Mac OS X Server

Advanced Server Administration

Version 10.6 Snow Leopard
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 Contents

11 Preface:  About This Guide

11 What’s in This Guide
12 Using Onscreen Help
13 Document Road Map
14 Viewing PDF Guides Onscreen
14 Printing PDF Guides
15 Getting Documentation Updates
15 Getting Additional Information

16 Chapter 1:  System Overview and Supported Standards

16 System Requirements for Installing Mac OS X Server v10.6
17 What’s New in Mac OS X Server v10.6
18 What’s New in Server Admin
18 Understanding Server Configuration Methods
20 Supported Standards
23 Mac OS X Server’s UNIX Heritage

24 Chapter 2:  Planning Server Usage

24 Determining Your Server Needs
25 Determining Whether to Upgrade or Migrate
25 Setting Up a Planning Team
26 Identifying Servers to Set Up
26 Determining Services to Host on Each Server
28 Defining a Migration Strategy
28 Upgrading and Migrating from an Earlier Version of Mac OS X Server
28 Migrating from Windows
28 Defining an Integration Strategy
29 Defining Physical Infrastructure Requirements
29 Defining Server Setup Infrastructure Requirements
31 Making Sure Required Server Hardware Is Available
31 Minimizing the Need to Relocate Servers After Setup
31 Defining Backup and Restore Policies
32 Understanding Backup and Restore Policies

 3
 33 Understanding Backup Types
34 Understanding Backup Scheduling
34 Understanding Restores
35 Other Backup Policy Considerations
36 Command-Line Backup and Restoration Tools
36 Understanding Time Machine as a Server Backup Tool

38 Chapter 3:  Administration Tools

38 Server Admin
38 Opening and Authenticating in Server Admin
39 Server Admin Interface
40 Customizing the Server Admin Environment
41 Server Assistant
42 Server Preferences
42 Workgroup Manager
43 Workgroup Manager Interface
44 Customizing the Workgroup Manager Environment
44 Server Monitor
46 iCal Service Utility
46 iCal Service Utility Interface
47 System Image Management
47 Media Streaming Management
48 Command-Line Tools
48 Server Status Widget
48 RAID Admin
49 Podcast Capture, Composer, and Producer
49 Xgrid Admin
50 Apple Remote Desktop

51 Chapter 4:  Enhancing Security

51 About Physical Security
52 About Network Security
52 Firewalls and Packet Filters
52 Network DMZ
53 VLANs
53 MAC Filtering
54 Transport Encryption
54 Payload Encryption
55 About File Security
55 File and Folder Permissions
55 About File Encryption
56 Secure Delete
56 About Authentication and Authorization

4 Contents
 58 Single Sign-On
59 About Certificates, SSL, and Public Key Infrastructure
59 Public and Private Keys
60 Certificates
60 About Certificate Authorities (CAs)
61 About Identities
61 About Self-Signed Certificates
61 About Intermediate Trust
62 Certificate Manager in Server Admin
64 Readying Certificates
65 Creating a Self-Signed Certificate
65 Requesting a Certificate from a Certificate Authority
66 Creating a Certificate Authority
68 Using a CA to Create a Certificate for Someone Else
68 Importing a Certificate Identity
69 Managing Certificates
69 Editing a Certificate
70 Distributing a CA Public Certificate to Clients
70 Deleting a Certificate
71 Renewing an Expiring Certificate
71 Replacing an Existing Certificate
71 Using Certificates
72 SSH and SSH Keys
72 Key-Based SSH Login
72 Generating a Key Pair for SSH
74 Administration Level Security
74 Setting Administration Level Privileges
75 Service Level Security
75 Setting SACL Permissions
76 Security Best Practices
77 Password Guidelines
78 Creating Complex Passwords

79 Chapter 5:  Installation and Deployment

79 Installation Overview
81 System Requirements for Installing Mac OS X Server
81 Hardware-Specific Instructions for Installing Mac OS X Server
81 Gathering the Information You Need
82 Setting Up Network Services
82 Connecting to the Directory During Installation
82 SSH During Installation
82 About the Server Install Disc
83 Preparing an Administrator Computer

Contents 5
 84 About Starting Up for Installation
84 Before Starting Up
85 Starting Up from the Install DVD
85 Starting Up from an Alternate Partition
88 Remotely Accessing the Install DVD
90 About Server Serial Numbers for Default Installation Passwords
90 Identifying Remote Servers When Installing Mac OS X Server
91 Starting Up from a NetBoot Environment
92 Preparing Disks for Installing Mac OS X Server
93 Choosing a File System
99 Installing Server Software Interactively
100 Installing Locally from the Installation Disc
101 Installing Remotely with Server Assistant
102 Installing Remotely with Screen Sharing and VNC
103 Changing a Remote Computer’s Startup Disk
104 Using the installer Command-Line Tool to Install Server Software
106 Installing Multiple Servers
107 Upgrading a Computer from Mac OS X to Mac OS X Server
107 How to Keep Current

108 Chapter 6:  Initial Server Setup

108 Information You Need
108 Postponing Server Setup Following Installation
109 Connecting to the Network During Initial Server Setup
109 Configuring Servers with Multiple Ethernet Ports
109 About Settings Established During Initial Server Setup
110 Specifying Initial Open Directory Usage
111 Not Changing Directory Usage When Upgrading
112 Setting Up a Server as a Standalone Server
112 Binding a Server to Multiple Directory Servers
113 Setting up Servers Interactively
115 Using Automatic Server Setup
116 Creating and Saving Setup Data
118 Using Encryption with Setup Data Files
118 How a Server Searches for Saved Setup Data Files
119 Setting Up Servers Automatically Using Data Saved in a File
120 Setting a Mac OS X Server Serial Number from the Command Line
121 Handling Setup Errors
122 Setting Up Services
122 Adding Services to the Server View
123 Setting Up Open Directory
123 Setting Up User Management
123 Setting Up All Other Services

6 Contents
 124 Chapter 7:  Ongoing System Management
124 Computers You Can Use to Administer a Server
124 Setting Up an Administrator Computer
125 Using a Non-Mac OS X Computer for Administration
126 Using the Administration Tools
126 Working with Pre-v10.6 Computers from v10.6 Servers
127 Ports Used for Administration
127 Ports Open By Default
128 Server Admin Basics
128 Adding and Removing Servers in Server Admin
129 Grouping Servers Manually
129 Grouping Servers Using Smart Groups
130 Working with Settings for a Specific Server
132 Understanding Changes to the Server IP Address or Network Identity
133 Understanding Mac OS X Server Names
133 Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Infrastructure Services
136 Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Web and Wiki Services
137 Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on File Services
138 Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Mail Services
139 Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Collaboration Services
141 Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Podcast Producer
142 Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Other Services
144 Changing the IP Address of a Server
144 Changing the Server’s DNS Name After Setup
144 Changing the Server’s Computer Name and the Local Hostname
145 Administering Services
146 Adding and Removing Services in Server Admin
146 Importing and Exporting Service Settings
147 Controlling Access to Services
148 Using SSL for Remote Server Administration
148 Managing Sharing
149 Tiered Administration Permissions
150 Defining Administrative Permissions
150 Workgroup Manager Basics
151 Opening and Authenticating in Workgroup Manager
151 Administering Accounts
151 Working with Users and Groups
153 Defining Managed Preferences
154 Working with Directory Data
154 Customizing the Workgroup Manager Environment
155 Service Configuration Assistants
155 Critical Configuration and Data Files
159 Improving Service Availability

Contents 7
 159 Eliminating Single Points of Failure
160 Using Xserve for High Availability
161 Using Backup Power
161 Setting Up Your Server for Automatic Restart
162 Ensuring Proper Operational Conditions
162 Providing Open Directory Replication
163 Link Aggregation
164 About the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)
164 Link Aggregation Scenarios
166 Setting Up Link Aggregation in Mac OS X Server
167 Monitoring Link Aggregation Status
168 Load Balancing
169 Daemon Overview
169 Viewing Running Daemons
169 Using launchd for Daemon Control

171 Chapter 8:  Monitoring Your System

171 Planning a Monitoring Policy
171 Planning Monitoring Response
172 Using with Server Status Widget
172 Using Server Monitor
173 Using RAID Admin for Server Monitoring
173 Using Console for Server Monitoring
173 Using Disk Monitoring Tools
174 Using Network Monitoring Tools
175 Using Server Status Notification in Server Admin
175 Monitoring Server Status Overviews Using Server Admin
176 Using Remote Kernel Core Dumps
178 Setting Up a Core Dump Server
179 Setting Up a Core Dump Client
180 Configuring Common Core Dump Options
180 About Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
181 Enabling SNMP reporting
181 Configuring snmpd
183 Additional Information about SNMP
183 Tools to Use with SNMP
183 About Notification and Event Monitoring Daemons
185 Logging
185 Syslog
186 Directory Service Debug Logging
186 Open Directory Logging
187 AFP Logging
187 Additional Monitoring Aids

8 Contents
 188 Chapter 9:  Push Notification Server
188 About Push Notification Server
189 Starting and Stopping Push Notification
190 Changing a Service’s Push Notification Server

191 Index

Contents 9
 10 Contents
 About This Guide

Preface
This guide provides a starting point for administering
Mac OS X Server v10.6 using its advanced administration
tools. It contains information about planning, practices, tools,
installation, deployment, and more by using Server Admin.

Advanced Server Administration is not the only guide you need when administering
advanced mode server, but it gives you a basic overview of planning, installing,
and maintaining Mac OS X Server using Server Admin.

What’s in This Guide

This guide includes the following chapters:
ÂÂ Chapter 1, “System Overview and Supported Standards,” provides an overview of
Mac OS X Server systems and standards.
ÂÂ Chapter 2, “Planning Server Usage,” gives you advice for planning Mac OS X Server
deployment.
ÂÂ Chapter 3, “Administration Tools,” is a reference guide for the tools used to
administer servers.
ÂÂ Chapter 4, “Enhancing Security,” is a brief guide to security policies and practices.
ÂÂ Chapter 5, “Installation and Deployment,” is an installation guide for Mac OS X Server.
ÂÂ Chapter 6, “Initial Server Setup,” provides a guide to setting up your server after
installation.
ÂÂ Chapter 7, “Ongoing System Management,” explains how to work with
Mac OS X Server and services.
ÂÂ Chapter 8, “Monitoring Your System,” shows you how to monitor and log into
Mac OS X Server.

Note:  Because Apple periodically releases new versions and updates to its software,
images shown in this book may be different from what you see on your screen.

 11
 Using Onscreen Help
You can get task instructions onscreen in Help Viewer while you’re managing
Mac OS X Server v10.6. You can view help on a server or an administrator computer.
(An administrator computer is a Mac OS X computer with Mac OS X Server v10.6
administration software installed on it.)

To get the most recent onscreen help for Mac OS X Server v10.6:

mm Open Server Admin or Workgroup Manager and then:
ÂÂ Use the Help menu to search for a task you want to perform.
ÂÂ Choose Help > Server Admin Help or Help > Workgroup Manager Help to browse
and search the help topics.
The onscreen help contains instructions taken from Advanced Server Administration
and other advanced administration guides described later.

To see the most recent server help topics:

mm Make sure the server or administrator computer is connected to the Internet while
you’re getting help.
Help Viewer automatically retrieves and caches the most recent server help topics
from the Internet. When not connected to the Internet, Help Viewer displays cached
help topics.

12 Preface    About This Guide

 Document Road Map
Mac OS X v10.6 has a suite of guides which can cover management of individual
services. Each service may be dependent on other services for maximum utility.
The road map below shows some related documentation that you may need to fully
configure your desired service to your specifications. You can get these guides in
PDF format from the Mac OS X Server documentation website:

www.apple.com/server/resources/

Getting Started
Covers basic installation,
setup, and management
using Server Preferences Server
instead of Server Admin. Preferences Help
Recommended for Provides onscreen
novice administrators. instructions and answers
when you’re using
Server Preferences
to manage servers.

Advanced Server
Information Administration
Technologies Describes using Server
Dictionary Admin to install, configure,
Provides onscreen and administer server Server Admin Help
definitions of software and services.
Provides onscreen
server terminology. Includes best practices and
instructions and answers
advice for system planning,
when you’re using Server
security, backing up,
Admin to manage servers.
and monitoring.
Also contains the latest
Introduction to documentation updates.
Command-Line
Administration
Explains how to use
UNIX shell commands to
configure and manage
servers and services.

Server
Administration Guides
Each guide covers using
Server Admin and
command-line tools to
configure advanced
settings for a particular
service.

Preface    About This Guide 13

 Viewing PDF Guides Onscreen
While reading the PDF version of a guide onscreen:
ÂÂ Show bookmarks to see the guide’s outline, and click a bookmark to jump to the
corresponding section.
ÂÂ Search for a word or phrase to see a list of places where it appears in the document.
Click a listed place to see the page where it occurs.
ÂÂ Click a cross-reference to jump to the referenced section. Click a web link to visit the
website in your browser.

Printing PDF Guides

If you want to print a guide, you can take these steps to save paper and ink:
ÂÂ Save ink or toner by not printing the cover page.
ÂÂ Save color ink on a color printer by looking in the panes of the Print dialog for an
option to print in grays or black and white.
ÂÂ Reduce the bulk of the printed document and save paper by printing more than
one page per sheet of paper. In the Print dialog, change Scale to 115% (155%
for Getting Started). Then choose Layout from the untitled pop-up menu. If your
printer supports two-sided (duplex) printing, select one of the Two-Sided options.
Otherwise, choose 2 from the Pages per Sheet pop-up menu, and optionally choose
Single Hairline from the Border menu. (If you’re using Mac OS X v10.4 or earlier, the
Scale setting is in the Page Setup dialog and the Layout settings are in the Print
dialog.)

You may want to enlarge the printed pages even if you don’t print double sided,
because the PDF page size is smaller than standard printer paper. In the Print dialog
or Page Setup dialog, try changing Scale to 115% (155% for Getting Started, which has
CD-size pages).

14 Preface    About This Guide

 Getting Documentation Updates
Periodically, Apple posts revised help pages and new editions of guides. Some revised
help pages update the latest editions of the guides.
ÂÂ To view new onscreen help topics for a server application, make sure your server or
administrator computer is connected to the Internet and click “Latest help topics” or
“Staying current” in the main help page for the application.
ÂÂ To download the latest guides in PDF format, go to the Mac OS X Server
documentation website:
www.apple.com/server/resources/
ÂÂ An RSS feed listing the latest updates to Mac OS X Server documentation and
onscreen help is available. To view the feed use an RSS reader application, such as
Safari or Mail:
feed://helposx.apple.com/rss/snowleopard/serverdocupdates.xml

Getting Additional Information

For more information, consult these resources:
ÂÂ Read Me documents—get important updates and special information. Look for them
on the server discs.
ÂÂ Mac OS X Server website (www.apple.com/server/macosx/)—enter the gateway to
extensive product and technology information.
ÂÂ Mac OS X Server Support website (www.apple.com/support/macosxserver/)—access
hundreds of articles from Apple’s support organization.
ÂÂ Apple Discussions website (discussions.apple.com/)—share questions, knowledge,
and advice with other administrators.
ÂÂ Apple Mailing Lists website (www.lists.apple.com/)—subscribe to mailing lists so you
can communicate with other administrators using email.
ÂÂ Apple Training and Certification website (www.apple.com/training/)—hone
your server administration skills with instructor-led or self-paced training,
and differentiate yourself with certification.

Preface    About This Guide 15

 System Overview and Supported
Standards 1
Mac OS X Server gives you everything you need to provide
standards-based workgroup and Internet services —
delivering a world-class UNIX server solution that’s easy to
deploy and easy to manage.

This chapter contains information to make decisions about where and how you deploy
Mac OS X Server. It contains general information about configuration options, standard
protocols used, its UNIX roots, and network and firewall configurations necessary for
Mac OS X Server administration.

System Requirements for Installing Mac OS X Server v10.6

The Macintosh desktop computer or server onto which you install
Mac OS X Server v10.6 must have:
ÂÂ An Intel processor
ÂÂ At least 2 gigabytes (GB) of random access memory (RAM)
ÂÂ At least 10 gigabytes (GB) of available disk space
ÂÂ A new serial number for Mac OS X Server v10.6
The serial number used with any previous version of Mac OS X Server will not allow
registration for v10.6.

A built-in DVD drive is convenient but not required.

A display and keyboard are optional. You can install server software on a computer
that has no display and keyboard by using an administrator computer. For more
information, see “Setting Up an Administrator Computer” on page 124.

If you’re using an installation disc for Mac OS X Server v10.6, you can control

installation from another computer using VNC viewer software. Open-source VNC
viewer software is available. Apple Remote Desktop, described on “Apple Remote
Desktop” (page 50), includes VNC viewer capability.

16
 What’s New in Mac OS X Server v10.6
Mac OS X Server v10.6 offers major enhancements in several key areas:
ÂÂ Address Book Server
Mac OS X Server v10.6 introduces the first open standards-based Address Book
Server Based on the emerging CardDAV specification, which uses WebDAV to
exchange vCards, sharing contacts across multiple computers.
ÂÂ Remote Access
Mac OS X Server v10.6 delivers push notifications to users outside your firewall, and
a proxy service gives them secure remote access to email, address book contacts,
calendars, and specified internal websites.
ÂÂ Collaboration services improvements
Mac OS X Server v10.6 augments collaboration features with wiki and blog
templates optimized for viewing on iPhone; provides content searching across
multiple wikis; and enables attachment viewing in Quick Look. It also introduces
My Page, which gives users one convenient place to access web applications,
receive notifications, and view activity streams across wikis.
ÂÂ iCal Server 2
Mac OS X Server v10.6 has a new iCal Server which includes shared calendars, push
notifications, the ability to send email invitations to non-iCal Server users, and a
browser-based application for using calendars with many supported browsers.
ÂÂ Podcast Producer 2
Mac OS X Server v10.6 has a new Podcast Producer which features an intuitive new
workflow editor, support for dual-video source capture, and Podcast Library, which
lets you host locally stored podcasts and make them available for subscription by
category via Atom web feeds.
ÂÂ Mail Server improvements
Mac OS X Server v10.6 mail service increases its performance and scalability using
a new engine designed to handle thousands of simultaneous connections. Mail
services have been enhanced to include server-side email rules and vacation
messages.
ÂÂ Multicore optimizations
Mac OS X Server v10.6 supports “Grand Central,” a new set of built-in technologies
that makes all of Mac OS X Server multicore aware and optimizes it for allocating
tasks across multiple cores and processors.
ÂÂ 64-bit support
Mac OS X Server v10.6 use 64-bit kernel technology to support up to 16 TB of
memory.

Chapter 1    System Overview and Supported Standards 17

 ÂÂ OpenCL support
Mac OS X Server v10.6 supports OpenCL and makes it possible for developers to use
the GPU for general computational tasks.

What’s New in Server Admin

Included with Mac OS X Server v10.6 is Server Admin, Apple’s powerful, flexible, full-
featured server administration tool. Server Admin is reinforced with improvements
in standards support and reliability. Server Admin also delivers a number of
enhancements:
ÂÂ Newly refined, streamlined, and integrated Server Assistant
ÂÂ Smoother interaction with Server Preferences settings
ÂÂ Improved user interface

Understanding Server Configuration Methods

You can configure and manage Mac OS X Server using two configuration
methods:  Server Preferences, or the advanced configuration tool suite, which includes
Server Admin and its command-line utilities.

Servers administered using the advanced tool suite are the most flexible and require
the most skill to administer. Servers administered by Server Preferences have fewer
configuration options, but most configuration details are set by Server Preferences,
without additional skill or labor. You can customize your server for a variety of
purposes using either method.

Using Server Admin and the rest of the advanced configuration tool suite, the
experienced system administrator has complete control of each service’s configuration
to accommodate a wide variety of needs. After performing initial setup with Setup
Assistant, you use powerful administration applications such as Server Admin and
Workgroup Manager, or command-line tools, to configure advanced settings for
services the server must provide.

Using Server Preferences, you can get standard configurations of Mac OS X Server
features using automated setup and simplified administration. For more information
about using Server Preferences to administer your server, see Getting Started.

You can switch between Server Admin and Server Preferences. The setting changes
in one application are reflected in the other’s settings. However, some advanced or
custom configurations can’t be inspected or changed in Server Preferences, due to
Server Preferences’ simplified interface.

