOR POP :: ");
printf("\n ENTER 3 FOR DISPLAY :: ");
printf("\n ENTER 4 FOR EXIT :: ");
scanf("%d",& choice);
printf("\n");
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf("\n\nEnter number you want to push in a stack ");
scanf("%d",&num);
push(num);
getch();
break;
case 2:
v = pop( ) ;
printf("\n\nItem popped: %d",v) ;
getch();
break;
case 3:
display();
getch();
break;
case 4:
break;
default :
printf("Wrong choice \n");
}
}
while(choice != 4);
getch();
}

10. INTERCONVERSION OF INFIX, POSTFIX, AND PREFIX

INFIX TO POSTFIX CONVERSION

// Program to convert an Infix form to Postfix form

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

#define MAX 50

char target[MAX];
char stack[MAX];
char *s, *t ;
int top ;
char opr ;

void infix( ) ;
void setexpr ( char *str ) ;
void push ( char c ) ;
char pop( ) ;
void convert( ) ;
int priority ( char c ) ;
void show( ) ;

void infix( )
{
top = -1 ;
strcpy ( target, "" ) ;
strcpy ( stack, "" ) ;
t = target ;
s = "" ;
}

void setexpr ( char *str )

{
s = str ;
}

void push ( char c )

{
if ( top == MAX )
printf("\nStack is full\n");
else
{
top++ ;
stack[top] = c ;
}
}

char pop( )
{
if ( top == -1 )
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

{
printf("\nStack is empty\n");
return -1 ;
}
else
{
char item = stack[top] ;
top-- ;
return item ;
}
}

void convert( )
{
while ( *s )
{
if ( *s == ' ' || *s == '\t' )
{
s++ ;
continue ;
}
if ( isdigit ( *s ) || isalpha ( *s ) )
{
while ( isdigit ( *s ) || isalpha ( *s ) )
{
*t = *s ;
s++ ;
t++ ;
}
}
if ( *s == '(' )
{
push ( *s ) ;
s++ ;
}

if ( *s == '*' || *s == '+' || *s == '/' || *s == '%' || *s == '-' || *s == '$' )

{
if ( top != -1 )
{
opr = pop( ) ;
while ( priority ( opr ) >= priority ( *s ) )
{
*t = opr ;
t++ ;
opr = pop( ) ;
}
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

if ( opr != -1)
push ( opr ) ;
push ( *s ) ;
}
else
push ( *s ) ;
s++ ;
}
if ( *s == ')' )
{
opr = pop( ) ;
while ( ( opr ) != '(' )
{
*t = opr ;
t++ ;
opr = pop( ) ;
}
s++ ;
}
}
while ( top != -1 )
{ {
char opr = pop( ) ;
*t = opr ;
t++ ;
}

*t = '\0' ;
}// returns the priority of an operator
int priority ( char c )
{
if ( c == '$' )
return 3 ;
if ( c == '*' || c == '/' || c == '%' )
return 2 ;
else
{
if ( c == '+' || c == '-' )
return 1 ;
else
return 0 ;
}
}
// displays the postfix form of given expr.
void show( )
{
printf("%s",target);
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

}
void main( )
{
char expr[MAX] ;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter an expression in infix form: ") ;
scanf("%s",&expr);
infix();
setexpr (expr) ;
convert( ) ;
printf("\nThe postfix expression is: ");
show( ) ;
getch();
}

INFIX TO PREFIX CONVERSION

// Program to convert an Infix expression to Prefix form

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define MAX 50

char target[MAX], stack[MAX] ;

char *s, *t ;
int top, l ;

void infix( ) ;
void setexpr ( char *str ) ;
void push ( char c ) ;
char pop( ) ;
void convert( ) ;
int priority ( char c ) ;
void show( ) ;

// initializes data member

void infix( )
{
top = -1 ;
strcpy (target,"" ) ;
strcpy (stack,"" ) ;
l=0;
}
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

// reverses the given expression

void setexpr ( char *str )
{
s = str ;
strrev ( s ) ;
l = strlen ( s ) ;
* ( target + l ) = '\0' ;
t = target + ( l - 1 ) ;
}

