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Biology 2A03 2011: Introduction To Physiology & Homeostasis

Physiology is the study of how animals work and function. It examines the physical and chemical factors behind life at various levels of organization, from cells to organ systems. The goal is to understand normal physiology and how disease can disrupt normal functioning. Physiology includes areas like cellular physiology, developmental physiology, and medical physiology which studies abnormal physiology due to disease. Comparative physiology examines how animals adapt to different environments. The body is hierarchically organized from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. Cells are specialized into muscle, nerve, epithelial and connective tissue cells. Organs contain tissues organized to perform specific functions. Organ systems consist of collections of organs that work together to accomplish tasks.

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265 views7 pages

Biology 2A03 2011: Introduction To Physiology & Homeostasis

Physiology is the study of how animals work and function. It examines the physical and chemical factors behind life at various levels of organization, from cells to organ systems. The goal is to understand normal physiology and how disease can disrupt normal functioning. Physiology includes areas like cellular physiology, developmental physiology, and medical physiology which studies abnormal physiology due to disease. Comparative physiology examines how animals adapt to different environments. The body is hierarchically organized from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. Cells are specialized into muscle, nerve, epithelial and connective tissue cells. Organs contain tissues organized to perform specific functions. Organ systems consist of collections of organs that work together to accomplish tasks.

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Thifya V
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Biology
2A03‐
2011


Lecture
1

Introduction to Physiology
&
Homeostasis
What is Physiology?
The goal of physiology is to explain the physical
and chemical factors for the origin and progression
of life OR

How
animals
work!

Disciplines: Cellular Physiology, Developmental Physiology
Neural, Renal, Muscle, Cardiovascular…… Physiology
Medical Physiology or Pathophysiology –
abnormal physiology as the result of disease

Comparative, Animal or Integrative Physiology –


how animal adapt to “abnormal” environments or
life histories.
Also environmental physiology, evolutionary physiology
and physiological ecology
0% O2!

4000-5000m 68 - 81ºC
10% O2 2000-3000m
High
H2S

Hierarchical organization of the body
Cells Differentiated and specialized
1)  muscle, 2) nerve, 3) epithelial
4) connective cells
Tissues Aggregate of specialized cells
1)  muscle, 2) nerve, 3) epithelial
4) connective tissues
Functional units Subunits of an organs
(e.g. multiple nephrons in a kidney)

Organs Composed of the 4 tissue-types in


different proportions and patterns

Organ Systems A collection of organs that function


together
e.g. Circulatory System = heart,
Organism blood vessels, blood
Figure
1.2

Hierarchical organization of the body
Cells: in humans over 200 distinct kinds
1) Muscle cells: specialized for contraction to produce movement

2) Nerve cells: generate and propagate electrical signals

3) Connective tissue cells: connect and support body structures


e.g. bone, collagen, cartilage

4) Epithelial cells: secretion and absorption; protective role


e.g. skin
Subtypes can exist:
Muscle – skeletal, movement of limbs and skin
- cardiac, movement of heart
- smooth, dilation of blood vessels
Collec<on
of
organs
that
work
together
to
accomplish
a

par<cular
task


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