18 Chapter 1    System Overview and Supported Standards

 The following table highlights the capabilities of each configuration tool.

Service Set in initial server Server Preferences Server Admin

setup
Address book Optional Yes Yes
Backup your data No No, use command-line No, use command-line
(websites, databases, tools and third-party tools and third-party
calendar files, etc.) backup solutions backup solutions
Computer account No Use Workgroup Use Workgroup
and computer group Manager Manager
management
DHCP, DNS, NAT Automatic No Yes
File sharing (AFP and Optional Yes Yes
SMB protocols)
File sharing (FTP and No No Yes
NFS protocols)
Firewall (application Automatic Use System Preferences Use System Preferences
firewall)
Firewall (IP firewall) Automatic Yes Yes
Gateway (NAT, DNS, Optional No Yes
DHCP)
iCal (calendar sharing, Optional Yes Yes
event scheduling)
iChat (instant Optional Yes Yes
messaging)
Mail with spam and Optional Yes Yes
virus filtering
Mobile access No No Yes
MySQL No No Yes
NetBoot and NetInstall No No Yes
(system imaging)
Network time Automatic No Yes
Network management No No Yes
(SNMP)
NFS No No Yes

Chapter 1    System Overview and Supported Standards 19

 Service Set in initial server Server Preferences Server Admin
setup
Open Directory master Optional Optional Yes
(user accounts and
other data)
Podcast Producer No No Yes
Policies and managed No Use Workgroup Use Workgroup
preferences Manager Manager
Print No No Yes
Push notification Automatic Automatic Yes
QuickTime Streaming No No Yes
RADIUS No No Yes
Remote login (SSH) Optional Use System Preferences Yes
Software update No No Yes
Time Machine backup Optional Yes Yes
of client Macs
Time Machine backup No Use System Preferences Use System Preferences
of server
User and Group Optional Yes Yes
creation
VPN (secure remote No Yes Yes
access)
Web (wikis, blogs, Optional Yes Yes
webmail)
Xgrid (computational No No Yes, and also use Xgrid
clustering) Admin
Xserve diagnostics No Use Server Monitor Use Server Monitor

Supported Standards
Mac OS X Server provides standards-based workgroup and Internet services. Instead of
developing proprietary server technologies, Apple has built on the best open source
projects:  Samba 3, OpenLDAP, Kerberos, Dovecot, Apache, Jabber, SpamAssassin, and
more. Mac OS X Server integrates these robust technologies and enhances them with
a unified, consistent management interface.

Because it is built on open standards, Mac OS X Server is compatible with existing

network and computing infrastructures. It uses native protocols to deliver directory
services, file and printer sharing, and secure network access to Mac, Windows, and
Linux clients.

20 Chapter 1    System Overview and Supported Standards

 A standards-based directory services architecture offers centralized management of
network resources using any LDAP server–even proprietary servers such as Microsoft
Active Directory. The open source UNIX foundation makes it easy to port and deploy
existing tools to Mac OS X Server.

The following standards-based technologies power Mac OS X Server:

ÂÂ Kerberos:  Mac OS X Server integrates an authentication authority based on MIT’s
Kerberos technology (RFC 1964) to provide users with single sign-on access to
secure network resources.
Using strong Kerberos authentication, single sign-on maximizes the security of
network resources while providing users with easier access to a broad range of
Kerberos-enabled network services.
For services that have not yet been Kerberized, the integrated SASL service
negotiates the strongest possible authentication protocol.
ÂÂ OpenLDAP:  Mac OS X Server includes a robust LDAP directory server and a secure
Kerberos password server to provide directory and authentication services to Mac,
Windows, and Linux clients.
Apple has built the Open Directory server around OpenLDAP, the most widely
deployed open source LDAP server, so it can deliver directory services for both
Mac-only and mixed-platform environments.
LDAP provides a common language for directory access, enabling administrators to
consolidate information from different platforms and define one namespace for all
network resources. This means there is a single directory for all Mac, Windows, and
Linux systems on the network.
ÂÂ RADIUS:  Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is an authentication,
authorization, and accounting protocol used by the 802.1x security standard for
controlling network access by clients in mobile or fixed configurations. Mac OS X
Server uses RADIUS to integrate with AirPort Base Stations serving as a central MAC
address filter database. By configuring RADIUS and Open Directory, you can control
who has access to your wireless network.
Mac OS X Server uses the FreeRADIUS Server Project. FreeRADIUS supports
the requirements of a RADIUS server, shipping with support for LDAP, MySQL,
PostgreSQL, Oracle databases, EAP, EAP-MD5, EAP-SIM, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-PEAP,
and Cisco LEAP subtypes. Mac OS X Server supports proxying, with failover and load
balancing.
ÂÂ Mail Service:  Mac OS X Server uses robust technologies from the open source
community to deliver comprehensive, easy-to-use mail server solutions. Full support
for Internet mail protocols—Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Post Office
Protocol (POP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)—ensures compatibility
with standards-based mail clients on Mac, Windows, and Linux systems.

Chapter 1    System Overview and Supported Standards 21

 ÂÂ Web Technologies:  Mac OS X Server is a complete AMP stack (a bundle of
integrated Apache-MySQL-PHP/Perl/Python software). Mac OS X Server web
technologies are based on the open source Apache web server, the most widely
used HTTP server on the Internet.
With performance optimized for Mac OS X Server, Apache provides fast, reliable
web hosting and an extensible architecture for delivering dynamic content and
sophisticated web services. Because web service in Mac OS X Server is based on
Apache, you can add advanced features with plug-in modules.
Mac OS X Server includes everything professional web masters need to deploy
sophisticated web services:  integrated tools for collaborative publishing, inline
scripting, Apache modules, custom CGIs, and JavaServer Pages and Java Servlets.
Database-driven sites can be linked to the included MySQL database. ODBC and
JDBC connectivity to other database solutions is also supported.
Web service also includes support for Web-based Distributed Authoring and
Versioning, known as WebDAV.
ÂÂ File Services:  You can configure Mac OS X Server file services to allow clients to
access shared files, applications, and other resources over a network. Mac OS X
Server supports most major service protocols for maximum compatibility, including:
ÂÂ Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), to share resources with clients who use Macintosh
computers.
ÂÂ Server Message Block (SMB), a protocol to share resources with clients who use
Windows computers. This protocol is provided by the Samba open source project.
ÂÂ Network File System (NFS), to share files and folders with UNIX clients.
ÂÂ File Transfer Protocol (FTP), to share files with anyone using FTP client software.
ÂÂ IPv6 (RFC 2460):  IPv6 is the Internet’s next-generation protocol designed to replace
the current Internet Protocol, IPv4 (or IP).
IPv6 improves routing and network autoconfiguration. It increases the number
of network addresses to over 3 x1038, and eliminates the need for NAT-provided
addressing. IPv6 is expected to gradually replace IPv4 over a number of years, with
the two coexisting during the transition.
Mac OS X Server’s network services are fully IPv6 capable and ready to transition to
the next generation addressing as well as being fully able to operate with IPv4.
ÂÂ SNMP:  Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used to monitor network-
attached devices’ operational status. It is a set of IETF-designed standards for
network management, including an Application Layer protocol, a database schema,
and a set of data objects.
Mac OS X Server uses the open source net-snmp suite to provide SNMPv3
(RFCs 3411-3418) service.

22 Chapter 1    System Overview and Supported Standards

 ÂÂ XMPP:  Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open XML-based
messaging protocol used for messaging and presence information. XMPP serves as
the basis for Mac OS X Server’s Push Notification service, as well as iChat Server,
and all publish and subscribe functions for the server.

Mac OS X Server’s UNIX Heritage

Mac OS X Server has a UNIX foundation built around the Mach microkernel and the
latest advances from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) open source community.
This foundation provides Mac OS X Server with a stable, high-performance, 64-bit
computing platform for deploying server-based applications and services.

Mac OS X Server is built on an open source operating system called Darwin, which is
part of the BSD family of UNIX-like systems. BSD is a family of UNIX variants descended
from Berkeley’s version of UNIX. Also, Mac OS X Server incorporates more than
100 open source projects in addition to proprietary enhancements and extended
functionality created by Apple.

The BSD portion of the Mac OS X kernel is derived primarily from FreeBSD, a version
of 4.4BSD that offers advanced networking, performance, security, and compatibility
features.

In general, BSD variants are derived (sometimes indirectly) from 4.4BSD-Lite Release 2
from the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California at
Berkeley.

Although the BSD portion of Mac OS X is primarily derived from FreeBSD, some
changes have been made. To find out more about the low-level changes made,
see Apple’s Developer documentation for Darwin.

Chapter 1    System Overview and Supported Standards 23

 Planning Server Usage
2
Before installing and setting up Mac OS X Server do a little
planning and become familiar with your options.
The major goals of the planning phase are to make sure that:
ÂÂ Server user and administrator needs are addressed by the servers you deploy
ÂÂ Server and service prerequisites that affect installation and initial setup are
identified

Installation planning is especially important if you’re integrating Mac OS X Server into

an existing network, migrating from earlier versions of Mac OS X Server, or preparing
to set up multiple servers. But even single-server environments can benefit from a
brief assessment of the needs you want a server to address.

Use this chapter to stimulate your thinking. It doesn’t present a rigorous planning
guide, nor does it provide the details you need to determine whether to implement a
particular service and assess its resource requirements. Instead, view this chapter as an
opportunity to think about how to maximize the benefits of Mac OS X Server in your
environment.

Planning, like design, isn’t necessarily a linear process. The sections in this chapter don’t
require you to follow a mandatory sequence. Different sections in this chapter present
suggestions that could be implemented simultaneously or iteratively.

Determining Your Server Needs

During the planning stage, determine how you want to use Mac OS X Server and
identify whether there’s anything you need to accomplish before setting it up.

For example, you might want to convert an existing server to v10.6 and continue
hosting directory, file, and mail services for clients on your network.

Before you install server software, you might need to prepare data to migrate to your
new server, and perhaps consider whether it’s a good time to implement a different
directory services solution.

24
 During the planning stage, you’ll also decide which installation and server setup
options best suit your needs. For example, Getting Started contains an example that
illustrates server installation and initial setup in a small business scenario with the
server in using Server Preferences.

Determining Whether to Upgrade or Migrate

If you’re using a previous version of Mac OS X Server and you want to reuse data and
settings, you can upgrade or migrate to v10.6.

You can upgrade to Mac OS X Server v10.6 if you’re using the latest update of

Mac OS X Server v10.5 Leopard or Mac OS X Server v10.4.11 on Mac OS X servers with
Intel processors.

Upgrading is simple because it preserves existing settings and data. You can perform
an upgrade using any of the installation methods described in this chapter or the
advanced methods described in this guide.

If you can’t perform an upgrade, for example when you need to reformat the startup
disk or replace your server hardware, you can migrate data and settings to a computer
that you’ve installed Mac OS X Server v10.6 on.

Migration is supported from the latest update of Mac OS X Server v10.5 Leopard

or Mac OS X Server v10.4.11 Tiger. For complete information about migrating data
and settings to a different Mac or Xserve, see the onscreen help or Mac OS X Server
Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

Setting Up a Planning Team

Involve individuals in the installation planning process who represent various points of
view, and who can help answer the following questions:
ÂÂ What day-to-day user requirements must a server meet? What activities do server
users and workgroups depend on the server for?
If the server is used in a classroom, make sure the instructor who manages its
services and administers it daily provides input.
ÂÂ What user management requirements must be met? Will user computers be diskless
and need to be started up using NetBoot? Will Macintosh client management and
network home folders be required?
Individuals with server administration experience should work with server users
who might not have a technical background, so they’ll understand how specific
services might benefit them.
ÂÂ What existing non-Apple services, such as Active Directory, must the server integrate
with?

Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage 25

 If you’ve been planning to replace a Windows NT computer, consider using
Mac OS X Server with its extensive built-in support for Windows clients. Make
sure that administrators familiar with these other systems are part of the planning
process.
ÂÂ What are the characteristics of the network into which the server will be installed?
Do you need to upgrade power supplies, switches, or other network components?
Is it time to streamline the layout of facilities that house your servers?
An individual with systems and networking knowledge can help with these details
as well as completing the Installation & Setup Worksheet on the Mac OS X Server
Install Disc or Administration Tools CD.

Identifying Servers to Set Up

Conduct a server inventory:
ÂÂ How many servers do you have?
ÂÂ How are they used?
ÂÂ How can you streamline the use of servers you want to keep?
ÂÂ Do existing servers need to be retired? Which servers can Mac OS X Server replace?
ÂÂ Which non-Apple servers will Mac OS X Server need to be integrated with? Why?
ÂÂ Do you have Mac OS X Server computers that need to be upgraded to version 10.6?
ÂÂ How many new Mac OS X Server computers will you need to set up?

Determining Services to Host on Each Server

Identify which services you want to host on each Mac OS X Server and non-Apple
server you decide to use.

Distributing services among servers requires an understanding of users and services.

Here are a few examples of how service options and hardware and software
requirements can influence what you put on servers:
ÂÂ Directory services implementations can range from using directories and Kerberos
authentication hosted by non-Apple servers to setting up Open Directory directories
on servers distributed throughout the world.
Directory services require thoughtful analysis and planning.
The additional information at Mac OS X Server Resources website
at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ can help you understand
the options and opportunities.

26 Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage

 ÂÂ Home folders for network users can be consolidated onto one server or distributed
among various servers. Although you can move home folders, you might need
to change a large number of user and share point records, so devise a strategy
that will persist for a reasonable amount of time. For information about home
folders, see Mac OS X Server help or Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.
ÂÂ Some services offer ways to control the amount of disk space used by individual
users. For example, you can set up home folder and mail quotas for users. Consider
whether using quotas will offer a way to maximize the disk usage on a server
that stores home folders and mail databases. The additional information at
Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/
describes home folder and user mail quotas, and service-wide mail quotas.
ÂÂ Disk space requirements are also affected by the type of files a server hosts.
Creative environments need high-capacity storage to accommodate large
media files, but elementary school classrooms have more modest file storage
needs. The additional information at Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ describe file sharing.
ÂÂ If you’re setting up a streaming media server, allocate enough disk space to
accommodate a specific number of hours of streamed video or audio. For
hardware and software requirements and for a setup example, see additional
information in online help or at Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ .
ÂÂ The number of NetBoot client computers you can connect to a server depends on
the server’s Ethernet connections, the number of users, the amount of available
RAM and disk space, and other factors. DHCP service needs to be available to the
clients and can be provided by a different server than the NetBoot server. For
NetBoot capacity planning guidelines, see additional information at Mac OS X Server
Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ .
ÂÂ Mac OS X Server offers extensive support for Windows users. You can consolidate
Windows user support on servers that provide PDC services, or you can distribute
services for Windows users among different servers.
ÂÂ If you want to use software RAID to stripe or mirror disks, you’ll need two or more
drives (but not FireWire drives) on a server. For more information, see online Disk
Utility Help.

Before finalizing decisions about which servers will host specific services, familiarize
yourself with information in the administration guides for the services you want to
deploy.

Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage 27

 Defining a Migration Strategy
If you’re using Mac OS X Server v10.4–10.5 or a Windows-based server, examine the
opportunities for moving data and settings to Mac OS X Server v10.6.

Upgrading and Migrating from an Earlier Version of

Mac OS X Server
If you’re using computers with Mac OS X Server v10.4 or v10.5, consider upgrading or
migrating them to Mac OS X Server v10.6.

If you’re using Mac OS X Server v10.5 or v10.4 and you don’t need to move to Intel-
processor based hardware, you can perform an upgrade installation. Upgrading is
simple because it preserves your existing settings and data.

When you can’t use the upgrade approach, you can migrate data and settings.
You’ll need to migrate, not upgrade, when:
ÂÂ A version 10.4 or 10.5 server’s hard disk needs reformatting or the server doesn’t
meet the minimum Mac OS X Server v10.6 system requirements. For more
information, “System Requirements for Installing Mac OS X Server v10.6” on page 16.
ÂÂ You want to move data and settings you’ve been using on a v10.4 or 10.5 server to
different server hardware.

Migration is supported from the latest versions of Mac OS X Server v10.5 and v10.4.
When you migrate, you install and set up Mac OS X Server v10.6, then restore files onto
it from the earlier server, and then make manual adjustments as required.

For complete information, read the additional information at Mac OS X Server

Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ .

Migrating from Windows

Mac OS X Server v10.6 can provide a variety of services to users of Microsoft Windows
computers. By providing these services, Mac OS X Server v10.6 can replace Windows
servers in small workgroups.

For information about migrating users, groups, files, and more from a Windows-
based server to Mac OS X Server, see the additional information at Mac OS X Server
Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ .

Defining an Integration Strategy

Integrating Mac OS X Server into a heterogeneous environment has two aspects:
ÂÂ Configuring Mac OS X Server to take advantage of existing services
ÂÂ Configuring non-Apple computers to use Mac OS X Server

28 Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage

 The first aspect primarily involves directory services integration. Identify which
Mac OS X Server computers will use existing directories (such as Active Directory,
LDAPv3, and NIS directories) and existing authentication setups (such as Kerberos).

For options and instructions, see the additional information at Mac OS X Server

Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ . Integration can be
as easy as enabling a Directory Utility option, or it might involve adjusting existing
services and Mac OS X Server settings.

The second aspect is largely a matter of determining the support you want
Mac OS X Server to provide to non-Apple computer users. The additional information
at Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/
tell you what’s available.

Defining Physical Infrastructure Requirements

Determine whether you need to make site or network topology adjustments before
installing and setting up servers.
ÂÂ Who will administer the server, and what kind of server access will administrators
need?
Classroom servers might need to be conveniently accessible for instructors, while
servers that host network-wide directory information should be secured with
restricted physical access in a district office building or centralized computer facility.
Because Mac OS X Server administration tools offer complete remote server
administration support, there are few times when an administrator should need
physical access to a server.
ÂÂ Are there air conditioning or power requirements that must be met? For this kind of
information, see the documentation that comes with server hardware.
ÂÂ Are you considering upgrading elements such as cables, switches, and power
supplies? Now may be a good time to do it.
ÂÂ Have you configured your TCP/IP network and subnets to support the services and
servers you want to deploy?
ÂÂ Are you considering moving your servers to different IP addresses or hostnames?
Now may be a good time to do it.

Defining Server Setup Infrastructure Requirements

The server setup infrastructure consists of the services and servers you set up in
advance because other services or servers depend on them.

Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage 29

 For example, if you use Mac OS X Server to provide DHCP, network time, or BootP
services to other servers, you should set up the servers that provide these services and
initiate the services before you set up servers that depend on those services.

The amount of setup infrastructure you require depends on the complexity of your
site and what you want to accomplish. In general, DHCP, DNS, and directory services
are recommended or required for medium and large server networks:
ÂÂ The most fundamental infrastructure layer comprises network services like DHCP
and DNS.
All services run better if DNS is on the network, and many services require DNS to
work properly. If you’re not hosting DNS, work with the administrator responsible
for the DNS server you’ll use when you set up your servers. DNS requirements for
services are published in the service-specific administration guides.
The DHCP setup reflects your physical network topology.
ÂÂ Another crucial infrastructure component is directory services, required for sharing
data among services, servers, and user computers.
The most common shared data in a directory is for users and groups, but
configuration information such as mount records and other directory data is also
shared. A directory services infrastructure is necessary to host cross-platform
authentication and when you want services to share the same names and
passwords.

Here’s an example of the sequence in which you might set up a server infrastructure
that includes DNS, DHCP, and directory services. You can set up the services on the
same server or on different servers:

Setting up basic server infrastructure:

1 Set up the DNS server, populating the DNS with the host names of the desired servers
and services.
2 Set up DHCP, configuring it to specify the DNS server address so it can be served to
DHCP clients.
If desired, set up DHCP-managed static IP address for the servers.
3 Set up a directory server, including Windows PDC service if required, and populate the
directory with data, such as users, groups, and home folder data.
This process can involve importing users and groups, setting up share points, setting
up managed preferences, and so forth.
4 Configure DHCP to specify the address of the directory server so it can be served to
DHCP clients.

Your specific needs can affect this sequence. For example, to use VPN, NAT, or IP
Firewall services, include their setup with the DNS and DHCP setups.

30 Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage

 Making Sure Required Server Hardware Is Available
You might want to postpone setting up a server until all its hardware is in place.