// adds operator to the stack

void push ( char c )
{
if ( top == MAX - 1 )
printf("\nStack is full\n");
else
{
top++ ;
stack[top] = c ;
}
}

// pops an operator from the stack

char pop( )
{
if ( top == -1 )
{
printf("Stack is empty\n");
return -1 ;
}
else
{
char item = stack[top] ;
top-- ;
return item ;
}
}

// converts the infix expr. to prefix form

void convert( )
{
char opr ;

while ( *s )
{
if ( *s == ' ' || *s == '\t' )
{
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

s++ ;
continue ;
}

if ( isdigit ( *s ) || isalpha ( *s ) )
{
while ( isdigit ( *s ) || isalpha ( *s ) )
{
*t = *s ;
s++ ;
t-- ;
}
}

if ( *s == ')' )
{
push ( *s ) ;
s++ ;
}

if ( *s == '*' || *s == '+' || *s == '/' ||

*s == '%' || *s == '-' || *s == '$' )
{
if ( top != -1 )
{
opr = pop( ) ;

while ( priority ( opr ) > priority ( *s ) )

{
*t = opr ;
t-- ;
opr = pop( ) ;
printf("%c",opr );
}
if(opr != -1)
push ( opr ) ;
push ( *s ) ;
}
else
push ( *s ) ;
s++ ;
}

if ( *s == '(' )
{
opr = pop( ) ;
while ( ( opr ) != ')' )
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

{
*t = opr ;
t-- ;
opr = pop ( ) ;
}
s++ ;
}
}

while ( top != -1 )
{
opr = pop( ) ;
*t = opr ;
t-- ;
}
t++ ;
}

// the priotity of the operator

int priority ( char c )
{
if ( c == '$' )
return 3 ;
if ( c == '*' || c == '/' || c == '%' )
return 2 ;
else
{
if ( c == '+' || c == '-' )
return 1 ;
else
return 0 ;
}
}

// the prefix form of given expr.

void show( )
{
while ( *t )
{
printf("%c",*t);
t++ ;
}
}

void main( )
{
char expr[MAX] ;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

clrscr();
printf("\nEnter an expression in infix form: ");
scanf("%s",&expr);
infix();
setexpr( expr ) ;
convert( ) ;
printf("The Prefix expression is: ");
show( );
getch();
}

PREFIX TO POST FIX

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define MAX 50

char target[MAX], stack[MAX] ;

char *s, *t ;
int top ;
char opr ;

void infix( ) ;
void setexpr ( char *str ) ;
void push ( char c ) ;
char pop( ) ;
void convert( ) ;
int priority ( char c ) ;
void show( ) ;

// initializes data members

void infix( )
{
top = -1 ;
strcpy ( target, "" ) ;
strcpy ( stack, "" ) ;
t = target ;
s = "" ;
}

// sets s to point to given expr.

void setexpr ( char *str )
{
s = str ;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

// adds an operator to the stack

void push ( char c )
{
if ( top == MAX )
printf("\nStack is full\n");
else
{
top++ ;
stack[top] = c ;
}
}

// pops an operator from the stack

char pop( )
{
if ( top == -1 )
{
printf("\nStack is empty\n");
return -1 ;
}
else
{
char item = stack[top] ;
top-- ;
return item ;
}
}

// converts the given expr. from infix to postfix form

void convert( )
{
while ( *s )
{
if ( *s == ' ' || *s == '\t' )
{
s++ ;
continue ;
}
if ( isdigit ( *s ) || isalpha ( *s ) )
{
while ( isdigit ( *s ) || isalpha ( *s ) )
{
*t = *s ;
s++ ;
t++ ;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

}
}
if ( *s == '(' )
{
push ( *s ) ;
s++ ;
}

if ( *s == '*' || *s == '+' || *s == '/' || *s == '%' || *s == '-' || *s == '$' )

