Lab report E11-RC Circuits

2.2)
Stim 1 = 4.99v
stim 2 = -5.07v
Range= 10.06v

2.3)
90 = 2.75v
180= -1.22v
270= -4.22
300= -5.07

2.1
'N' = 300 to cover full range
2.2
10000-(10000*angle/'N')
R90 = 7000
R180 = 4000
R270 = 1000
R300 = 0

3.2)
Channel one = input
Channel two = output

3.4)resistance output Input Gain Phase

voltage voltage log Difference
Ohms mV v gain Us
499 110 1 0.11 2.698101 240
1000 280 1 0.28 3 210
4990 820 1 0.82 3.698101 104
10000 940 1 0.94 4 56
12000 960 1 0.96 4.079181 52
16000 970 1 0.97 4.20412 34
18000 980 1 0.98 4.255273 28
20000 980 1 0.98 4.30103 28
22000 980 1 0.98 4.342423 28
49900 980 1 0.98 4.698101 18
99800 980 1 0.98 4.999131 9
149700 990 1 0.99 5.175222 7
1000000 990 1 0.99 6 2
3.5) if we started with no resistor then the capacitor would be shorted to 0volts,
also by using the resistor it limits the current meaning nothing could get damaged.

gain investigation
3.1, 3.2)
Theoretical
Resistance gain
499 0.145785195
1000 0.283218385
4990 0.82746006
10000 0.947168212
12000 0.962414885
16000 0.978329146
18000 0.9827605
20000 0.985967419
22000 0.988360487
49900 0.997705349
99800 0.999424853
149700 0.999744257
1000000 0.999994267

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 gain

0.4
Theoretical
0.3
gain
0.2

0.1

3.3) From the Theoretical Gain graph line, and the Results that we obtained it shows that
our results are fairly accurate, and we can put down the inaccuracies to a combination of
human error and the fact that the components that we are using are not ideal components
and will have a tolerance built in meaning we won't get perfect results.
3.4) the values of R which give us a gain close to one are the resistance values above 18,000
ohms
this means that if we wanted to create a band width filter that had a cut off point of 1Khz
we will need a 18,000R with a 47nF Capacitor, however if we wanted to have a cut of a
lower frequency we would need a small resistor, and for a higher frequency we would
require a higher resistance.

Phase shift investigation

3.1)
Resistanc Phase
e Shift
499 86.4
1000 75.6
4990 37.44
10000 20.16
12000 18.72
16000 12.24
18000 10.08
20000 10.08
22000 10.08
49900 6.48
99800 3.24
149700 2.52
1000000 0.72

3.2)
Resistance Phase Shift Theoretical phase shift
Ohms
499 86.4 81.26592731
1000 75.6 72.8876528
4990 37.44 33.06066006
10000 20.16 17.99410788
12000 18.72 15.14543816
16000 12.24 11.47531958
18000 10.08 10.22882259
20000 10.08 9.224471628
22000 10.08 8.398426649
49900 6.48 3.724207833
99800 3.24 1.864072824
149700 2.52 1.24295884
1000000 0.72 0.186099479
100

90

80

70

60

50 phase shift
Theoretical phase shift
40

30

20

10

0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

3.3) our results and the theoretical points line up very well, at the extremities, however
close to the turning point the points are further from the line, I believe this is because the
components we are working with are not ideal, and so have tolerances which means that
this can be expected. However the phase shift curve and the theoretical phase shift curve
are very similar. and as the tolerances will remain constant it is expected that the curve will
be very similar, but not exact. because of this we can say that our results are accurate for
the components that we had.

3.4) Phase Shift.