For example, you might not want to set up a server whose data you want to mirror
until all disk drives you need for mirroring are available. You might also want to wait
until a RAID subsystem is set up before setting up a home folder server or other server
that will use it.

Minimizing the Need to Relocate Servers After Setup

Before setting up a server, try to place it in its final network location (IP subnet).
If you’re concerned about preventing unauthorized or premature access during setup,
set up a firewall to protect the server while finalizing its configuration.

If you can’t avoid moving a server after initial setup, you must change settings that are
sensitive to network location before you can use the server. For example, the server’s IP
address and DNS name, stored in directories and configuration files on the server, must
be updated.

When you move a server, follow these guidelines:

ÂÂ Minimize the time the server is in its temporary location so the amount of
information you need to change is limited.
ÂÂ Postpone configuring services that depend on network settings until the server is in
its final location. Such services include Open Directory replication, Apache settings
(such as virtual domains), DHCP, and other network infrastructure settings that other
computers depend on.
ÂÂ Wait to import final user accounts. Limit accounts to test accounts so you minimize
the user-specific network information (such as home folder location) that you must
change after the move.
ÂÂ After you move the server, you can change its IP address in the Network pane of
System Preferences (or use the networksetup tool).
You probably will need to manually adjust service and system settings. For more
information on how to do this, see “Understanding Changes to the Server IP Address
or Network Identity” on page 132.
ÂÂ Reconfigure the search policy of computers (such as user computers and DHCP
servers) that have been configured to use the server in its original location.

Defining Backup and Restore Policies

All storage systems can fail eventually. Either through equipment wear and tear,
accident, or disaster, your data and configuration settings are vulnerable to loss.
You should have a plan in place to prevent or minimize your data loss.

Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage 31

 Understanding Backup and Restore Policies
There are many reasons to have a backup and restore policy. Your data is subject
to failure because of failed components, natural or manmade disasters, or data
corruption. Sometimes data loss is beyond your control to prevent, but with a backup
and restore plan, you can restore your data.

You need to customize backup and restore policies to take into account your situation,
what data needs to be saved, how often, and how much time and effort is used to
restore it. Your policy specifies the procedures and practices that fulfill your restoration
needs.

Backups are an investment of time, money, and administration effort, and they can
affect performance. However, there is a clear return on investment in the form of data
integrity. You can avoid substantial financial, legal, and organizational costs with a well-
planned, well-executed backup and restore policy.

There are essentially three kinds of restoration needs:

ÂÂ Restoring a deleted or corrupt file
ÂÂ Recovering from disk failure (or catastrophic file deletion)
ÂÂ Archiving data for an organization need (financial, legal, or other need)

Each restoration need determines the type, frequency, and method you use to back up
your data.

You might want to keep daily backups of files. This allows for quick restoration of
overwritten or deleted files. In such a case you have file-level granularity every
day:  any single file can be restored the following day.

There are other levels of granularity as well. For example, you might need to restore
a full day’s data. This is a daily snapshot-level granularity:  you can restore your
organization’s data as it was on a given day.

These daily snapshots might not be practical to maintain every day, so you might
choose to keep a set of rolling snapshots that give you daily snapshot-level granularity
for only the preceding month.

Other levels of restoration you might want or need could be quarterly or semiannually.

You might also need archival storage, which is data stored only to be accessed in
uncommon circumstances. Archival storage can be permanent, meaning the data is
kept for the foreseeable future.

32 Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage

 Your organization must determine the following:
ÂÂ What must be backed up?
ÂÂ What should not be backed up (as per organization policy)?
ÂÂ How granular are the restoration needs?
ÂÂ How often is the data backed up?
ÂÂ How accessible is the data:  in other words, how much time will it take to restore it?
ÂÂ What processes are in place to recover from a disaster during a backup or restore?

The answers to these questions are an integral part of your backup and restore policy.

Understanding Backup Types

There are many types of backup files (explained below), and within each type are
many formats and methods. Each backup type serves a unique purpose and has its
own considerations.
ÂÂ Full Images:  Full images are byte-level copies of data. They capture the state of the
hard disk down to the most basic storage unit. These backups also keep copies of
the disk filesystem and the unused or erased portion of the disk in question.They
can be used for forensic study of the source disk medium. Such detail often makes
file restoration unwieldy. Full Image backups are often compressed and are only
decompressed to restore the entire file set.
ÂÂ Full File-level Copies:  Full file-level copies are backups that are kept as duplicates.
They do not capture the finest detail of unused portions of the source disk, but they
do provide a full record of the files as they existed at the time of backup. If a file
changes, the next full file-level backup copies the entire data set in addition to the
file that changed.
ÂÂ Incremental Backups:  Incremental backups start with file-level copies, but they
only copy files changed since the last backup. This saves storage space and captures
changes as they happen.
ÂÂ Snapshots:  Snapshots are copies of data as it was in the past. You can make
snapshots from collections of files, or more often from links to other files in a backup
file set. Snapshots are useful for making backups of volatile data (data that changes
quickly), like databases in use or mail servers sending and receiving mail.

These backup types are not mutually exclusive. They exemplify different approaches
to copying data for backup purposes. For example, Time Machine uses a full file-level
copy as a base backup; then it uses incremental backups to create snapshots of a
computer’s data on a given day.

Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage 33

 Understanding Backup Scheduling
Backing up files requires time and resources. Before deciding on a backup plan,
consider the following questions:
ÂÂ How much data will be backed up?
ÂÂ How much time will the backup take?
ÂÂ When does the backup need to happen?
ÂÂ What else is the computer doing during that time?
ÂÂ What sort of resource allocation will be necessary?
For example, how much network bandwidth is necessary to accommodate the load?
How much space on backup drives, or how many backup tapes are required? What
sort of drain on computing resources will occur during backup? What personnel are
necessary for the backup?

You will find that different kinds of backup require different answers to these
questions. For example, an incremental file copy might take less time and copy less
data than a full file copy (because only a fraction of any given data set will have
changed since the last backup).

Therefore an incremental backup might be scheduled during a normal use period

because the impact to users and systems may be very low. However, a full image
backup might have a very strong impact for users and systems, if done during the
normal use period.

Choosing a Backup Rotation Scheme

A backup rotation scheme determines the most efficient way to back up data over a
specific period of time. An example of a rotation scheme is the grandfather-father-son
rotation scheme. In this scheme, you perform incremental daily backups (son), and full
weekly (father) and monthly (grandfather) backups.

In the grandfather-father-son rotation scheme, the number of media sets you use for
backup determines how much backup history you have. For example, if you use eight
backup sets for daily backups, you have eight days of daily backup history because
you’ll recycle media sets every eight days.

Understanding Restores
No backup policy or solution is complete without having accompanying plans for data
restoration. Depending on what is being restored, you may have different practices
and procedures. For example, your organization may have specific tolerances for how
long critical systems can be out of use while the data is restored.

34 Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage

 Consider the following questions:
ÂÂ How long will it take to restore data at each level of granularity?
For example, how long will a deleted file or email take to restore? How long will a
full hard disk image take to restore? How long would it take to return the whole
network to its state three days ago?
ÂÂ What process is most effective for each type of restore?
For example, why would you roll back the entire server for a single lost file?
ÂÂ How much administrator action is necessary for each type of restore? How much
automation must be developed to best use administrators’ time?
ÂÂ Under what circumstances are restores initiated? Who and what can start a restore
and for what reasons?

Restore practices and procedures must be tested regularly. A backup data set that
does not restore correctly cannot be considered a trustworthy backup. Backup
integrity is measured by restore fidelity.

Defining a Backup Verification Mechanism

You should have a strategy for regularly conducting test restorations. Some third-
party software providers support this functionality. However, if you’re using your own
backup solution, you should develop the necessary test procedures.

Other Backup Policy Considerations

Consider the following additional items for your backup policy:
ÂÂ Should file compression be used? If so, what kind?
ÂÂ Are there onsite and offsite backups and archives?
ÂÂ Are there any special considerations for the type of data being stored? For example,
for Mac OS X files, can the backup utility preserve file metadata, resource forks, and
Access Control List (ACL) privileges?
ÂÂ Is there sensitive data, such as passwords, social security numbers, phone numbers,
medical records, or other legally protected information, that requires special
treatment, and that must not be backed up without understanding where the data
will flow and be stored?

Choosing Backup Media Type

Several factors help you determine what type of media to choose:
ÂÂ Cost. Use cost per GB to determine what media to choose. For example, if your
storage needs are limited, you can justify higher cost per GB, but if you need a large
amount of storage, cost becomes a big factor in your decision.
One of the most cost-effective storage solutions is a hard drive RAID. It provides you
with a low cost per GB, and it doesn’t require the special handling needed by other
cost-effective storage types, such as tape drives.

Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage 35

 ÂÂ Capacity. If you back up only a small amount of data, low-capacity storage media
can do the job. But if you need to back up large amounts of data, use high-capacity
devices, such as a RAID.
ÂÂ Speed. When your goal is to keep your server available most of the time, restoration
speed becomes a big factor in deciding which type of media to choose. Tape
backup systems can be very cost effective, but they are much slower than a RAID.
ÂÂ Reliability. Successful restoration is the goal of a good backup strategy. If you can’t
restore lost data, all the effort and cost you spent in backing up data is wasted and
the availability of your services is compromised.
Therefore, it’s important that you choose highly reliable media to prevent data loss.
For example, tapes are more reliable than hard disks because they don’t contain
moving parts.
ÂÂ Archive life. You never know when you’ll need your backed up data. Therefore,
choose media that is designed to last for a long time. Dust, humidity, and other
factors can damage storage media and result in data loss.

Command-Line Backup and Restoration Tools

Mac OS X Server provides several command-line tools for data backup and restoration,
which include:
ÂÂ rsync. Use to keep a backup copy of your data in sync with the original. The tool
rsync only copies the files that have changed. By default rsync does not preserve
extended attributes in files necessary for many Mac OS X Server services.
ÂÂ ditto. Use to perform full backups.
ÂÂ tar. Use to perform full backups.
ÂÂ asr. Use to back up and restore a volume in block copy mode. If the tool is in file
copy mode, it does not preserve all necessary extended attributes in files.

For more information about these commands, see their respective man pages.

Note:  You can use the launchctl command to automate data backup using these
commands. For more information about using launchctl and launchd, see their
respective man pages.

Understanding Time Machine as a Server Backup Tool

At its core, Time Machine is a file-level backup solution that runs at regular intervals
and archives file changes from the initial file set. Time Machine makes use of UNIX file
linking to efficiently store backup intervals as separate browsable file systems, but uses
no compression.

Time Machine is a limited tool for data backup and restoration of

Mac OS X Server v10.6. It can back up some server configuration settings and the
service state. Time Machine does not back up service data.

36 Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage

 For example, Time Machine doesn’t back up user and group directory records, email,
DNS records, Address Book shared groups, iCal Server calendars, and so forth. It only
saves the settings made in Server Preferences and Server Admin, and whether a
service is on or off. The following service settings and statuses are preserved:
ÂÂ Address Book Server
ÂÂ DHCP
ÂÂ DNS
ÂÂ File Services (AFP, SMB, NFS, and FTP)
ÂÂ Firewall
ÂÂ iCal Server
ÂÂ iChat Server
ÂÂ Mail
ÂÂ Mobile Access
ÂÂ MySQL
ÂÂ NAT
ÂÂ Network Settings
ÂÂ Podcast Producer
ÂÂ Print
ÂÂ Push Notification
ÂÂ QTSS
ÂÂ RADIUS
ÂÂ Remote Access Settings
ÂÂ Software Update
ÂÂ VPN
ÂÂ Web
ÂÂ Wiki
ÂÂ Xgrid

For more information about where the necessary data files are stored for backup via
other means, see “Critical Configuration and Data Files” on page 155.

Note:  You can use the launchctl command to automate data backup using the
aforementioned commands. For more information about using launchctl and
launchd, see their respective man pages.

Chapter 2    Planning Server Usage 37

 Administration Tools
3
Manage Mac OS X Server using graphical applications or
command-line tools.

Mac OS X Server v10.6 administration applications must be run from either

Mac OS X Server v10.6 or Mac OS X v10.6.

Server Admin
You use Server Admin to administer services on Mac OS X Server computers. Server
Admin also lets you specify settings that support multiple services, such as creating
and managing SSL certificates, manage file sharing, and specifying which users and
groups can access services.

The version of Server Admin included with Mac OS X Server v10.6 can be used to
administer the latest version of Mac OS X Server v10.5. However, the current version of
Server Admin isn’t compatible with administering DNS service or manage certificates
in Mac OS X Server v10.5. Use the version of Server Admin that came with Mac OS X
Server v10.5 on a computer running Mac OS X Server v10.5 or Mac OS X v10.5.

Information about using Server Admin to manage services appears in the individual
administration guides and in onscreen information accessible by using the Help menu
in Server Admin.

Opening and Authenticating in Server Admin

Server Admin is installed in /Applications/Server/, from which you can open it in the
Finder. Or you can open Server Admin by clicking the Server Admin icon in the Dock
or clicking the Server Admin button on the Workgroup Manager toolbar.

To select a server to work with, enter its IP address or DNS name in the login dialog
box or click Available Servers to choose from a list of servers. Specify the user name
and password for a server administrator, then click Connect.

38
 Server Admin Interface
The Server Admin interface is shown here, with each element explained in the
following table.

A B

F
E C

K L M N

A Server List:  Shows servers, groups, smart groups, and if desired, the administered services for
each server
You select a group to view a status summary for all grouped computers.
You select a computer for its overview and server settings.
You select a server’s service to control and configure the service.

B Context Buttons:  Shows available information and configuration panes.

C Tool Bar:  Shows available context buttons. If a button is grayed out or can’t be clicked, you
do not have the administrative permissions to access it.

Chapter 3    Administration Tools 39

 D Main Work Area:  Shows status and configuration options. This looks different for each
service and for each context button selected.

E Available servers:  Lists the local-network scanner, which you can use to discover servers to
add to your server list.

F All Servers:  Shows all computers added to Server Admin, regardless of status.

G Server:  Shows the hostname of the managed server. Select to show a hardware, operating
system, active service, and system status summary.

H Service:  Shows an administered service for a server. Select to get service status, logs, and
configuration options.

I Group:  Shows an administrator created group of servers. Select to view a status summary for
all grouped computers
For more information, see “Grouping Servers Manually” on page 129.

J Smart Group:  Shows an automatic group, populated with servers that meet a

predetermined criteria.
For more information, see “Grouping Servers Using Smart Groups” on page 129.

K Add button:  Shows a pop-up menu of items to add to the Server list: servers, groups, and
smart groups.

L Action button:  Shows a pop-up menu of actions possible for a selected service, or server,
including disconnect server, share the server’s screen, and so forth.

M Refresh button:  Allows you to send a status request to all computers visible in the Server list.

N Service Start/Stop button:  When a service is selected, this button allows you to start or stop
the service, as appropriate.

O Action bar:  Shows buttons and pop-up menus with commands to act on selected servers
or services in the Server list. Click this to save or revert setting changes you’ve made. This
contains the Add button, Action button, service start and stop buttons, and save and revert
buttons.

Customizing the Server Admin Environment

To control the Server Admin environment, you have the following options.
ÂÂ To control the list of services to administer, see “Adding and Removing Servers in
Server Admin” on page 128.
ÂÂ To control the appearance of Server Admin lists, refresh rates, and other behaviors,
choose Server Admin > Preferences.
ÂÂ To group and sort servers available for administration, make groups and smart
groups. See “Grouping Servers Manually” on page 129 and “Grouping Servers Using
Smart Groups” on page 129.

40 Chapter 3    Administration Tools

 Server Assistant
Server Assistant is used for:
ÂÂ Remote server installations
ÂÂ Initial setup of a local server
ÂÂ Initial setup of remote servers
ÂÂ Preparing data for automated setup

The Server Assistant initial page is shown here.

Server Assistant is opened from the Server menu of Server Admin. The following menu
items open the assistant:
ÂÂ Install Remote Server
ÂÂ Set Up Remote Server
ÂÂ Create Auto Server Setup Profile

For information about using Server Assistant, use its Help buttons, or see
Chapter 6, “Initial Server Setup.”

Chapter 3    Administration Tools 41

 Server Preferences
Server Preferences is the simplified administration application you need for managing
Mac OS X Server v10.6. You can use Server Preferences in addition to or instead of
Server Admin and Workgroup Manager:
ÂÂ Manage basic user and group settings.
ÂÂ Configure essential service settings such as: file sharing service, Address Book
service, iCal calendar service, iChat instant messaging service, mail service, network
security, web services, VPN remote access service, and Time Machine backup for
users’ computers.
ÂÂ Check the status of the server and services.

You can use Server Preferences on any server you want to manage, or you can use it
remotely from an administrator computer or another server.

For information about using Server Preferences, see Getting Started or Server
Preferences Help.

Workgroup Manager
Mac OS X Server includes Workgroup Manager, a user management tool you can use
to create and manage user, group, computer, and computer group accounts. You also
use it to access the Inspector, an advanced feature that lets you do raw editing of
Open Directory entries.

Workgroup Manager is installed in /Applications/Server/, which you can open it in the

Finder. Or you can open Workgroup Manager by clicking View > Workgroup Manager
in the Server Admin menu bar.

Workgroup Manager works closely with a directory domain. Directory domains are
like databases, and are geared towards storing account information and handling
authentication.

Information about using Workgroup Manager appears in several documents at the

Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

After opening Workgroup Manager, you can open a Workgroup Manager window by
choosing Server > New Workgroup Manager Window.

Important:  When connecting to a server or authenticating in Workgroup Manager,

make sure the capitalization of the name you enter matches the name of a server
administrator or domain administrator account.

42 Chapter 3    Administration Tools

 Workgroup Manager Interface
The Workgroup Manager interface is shown here, with each element explained in the
following table.

A B C

E
F

J
H

A Server Admin:  Click to open the Server Admin application.

B Settings Buttons:  Click Accounts to view or edit account settings, or click Preferences to

view or edit preference settings.

C Tool Bar:  Click the icons to accomplish the various commands. The toolbar is customizable.

D Directory path:  Use to view the directory you are editing. Click the globe icon to select a
directory domain. Click the lock to authenticate.

E Record Type tabs:  Use to view records for users, groups, and computer groups. If the
Inspector is enabled, this also contains the Inspector tab.

F Text filters:  Use to enter text to filter record names.

G Record list display:  Use to view names for a selected record type.

H Selection bar:  Use to view the number of records found and selected.

I Main Work Area:  Use to work with account, preference, and configuration options. This looks
different for each user, group, or preference type.

J Action zone:  Use to save and revert changes, and to make and apply preset configurations
to selected records.

Chapter 3    Administration Tools 43

 Customizing the Workgroup Manager Environment
There are several ways to tailor the Workgroup Manager environment:
ÂÂ To open Workgroup Manager Preferences, choose Workgroup Manager >
Preferences.
You can configure options such as if DNS names are resolved, if the Inspector is
enabled, if you need to enter a search query to list records, and what the maximum
number of displayed records is.
ÂÂ To customize the toolbar, choose View > Customize Toolbar.
ÂÂ To include predefined users and groups in the user and group lists, choose View >
Show System Users and Groups.
ÂÂ To open Server Admin, click the Server Admin toolbar button.

Server Monitor
You use Server Monitor to monitor local or remote Xserve hardware and trigger
mail notifications when circumstances warrant attention. Server Monitor provides
information about the installed operating system, drives, power supply, enclosure and
processor temperature, cooling blowers, security, and network.

The Server Monitor interface is shown below.

Server Monitor is installed in /Applications/Server/ when you install your server or set
up an administrator computer. To open Server Monitor, click the Server Monitor icon in
the Dock or double-click the Server Monitor icon in /Applications/Server/. From within
Server Admin, choose View > Server Monitor.

44 Chapter 3    Administration Tools

 To identify the Xserve computer to monitor, click Add Server, identify the server, and
enter user name and password information for an administrator of the server. If adding
the local server, use ’127.0.0.1’ for the IP address. If adding a remote server, enter the
server’s LOM hostname or IP address.

To specify how often you want to refresh data, use the “Update every” pop-up menu in
the Info pane.

To manage different lists of Xserve computers you want to monitor, choose File >
Export or File > Import. To consolidate lists into one, choose File > Merge.