{
if ( top != -1 )
{
opr = pop( ) ;
while ( priority ( opr ) >= priority ( *s ) )
{
*t = opr ;
t++ ;
opr = pop( ) ;
}
if ( opr != -1)
push ( opr ) ;
push ( *s ) ;
}
else
push ( *s ) ;
s++ ;
}

if ( *s == ')' )
{
opr = pop( ) ;
while ( ( opr ) != '(' )
{
*t = opr ;
t++ ;
opr = pop( ) ;
}
s++ ;
}
}

while ( top != -1 )
{
char opr = pop( ) ;
*t = opr ;
t++ ;
}
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

*t = '\0' ;
}

// returns the priority of an operator

int priority ( char c )
{
if ( c == '$' )
return 3 ;
if ( c == '*' || c == '/' || c == '%' )
return 2 ;
else
{
if ( c == '+' || c == '-' )
return 1 ;
else
return 0 ;
}
}
// displays the postfix form of given expr.
void show( )
{
printf("%s",target);
getch();
}
void main( )
{
char expr[MAX] ;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter an expression in infix form: ");
scanf("%s",&expr) ;
infix();
setexpr ( expr ) ;
convert( ) ;
printf("\nThe postfix expression is: " );
show( ) ;
getch();
}
7. PALENDROME USING STACK

/*PROGRAM FOR PALINDROME USING STACK*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#define max 10
int top=-1;
char stack[max];
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

void push(char *);

void display(char *);
void main()
{
int ch=1;
char str[10];
char *t;
char *s;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any string\n");
gets(str);
t=str;
s=str;
if(top==max-1)
printf("Stack is full");
while(*t!='\0')
{
top=top+1;
stack[top]=*t;
t++;
}
while(*s!='\0')
{
if(*s!=stack[top])
{
ch=0;
break;
}
s++;
top--;
}

if(ch==0)
printf("It is not pallindrom");
else
printf("It is pallindrom");
getch();
}
/*
OUTPUT
Enter any string
NARROW
It is not pallindrom
Enter any string
NITIN
It is pallindrom
*/
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

11. QUEUE IMPLENTATION

Circular Queue

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 100
int dquee_arr[MAX];
int left = -1;
int right = -1;
void add_right();
void add_left();
void del_left();
void del_right();
void display();
void main()
{
int choice,i;
clrscr();
for(;;)
{
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<=50;i++)
{
printf("-");
delay(30);
}
printf("\n ENTER 1 FOR ADD ELEMENT AT RIGHT:: ");
printf("\n ENTER 2 FOR ADD ELEMENT AT LEFT:: ");
printf("\n ENTER 3 FOR DELETE ELEMENT FROM RIGHT:: ");
printf("\n ENTER 4 FOR DELETE ELEMENT FROM LEFT:: ");
printf("\n ENTER 5 FOR DISPLAY QUEUE::");
printf("\n ENTER 0 FOR EXIT:: ");
scanf("%d",& choice);
printf("\n");
switch(choice)
{
case 1: add_right();
break;
case 2: add_left();
break;
case 3: del_right();
break;
case 4: del_left();
break;
case 5: display();
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

break;
case 0: exit(1);
default:printf("\n ENTERE THE CORRECT CHOICE!!");
}
}
}

void add_right()
{
int add_ele;
if((left==0 && right==MAX-1)||left==right+1)
{
printf("\n queue size overflow!!");
return;
}
if(left==-1)
{
left=0;
right=0;
}
else
if(right==MAX-1)
right=0;
else
right=right+1;

printf("\n ENTER ELEMENT TO ADD:: ");

scanf("%d",&add_ele);
dquee_arr[right]=add_ele;

void add_left()
{
int add_ele;
if((left==0 && right==MAX-1)||left==right+1)
{
printf("\n queue size overflow!!");
return;
}
if(left==-1)
{
left=0;
right=0;
}
else
if(left==0)
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

left=MAX-1;
else
left=left-1;

printf("\n ENTER ELEMENT TO ADD:: ");

scanf("%d",&add_ele);
dquee_arr[left]=add_ele;

void del_left()
{
if(left==-1)
printf("\n QUEUE IS EMPTY!!");
else
printf("\n DELETED ITEM IS ::%d",dquee_arr[left]);
if(left==right)
{
left=0;
right=0;
}
else
{
if(left==MAX-1)
left=0;
else
left=left+1;
}
}