The maximum phase shift will approach 90 degrees, as the resistance approaches 0.
we can see this from the graph, as well as from the equation.
For the range of values that we had the maximum phase shift was 86.4.
Also as the resistance approaches infinity, the phase shift will approach 0.
this means the range of phase shift is 90 degrees.
Frequency dependency investigation

4.2)
Phase Phas
frequen Differenc e
cy V out V in Gain 20log(gain) log w e shift
- 1400
11.9033256 2.97427 75.6
150 254 1 0.254 7 1
- 3.45139 316 51.2
450 620 1 0.62 4.15216621 2
- 140 37.8
2.02549636 3.67324
750 792 1 0.792 8 1
- 80 30.2
1.20961494 3.81936
1050 870 1 0.87 8 9
- 14 12.1
0.98958 0.09095255 4.17839
2400 950 0.96 3 5 1
4.40563 6 8.8
4050 910 0.92 0.98913 -0.0949287 5
- 2.4 5.6
0.98823 0.10279279
6450 840 0.85 5 3 4.60774
- 1.8 4.9
0.98765 0.10790063 4.67324
7500 800 0.81 4 8 1
0.98717 - 4.72245 1.2 3.6
8400 770 0.78 9 0.11207755 9
4.79381 0.56 2.0
9900 720 0.72 1 0 5
 log gain vs log w
12

10

8
log gain vs log w
6

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Log W vs phase difference

80
70
60
50
Log W vs phase difference
40
30
20
10
0
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

4.3) Fb = 550 hz

4.5)
frequenc Phase Phase
y V out V in Gain 20log(gain) log w difference shift
150 970 1 0.97 -0.26456531 2.974271 250 13.5
450 790 1 0.79 -2.04745817 3.451392 244 39.5
750 610 0.99 0.616162 -4.20610719 3.673241 190 51.3
1050 470 0.99 0.474747 -6.47074673 3.819369 160 60.5
2400 230 0.97 0.237113 -12.500878 4.178391 86.8 75.0
4050 129 0.93 0.13871 -17.1578648 4.405635 55.2 80.5
6450 75 0.85 0.088235 -21.0871532 4.60774 36.8 85.4
7500 62 0.8 0.0775 -22.2139659 4.673241 32 86.4
8400 53 0.78 0.067949 -23.3563747 4.722459 28.8 87.1
 9900 42 0.73 0.057534 -24.8014714 4.793815 23.6 84.1

Log w vs phase shift

100
90
80
70
60 Log w vs phase shift
50
40
30
20
10
0
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

log W Vs Log gain

0
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-5

-10
log W Vs Log gain
-15

-20

-25

-30

Fb = 550 hz

5.1)

C2
 R1

C1 Scope
R2

5.2)
1
Fc=
2 πRC
1
700=
2 πRC
1
RC=
2 π 700
RC = 227. 10−6
C1=22 nF
R1=10K
C2=10 nF
R2=22K

5.3) NO RESULTS OBTAINED.

5.4) To increase the Gain at the desired frequency I would buffer the signal in-between both
stages, and If I wished to increase the gain I would you an op-amp amplifier after the Rc
network, or a Transistor amplifier to ensure that this would be a good amplification.
The main problem with Op-amp amplifiers is that the gain can be increased infinitely
depending on the resistors that you have available to you however the output voltage is
depended on the type of op-amp you have available and so could produce clipping at high
gains, or at high inputs.

6.1)

Low pass filter with Fc ≈ 300Hz-400hz

1
Fc=
2 πRC
1
300=
2 πRC
 1
RC=
2 π 300
RC = 530. 10−6
C1=47 nF
R1=12K

As its a low pass filter the low signals of the music come through meaning that the music is
very "basey" as the higher frequencies are being filtered out, this is because at high
frequencies the capacitor has a low reactance so the high frequencies are passing down to
ground.

High Pass filter with Fc ≈ 10Khz

1
Fc=
2 πRC
1
300=
2 πRC
1
RC=
2 π 10000
RC = 16. 10−6
C1=10 nF
R1=1.5K

As it is a high pas filter the low tones are removed and the music is very "trebely" this is
because the low frequencies are being filtered out, this is because the capacitor has a high
reactance to low frequencies so they are not getting through the filter.