The system identifier lights on the front and back of an Xserve computer light when
service is required. Use Server Monitor to understand why the lights are on. You can
also turn the lights on to identify a specific Xserve computer in a rack of servers by
selecting the server and clicking “System identifier light” in the Info pane.

To set up Server Monitor to notify you by mail when an Xserve computer’s status
changes, click Edit Notifications. For each server, you set up the conditions that
you want notification for. The mail message can come from Server Monitor or from
the server.

Server Monitor keeps logs of Server Monitor activity for each Xserve computer. To view
a log, click Show Log. The log shows, for example, Server Monitor attempts to contact
the server and whether a connection was successful. The log also shows server status
changes. (The logs don’t include system activity on the server.)

For additional information, see Server Monitor Help.

Chapter 3    Administration Tools 45

 iCal Service Utility
iCal Service Utility gives users access to shared information about locations and
resources. Users can use iCal Service Utility to set up information about shared
resources and locations for use with iCal Service.

iCal Service Utility Interface

The iCal Service Utility interface is shown here, with each element explained in the
following table.

A B

E F

A Search field:  Use to search record types. Numbers appear at the left of the Record Type
buttons to indicate the number of matching records.

B Record Type buttons:  Click to show the type of directory records desired.

C Results list:  Use to view the results of the record search.

D Record view:  Use to view the record selected in the Results list.

E Add button:  Use to location or resource record.

F Save button:  Click to save changes to the selected record.

For information about how to use iCal Service Utility, see the onscreen help for iCal
Service Utility.

46 Chapter 3    Administration Tools

 System Image Management
You can use the following Mac OS X Server applications to set up and manage
NetBoot and NetInstall images:
ÂÂ System Image Utility creates Mac OS X disk images. It’s installed with Mac OS X Server
software in the /Applications/Server/ folder.
The System Image Utility interface is shown below.

ÂÂ Server Admin enables and configures NetBoot service and supporting services.
It’s installed with Mac OS X Server software in the /Applications/Server/ folder.
ÂÂ PackageMaker creates package files that you use to add software to disk images.
Access PackageMaker from Xcode Tools. An installer for Xcode Tools is on the server
Install DVD in the Other Installs folder.
ÂÂ Property List Editor edits property lists such as NBImageInfo.plist. Access Property List
Editor from Xcode Tools.

The online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at

www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ provide instructions for using
all these applications.

Media Streaming Management

The online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/ provide instructions for administering
QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) using Server Admin and QuickTime Broadcaster.

Chapter 3    Administration Tools 47

 Command-Line Tools
If you’re an administrator who prefers to work in a command-line environment,
you can do so with Mac OS X Server.

From the Terminal application in Mac OS X, you can use the built-in UNIX shells
(sh, csh, tsh, zsh, bash) to use tools for installing and setting up server software and
for configuring and monitoring services. You can also submit commands from a non-
Mac OS X computer.

Mac OS X Server has a command-line version of Server Admin called serveradmin that
you use to administer the services that Server Admin manages. It is run on the server
to be administered over a remote connection.

When managing remote servers, you conduct secure administration by working in a

Secure Shell (SSH) session.

Server Status Widget

The Server Status widget lets you monitor Mac OS X Server v10.6 activity from any
computer with Mac OS X v10.6 or Mac OS X Server v10.6. Server Status shows you
graphs of processor activity, network load, and disk usage.

For information about using the Server Status widget, see Getting Started or Server
Preferences Help.

RAID Admin
RAID Admin is a tool to administer and monitor Xserve RAID devices. You use RAID
Admin to set up Xserve RAID hardware, including:
ÂÂ Creating, deleting, and expanding RAID arrays
ÂÂ Monitoring the status of Xserve RAID systems
ÂÂ Adjusting settings, including system name and password, network address for each
RAID controller, fibre channel communication speed, drive cache, and controller
cache
ÂÂ Setting up email notification for system alerts
ÂÂ Implementing advanced features, such as dividing arrays into slices and updating
the firmware of an Xserve RAID system.

48 Chapter 3    Administration Tools

 Podcast Capture, Composer, and Producer
Podcast Capture takes audio and video from a local or remote camera, captures
screen activity, or uploads QuickTime files into Podcast Producer for encoding and
distribution. Podcast Composer creates the workflow instructions for Podcast Producer.

Xgrid Admin
You can use Xgrid Admin to monitor local or remote Xgrid controllers, grids, and jobs.
You can add controllers and agents to monitor and specify agents that have not yet
joined a grid. You also use Xgrid Admin to pause, stop, or restart jobs.

The Xgrid Admin interface is shown here.

Xgrid Admin is installed in /Applications/Server/ when you install your server or set up
an administrator computer. To open Xgrid Admin, double-click the Xgrid Admin icon in
/Applications/Server/.

For additional information, see Xgrid Admin help.

Chapter 3    Administration Tools 49

 Apple Remote Desktop
Apple Remote Desktop (ARD), which you can optionally purchase, is an easy-to-use
network-computer management application. It simplifies the setup, monitoring, and
maintenance of remote computers and lets you interact with users.

The ARD interface is shown here.

You can use ARD to:

ÂÂ Control and observe computer screens.
ÂÂ Configure computers and install software.
ÂÂ Conduct one-to-one or one-to-many user interactions to provide help or tutoring.
ÂÂ Perform basic network troubleshooting.
ÂÂ Generate reports that audit computer hardware characteristics and installed
software.

You can also use ARD to control installation on a computer that you start up from an
installation disc for Mac OS X Server v10.5 or later, because ARD includes VNC viewer
capability.

For more information about Apple Remote Desktop, see

www.apple.com/remotedesktop/.

50 Chapter 3    Administration Tools

 Enhancing Security
4
By vigilantly adhering to security policies and practices, you
can minimize the threat to system integrity and data privacy.
Mac OS X Server is built on a robust UNIX foundation that contains many security
features in its core architecture. State-of-the-art, standards-based technologies protect
your server, network, and data. These technologies include a built-in firewall with
stateful packet analysis, strong encryption and authentication services, data security
architectures, and support for access control lists (ACLs).

Use this chapter to stimulate your thinking. It doesn’t present a rigorous planning
outline, nor does it provide the details you need to determine whether to implement
a particular security policy and assess its resource requirements. Instead, view this
chapter as an opportunity to plan and institute the security policies necessary for your
environment.

About Physical Security

The physical security of a server is an often overlooked aspect of computer security.
Anyone with physical access to a computer (for example, to open the case, or plug in
a keyboard, and so forth) has almost full control over the computer and the data on it.
For example, someone with physical access to a computer can:
ÂÂ Restart the computer from another external disc, bypassing any existing login
mechanism.
ÂÂ Remove hard disks and use forensic data recovery techniques to retrieve data.
ÂÂ Install hardware-based key-loggers on the local administration keyboard.

In your own organization and environment, you must decide which precautions are
necessary, effective, and cost-effective to protect the value of your data and network.

For example, in an organization where floor-to-ceiling barriers might be needed to

protect a server room, securing the air ducts leading to the room might also need
to be considered. Other organizations might only need a locked server rack or an
firmware password.

 51
 About Network Security
Network security is as important to data integrity as physical security. Although
someone might immediately see the need to lock down an expensive server, he or she
might not immediately see the need to restrict access to the data on that same server.
The following sections provide considerations, techniques, and technologies to assist
you in securing your network.

Firewalls and Packet Filters

Much like a physical firewall that acts as a physical barrier to provide heat and heat
damage protection in a building or for a vehicle, a network firewall acts as a barrier for
your network assets, preventing data tampering from external sources.

Mac OS X Server’s Firewall service is software that protects the network applications
running on your Mac OS X Server.

Turning on Firewall service is similar to erecting a wall to limit access. The service scans
incoming IP packets and rejects or accepts packets based on the rules you create.

You can restrict access to any IP service running on the server, and you can customize
rules for incoming clients or a range of client IP addresses. Services such as Web and
FTP services are identified on your server by a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port number.

When a computer tries to connect to a service, Firewall service scans the rule list for
a matching rule. When a packet matches a rule, the action specified in the rule (such
as allow or deny) is taken. Then, depending on the action, additional rules might be
applied.

If the server gets its Internet connection through an AirPort Extreme Base Station
(802.11n) or a Time Capsule, you can use it instead of the server’s firewall to protect
the network. You can automatically manage the base station or Time Capsule in the
Security pane of Server Preferences. AirPort automanagement isn’t available using
Server Admin.

You can also protect a small network with other kinds of Internet sharing routers,
but you must manage them manually. For more information, see Mac OS X Server
Getting Started.

Network DMZ
In computer network security, a demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a network area
(a subnetwork) that is between an organization’s internal network and an external
network like the Internet.

You can make connections from the internal and external network to the DMZ, and
you can make connections from the DMZ to the external network, but you cannot
make connections from the DMZ to the internal network.

52 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 This allows an organization to provide services to the external network while
protecting the internal network from being compromised by a host in the DMZ. If
someone compromises a DMZ host, he or she cannot connect to the internal network.

The DMZ is often used to connect servers that need to be accessible from the external
network or Internet, such as mail, web, and DNS servers.

Connections from the external network to the DMZ are often controlled using firewalls
and address translation.

You can create a DMZ by configuring your firewall. Each network is connected to a
different port on the firewall, called a three-legged firewall setup. This is simple to
implement but creates a single point of failure.

Another approach is to use two firewalls with the DMZ in the middle, connected to
both firewalls, and with one firewall connected to the internal network and the other
to the external network. This is called a screened-subnet firewall.

This setup provides protection in case of firewall misconfiguration, allowing access

from the external network to the internal network.

VLANs
Mac OS X Server provides 802.1q Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) support on the
Ethernet ports and secondary PCI gigabit Ethernet cards available or included with
Xserves.

VLAN allows multiple computers on different physical LANs to communicate with

each other as if they were on the same LAN. Benefits include more efficient network
bandwidth utilization and greater security, because broadcast or multicast traffic is
only sent to computers on the common network segment. Xserve VLAN support
conforms to the IEEE 802.1q standard.

MAC Filtering
MAC filtering (or layer 2 address filtering) refers to a security access control where a
network interface’s MAC address, or Ethernet address (the 42-bit address assigned to
each network interface), is used to determine access to the network.

MAC addresses are unique to each card, so using MAC filtering on a network permits
and denies network access to specific devices, rather than to specific users or network
traffic types. Individual users are not identified by a MAC address, only a device, so an
authorized person must have an allowed list of devices that he or she would use to
access the network.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 53

 In theory, MAC filtering allows a network administrator to permit or deny network
access to hosts and devices associated with the MAC address, although in practice
there are methods to avoid this form of access control through address modification
(spoofing) or the physical exchange of network cards between hosts.

Transport Encryption
Transferring data securely across a network involves encrypting the packet contents
sent between computers. Mac OS X Server can provide Transport Layer Security (TLS)
and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) as the cryptographic protocols that
provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as web browsing, mail,
and other data transfers.

These encryption protocols allow client and server applications to communicate in a

way that helps prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery.

TLS provides endpoint authentication and communications privacy over the Internet
using cryptography. These encrypted connections authenticate the server (so its
identity is ensured) but the client remains unauthenticated.

To have mutual authentication (where each side of the connection is assured of the
identity of the other), use a public key infrastructure (PKI) for the connecting clients.

Mac OS X Server makes use of OpenSSL and has integrated transport encryption into
the following tools and services:
ÂÂ Server administration using Server Admin and Server Preferences
ÂÂ User and group management using Workgroup Manager.
ÂÂ Address Book Server
ÂÂ iCal Server
ÂÂ iChat Server
ÂÂ Mail Service
ÂÂ Open Directory
ÂÂ Podcast Producer
ÂÂ RADIUS
ÂÂ SSH
ÂÂ VPN (L2TP)
ÂÂ Web service

Payload Encryption
Rather than encrypting the transfer of a file across the network, you can encrypt the
contents of the file instead. Files with strong encryption might be captured in transit,
but would still be unreadable.

54 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 Most transport encryption requires the participation of both parties in the transaction.
Some services (such as SMTP mail service) can’t reliably use such techniques, so
encrypting the file itself is the only method of reliably securing the file content.

To learn more about file encryption, see “About File Encryption” on page 55.

About File Security

By default, files and folders are owned by the user who creates them. After they’re
created, items keep their privileges (a combination of ownership and permissions)
even when moved, unless the privileges are explicitly changed by their owners or
an administrator. Therefore, files and folders you create are not accessible if they are
created in a folder that the users don’t have privileges for.

When setting up share points, make sure that items allow appropriate access privileges
for the users you want to share them with.

File and Folder Permissions

Mac OS X Server supports the following file and folder permissions:
ÂÂ Standard Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) permissions
ÂÂ Access Control Lists (ACLs)

POSIX permissions let you control access to files and folders based on three categories
of users: Owner, Group, and Everyone Else.

Although these permissions control who can access a file or a folder, they lack the
flexibility and granularity that many organizations require to deal with elaborate user
environments.

ACL permissions provide an extended set of permissions for files or folders and allow
you to set multiple users and groups as owners. In addition, ACLs are compatible with
Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP, giving you added flexibility in a multiplatform
environment.

For more information about file permissions, see the online help and Mac OS X Server
Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/

About File Encryption

Mac OS X has a number of technologies that can perform file encryption, including:
ÂÂ FileVault:  FileVault performs on-the-fly encryption on each user’s home folder.
This encrypts the entire directory in one virtual volume, which is mounted, and
the data is unencrypted as needed.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 55

 ÂÂ Secure VM:  Secure VM encrypts system virtual memory (memory data temporarily
written to the hard disk), not user files. It improves system security by keeping
virtual memory files from being read and exploited.
ÂÂ Disk Utility:  Disk Utility can create disk images whose contents are encrypted and
password protected. Disk images act like removable media such as external hard
disks or USB memory sticks, but they exist only as files on the computer. After you
create an encrypted disk image, double-click it to mount it. Files you drag onto the
mounted image are encrypted and stored on the disk image. You can send this disk
image to other Mac OS X users. With the unlocking password, they can retrieve the
files you locked in the disk image.

Secure Delete
When a file is put in the Trash and the Trash is emptied, or when a file is removed
using the rm UNIX tool, the files are not removed from disk. Instead, they are removed
from the list of files the operating system (OS) tracks and does not write over.

Any space on your hard disk that is free space (places the OS can put a file) most likely
contains previously deleted files. Such files can be retrieved using undelete utilities
and forensic analysis.

To truly remove the data from disk, you must use a more secure delete method.
Security experts advise writing over deleted files and free space multiple times with
random data.

Mac OS X Server provides the following tools to allow you to securely delete files:
ÂÂ Secure Empty Trash (a command in the Finder menu to use instead of “Empty Trash”
ÂÂ srm (a UNIX utility that securely deletes files, used in place of “rm”)

About Authentication and Authorization

Authentication is verifying a person’s identity, but authorization is verifying that
an authenticated person is allowed to perform a certain action. Authentication is
necessary for authorization.

In a computing context, when you provide a login name and password, you are
authenticated to the computer because it assumes only one person (you) knows the
login name and the password. After you are authenticated, the operating system
checks lists of people who are permitted to access certain files, and if you are
authorized to access them, you are permitted to.

Because authorization can’t occur without authentication, authorization is sometimes

used to mean the combination of authentication and authorization.

56 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 In Mac OS X Server, users trying to access services (like logging in to a directory-aware
workstation, or trying to mount a remote volume) must authenticate by providing a
login name and password before privileges for the users can be determined.

You have several options for authenticating users:

ÂÂ Open Directory authentication. Based on the standard Simple Authentication
and Security Layer (SASL) protocol, Open Directory authentication supports many
authentication methods, including CRAM-MD5, APOP, WebDAV, SHA-1, LAN Manager,
NTLMv2, and Kerberos.
Open Directory authentication lets you set up password policies for individual users
or for all users whose records are stored in a directory, with exceptions if required.
Open Directory authentication also lets you specify password policies for individual
directory replicas.
For example, you can specify a minimum password length or require a user to
change the password the next time he or she logs in. You can also disable login for
inactive accounts or after a specified number of failed login attempts.
ÂÂ Kerberos v5 authentication. Using Kerberos authentication allows integration
into existing Kerberos environments. The Key Distribution Center (KDC) on
Mac OS X Server offers full support for password policies you set up on the server.
Using Kerberos also provides a feature known as single sign-on, described in the next
section.
The following services on Mac OS X Server support Kerberos authentication:
ÂÂ Address Book Server
ÂÂ Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
ÂÂ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
ÂÂ iCal Server
ÂÂ iChat Server
ÂÂ Login window
ÂÂ Mail Services
ÂÂ Network Filing Protocol (NFS)
ÂÂ Open Directory (LDAPv3)
ÂÂ Printing (IPP)
ÂÂ Screen saver
ÂÂ Secure Shell (SSH)
ÂÂ Server Message Block file service (SMB)
ÂÂ Virtual Private Network (VPN)
ÂÂ Virtual Network Computing (VNC, known as Screen Sharing in Mac OS X Server)

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 57

 ÂÂ Web Service (Apache via the SPNEGO Simple and Protected GSS-API Negotiation
Mechanism protocol)
ÂÂ Xgrid
ÂÂ Storing passwords in user accounts. This approach might be useful when migrating
user accounts from earlier server versions. However, this approach may not support
clients that require network-secure authentication protocols, such as APOP.
ÂÂ Non-Apple LDAPv3 authentication. This approach is available for environments
that have LDAPv3 servers set up to authenticate users.
ÂÂ RADIUS (an authentication protocol for controlling network access by clients
in mobile or fixed configurations). For more information about RADIUS in
Mac OS X Server, see the online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

Single Sign-On
Mac OS X Server uses Kerberos for single sign-on authentication, which relieves users
from entering a user name and password separately for every service. With single sign-
on, a user always enters a user name and password in the login window. Thereafter,
the user does not need to enter a name and password for Apple file service, mail
service, or other services that use Kerberos authentication.

To use single sign-on, users and services must be Kerberized—configured for Kerberos
authentication—and must use the same Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) server.

User accounts that reside in an LDAP directory of Mac OS X Server and have a
password type of Open Directory use the server’s built-in KDC. These user accounts are
configured for Kerberos and single sign-on.

This server’s Kerberized services also use the server’s built-in KDC and are configured
for single sign-on. This Mac OS X Server KDC can also authenticate users for services
provided by other servers. Having additional servers with Mac OS X Server use the
Mac OS X Server KDC requires minimal configuration.

Kerberos was developed at MIT to provide secure authentication and communication

over open networks like the Internet. Kerberos provides proof of identity for two
parties. It enables you to prove who you are to network services you want to use.
It also proves to your applications that network services are genuine, not spoofed.

Like other authentication systems, Kerberos does not provide authorization. Each
network service determines for itself what it will allow you to do based on your proven
identity.

Kerberos allows a client and a server to unambiguously identify each other much
more securely than the typical challenge-response password authentication methods
traditionally deployed.

58 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 Kerberos also provides a single sign-on environment where users must authenticate
only once a day, week, or other period of time, easing authentication loads for users.
Mac OS X Server and Mac OS X versions 10.3 through 10.6 support Kerberos version 5.

About Certificates, SSL, and Public Key Infrastructure

Mac OS X Server supports services that use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to ensure
encrypted data transfer. It uses a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) system to generate and
maintain certificates for use with SSL-enabled services.

PKI systems allow the two parties in a data transaction to be authenticated to each
other and to use encryption keys and other information in identity certificates to
encrypt and decrypt messages traveling between them.

PKI enables multiple communicating parties to establish confidentiality, message

integrity, and message source authentication without exchanging secret information
in advance.

SSL technology relies on a PKI system for secure data transmission and user
authentication. It creates an initial secure communication channel to negotiate a
faster, secret key transmission. Mac OS X Server uses SSL to provide encrypted data
transmission for mail, web, and directory services.

The following sections contain more background information about key aspects of PKI.

Public and Private Keys

Within a PKI, two digital keys are created: the public key and the private key.
The private key isn’t distributed to anyone and is often encrypted by a passphrase.
The public key is distributed to other communicating parties.