void del_right()
{
if(left==-1)
{
printf("\n QUEUE IS EMPTY!!");
return;
}
else
printf("\n DELETED ITEM IS ::%d",dquee_arr[right]);
if(left==right)
{
left=-1;
right=-1;
}
else
{
if(right==MAX-1)
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

right=0;
else
right=right-1;
}
}

void display()
{
int f,r;
printf("\n\n");
if(left<=right)
for(f=left;f<=right;f++)
printf("\n element --> %d",dquee_arr[f]);
else
{
for(f=left;f<=MAX-1;f++)
printf("\n element --> %d",dquee_arr[f]);
for(f=0;f<=right;f++)
printf("\n element --> %d",dquee_arr[f]);
}
printf("\n\n");
}

12. DeQueue

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 100
int dquee_arr[MAX];
int left = -1;
int right = -1;
void add_right();
void add_left();
void del_left();
void del_right();
void display();
void main()
{
int choice,i;
clrscr();
for(;;)
{
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<=50;i++)
{
printf("-");
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

delay(30);
}
printf("\n ENTER 1 FOR ADD ELEMENT AT RIGHT:: ");
printf("\n ENTER 2 FOR ADD ELEMENT AT LEFT:: ");
printf("\n ENTER 3 FOR DELETE ELEMENT FROM RIGHT:: ");
printf("\n ENTER 4 FOR DELETE ELEMENT FROM LEFT:: ");
printf("\n ENTER 5 FOR DISPLAY QUEUE::");
printf("\n ENTER 0 FOR EXIT:: ");
scanf("%d",& choice);
printf("\n");
switch(choice)
{
case 1: add_right();
break;
case 2: add_left();
break;
case 3: del_right();
break;
case 4: del_left();
break;
case 5: display();
break;
case 0: exit(1);
default:printf("\n ENTERE THE CORRECT CHOICE!!");
}
}
}

void add_right()
{
int add_ele;
if((left==0 && right==MAX-1)||left==right+1)
{
printf("\n queue size overflow!!");
return;
}
if(left==-1)
{
left=0;
right=0;
}
else
if(right==MAX-1)
right=0;
else
right=right+1;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

printf("\n ENTER ELEMENT TO ADD:: ");

scanf("%d",&add_ele);
dquee_arr[right]=add_ele;

void add_left()
{
int add_ele;
if((left==0 && right==MAX-1)||left==right+1)
{
printf("\n queue size overflow!!");
return;
}
if(left==-1)
{
left=0;
right=0;
}
else
if(left==0)
left=MAX-1;
else
left=left-1;

printf("\n ENTER ELEMENT TO ADD:: ");

scanf("%d",&add_ele);
dquee_arr[left]=add_ele;

void del_left()
{
if(left==-1)
printf("\n QUEUE IS EMPTY!!");
else
printf("\n DELETED ITEM IS ::%d",dquee_arr[left]);
if(left==right)
{
left=0;
right=0;
}
else
{
if(left==MAX-1)
left=0;
else
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

left=left+1;
}
}

void del_right()
{
if(left==-1)
{
printf("\n QUEUE IS EMPTY!!");
return;
}
else
printf("\n DELETED ITEM IS ::%d",dquee_arr[right]);
if(left==right)
{
left=-1;
right=-1;
}
else
{
if(right==MAX-1)
right=0;
else
right=right-1;
}
}

void display()
{
int f,r;
printf("\n\n");
if(left<=right)
for(f=left;f<=right;f++)
printf("\n element --> %d",dquee_arr[f]);
else
{
for(f=left;f<=MAX-1;f++)
printf("\n element --> %d",dquee_arr[f]);
for(f=0;f<=right;f++)
printf("\n element --> %d",dquee_arr[f]);
}
printf("\n\n");
}
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

13. JOB SCHEDULING

// Program that implements a priority queue using an array

#include <string.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define MAX 5
struct data
{
char job[MAX] ;
int prno ;
int ord ;
}d[MAX] ;

int front, rear ;

void add ( struct data dt ) ;
struct data remove( ) ;

