PROGRAM 1: CREATING A TABLE
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in a database.
1) Creating a simple table
Syntax: create table tablename(columnname datatype(size),columnname datatype(size)
……...));
SQL> create table org(id number(3),name varchar(20),loc varchar(20),phno number(10));
Table Created
2) Creating a table from existing table
Syntax: create table tablename(columnname1,columnname2,columnname3…) as select *
from table_existing;
SQL> create table org(code,name,place,phn) as select * from org;
Table created.
OUTPUT:-
PROGRAM 2: INSERTING DATA VALUES INTO TABLES
1|Page
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
1) Inserting value in table (with null values)
Syntax: insert into tablename values(value1,value2,value3….);
SQL> insert into org values(1,'karan','chd',NULL);
1 Row Created.
SQL> insert into org values(2,'yuvi','chd',900099993);
1 Row Created.
SQL> insert into org values(3,'aman','pkl',900077023);
1 Row Created.
SQL> insert into org values(4,'suman','mohali',908880023);
1 Row Created.
OUTPUT:-
2|Page
2) Inserting data into table using another table
Syntax: create table tablename(columnname1,columnname2,columnname3…) as select *
from table_existing;
OUTPUT:-
PROGRAM 3: MODIFYING THE TABLE OR CONTENTS OF TABLE
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table.
1) Adding a new column to table
Syntax: alter table tablename add(columnname datatype(size),columnname datatype(size)
….));
SQL> alter table org add(salary number(5));
Table altered.
OUTPUT:-
3|Page
2) Dropping a column of table
Syntax: alter table tablename drop column columnname;
SQL>alter table org drop column salary;
Table altered.
OUTPUT:-
3) Renaming a table
Syntax: alter table tablename rename to newname;
SQL> alter table org rename to org1;
Table altered.
OUTPUT:-
4|Page
4) Deleting row from table
Syntax: delete from tablename where columnname=datavalue;
SQL> delete from org where id=4;
1 row deleted.
OUTPUT:-
5) Describe structure of table
Syntax: desc tablename;
SQL>desc org;
5|Page
OUTPUT:-
6) Deleting a table
Syntax: drop tablename;
SQL>drop company;
Table Dropped.
OUTPUT:-
7) Modifying columns in a table
Syntax: alter table tablename modify columnname datatype(size);
SQL> alter table org modify id number(4);
Table altered.
6|Page
OUTPUT:-
7|Page
PROGRAM 4: UPDATING DATA VALUES IN A TABLE
The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.
1) Updating data values of certain columns
Syntax: update tablename set columname=value where columname=datavalue;
SQL> update org set salary=10000,phno=9090909090 where id=1;
1 row updated.
SQL> update org set salary=10000 where id=2;
1 row updated.
SQL> update org set salary=10000 where id=3;
1 row updated.
OUTPUT:-
2) Update only certain rows
8|Page
Syntax: update tablename set columname=value where columname=datavalue;
SQL> update org set id=5,name='ramu',loc='pkl',phno=123456789,salary=10001 where
id=3;
1 row updated.
OUTPUT:-
PROGRAM 5: RETRIEVING DATA FROM TABLE
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
1) Retrieve all data of table
Syntax: select * from tablename;
SQL>select * from org;
OUTPUT:-
2) Retrieve particular column
9|Page
Syntax: select columnname from tablename;
SQL>select name form org;
OUTPUT:-
3) Retrieving by specifying a condition
Syntax: select * from tablename where columnname=datavalue;
SQL> select * from org where name='yuvi';
OUTPUT:-
4) Retrive distinct rows
10 | P a g e
Syntax: select DISTINCT * from tablename;
SQL> select distinct * from org;
OUTPUT:-
5) Retrieving records in descending order
Syntax: select 8 from tablename ORDER BY columname desc;
SQL> select * from org order by id desc;
OUTPUT:-
6) Retrieving records in ascending order
Syntax: select 8 from tablename ORDER BY columname;
SQL> select * from org order by name;
11 | P a g e
OUTPUT:-
7) Retriving records using special operators
a) Like Operator
The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a
column.
Syntax: select * from tablename where columnname LIKE pattern;
SQL> select * from org where loc like 'c%';
OUTPUT:-
12 | P a g e
b) IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
Syntax: select * from tablename where columnname IN(value1,value2….);
SQL> select * from org where name in('yuvi','karan');
OUTPUT:-
c) BETWEEN operator
The BETWEEN operator is used in a WHERE clause to select a range of data between
two values.
Syntax: select * from tablename where columnname inbetween value1 and value2;
SQL> select * from org where salary between 10000 and 10001;
OUTPUT:-
d) AS operator(Changing multiple column names)
13 | P a g e
Syntax: select column name as newname,… from tablename;
SQL> select name as name,loc as place from org;
OUTPUT:-
e) Concatenation Operator
Syntax: select ‘String.. ‘||columname from tablename;
SQL> select 'Id of '||name||'is '||id from org;
OUTPUT:-
14 | P a g e
8) Joins in SQL
a) Equi Join or Inner join
Syntax:select columnname1,columname2 from table1,table2 where
table1.column=table2.column;
SQL> select name,esalary from org,account where org.id=account.ecode;
OUTPUT:-
15 | P a g e
b) Cartesian join
Syntax:select columnname1,columname2 from table1,table2 ;
SQL> select name,esalary from org,account;
OUTPUT:-
16 | P a g e
c) Outer Join
Syntax: select columnname1,columname2 from table1,table2 where
table1.column(+)=table2.column;
SQL> select name,esalary from org,account where org.id(+)=account.ecode;
OUTPUT:-
d) Self Join
Syntax: select alias1.columnname1,alias2.columname2 from table1 alias1,table2 alias2
where alias1.column=alias2.column;
SQL> select o.id,a.esalary from org o,account a where o.id=a.ecode;
OUTPUT:-
17 | P a g e