Basic key capabilities can be summed up as follows:

Key type Capabilities

Public ÂÂ Can encrypt messages that can only by
decrypted by the holder of the corresponding
Private key.
ÂÂ Can verify the signature on a message to
ensure that it is coming from a Private key.
Private ÂÂ Can digitally sign a message or certificate,
claiming authenticity.
ÂÂ Can decrypt messages that were encrypted
with the Public key.
ÂÂ Can encrypt messages that can only be
decrypted by the private key.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 59

 Web, mail, and directory services use the public key with SSL to negotiate a shared key
for the duration of the connection.

For example, a mail server will send its public key to a connecting client and initiate
negotiation for a secure connection. The connecting client uses the public key to
encrypt a response to the negotiation. The mail server, because it has the private key,
can decrypt the response. The negotiation continues until the mail server and the
client have a shared secret to encrypt traffic between computers.

Certificates
A certificate is an electronic document that contains a public key with identification
information (name, organzation, email address, and so on). In a public key
environment, a certificate is digitally signed by a Certificate Authority, or its own
private key (the latter being a self-signed certificate).

A public key certificate is a file in a specified format (Mac OS X Server uses the x.509
format) that contains:
ÂÂ The public key half of a public-private key pair
ÂÂ The key user’s identity information, such as a person’s name and contact information
ÂÂ A validity period (how long the certificate can be trusted to be accurate)
ÂÂ The URL of someone with the power to revoke the certificate (its revocation center)
ÂÂ The digital signature of a CA, or the key user

About Certificate Authorities (CAs)

A CA is an entity that signs and issues digital identity certificates claiming that a party
is correctly identified. In this sense, a CA is a trusted third party used by other parties
when performing transactions.

In x.509 systems such as Mac OS X, CAs are hierarchical, with CAs being certified by
higher CAs, until you reach a root authority. A root authority is a CA that’s trusted by
the parties, so it doesn’t need to be authenticated by another CA. The hierarchy of
certificates is top-down, with the root authority’s certificate at the top.

A CA can be a company that signs and issues a public key certificate. The certificate
attests that the public key belongs to the owner recorded in the certificate.

In a sense, a CA is a digital notary public. You request a certificate by providing the CA

with your identity information, contact information, and the public key. The CA then
verifies your information so users can trust certificates issued for you by the CA.

60 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 About Identities
Identities are a certificate and a private key, together. The certificate identifies the
user, and the private key corresponds to the certificate. A single user can have several
identities; for any given user each certificate could have a different name, email
address, or issuer.

These identities are used for different security contexts. For example, one could be
used to sign others’ certificates, and one could be used to identify the user by email,
and these do not need to be the same identity.

In the context of the Mac OS X Server Certificate Manager, identities include a signed
certificate and both keys of a PKI key pair. The identities are used by the system
keychain and are available for use by various services that support SSL.

About Self-Signed Certificates

Self-signed certificates are digitally signed by the private key corresponding to
the public key included in the certificate. This is done in place of a CA signing the
certificate. By self-signing a certificate, you’re attesting that you are who you say you
are. No trusted third party is involved.

About Intermediate Trust

If you are your own CA, and your certificates are not trusted by the default shipping
root certificates in Mac OS X, your clients can still be configured to trust your
certificates through an intermediate trust.

Trust is the ability of a client to believe the identity of a server when it connects.
A trusted server is a known server that the client can transact with securely, without
interference from outside and unknown parties.

Mac OS X clients follow x.509 trust validation when accepting certificates, meaning
they follow the chain of certificate signers back until they find a trusted root certificate.

Mac OS X lets you specify a trusted anchor (in other words, a certificate that is not a
root CA certificate, but that you trust). A client can trust a certificate closer in the chain
of trust, or even just the submitted certificate itself. Trusting a certificate that isn’t a
shipping root anchor is intermediate trust.

To accomplish this, trust needs to be bestowed on certificates instead of to keychains

(as was done previously). In v10.4, trust was given to certificates in the keychain
called “X509Anchors.” The X509Anchors keychain was deprecated starting with
Mac OS X v10.5.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 61

 Several keychains can hold certificates:
ÂÂ SystemRootCertificates: This keychain holds root certificates that ship with
Mac OS X. The certificates already have trust given to them.
ÂÂ System: This keychain holds certificates that the computer administrator can add. All
users on a given client can read from this keychain. The trust settings of a certificate
in this keychain can override those of a certificate in SystemRootCertificates.
ÂÂ Any other keychain: This holds certificates for a given user and is only accessible to
that user. The trust settings of a certificate in this keychain can override those of a
certificate in SystemRootCertificates or System.

Trusted certificates can be in any of these locations, but to trust a certificate,

trust settings must be given explicitly to a certificate.

To configure clients to trust a certificate:

1 Copy the self-signed CA certificate (the file named ca.crt) onto each client computer.
This is preferably distributed using nonrewritable media, such as a CD-R. Using
nonrewritable media prevents the certificate from being corrupted.
2 Open the Keychain Access tool by double-clicking the ca.crt icon where the certificate
was copied onto the client computer.
3 Drag the certificate to the System keychain using Keychain Access.
Authenticate as an administrator, if requested.
4 Double-click the certificate to get the certificate details.
5 In the details window, click the Trust disclosure triangle.
6 From the pop-up menu next to “When using this certificate,” select “Always Trust”
You have now added trust to this certificate, regardless of who it is signed by.

From the command line

After copying the certificate to the target client computer, perform the following,
replacing <certificate> with the file path to the certificate:
sudo /usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -k /Library/Keychains/System.
keychain <certificate>

You can use the security tool to save and restore trust settings as well. For more
information on using the security command-line tool, see the security man page.

Certificate Manager in Server Admin

Mac OS X Server’s Certificate Manager is integrated into Server Admin to help you
create, use, and maintain identities for SSL-enabled services.

62 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 The Server Admin interface is shown below, with Certificates selected.

Certificate Manager provides integrated management of SSL certificates in

Mac OS X Server for services that allow the use of SSL certificates. On installation,
the server creates a self-signed certificate for immediate use from information you
put in during server setup.

Certificate Manager uses Mac OS X’s Certificate Assistant to create self-signed

certificates and certificate-signing requests (CSRs) to obtain certificates signed by a
CA. The certificates, self-signed or signed by a CA, are then accessible by services that
support SSL.

Certificate Manager in Server Admin doesn’t allow you to sign and issue certificates
as a CA, nor does it allow you to sign and issue certificates as a root authority. If you
need these functions, you can use Certificate Assistant in Keychain Access (located in
/Applications/Utilities/). It provides these capabilities and others for working with x.509
certificates.

Identities that were created and stored in OpenSSL files can also be imported into
Certificate Manager. They are accessible to services that support SSL. Self-signed and
CA-issued certificates you created in CA Assistant can be used in Certificate Manager
by importing the certificate.

Certificate Manager displays the following for each certificate:

ÂÂ The domain name the certificate was issued for
ÂÂ The expiration date of the certificate
ÂÂ When selected, the detailed contents of the certificate

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 63

 When certificates and keys are imported via Certificate Manager, they are put in the
/etc/certificates/ directory. The directory contains four PEM formatted files for every
identity:
ÂÂ The certificate
ÂÂ The public key
ÂÂ The trust chain
ÂÂ The concatenated version of the certificate plus the trust chain (for use with some
services)

The certificate and trust chain are owned by the root user and the wheel group, with
permissions set to 644. The public key and concatenation file are owned by the root
user and the certusers group, with permissions set to 640.

Each file has the following naming convention:

<common name>.<SHA1 hash of the certificate>.<cert | chain | concat | key>.pem

For example, the certificate for a web server at example.com might look like this:

www.example.com.C42504D03B3D70F551A3C982CFA315595831A2E3.cert.pem

Readying Certificates
Before you can use SSL in Mac OS X Server’s services, you must create or import
certificates. You can create self-signed certificates, create certificates and then generate
a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) to send to a CA, or import certificates previously
created with OpenSSL.

If you have previously generated certificates for SSL, you can import them for use by
Mac OS X Server services. The OpenSSL keys and certificates must be in PEM format.

Select a CA to sign your certificate request. If you don’t have a CA to sign your request,
consider becoming your own CA and then import your CA certificates into the root
trust database of your managed machines.

When you set up Mac OS X Server, the Server Assistant creates a self-signed certificate
based on information you provided when it’s first installed. It can be used for any
service that supports SSL. When your clients choose to trust the certificate, SSL
connections can be used without user interaction from that point on.

This initial self-signed certificate is used by Server Admin and Server Preferences to
encrypt administrative functions.

64 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 Creating a Self-Signed Certificate
A self-signed certificate is generated at server setup. Although it is available for use,
you may want to customize the information in the certificate, so you would create a
new self-signed certificate. This is especially important if you plan on having a CA sign
your certificate.

When you create a self-signed certificate, Certificate Manager creates a private–public

key pair in the System keychain with the key size specified (512 - 2048 bits). It then
creates the corresponding self-signed certificate.

If you’re using a self-signed certificate, consider using an intermediate trust for it and
import the certificate into the System keychain on all client computers (if you have
control of the computers). For more information about using intermediate trust,
see “About Intermediate Trust” on page 61.

To create a self-signed certificate:

1 In Server Admin, select the server that has services that support SSL.
2 Click Certificates.
3 Click the Add (+) button and choose Create a Certificate Identity.
Certificate Assistant launches, populated with information needed to generate the
certificate.
4 If you override the defaults, choose “Let me override defaults” and follow the onscreen
instructions.
5 When finished, click Continue.
6 Confirm the certificate creation by clicking Continue.

The Certificate Assistant generates a key pair and certificate. Certificate Manager
encrypts the files with a random passphrase, puts the passphrase in the System
keychain, and puts the resulting PEM files in /etc/certificates/.

Requesting a Certificate from a Certificate Authority

Certificate Manager helps you create a CSR to send to your designated CA.

You need a certificate for the CA to sign. You can use the one that was generated at
server setup, but more likely you will want to generate one that has all the details
the CA requires before signing. If you need to generate a certificate before getting it
signed, see “Creating a Self-Signed Certificate” on page 65.

To request a signed certificate:

1 In Server Admin, select the server that has services that support SSL.
2 Click Certificates.
3 Select the certificate you want signed.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 65

 4 Click the Action button below the certificates list and choose “Generate Certificate
Signing Request (CSR).”
Certificate manager creates the signing request and shows the ASCII text version in
the sheet.
5 Click Save to save the CSR to the disk.

Your CA will have instructions on how to transfer the CSR to the signer. Some CAs
require you to use a web interface; others require sending the CSR in the body of a
mail message. Follow the instructions given by the CA.

The CA will return a newly signed certificate, which replaces the one you generated.
For instructions on what to do now with your newly signed certificate, see “Replacing
an Existing Certificate” on page 71.

Creating a Certificate Authority

To sign another user’s certificate, you must create a CA. Sometimes a CA certificate
is referred to as a root or anchor certificate. By signing a certificate with the root
certificate, you become the trusted third party in that certificate’s transactions,
vouching for the identity of the certificate holder.

If you are a large organization, you might decide to issue or sign certificates for people
in your organization to use the security benefits of certificates. However, external
organizations might not trust or recognize your signing authority.

To create a CA:
1 Start Keychain Access.
Keychain Access is found in the /Applications/Utilities/ directory.
2 In the Keychain Access menu, select Certificate Assistant > Create a Certificate
Authority.
The Certificate Assistant starts. It will guide you through the process of making the CA.
3 Choose to create a Self Signed Root CA.
4 Provide the Certificate Assistant with the requested information and click Continue.
You need the following information to create a CA:
ÂÂ An email address
ÂÂ The name of the issuing authority (you or your organization)
You also decide if you want to override the defaults and whether to make this CA the
organization’s default CA. If you do not have a default CA for the organization, allow
the Certificate Assistant to make this CA the default.
In most circumstances, do not override the defaults. If you do not override the defaults,
skip to step 16.

66 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 5 If you override the defaults, provide the following information in the next few screens:
ÂÂ A unique serial number for the root certificate
ÂÂ The number of days the CA functions before expiring
ÂÂ The type of user certificate this CA is signing
ÂÂ Whether to create a CA website for users to access for CA certificate distribution
6 Click Continue.
7 Provide the Certificate Assistant with the requested information and click Continue.
You need the following information to create a CA:
ÂÂ An email address of the responsible party for certificates
ÂÂ The name of the issuing authority (you or your organization)
ÂÂ The organization name
ÂÂ The organization unit name
ÂÂ The location of the issuing authority
8 Select a key size and an encryption algorithm for the CA certificate and then click
Continue.
A larger key size is more computationally intensive to use, but much more secure. The
algorithm you choose depends more on your organizational needs than a technical
consideration.
DSA and RSA are strong encryption algorithms. DSA is a United States Federal
Government standard for digital signatures.
9 Select a key size and an encryption algorithm for the certificates to be signed,
and then click Continue.
10 Select the Key Usage Extensions you need for the CA certificate and then click
Continue.
At a minimum, you must select Signature and Certificate Signing.
11 Select the Key Usage Extensions you need for the certificates to be signed and then
click Continue.
Default key use selections are based on the type of key selected earlier in the Assistant.
12 Specify other extensions to add the CA certificate and click Continue.
13 Select the keychain “System” to store the CA certificate.
14 Choose to trust certificates on this computer signed by the created CA.
15 Click Continue and authenticate as an administrator to create the certificate and
key pair.
16 Read and follow the instructions on the last page of the Certificate Assistant.
You can now issue certificates to trusted parties.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 67

 Using a CA to Create a Certificate for Someone Else
You can use your CA certificate to issue a certificate to someone else. By doing so you
are stating you want to be a trusted party that can certify the identity of the certificate
holder.

Before you can create a certificate for someone, that person must generate a CSR. The
user can use the Certificate Assistant to generate the CSR and mail the request to you.
You then use the CSR’s text to make the certificate.

To create a certificate for someone else:

1 Start Keychain Access.
Keychain Access is found in the /Applications/Utilities/ directory.
2 In the Keychain Access menu, select Certificate Assistant > Create a Certificate for
Someone Else as a Certificate Signing Authority.
The Certificate Assistant starts, and guides you through the process of making the
certificate.
3 Drag the CSR and drop it on the target area.
4 Choose the CA that is the issuer and sign the request.
You can choose to override the request defaults.
5 Click Continue.
If you override the request defaults, provide the Certificate Assistant with the
requested information and click Continue.
The Certificate is now signed. The default mail application launches with the signed
certificate as an attachment.

Importing a Certificate Identity

You can import a previously generated OpenSSL certificate and private key into
Certificate Manager. The items are listed as available in the list of identities and are
available to SSL-enabled services.

The OpenSSL keys and certificates must be in PEM format.

To import an existing OpenSSL style certificate:

1 In Server Admin, select the server that has services that support SSL.
2 Click Certificates.
3 Click the Add (+) button and choose Import a Certificate Identity.
4 Drag the PEM file containing the private key to the sheet.
5 Drag the PEM file containing the public certificate to the sheet.
6 If needed, drag associated nonidentity certificates to the sheet as well.

68 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 7 Click the Import button.
If prompted, enter the private key passphrase.

Managing Certificates
After you create and sign a certificate, you won’t do much more with it. Since
certificates cannot be edited, you can either delete, replace, or revoke certificates after
they are created. You cannot change certificates after a CA signs them.

If the information a certificate possesses (such as contact information) is no longer

accurate, or if you believe the private key is compromised, delete the certificate.

If you have previously generated certificates for SSL, you can import them for use by
services. The OpenSSL keys and certificates must be in PEM format.

If you chose custom locations for your SSL certificates with Leopard Server, you must
import them into Certificate Manager if you want them to be available for services.

Custom filesystem locations for certificates cannot be managed for services using
Server Admin for Mac OS X Server v10.6. To use custom file locations, you must edit the
configuration files directly.

When certificates and keys are imported via Certificate Manager, they are put in the
/etc/certificates/ directory. The directory contains four PEM formatted files for every
identity:
ÂÂ The certificate
ÂÂ The public key
ÂÂ The trust chain
ÂÂ The concatenated version of the certificate plus the trust chain (for use with some
services)

Each file has the following naming convention:

<common name>.<SHA1 hash of the certificate>.<cert | chain | concat | key>.pem

For example, the certificate for a web server at example.com might look like this:

www.example.com.C42504D03B3D70F551A3C982CFA315595831A2E3.cert.pem

After they are imported, Certificate Manager encrypts the files with a random
passphrase. It puts the passphrase in the System keychain, and puts the resulting PEM
files in /etc/certificates/.

Editing a Certificate
After you add a certificate signature, you can’t edit the certificate. You must replace it
with one generated from the same private key.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 69

 For instructions on how to do this, see “Replacing an Existing Certificate” on page 71.

Distributing a CA Public Certificate to Clients

If you’re using self-signed certificates, a warning appears in most user applications
saying that the CA is not recognized. Other software, such as the LDAP client, refuses
to use SSL if the server’s CA is unknown.

Mac OS X Server ships only with certificates from well-known commercial CAs. To
prevent this warning, your CA certificate must be distributed to every client computer
that connects to the secure server.

To distribute your certificate to your clients:

1 Copy the self-signed CA certificate (the file named ca.crt) onto each client computer.
This is preferably distributed using nonrewritable media, such as a CD-R. Using
nonrewritable media prevents the certificate from being corrupted.
2 Open the Keychain Access tool by double-clicking the ca.crt icon where the certificate
was copied onto the client computer.
3 Drag the certificate to the System keychain using Keychain Access.
Authenticate as an administrator, if requested.
4 Double-click the certificate to get the certificate details.
5 In the details window, click the Trust disclosure triangle.
6 From the pop-up menu next to “When using this certificate,” select “Always Trust.”
You have now added trust to this certificate, regardless of who it is signed by.

From the command line

After copying the certificate to the target client computer, perform the following
where <certificate> is the file path to the certificate:
sudo /usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -k /Library/Keychains/System.
keychain <certificate>

You can use the security tool to save and restore trust settings as well. For more
information on using the security tool, see the security man page.

Deleting a Certificate
When a certificate has expired or been compromised, you must delete it.

To delete a certificate:
1 In Server Admin, select the server that has services that support SSL.
2 Click Certificates.
3 Select the Certificate Identity to delete.
4 Click the Remove (-) button and select Delete.

70 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 5 Click Save.

Renewing an Expiring Certificate

Certificates have an expiration date and must be renewed periodically. Renewing a
certificate is the same as replacing a certificate with a newly generated one with an
updated expiration date.

To renew an expiring certificate:

1 Request a new certificate from the CA.
If you are your own CA, create one using your own root certificate.
2 In Server Admin in the Server list, select the server that has the expiring certificate.
3 Click Certificates.
4 Select the Certificate Identity to renew.
5 Click the Action button and select “Replace Certificate with Signed or Renewed
Certificate.”
6 Drag the renewed certificate to the sheet.
7 Click Replace Certificate.

Replacing an Existing Certificate

If you change the DNS name of the server or any virtual hosts on the server, you must
replace an existing certificate with an updated one.

To replace an expiring certificate:

1 Request a certificate from the CA.
If you are your own CA, create one using your own root certificate.
2 In Server Admin in the Server list, select the server that has the expiring certificate.
3 Click Certificates.
4 Select the Certificate Identity to replace.
5 Click the Action button and select “Replace Certificate with Signed or Renewed
Certificate.”
6 Drag the replacement certificate to the sheet.
7 Click Replace Certificate.

Using Certificates
In Server Admin, services like Web, Mail, VPN, and so on display a pop-up list of
certificates that the administrator can choose from. The services vary in appearance
and therefore the pop-up list location varies. Consult the administration guide for the
service you’re trying to use with a certificate.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 71

 SSH and SSH Keys
SSH is a network protocol that establishes a secure channel between your computer
and a remote computer. It uses public-key cryptography to authenticate the remote
computer. It also provides traffic encryption and data integrity exchanged between
computers.

SSH is frequently used to log in to a remote machine to execute commands, but you
can also use it to create a secure data tunnel, forwarding through an arbitrary TCP port.
You can also use SSH to transfer files using SFTP and SCP. By default, an SSH server uses
the standard TCP port 22.

Mac OS X Server uses OpenSSH as the basis for its SSH tools. Notably, portable home
directory synchronization is provided via SSH.

Key-Based SSH Login

Key-based authentication is helpful for such tasks as automating file transfers and
backups and for creating failover scripts because it allows computers to communicate
without a user needing to enter a password.