// adds item to the priority queue

void add ( struct data dt )
{
int i,j;
struct data temp ;
if ( rear == MAX - 1 )
{
printf("\nQueue is full") ;
return ;
}
rear++ ;
d[rear] = dt ;

if ( front == -1 )
front = 0 ;

for ( i = front ; i <= rear ; i++ )

{
for ( j = i + 1 ; j <= rear ; j++ )
{
if ( d[i].prno > d[j].prno )
{
temp = d[i] ;
d[i] = d[j] ;
d[j] = temp ;
}
else
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

{
if ( d[i].prno == d[j].prno )
{
if ( d[i].ord > d[j].ord )
{
temp = d[i] ;
d[i] = d[j] ;
d[j] = temp ;
}
}
}
}
}
}

// removes item from priority queue

struct data remove( )
{
struct data t ,t1;
strcpy ( t.job, "" ) ;
t.prno = 0 ;
t.ord = 0 ;

if ( front == -1 )
{
printf("\nQueue is Empty") ;
return t ;
}

t1 = d[front] ;
d[front] = t ;
if ( front == rear )
front = rear = -1 ;
else
front++ ;

return t1 ;
}

void main( )
{
struct data dt,temp;
int i,j = 0 ;
front = rear = -1;
clrscr();
printf("Enter Job description (max 4 chars) and its priority\n");
printf("Lower the priority number, higher the priority") ;
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

printf("\nJob Priority\n");

for ( i = 0 ; i < MAX ; i++ )

{
scanf("%s%d", &dt.job,&dt.prno);
dt.ord = j++;
add(dt);
}
printf("\nProcess jobs prioritywise\n");
printf("Job Priority\n");

for ( i = 0 ; i < MAX ; i++ )

{
temp = remove( ) ;
printf("%s\t\t%d\n", temp.job,temp.prno);
}
getch();
}

14. EVALUATION OF POSTFIX EXPRESSION

// Program to evaluate an epression entered in postfix form

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define MAX 50

int stack[MAX] ;
int top, nn,data;
char *s ;

void postfix( ) ;
void setexpr ( char *str ) ;
void push ( int item ) ;
int pop( ) ;
void calculate( ) ;
void show( ) ;

void postfix( )
{
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

top = -1 ;
}

void setexpr ( char *str )

{
s = str ;
}

void push ( int item )

{
if ( top == MAX - 1 )
printf("Stack is full");
else
{
top++ ;
stack[top] = item ;
}
}

int pop( )
{
if ( top == -1 )
{
printf("Stack is empty");
return NULL ;
}
data = stack[top] ;
top-- ;
return data ;
}

void calculate( )
{
int n1, n2, n3 ;
while ( *s )
{
/* skip whitespace, if any*/
if ( *s == ' ' || *s == '\t' )
{
s++ ;
continue ;
}
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

/* if digit is encountered */
if ( isdigit ( *s ) )
{
nn = *s- '0';
push ( nn ) ;
}
else
{
/* if operator is encountered */
n1 = pop( ) ;
n2 = pop( ) ;
switch ( *s )
{
case '+' :
n3 = n2 + n1 ;
break ;

case '-' :
n3 = n2 - n1 ;
break ;

case '/' :
n3 = n2 / n1 ;
break ;

case '*' :
n3 = n2 * n1 ;
break ;

case '%' :
n3 = n2 % n1 ;
break ;

case '$' :
n3 = pow ( n2 , n1 ) ;
break ;

default :
printf("Unknown operator");
exit ( 1 ) ;
}

push ( n3 ) ;
}
s++ ;
}
}
NAME :Pindariya bhavesh p SUBJECT : DS
COURSE: MCA ROLL NO: B-29

// displays the result

void show( )
{
nn = pop ( ) ;
printf("\nResult is:%d ",nn);
}

void main( )
{
char expr[MAX] ;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter postfix expression to be evaluated : ") ;
scanf("%s",expr);
clrscr();
postfix ();
setexpr ( expr ) ;
calculate( ) ;
show( ) ;
getch();
}