Important:  Key-based authentication has risks. If the private key you generate

becomes compromised, unauthorized users can access your computers. You must
determine whether the advantages of key-based authentication are worth the risks.

Generating a Key Pair for SSH

The following outlines the process of setting up key-based SSH login on Mac OS X
and Mac OS X Server. To set up key-based SSH, you must generate the keys the two
computers will use to establish and validate the identity of each other.

This doesn’t authorize all users of the computer to have SSH access. Keys must be
generated for each user account.

To do this, run the following commands in Terminal:

1 Verify that an .ssh folder exists in your home folder by entering the command:
ls -ld ~/.ssh.

If .ssh is listed in the output, move to step 2. If .ssh is not listed in the output,
run mkdir ~/.ssh and continue to step 2.
2 Change directories in the shell to the hidden .ssh directory by entering the following
command:
cd ~/.ssh
3 Generate the public and private keys by entering the following command:
ssh-keygen -b 1024 -t rsa -f id_rsa -P ''

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 The -b flag sets the length of the keys to 1,024-bits, -t indicates to use the RSA hashing
algorithm, -f sets the file name as id_rsa, and -P followed by two single-quote marks
sets the private key password to be null. The null private key password allows for
automated SSH connections.
Keys are equivilant to passwords so you should keep them private and protected.
4 Copy the public key into the authorized key file by entering the following command:
cat id_rsa.pub >> authorized_keys2
5 Change the permissions of the private key by entering the following command:
chmod go-rwx ~/.ssh/.id_rsa

Set the permissions on the private key so the file can only be changed by the owner.
6 Copy the public key and the authorized key lists to the specified user’s home folder on
the remote computer by entering the following command:
scp authorized_keys2 username@remotemachine:~/.ssh/

To establish two-way communication between servers, repeat this process on the

second computer.

The process must be repeated for each user that needs to open key-based SSH
sessions. The root user is not excluded from this requirement. The home folder for the
root user on Mac OS X Server is located at /var/root/.

Key-Based SSH with Scripting Sample

A cluster of servers is an ideal environment for using key-based SSH.

The following Perl script is a trivial scripting example that should not be implemented,
but it demonstrates connecting over an SSH tunnel to all servers defined in the
variable serverList, running softwareupdate, installing available updates, and restarting
the computer if necessary.

The script assumes that key-based SSH was set up for the root user on all servers to be
updated.
#!/usr/bin/perl
# \@ is the escape sequence for the "@" symbol.
my @serverList = ('root\@exampleserver1.example.com',
'root\@exampleserver2.example.com');
foreach $server (@serverList) {
open SBUFF, "ssh $server -x -o batchmode=yes 'softwareupdate -i -a' |";
while(<SBUFF>) {
my $flag = 0;
chop($_);
#check for restart text in $_
my $match = "Please restart immediately";

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 73

 $count = @{[$_ =~ /$match/g]};
if($count > 0) {
$flag = 1;
}
}
close SBUFF;
if($flag == 1) {
"ssh $server -x -o batchmode=yes shutdown -r now"
}
}

Administration Level Security

Mac OS X Server can use another level of access control for added security.
Administrators can be assigned to services they can configure. These limitations are
enacted on a server-by-server basis. This method can be used by an administrator with
no restrictions to assign administrative duties to other admin group users.

This results in a tiered administration model, where some administrators have more
privileges than others for assigned services. This results in a method of access control
for individual server features and services.

For example, Alice (the lead administrator) has control over all services on a given
server and can limit the ability of other admin group users (like Bob and Cathy) to
change settings on the server. She can assign DNS and Firewall service administration
to Bob, while leaving Mail service administration to Cathy.

In this scenario, Cathy can’t change the firewall or any service other than mail. Likewise,
Bob can’t change any services outside of his assigned services.

Tiered administration controls are effective in Server Admin and the serveradmin
command-line tool. They are not effective against modifying UNIX configuration files
throughout the system. Protect UNIX configuration files with POSIX-type permissions
or ACLs.

Setting Administration Level Privileges

Mac OS X Server can use another level of access control for added security.
Administrators can be limited to specific services they can configure. These limitations
are enacted on a server-by-server basis. This method can be used by an administrator
with no restrictions to assign administrative duties to other admin group users.

This results in a tiered administration model, where some administrators have more
privileges than others for their assigned services. This results in a kind of access control
for individual server features and services.

74 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 You can determine which services other admin group users can modify. To do this,
the administrator making the determination must have full, unmodified access.

The process for setting administration level privileges is found in “Tiered

Administration Permissions” on page 149.

Service Level Security

You use a Service Access Control List (SACL) to enforce who can use a service. It is not
a means of authentication. It is a list of those who have access rights to use a service.

SACLs allow you to add a layer of access control on top of standard and ACL
permissions.

Only users and groups in an SACL can access its corresponding service. For example,
to prevent users from accessing AFP share points on a server, including home folders,
remove the users from the AFP service’s SACL.

Server Admin in Mac OS X Server allows you to configure SACLs. Open Directory
authenticates user accounts and SACLs authorize use of services. If Open Directory
authenticates you, the SACL for login window determines whether you can log in,
the SACL for AFP service determines whether you can connect for Apple file service,
and so on.

Setting SACL Permissions

SACLs allow you to specify which users and groups have access to Mac OS X Server
services, including AFP, FTP, and Windows file services.

To set SACL permissions for a service:

1 Open Server Admin.
2 Select the server from the Servers list.
3 Click Settings.
4 Click Access.
5 To restrict access to all services or deselect this option to set access permissions per
service, select “For all services.”
6 If you deselected “For all services,” select a service from the Service list.
7 To provide unrestricted access to services, click “Allow all users and groups.”
If you want to restrict access to certain users and groups:
ÂÂ Select “Allow only users and groups below.”
ÂÂ Click the Add (+) button to open the Users & Groups window.
ÂÂ Drag users and groups from the Users & Groups window to the list.
8 Click Save.

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 75

 Security Best Practices
Server administrators must make sure that adequate security measures are
implemented to protect a server from attacks. A compromised server risks the
resources and data on the server and risks the resources and data on other connected
systems. The compromised system can then be used as a base to launch attacks on
other systems within or outside your network.

Securing servers requires an assessment of the cost of implementing security with

the likelihood of a successful attack and the impact of that attack. It is not possible
to eliminate all security risks but it is possible to minimize risks to efficiently deal
with them.

Best practices for server system administration include the following:

ÂÂ Update your systems with critical security patches and updates.
ÂÂ Check for updates regularly.
ÂÂ Install antivirus tools, use them regularly, and update virus definition files and
software regularly.
Although viruses are less prevalent on the Mac platform than on Windows, viruses
still pose a risk.
ÂÂ Restrict physical access to the server.
Because local access generally allows an intruder to bypass most system security,
secure the server room, server racks, and network junctures. Use security locks.
Locking your systems is a prudent thing to do.
ÂÂ Make sure there is adequate protection against physical damage to servers and
ensure that the climate control functions in the server room.
ÂÂ Take additional precautions to secure servers.
For example, enable firmware passwords, encrypt passwords where possible,
and secure backup media.
ÂÂ Secure logical access to the server.
For example, remove or disable unnecessary accounts. Accounts for outside parties
should be disabled when not in use.
ÂÂ Configure SACLs as needed.
Use SACLs to specify who can access services.
ÂÂ Configure ACLs as needed.
Use ACLs to control who can access share points and their contents.
ÂÂ Protect any account with root or system administrator privileges by following
recommended password practices using strong passwords.
For more information about passwords, see “Password Guidelines” on page 77 .

76 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 ÂÂ Do not use administrator (UNIX “admin” group) accounts for daily use.
Restrict the use of administration privileges by keeping the admin login and
password separate from daily use.
ÂÂ Back up critical data on the system regularly, with a copy stored at a secure off-site
location.
Backup media is of little use in recovery if it is destroyed with the computer during
a fire. Test your backup and recovery contingency plans to ensure that recovery
actually works.
ÂÂ Review system audit logs regularly and investigate unusual traffic.
ÂÂ Disable services that are not required on your system.
A vulnerability that occurs in any service on your system can compromise the entire
system. In some cases, the default configuration (out of the box) of a system leads to
exploitable vulnerabilities in services that were enabled implicitly.
Turning on a service opens up a port that users can access your system from.
Although enabling Firewall service helps avoid unauthorized access, an inactive
service port remains a vulnerability that an attacker might exploit.
ÂÂ Enable Firewall service on servers, especially at the network frontier and DMZ.
Your server’s firewall is the first line of defense against unauthorized access. For
more information, see the onscreen help or Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/. Consider also a third-party hardware
firewall as an additional line of defense if your server is highly prone to attack.
ÂÂ If needed, install a local firewall on critical or sensitive servers.
Implementing a local firewall protects the system from an attack that might
originate within the organization’s network or from the Internet.
ÂÂ For additional protection, implement a local Virtual Private Network (VPN) that
provides a secure encrypted tunnel for communication between a client computer
and your server application. Some network devices provide a combination of
functions: firewall, intrusion detection, and VPN.
ÂÂ Administer servers remotely.
Manage your servers remotely using applications like Server Admin, Server Monitor,
RAID Admin, and Apple Remote Desktop. Minimizing physical access to the systems
reduces the possibility of mischief.

Password Guidelines
Many applications and services require that you create passwords to authenticate.
Mac OS X includes applications that help create complex passwords (using Password
Assistant), and securely store your passwords (using Keychain Access).

Chapter 4    Enhancing Security 77

 Creating Complex Passwords
Use the following tips to create complex passwords:
ÂÂ Use a mix of alphabetic (upper and lower case), numeric, and special characters
(such as ! and @).
ÂÂ Don’t use words or combinations of words found in a dictionary of any language.
ÂÂ Don’t append a number to an alphabetic word (for example, “wacky2”) to fulfill the
constraint of having a number.
ÂÂ Don’t substitute “look alike” numbers or symbols for letters (for example, “GR33N”
instead of “GREEN”).
ÂÂ Don’t use proper names.
ÂÂ Don’t use dates.
ÂÂ Create a password of at least 12 characters. Longer passwords are generally more
secure than shorter passwords.
ÂÂ Use passwords that can’t be guessed even by someone who knows you and your
interests well.
ÂÂ Create as random a password as possible.

You can use Password Assistant (located in /System/Library/CoreServices) to verify the

complexity of your password.

78 Chapter 4    Enhancing Security

 Installation and Deployment
5
Whether you install Mac OS X Server on a single server or a
cluster of servers, there are tools and processes to help the
installation and deployment succeed.
Some computers come with Mac OS X Server software already installed.
Other computers need the server software installed. For example, installing
Mac OS X Server v10.6 on a computer with Mac OS X makes the computer a server
with Mac OS X Server.

Installing Mac OS X Server v10.6 on Mac OS X Server v10.2–v10.5 upgrades the server

software to v10.6.

This chapter includes instructions for a fresh installation of Mac OS X Server v10.6

using a variety of methods.

Installation Overview
You’ve already planned and decided how many and what kind of servers you are
going to install.

Step 1: Confirm you meet the requirements

Make sure your target server meets the minimum system requirements. For more
information see:
ÂÂ “System Requirements for Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 81
ÂÂ “Hardware-Specific Instructions for Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 81

Step 2: Gather your information

Gather all the information you need before you begin. This helps to make sure the
installation goes smoothly, and helps you make planning decisions.

For planning your installation, see:

ÂÂ Chapter 2, “Planning Server Usage,” on page 24

 79
 Step 3: Set up the environment
If you are not in complete control of the network environment (DNS servers, DHCP
server, firewall, and so forth) coordinate with your network administrator before
installing. A functioning DNS system with full reverse lookups and a firewall to allow
configuration constitute a minimum for the setup environment.

If you plan on connecting the server to an existing directory system, you must also
coordinate efforts with the directory administrator. See the following:
ÂÂ “Setting Up Network Services” on page 82
ÂÂ “Connecting to the Directory During Installation” on page 82
ÂÂ “SSH During Installation” on page 82
ÂÂ “Preparing an Administrator Computer” on page 83

If you are administering the server from another computer, you must create an
administration computer.

Step 4: Start up the computer from an installation disk

You can’t install onto the disk the computer is started from, but you can upgrade. For
clean installations and upgrades, you must start up the server from an installation disk,
not from the target disk. See the following:
ÂÂ “About Starting Up for Installation” on page 84
ÂÂ “Remotely Accessing the Install DVD” on page 88
ÂÂ “Starting Up from the Install DVD” on page 85
ÂÂ “Starting Up from an Alternate Partition” on page 85
ÂÂ “Starting Up from a NetBoot Environment” on page 91

Step 5: Prepare the target disk

If you are doing a clean installation, you must prepare the target disk by making sure it
has the right format and partition scheme. See the following:
ÂÂ “Preparing Disks for Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 92
ÂÂ “Choosing a File System” on page 93
ÂÂ “About Hard Disk Partitioning” on page 94
ÂÂ “About Creating a RAID Set” on page 96
ÂÂ “Erasing a Disk or Partition” on page 99

Step 6: Start the installer

The installer application takes software from the startup disk and server software
packages and installs them on the target disk. See the following:
ÂÂ “Identifying Remote Servers When Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 90
ÂÂ “Installing Server Software Interactively” on page 99
ÂÂ “Installing Locally from the Installation Disc” on page 100

80 Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment

 ÂÂ “Installing Remotely with Server Assistant” on page 101
ÂÂ “Installing Remotely with Screen Sharing and VNC” on page 102
ÂÂ “Using the installer Command-Line Tool to Install Server Software” on page 104

Step 7: Set Up Services

Restart from the target disk to proceed to setup. For more information about server
setup, see Chapter 6, “Initial Server Setup.”

System Requirements for Installing Mac OS X Server

The Mac desktop computer or server where you install Mac OS X Server v10.6 must
have the following:
ÂÂ An Intel processor
ÂÂ At least 2 gigabytes (GB) of random access memory (RAM)
ÂÂ At least 10 gigabytes (GB) of available disk space
ÂÂ A new serial number for Mac OS X Server 10.6
The serial number used with any previous version of Mac OS X Server will not allow
registration in v10.6.

A built-in DVD drive is convenient but not required.

A display and keyboard are optional. You can install server software on a computer
that has no display and keyboard by using an administrator computer. For more
information, see “Setting Up an Administrator Computer” on page 124.

If you’re using an installation disc for Mac OS X Server v10.6, you can control

installation from another computer using VNC viewer software. Open-source VNC
viewer software is available. Apple Remote Desktop, described on “Apple Remote
Desktop” (page 50), includes VNC viewer capability.

Hardware-Specific Instructions for Installing Mac OS X Server

When you install server software on Xserve systems, the procedure you use when
starting the computer for installation is specific to the kind of Xserve hardware you
have. You may need to refer to the documents that came with your Xserve, where
these procedures are documented.

Gathering the Information You Need

Use the Installation & Setup Worksheet to record information for each server you want
to install. The information below provides supplemental explanations for items on the
worksheet.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 81

 Setting Up Network Services
Before you can install, you must set up the following for your network service:
ÂÂ DNS:  You must have a fully qualified domain name for each server’s IP addess in the
DNS system. The DNS zone must have the reverse-lookup record for the name and
address pair. Not having a stable, functioning DNS system with reverse lookup leads
to service failures and unexpected behaviors.
ÂÂ Static IP Address:  Make sure you have a static IP address already planned and
assigned to the server.
ÂÂ DHCP:  Do not assign dynamic IP addresses to servers. If your server gets its IP
address through DHCP, set up a static mapping in the DHCP server, so your server
gets (via its Ethernet address) the same IP address every time.
ÂÂ Firewall or routing:  In addition to any firewall running on your server, the subnet
router might have specific network traffic restrictions in place. Make sure the server’s
IP address is available for the traffic it will handle and the services you will run.

Connecting to the Directory During Installation

To use a server as an Open Directory master, make sure it has an active Ethernet
connection to a secure network before installation and initial setup. If the server
doesn’t have an active directory connection during setup, you can create an Open
Directory master later using Server Admin or Server Preferences.

To use a server bound to another directory server (Open Directory, Active Directory,
or other OpenLDAP), make sure you have the DNS name and IP address of the master
directory server before installation.

SSH During Installation

When you start up a computer from a server installation disc, SSH starts so that remote
installations can be performed.

Important:  Before you install or reinstall Mac OS X Server, make sure the network

is secure because SSH gives others access to the computer over the network. For
example, design the network topology so you can make the server computer’s subnet
accessible only to trusted users.

About the Server Install Disc

You can install server software using the Mac OS X Server Install Disc. This installation
disc contains everything to install Mac OS X Server.

82 Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment

 Mac OS X Server Install Disc
The Install Disc has a Documentation folder with Getting Started, Installation & Setup
Worksheet, and a Read Me file. It also contains an Other Installs folder, which has the
following installer packages:
ÂÂ ServerAdministrationSoftware.mpkg
Use this package to install the administration tools on a computer running
Mac OS X v10.6 to make it an administrator computer.
ÂÂ iPhoneConfigurationUtility.pkg
Use this package to install software that makes and distributes iPhone configuration
files.
ÂÂ X11User.pkg
Use this package to install software to allow the server to function as an X
Windowing System display server.
ÂÂ Xcode.mpkg
Use this package to install the free development tools for Mac OS X. This includes
system administration utilities like PackageMaker and Property List Editor.

Administration Tools CD
In addition to the installation disc, Mac OS X Server includes the Administration
Tools CD. You use this disc to set up an administrator computer. This disc has a
Documentation folder with Getting Started, Installation & Setup Worksheet, and an
acknowledgments page. It also contains:
ÂÂ ServerAdministrationSoftware.mpkg
Use this package to install the administration tools on a computer running
Mac OS X Snow Leopard to make it an administrator computer.
ÂÂ iPhoneConfigurationUtility.pkg
Use this package to install software that makes and distributes iPhone configuration
files.
ÂÂ Two developer tools: PackageMaker and Property List Editor

Preparing an Administrator Computer

You can use an administrator computer to install, set up, and administer
Mac OS X Server on another computer. An administrator computer is a computer with
Mac OS X Server v10.6 or Mac OS X v10.6 that you use to manage remote servers.
You cannot run the server administration tools from a Leopard or Leopard Server
computer.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 83

 When you install and set up Mac OS X Server on a computer that has a display and
keyboard, it’s already an administrator computer. To make a computer with Mac OS X
into an administrator computer, you must install additional software.

Important:  If you have administrative applications and tools from Mac OS X Server

v10.4 or earlier, do not use them on a computer with Mac OS X v10.6 or
Mac OS X Server v10.6.

To install Mac OS X Server v10.6 administration tools:

1 Make sure the Mac OS X computer has Mac OS X Server v10.6 installed.
2 Insert the Administration Tools CD.
3 Open the Installers folder.
4 Open ServerAdministrationSoftware.mpkg to start the Installer, and then follow the
onscreen instructions.

About Starting Up for Installation

The computer can’t install to its own startup volume, so you must start up in some
other way, such as:
ÂÂ DVDs
ÂÂ Alternate volumes (second partitions on the hard disk, or external FireWire disks)
ÂÂ NetBoot

The computer must install from the same disk or image that started up the computer.
Mounting another share point with an installer won’t work. The installer uses some of
the files currently active in the booted system partition for the new installation.

Before Starting Up
If you’re performing a clean installation rather than upgrading an existing server, back
up any user data that’s on the disk or partition where you’ll install the server software.

If you’re upgrading an existing server, make sure that saved setup data won’t be
detected and used to set up the server. Server Assistant looks for saved setup data on
all mounted disks and in all directories the server is configured to access. The saved
setup data will overwrite the server’s existing settings.

For more information about automatic server setup, see “Using Automatic Server
Setup” on page 115.

84 Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment

 Starting Up from the Install DVD
This is the simplest method of starting the computer, if you have physical access the
server and it has DVD drive.

Installer application
or
installer tool in
Terminal application

If the target server is an Xserve with a built-in DVD drive, start the server using the
Install DVD by following the instructions in Xserve User’s Guide for starting from a
system disc.

If the target server has no built-in DVD drive, you can use an external FireWire DVD
drive. You can also install server software on an Xserve system that lacks a DVD drive
by moving its drive module to another Xserve system that has a DVD drive.

To start up the computer with the installation disc.

1 Turn on the computer and insert the Mac OS X Server Install Disc into the DVD drive.
If you’re using a built-in DVD drive, you can restart the computer directly to the DVD
by holding down the C key. You can release the C key when you see the Apple logo.
Alternatively, you can restart the computer by holding down the Option key, selecting
the icon representing the installation disc, and then clicking the right arrow. You must
use this method if you are starting up from an external DVD drive.
If you’re installing on an Xserve, the procedure for starting up from a DVD may be
different.
For more information, see Xserve User’s Guide or the Quick Start guide that came with
your Xserve.
2 Open the Install Mac OS X Server application and click the Restart button.
The application is in the Mac OS X Server Install Disc window.
3 If you see an Install button instead of a Restart button in the lower-right corner of the
application window, click Install and proceed through the Installer panes by following
the onscreen instructions.

Starting Up from an Alternate Partition

For a single server installation, preparing to start up from an alternate partition can be
more time-consuming than using the Install DVD. The time required to image, scan,
and restore the image to a startup partition might exceed the time taken to install
once from the DVD.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 85

 However, if you are reinstalling regularly, or if you are creating an external Firewire
drive-based installation to take to various computers, or if you need some other kind
mass distribution (such as clustered Xserves without DVD drives installed), this method
can be very efficient.

This method is suited to installing on computers that you do not have easy physical
access to. With sufficient preparation, this method can be modified for easy mass
deployment of licensed copies of Mac OS X Server.

To use this method, you must have an existing installation of some kind on the
computer. It is intended for environments where a level of existing infrastructure of
Mac OS X Server is present, and might be unsuitable for a first server installation.

To start from an alternate partition, there are four basic steps.

Step 1: Prepare the disks and partitions on the target computer.

Before you proceed, you must have at least two partitions on the target computer.
The first is the initial and final startup partition; the second is the temporary installer
partition. You can use a single disk with multiple partitions or you can use multiple
disks. You use Disk Utility to prepare the disks.

For more information about preparing and partitioning a hard disk, see the Disk Utility
help.

Step 2: Create a restorable image of the Install DVD.

This step doesn’t need to be done on the target computer. It can be done on an
administrator computer, but there must be enough free space to image the entire
Install DVD. See “To create an image of the Install DVD” on page 86.

Step 3: Restore the image to the alternate partition.

You can restore the disk image to a partition within the computer or to an external
hard disk. When complete, the restored partition functions like the Install DVD. Make
sure the alternate partition is at least the size of the disk image. See “To restore the
image to a free volume” on page 87.

Step 4: Select the alternate partition as the startup disk.

After the partition is restored, it’s a startup and installer disk for your server. Now
start up the computer from that partition. After the computer is running, it is a
Mac OS X Server installer, exactly as if you had started the computer from the DVD.

To create an image of the Install DVD

1 Insert the Install DVD.
2 Launch Disk Utility.
3 Select the first session icon under the optical drive icon.
This is in the list of devices on the left side of the window.

86 Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment

 4 Select File > New > Disk Image from <device>.
5 Give the image a name; select Read-only, Read/Write, or Compressed as the image
type; and then click Save.
6 After the image is complete, select the image from list on the left.
7 In the menu, select Images > Scan Images for Restore.
8 Provide an administrator login and password as needed.
The installer disk image can now be restored to your extra partition.

From the command line

If you prefer to use the command line, you can use hdiutil to create the disk image,
and asr to scan the image for restore. All commands must be done with superuser or
root privileges.

For example, the first command creates the disk image Installer.dmg from the device
at disk1s1. The second command scans the image Installer.dmg and readies it for
restore.
hdiutil create -srcdevice disk1s1 Installer.dmg
asr imagescan --source Installer.dmg

To restore the image to a free volume

1 Start up the target computer.
2 Make sure the image does not reside on the partition that is to be erased.
3 Launch Disk Utility.
4 In the list of devices on the left side of the window, select the installer DVD image.
5 Click the Restore tab.
6 Drag the installer image from the left side of the window to the Source field.
7 Drag the alternate partition from the list of devices on the left side of the window to
the Destination field.
8 Select Erase Destination.
9 Click Restore.

From the command line

To use the command line, use the asr tool to restore the image to the partition.
Restoring the disk image to the partition will erase all existing data on the partition.
The basic syntax is: sudo asr restore -s <compressedimage> -t <targetvol>
--erase

The asr tool can also fetch the target image from an HTTP server using http or https
URLs as its source, so the image doesn’t need to reside on the target computer. For
more information about asr and its capabilities, see the asr man page.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 87

 ∏∏ Tip:  You can use asr to restore a disk over a network, multicasting the blocks to client
computers. Using the multicast server feature of asr, you could put a copy of the
installer image on a partition of all computers that can receive the multicast packets.

For example, restoring an image called Installer.dmg to the partition ExtraHD would
be:
sudo asr restore -s Installer.dmg -t ExtraHD --erase

Remotely Accessing the Install DVD

When used as the startup disc, the Install DVD provides some services for remote
access. After you start up from DVD, access using Server Assistant, SSH, and VNC are
available.

Server Assistant allows you to view and configure the server installation with the same
user interface you would see if you were installing locally. Server Assistant runs on
Mac OS X v10.6 and Mac OS X Server v10.6.

VNC enables you to use a VNC viewer (like Screen Sharing or Apple Remote Desktop)
to view the user interface as if you were using the remote computer’s keyboard,
mouse, and monitor. All the things you could do at the computer using the keyboard
and mouse are available remotely, as well as locally. This excludes hardware restarts
(using the power button to shut down and restart the computer), other hardware
manipulation, or holding down keys during startup. VNC viewers are available for all
popular computing platforms.

SSH enables you to have command-line access to the computer with administrator
privileges.

To access the computer with Server Assistant

1 Start the target computer from the Install DVD for Mac OS X Server v10.6 or later.
The procedure you use depends on the target server hardware.
To learn more about startup disk options, see “About Starting Up for Installation” on
page 84.
2 On an administrator computer, open Server Admin.
3 In the Server menu, select “Install Remote Server.”
The Server Assistant launches.
4 Enter the IP address or DNS name of the target server.
If you do not know the IP address or DNS name of the target server, you must identify
it first. For more information about this process, see “Identifying Remote Servers When
Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 90.
5 For the password, enter the default password for installation.

88 Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment

 This is usually the first eight characters of the server’s built-in hardware serial number.
For more information about this password, see “About Server Serial Numbers for
Default Installation Passwords” on page 90.

To access the computer with VNC:

1 Start the target computer from the Install DVD for Mac OS X Server v10.6 or later.
The procedure you use depends on the target server hardware.
To learn more about startup disk options, see “About Starting Up for Installation” on
page 84.
2 Use your VNC viewer software to open a connection to the target server.
If you do not know the IP address or DNS name of the target server, you must identify
it first. For more information about this process, see “Identifying Remote Servers When
Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 90.
3 For the password, enter the default password for installation.
This is usually the first eight characters of the server’s built-in hardware serial number.
For more information about this password, see “About Server Serial Numbers for
Default Installation Passwords” on page 90.
If you’re using Apple Remote Desktop as a VNC viewer, enter the password but don’t
specify a user name.

To access the computer using Screen Sharing:

1 Locate and select the server in the Shared section of a Finder window sidebar.
If the remote server isn’t listed in the Shared section of a Finder window
sidebar, you can connect by choosing Go > Connect to Server and then entering
vnc://serveraddress, where serveraddress is the DNS name or IP address of the server
whose screen you want to share.
2 Select the remote server and click Share Screen in the Finder window.
3 For the password, enter the default password for installation.
This is usually the first eight characters of the server’s built-in hardware serial number.
For more information about this password, see “About Server Serial Numbers for
Default Installation Passwords” on page 90.
Don’t specify a user name.

To access the computer with SSH:

1 Start the target computer from the Install DVD for Mac OS X Server v10.6 or later.
The procedure you use depends on the target server hardware.
To learn more about startup disk options, see “About Starting Up for Installation” on
page 84.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 89

 2 Identify the target server.
If you don’t know the IP address and the remote server is on the local subnet, you
can find servers using the comannd line. For more information about this process,
see “Identifying Remote Servers When Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 90.
3 Use the Terminal to open a secure shell connection to the target server.
The user name is root.
4 For the password, enter the default password for installation.
This is usually the first eight characters of the server’s built-in hardware serial number.
For more information about this password, see “About Server Serial Numbers for
Default Installation Passwords” on page 90.

About Server Serial Numbers for Default Installation Passwords

Server serial numbers are used for more than inventory tracking. The server’s built-in
hardware serial number is used as the default password for remote installation.
The password is case-sensitive.

To find a server’s serial number, look for a label on the server. If you’re installing on
an older computer that has no built-in hardware serial number, use 12345678 for the
password.

If you replace a main logic board on an Intel Xserve, the built-in hardware password is
“System S” (no quotes).

Identifying Remote Servers When Installing Mac OS X Server

When using Server Assistant, you must be able to recognize the target server in a list
of servers on your local subnet or you must enter the IP address of the server (in IPv4
format: 000.000.000.000) if it resides on a different subnet. Information provided for
servers in the list includes IP address, DNS name, and Media Access Control (MAC)
address (also called hardware or Ethernet address).

If you use VNC viewer software to remotely control installation of

Mac OS X Server v10.6 or later, it might let you select the target server from a
list of available VNC servers. If not, you must enter the IP address of the server
(in IPv4 format: 000.000.000.000).

The target server’s IP address is assigned by a DHCP server on the network. If no DHCP
server exists, the target server uses a 169.xxx.xxx.xxx address unique among servers on
the local subnet. Later, when you set up the server, you can change the IP address.

If you don’t know the IP address and the remote server is on the local subnet, you
can find servers that are awaiting install finding the the Bonjour service name
“_sa-rspndr._tcp.”

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 You can use the dns-sd tool to identify computers on the local subnetwhere you can
install server software. Enter the following from a computer on the same local network
as the server:
dns-sd -B _sa-rspndr._tcp.

This command returns the IP address and the EthernetID (in addition to other
information) of servers on the local subnet that have started up from the installation
disk.

Similarly, servers awaiting setup use the service name “_svr-unconfig._tcp.” and can be
found by entering:
dns-sd -B _svr-unconfig._tcp.

Starting Up from a NetBoot Environment

If you have an existing NetBoot infrastructure, this is the easiest way to perform mass
installation and deployment. You can use this method for clusters that have no optical
drive or existing system software.

Mac OS X Destination
Administrator
Server
computer

NetBoot target Initiate server

servers installation

Target servers

This method can also be used in environments where large numbers of servers must
be installed in an efficient manner.

This section won’t tell you how to create the necessary NetBoot infrastructure. If you
want to set up NetBoot and NetInstall options for your network, servers, and client
computers, see the manuals at www.apple.com/server/resources/.

This section has instructions to create a NetInstall image from the Mac OS X Server
Install Disk and start a server from it. There is no need to make preparations to the
hard disk.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 91

 Step 1: Create a NetInstall image from the Install DVD
This step doesn’t need to be done on the target computer. It can be done on an
administrator computer that has enough free space to image the entire Install DVD.

Step 2: Start up the computer from the NetBoot server

There are four ways of doing this, depending on your environment.

To create a NetInstall image from the Install DVD:

1 Launch System Image Utility from /Applications/Server/.
2 Select the Install DVD on the left, and choose NetInstall image on the right.
3 Click Continue.
4 Enter a name for the image and a description.
This information is seen by clients selecting it a startup disk.
5 Click Create and then choose a save location for the disk image.

Upon completion, you can use this image with an existing NetBoot server to start up a
server for installation.

For more information about NetInstall images and System Image Utility, including
customization options, see the documentation at www.apple.com/server/resources/.

To start up the computer from the NetBoot server:

mm In the target computer GUI, select the NetInstall disk from the Startup Disk pane of the
System Preferences.
mm Restart the computer, holding down the “n” key.
The first NetBoot server to respond to the computer will start up the computer with its
default image.
mm Restart the computer, holding down the Option key.
The computer will show you the available startup disks, locally on the computer and
remotely from NetBoot and NetInstall servers. Select a disk and continue the startup.
mm Use the command-line locally or remotely to specify the NetBoot server that the
computer will start up from:
sudo bless --netboot --server bsdp://<netbook server host name, server.
example.com>

Preparing Disks for Installing Mac OS X Server

Before performing a clean installation of Mac OS X Server, you can partition the server
computer’s hard disk into multiple volumes, create a RAID set, or erase the target disk
or partition.

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 If you’re using an installation disc for Mac OS X Server v10.6, you can perform these
tasks from another networked computer using VNC viewer software, such as Apple
Remote Desktop, before beginning a clean installation.

WARNING:  Before partitioning a disk, creating a RAID set, or erasing a disk or

partition on a server, preserve user data you want to save by copying it to another
disk or partition.

Choosing a File System

A file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they
contain on a storage device such as a hard disk. Mac OS X Server supports several
types of file systems. Each file system has its own strengths. You must decide which
system fits your organization’s needs.

For more information, see developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1150.html.

The following systems are available for use:

ÂÂ Mac OS Extended (Journaled) aka HFS+J
ÂÂ Mac OS Extended (Journaled, Case-Sensitive) aka HFSX

About Mac OS Extended (Journaled) aka HFS+J

An HFS+J volume is the default file system for Mac OS X Server.

An HFS+J volume has an optional journal to speed recovery when mounting a volume
that was not unmounted safely (for example, as the result of a power outage or
crash). The journal makes it easy to restore the volume structures to a consistent state,
without scanning all structures.

The journal is used only for volume structures and metadata. It does not protect the
contents of a fork. In other words, this journal protects the integrity of the underlying
disk structures, but not data that is corrupted due to a write failure or catastrophic
power loss.

More information about HFS+J can be found in Apple’s Developer Documentation at:

developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPFileSystem/Articles/
Comparisons.html

About Mac OS Extended (Journaled, Case-Sensitive) aka HFSX

HFSX is an extension to HFS Plus and allows volumes to have case-sensitive file and
directory names. Case-sensitive names means that you can have two objects whose
names differ only by the case of the letters in the same directory at the same time.
For example, you could have Bob, BOB, and bob in the same directory as uniquely
named files.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 93

 A case-sensitive volume is supported as a start volume format. An HFSX file system for
Mac OS X Server must be specifically selected when erasing a volume and preparing a
disk before initial installation.

If you are planning to use NFS, you should use case-sensitive HFSX.

An HFSX volume can be case sensitive or case insensitive. Case sensitivity (or lack
thereof ) is global to the volume. The setting applies to all file and directory names on
the volume. To determine whether an HFSX volume is case-sensitive, use Disk Utility to
examine the format of the disk.

Note:  Do not assume that an HFSX volume is case sensitive. Always use Disk Utility to
determine case sensitivity or case insensitivity. Additionally, don’t assume your third-
party software solutions work correctly with case sensitivity.

Important:  Case-sensitive names do not ignore Unicode ignorable characters. This

means that a single directory can have several names that are considered equivalent
using Unicode comparison rules, but they are considered distinct on a case-sensitive
HFSX volume.

About Hard Disk Partitioning

The minimum recommended size for an installation partition is 10 GB. A much larger
volume is recommended for a configuration that keeps shared folders and group
websites on the startup volume together with the server software.

Partitioning the hard disk creates a volume for server system software and additional
volumes for data and other software. Partitioning erases previous contents of the disk.

Erasing a disk is another way of saying that you have given a disk a single volume
partition and erased that volume.

Consider dedicating a hard disk or a volume of a partitioned hard disk to server

software. Put additional software, share points, websites, and so forth on other disks or
volumes. With this approach, you can upgrade or reinstall the server software without
affecting your other software or user data. If you must store additional software or data
on the system volume, consider mirroring it to another drive.

∏∏ Tip:  Having an extra, empty partition or two on the target installation disk can give
you additional flexibility in installation and deployment. For example, additional space
can give you a place to temporarily mirror your current installation before performing
an in-place update, or it can give you a fast installer disk.

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 Partitioning a Disk
You can use the Installer to open Disk Utility and then use Disk Utility to partition the
installation target disk into desired volumes. You can erase the target volume using
the Mac OS Extended format, Mac OS Extended (Journaled) format, Mac OS Extended
format (Case-Sensitive) format, and Mac OS Extended (Journaled, Case-Sensitive)
format. You cannot partition the active startup disk or erase the active startup volume.

You can select an existing partition and choose resize, Add (+), or Delete (–). However,
you can’t delete or resize the startup partition. You also can’t select the startup volume
and then choose an entirely new partition scheme from the pop-up menu.

To partition a disk using Disk Utility

1 Launch Disk Utility.
If you are in the Installer, Disk Utility is available from the Utilities menu.
Otherwise, launch the application from /Applications/Utilities/Disk Utility.
2 Select the disk to be partitioned.
Selecting a volume on the disk allows you to erase the volume but does not create a
different partition scheme.
3 Click Partition.
4 Choose your partition scheme and follow the instructions in the window to set all
necessary parameters.
5 Click Apply.
You can find instructions for partitioning the hard disk into multiple volumes, creating
a RAID set, and erasing the target disk or partition by viewing Disk Utility Help. To view
Disk Utility Help, open Disk Utility on another Mac computer with Mac OS X v10.6 and
choose Help > Disk Utility Help.

From the command line

You can use the diskutil command-line tool to partition and erase a hard disk.
Normally, you would use a remote shell (SSH) to log in to the newly started computer
to use this method. The tool to partition disks is diskutil.

Just like using Disk Utility, you can erase the target volume using the Mac OS Extended
format, Mac OS Extended (Journaled) format, Mac OS Extended format (Case-Sensitive)
format, and Mac OS Extended (Journaled, Case-Sensitive) format.

You cannot delete or resize the active startup disk or erase the active startup volume.

All potentially destructive diskutil operations must be performed with superuser or

root privileges.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 95

 Additional information about diskutil and other uses can be found in Introduction to
Command-Line Administration. For complete command syntax for diskutil, consult
the tool’s man page.

The specific command issued depends on your disk format needs and the hardware in
use. Take care to use command-line arguments that apply to your specific needs.

The following command is a sample, which partitions a computer’s only 120 GB hard
disk into two equal 60 GB journaled HFS+ volumes (“BootDisk” and “DataStore”), which
can start up an Intel-based Mac computer.

The basic syntax is:

diskutil partitionDisk device numberOfPartitions GPTFormat <part1Format
part1Name part1Size> <part2Format part2Name part2Size>

So the command is:

diskutil partitionDisk disk0 2 GPTFormat JournaledHFS+ BootDisk 50%
JournaledHFS+ DataStore 50%

About Creating a RAID Set

If you’re installing Mac OS X Server on a computer with multiple internal hard disks,
you can create a RAID set to optimize storage capacity, improve performance, and
increase reliability in case of a disk failure.

For example, a mirrored RAID set increases reliability by writing your data to two or
more disks at once. If one disk fails, your server uses another disk in the RAID set.

You can use Disk Utility to set up a RAID set. There are two types of RAID sets and one
additional disk option available in Disk Utility:
ÂÂ A striped RAID set (RAID 0) splits files across the disks in the set. A striped RAID
set improves the performance of your software because it can read and write on
all disks in the set at the same time. You might use a striped RAID set if you are
working with large files, such as digital video.
ÂÂ A mirrored RAID set (RAID 1) duplicates files across the disks in the set. Because
this scheme maintains copies of the files, it provides a continuous backup of them.
In addition, it can help keep data available if a disk in the set fails. Mirroring is
recommended if shared files or applications must be accessed frequently.
You can set up RAID mirroring after installing Mac OS X Server if you install on a disk
that isn’t partitioned. To prevent data loss, set up RAID mirroring as soon as possible.
ÂÂ A concatenated disk set lets you use several disks as a single volume. This is not a
true RAID set and offers no redundancy or performance increase.

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 You can combine RAID sets to combine their benefits. For example, you can create
a RAID set that combines the fast disk access of a striped RAID set and the data
protection of a mirrored RAID set. To do this, create two RAID sets of one type and
then create a RAID set of another type, using the first two RAID sets as the disks.

The RAID sets you combine must be created with Disk Utility or diskutil in Mac OS X
v10.4 or later.

You cannot mix the method of partitioning used on the disks in a RAID set. (The PPC
platform is APMFormat and the Intel platform is GPTFormat.)

Mac Pro desktop computers and Intel-based Xserves can start from a software RAID
volume. Some Intel-based Macs do not support starting up from software RAID
volumes. If you start Intel-based Macs from a software RAID volume, the computer
might start up with a flashing question mark.

The following computers do not support starting up from software RAID volumes:
ÂÂ iMac (Early 2006)
ÂÂ Mac mini (Early 2006)

If you need more sophisticated RAID support, consider a hardware RAID.

Creating a RAID Set Using Disk Utility

You can use the Installer to open Disk Utility and then use Disk Utility to create the
RAID set from available disks. Creating a RAID set erases the contents of the disks
involved, so it isn’t necessary to erase the disks before creating the RAID set.

RAID set volumes can be Mac OS Extended format, Mac OS Extended (Journaled)
format, Mac OS Extended format (Case-Sensitive) format, Mac OS Extended (Journaled,
Case-Sensitive) format, and MS-DOS FAT format. For more information about volume
formats, see “Preparing Disks for Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 92.

You cannot create a RAID set from the startup disk.

To create a RAID set using Disk Utility:

1 Launch Disk Utility.
If you are in the Installer, Disk Utility is available from the Utilities menu; otherwise,
launch the application from /Applications/Utilities/Disk Utility.
2 Select the disk to be part of the RAID set.
You can’t select your startup disk.
When creating RAID sets or adding disks, specify the disk instead of a partition.
3 Click RAID.
4 Choose your RAID set type.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 97

 5 Drag the disks to the window.
6 Follow the instructions in the window to set parameters.
7 Click Create.
You can find instructions for partitioning the hard disk into multiple volumes, creating
a RAID set, and erasing the target disk or partition by viewing Disk Utility Help. To view
Disk Utility Help, open Disk Utility on another Mac computer with Mac OS X v10.6 and
choose Help > Disk Utility Help.

From the command line

You can use the diskutil command-line tool to create a RAID set. Normally, you would
use a remote shell (SSH) to log in to the newly started computer to use this method.

You can use diskutil to can create a RAID volume that is Mac OS Extended format,
Mac OS Extended (Journaled) format, Mac OS Extended format (Case-Sensitive) format,
Mac OS Extended (Journaled, Case-Sensitive) format, or MS-DOS FAT format. However
keep in mind the following:
ÂÂ You cannot create a RAID from the startup disk.
ÂÂ When creating RAID sets or adding disks, specify the entire disk instead of a
partition on that disk.
ÂÂ All potentially destructive diskutil operations must be done with superuser or root
privileges.

For complete command syntax for diskutil, consult the tool’s man page.

Use command-line arguments that apply to your specific needs. The following
command is a sample, which creates a single mirrored RAID set (RAID 1) from the first
two disks installed in the computer (disk0 and disk1), with the resulting RAID volume
called MirrorData.

The basic syntax is:

diskutil createRAID mirror setName format device device ...

So the command is:

diskutil createRAID mirror MirrorData JournaledHFS+ disk0 disk1

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 Erasing a Disk or Partition
You have several options for erasing a disk, depending on your preferred tools and
your computing environment:
ÂÂ Erasing a disk using Disk Utility: You can use the Installer to open Disk Utility and
then use it to erase the target volume or another volume. You can erase the target
and all other volumes using the Mac OS Extended format or Mac OS Extended
(Journaled) format. You can erase other volumes using those formats, as well as
Mac OS Extended format (Case-Sensitive) format, or Mac OS Extended (Journaled,
Case-Sensitive) format.
You can find instructions for partitioning the hard disk into multiple volumes,
creating a RAID set, and erasing the target disk or partition by viewing Disk Utility
Help. To view Disk Utility Help, open Disk Utility on another Mac computer with
Mac OS X v10.6 and choose Help > Disk Utility Help.
ÂÂ Erasing a disk using the command line: You can use the command line to
erase disks using the tool diskutil. Erasing a disk using diskutil deletes all volume
partitions. The command to erase a complete disk is:
diskutil eraseDisk format name [OS9Drivers | APMFormat | MBRFormat |
GPTFormat] device
For example:
diskutil eraseDisk JournaledHFS+ MacProHD GPTFormat disk0
There is also an option to securely delete data by overwriting the disk with random
data multiple times. For more details, see diskutil’s man page.
To erase a single volume on a disk, a slightly different command is used:
diskutil eraseVolume format name device
For example:
diskutil eraseVolume JournaledHFS+ UntitledPartition /Volumes/
OriginalPartition
For complete command syntax for diskutil, consult the tool’s man page.

Installing Server Software Interactively

You can use the installation disc to install server software interactively on a local server,
on a remote server, or on a computer with Mac OS X installed.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 99

 Installing Locally from the Installation Disc
You can install Mac OS X Server directly onto a computer with a display, a keyboard,
and a DVD drive attached, as shown in the following illustration:

Installer application
or
installer tool in
Terminal application

If you have an Install DVD, the optical drive must be able to read DVD discs.

You can also install directly onto a computer that lacks a display, keyboard, and
optical drive capable of reading your installation disc. In this case, you start the target
computer in target disk mode and connect it to an Intel-based administrator computer
using a FireWire cable.

You use the administrator computer to install the server software on the target
computer’s disk or partition, which appears as a disk icon on the administrator
computer.

To install server software locally:

1 Start up the target computer using the Install DVD, installer partition, or NetInstall disk.
For startup options, see “About Starting Up for Installation” on page 84.
2 When the Installer opens, if you want to perform a clean installation, use the Utilities
menu to open Disk Utility to prepare the target disk or partition before proceeding.
If you have not prepared your disk for installation, do so now with Disk Utility. For
more instructions on preparing your disk for installation, see “Preparing Disks for
Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 92.
3 Proceed through the Installer panes by following the onscreen instructions.
4 When the Install Mac OS X Server pane appears, select a target disk or volume
(partition) and make sure it’s in the expected state.
If you want to customize what software is included in the installation, click Options in
the Select a Destination pane.
5 Proceed through the Installer panes by following the onscreen instructions.
If you’re using an administrator computer to install onto a server in target disk mode
and connected using a FireWire cable, complete the following:
a Quit Server Assistant when it starts on the administrator computer.
b Shut down the administrator computer and the server.
c Start up the administrator computer and the server normally (not in target disk
mode).

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 After installation is complete, the target server restarts and you can perform initial
server setup. Chapter 6, “Initial Server Setup,” on page 108 describes how.

Installing Remotely with Server Assistant

To install Mac OS X Server on a remote server from the server Install DVD, installation
partition, or NetInstall disk, you need an administrator computer from which to use
Server Assistant to manage the installation:
Administrator computer
Welcome
>installer
>installer

Subnet 1

Subnet 2

After the computer starts up from the Install Disk, you can control and manage the
server from an administration computer.

Important:  If you have administrative applications and tools from Mac OS X Server

v10.5 or earlier, do not use them with Mac OS X Server v10.6.

To use the Installer user interface, use VNC to view and interact with the remote
installer. For more information, see “Installing Remotely with Screen Sharing and
VNC” on page 102.

You don’t need to be an administrator on the local computer to use Server Assistant.

To install on a remote server by using Server Assistant:

1 Start up the target computer using the Install DVD, installer partition, or NetInstall disk.
If you need more information on your startup options, see “About Starting Up for
Installation” on page 84.
2 After the target computer starts, launch Server Admin in the /Applications/Server/
folder on the administrator computer.

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 101

 3 Select the target server from the list of servers waiting for installation.
If neither the target server nor the list appear, make sure the target server is on the
same local subnet as the administrator computer.
4 If the target computer is not on the same local subnet as the administrator computer,
add the server manually.
a Choose Install Remote Server from the Server menu of Server Admin.
b Enter the IP address or DNS name of the target server.
If you do not know the IP address or DNS name of the target server, you must
identify it first. For more information about this process, see “Identifying Remote
Servers When Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 90.
5 For the password, enter the default password for installation.
This is usually the first eight characters of the server’s built-in hardware serial number.
For more information about this password, see “About Server Serial Numbers for
Default Installation Passwords” on page 90.
6 Proceed by following the onscreen instructions.
7 When the Volumes pane appears, select a target disk or volume (partition), make sure
it’s in the expected state and click Continue.
8 Proceed by following the onscreen instructions.
While installation proceeds, you can open another Server Assistant window to install
server software on other computers. Choose Server > Install Remote Server to do so.

After installation is complete, the target server restarts and you can perform initial
server setup. Chapter 6, “Initial Server Setup” describes how.

Installing Remotely with Screen Sharing and VNC

If you’re using an installation disc for Mac OS X Server v10.6 or later, you can control
installation from another computer using a VNC viewer, like Mac OS X’s built-in Screen
Sharing, open source VNC viewer software, or Apple Remote Desktop. This allows
you to remotely control preparation of the target disk or partition before beginning
installation.

You can partition the hard disk into multiple volumes, create a RAID set, or erase the
target disk or partition.

The process for remotely installing with VNC is the same as installing locally at the
keyboard and monitor, except that you must first connect to the VNC server on the
target computer with a VNC client, like Apple Remote Desktop.

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 For detailed instructions for connecting to a computer running from an Install DVD,
see “Remotely Accessing the Install DVD” on page 88.

Important:  If you perform an upgrade, make sure that saved setup data won’t be
detected and used by the server. If saved setup data is used, the server settings are
not compatible with the saved settings and can cause unintended consequences. For
more information, see “How a Server Searches for Saved Setup Data Files” on page 118.

To install on a remote server by using Screen Sharing and VNC:

1 After the target computer has started from the server Install DVD, installation partition,
or NetInstall disk, access the server using Screen Sharing or VNC client software on the
administrator computer.
2 After the connection begins, proceed as though you were using a keyboard and
mouse at the server.
3 Choose the language you want the server to use and click Continue.
4 When the Installer opens, if you want to perform a clean installation, use the Utilities
menu to open Disk Utility to prepare the target disk or partition before proceeding.
If you have not prepared your disk for installation, do so now with Disk Utility. For
more instructions on preparing your disk for installation, see “Preparing Disks for
Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 92.
5 Proceed through the Installer panes by following the onscreen instructions.
6 When the Install Mac OS X Server pane appears, select a target disk or volume
(partition) and make sure it’s in the expected state.
To customize what software is included in the installation, click Options in the Select a
Destination pane.
7 Proceed through the Installer panes by following the onscreen instructions.

After installation is complete, the target server restarts and you can perform initial
server setup. Chapter 6, “Initial Server Setup,” on page 108 describes how.

Changing a Remote Computer’s Startup Disk

Sometimes you may need to explicitly set a remote computer’s startup disk. You can
do this via the command line using the bless command.

The tool Apple Remote Desktop can change a computer’s startup disk. Apple Remote
Desktop is not included with Mac OS X Server, and is available separately for purchase.

To change a remote computer’s startup disk

# Method 1
sudo bless --folder "/Volumes/<disk>/System/Library/CoreServices"
--setBoot

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 103

 sudo shutdown -r now
# Method 2
sudo systemsetup -liststartupdisks
sudo systemsetup -setstartupdisk <path to disk root>

Using the installer Command-Line Tool to Install Server

Software
You use the installer tool to install server software on a local or remote computer
from the command line. For information about installer, see the installer man
page.

These instructions assume you started up the computer using the Install DVD, installer
partition, or NetInstall disk. If not, see “About Starting Up for Installation” on page 84.

To use installer to install server software:

1 Start a command-line session with the target server by choosing from the following:
ÂÂ Installing a local server:  When the Installer opens, choose Utilities > Open Terminal
to open the Terminal application. Use su root.

ÂÂ Installing a remote server:  Follow the instructions on “Remotely Accessing the

Install DVD” on page 88 for SSH connections. Use ssh root@<ip address>.

If you don’t know the IP address or DNS name of the server, see “Identifying Remote
Servers When Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 90.
2 For the password, enter the default password for installation.
This is usually the first eight characters of the server’s built-in hardware serial number.
For more information about this password, see “About Server Serial Numbers for
Default Installation Passwords” on page 90.
3 Identify the target server volume where you want to install the server software.
To list the volumes available for server software installation from the installation disc,
type:
/usr/sbin/installer -volinfo -pkg /System/Installation/Packages/
OSInstall.mpkg

You can also identify a NetInstall image you’ve created and mounted:
/usr/sbin/installer -volinfo -pkg /Volumes/<name_of_install_image>/
System/Installation/Packages/OSInstall.mpkg

The list displayed reflects your particular environment, but here’s an example showing
three available volumes:
/Volumes/Mount 01
/Volumes/Mount1
/Volumes/Mount02

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 4 If you haven’t already done so, prepare the disks for installation.
For more information about preparing the disks for installation, see “Preparing Disks for
Installing Mac OS X Server” on page 92.
If the target volume has the latest Mac OS X Server v10.5 or 10.4.11 installed, when you
run installer it upgrades the server to v10.6 and preserves user files.
If you’re not upgrading but performing a clean installation, back up the user and
settings files you want to preserve, then use diskutil to erase the volume and format
it to enable journaling:
/usr/sbin/diskutil eraseVolume HFS+ "Mount 01" "/Volumes/Mount 01"
/usr/sbin/diskutil enableJournal "/Volumes/Mount 01"

You can also use diskutil to partition the volume and to set up mirroring. For more
information about the command, see the diskutil man page.
Important:  Don’t store data on the hard disk or hard disk partition where the
operating system is installed. With this approach, you won’t risk losing data if you need
to reinstall or upgrade system software. If you must store additional software or data
on the system partition, consider mirroring the drive.
5 Install the operating system on the target volume.
For example, to use Mount 01 in the example in step 4 to install from a server
installation disc, enter:
/usr/sbin/installer -verboseR -lang en -pkg /System/Installation/
Packages/OSInstall.mpkg -target "/Volumes/Mount 01"

If you’re using a NetInstall image, the command identifies them as step 3 shows.
When you enter the -lang parameter, use one of the following values: en (for English),
de (for German), fr (for French), or ja (for Japanese).
During installation, progress information appears. While installation proceeds, you can
open another Terminal window to install server software on another computer.
6 When installation from the disc is complete, restart the server by entering:
/sbin/reboot

or
/sbin/shutdown -r

Server Assistant opens on the target computer when installation is complete. You can
now set up the server. For more information, see Chapter 6, “Initial Server Setup.”

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 105

 Installing Multiple Servers
Most Efficient Methods of Installation
The most efficient method of installation would be completely automated. Opening
the Terminal application and using the installer tool to initiate each server software
installation doesn’t accomplish this efficiently.

However, scripting the command-line tool (using known values for server IP addresses,
for example) to automate multiple simultaneous installations can be very efficient.

To completely automate server installation, you must script the installer tool and
have a high measure of control over the network infrastructure.

For example, to have known IP addresses and the appropriate hardware serial
numbers included in your script, you cannot rely on the randomly assigned IP
addresses. You can use DHCP assigned static addresses to remove that uncertainty and
ease your scripting considerations.

Additionally, you can create a NetInstall server on the target servers’ local network
that can install an operating system. If you combine this with saved auto setup files,
you can easily automate installation of multiple computers without much human
interaction.

The methods, scripting languages, and possibilities are too many to list in this guide.

More Interactive Methods of Installation

When running Server Assistant from an administration computer to install on multiple
machines, you still have to open a connection to each server one at a time.

You can use VNC viewer software or the installer tool to initiate multiple server
software installations.

After using a VNC viewer to control installation of Mac OS X Server v10.6 on one

remote computer, you can use the VNC viewer to open a connection to another
remote computer and control installation on it. Because this involves interacting with
each server individually, it is a less efficient method of installing on multiple servers.

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 Upgrading a Computer from Mac OS X to Mac OS X Server
This is not supported in Mac OS X Server v10.6. Perform a clean installation instead.

How to Keep Current

After you’ve set up your server, you’ll want to update it when Apple releases server
software updates.

There are several ways to access update releases of Mac OS X Server:

ÂÂ In Server Admin, select a server in the Servers list, then click the Server Updates
button.
Note:  The Server Updates button refers only to updates for the server’s operating
system software from Apple. Third-party software is not updated when used.
Additionally, it does not control software updates hosted in the Software Update
service.
ÂÂ Use the Software Update pane of System Preferences, if you are logged locally into
the server.
ÂÂ Use the softwareupdate command-line tool.
ÂÂ Download a disk image of the software update from:
www.apple.com/support/downloads

Chapter 5    Installation and Deployment 107

 Initial Server Setup
6
Basic characteristics of your Mac OS X Server are established
during server setup. The server can operate in three different
configurations: advanced, standard, and workgroup.
After installing server software, the next task is to set up the server. There are several
ways to set up a server:
ÂÂ Set up servers interactively.
ÂÂ Automate the setup by using setup data you’ve saved in a file or on a server
available to the newly installed server.

Information You Need

To understand and record information for each server you want to set up, see the
Installation & Setup Worksheet on the Install DVD or the Administration Tools CD.
The following chapter provides supplemental explanations for some items on the
worksheet.

When you upgrade from the latest Mac OS X Server v10.5 or v10.4.11, Server Assistant
displays existing server settings, but you can change them. Use the Installation & Setup
Worksheet to record settings you want the v10.6 server to use.

Postponing Server Setup Following Installation

Server Assistant opens on a server that hasn’t been set up and waits for you to begin
the setup process. To set up the server later, you can postpone the setup process by
using the server’s keyboard, mouse, and display.

To postpone setting up Mac OS X Server:

mm In Server Assistant, press Command-Q on the server’s keyboard and then click
Shut Down.
When you restart the server, Server Assistant opens again.

108
 If you’re setting up a server without a keyboard or display, you can enter the following
in the Terminal application to shut down the server remotely:
sudo shutdown now

Connecting to the Network During Initial Server Setup

Before setting it up for the first time, try to place a server in its final network location
(subnet). If you’re concerned about preventing unauthorized or premature access
during setup, you can set up a firewall to protect the server while you’re finalizing its
configuration.

If you can’t avoid moving a server after initial setup, you must change settings that are
sensitive to network location before it can be used. For example, the server’s IP address
and DNS name, stored in directories and configuration files on the server, must be
updated. For more information, see “Changing the Server’s DNS Name After Setup” on
page 144.

Configuring Servers with Multiple Ethernet Ports

Your server has a built-in Ethernet port and might have additional Ethernet ports built
in or added on.

When you’re using Server Assistant to interactively set up servers, all of a server’s
available Ethernet ports are listed and you select them to activate and configure. When
you work in Server Assistant’s offline mode, you click an Add button to create a list of
ports to configure.

If you enable more than one port, you specify the order for the ports to be used by the
server when routing traffic to the network. Although the server receives network traffic
on any active port, network traffic initiated by the server is routed through the first
active port.

For a description of port configuration attributes, see the Installation & Setup Worksheet
from the Install DVD or the Administration Tools CD.

About Settings Established During Initial Server Setup

During server setup, the following basic server settings are established:
ÂÂ The language to use for server administration and the computer keyboard layout is
defined.
ÂÂ The server software serial number is set.
ÂÂ A time zone is specified, and network time service is set up.
ÂÂ A server administrator user is defined and the administrator’s home folder is created.

Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup 109

 ÂÂ Default SSH and Apple Remote Desktop state is enabled.
ÂÂ Network interfaces (ports) are configured.
TCP/IP and Ethernet settings are defined for each port you want to activate.
ÂÂ Network names are defined.
The primary DNS name, computer name are defined by the administrator, and local
hostname is derived from the computer name.
For more information about names of Mac OS X Server, see “Understanding
Mac OS X Server Names.”
ÂÂ Basic Directory information is set up. (Optional)
The server is set up as an Open Directory Master, or it is set to obtain directory
information from another a directory service, or the directory setup can be deferred
until first login.
For more information, see “Specifying Initial Open Directory Usage.”
ÂÂ Some services are chosen and configured.
For a list of which services are enabled at startup, see “Understanding Server
Configuration Methods.”

If you’re upgrading, the current settings are maintained through the setup
process. Other settings, such as share points you’ve defined and services you’ve
configured, are also preserved. For a complete description of what’s upgraded
and actions, see the online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

You can perform initial server setup only once without reinstalling a server. To change
settings established during setup, you use Server Admin, Workgroup Manager, or
Directory Utility (in /System/Library/CoreServices/) to manage directory settings.

Specifying Initial Open Directory Usage

During setup of Mac OS X Server v10.6, you specify how the server stores and accesses
user accounts and other directory information. You choose whether the server
connects to a directory system or works as a standalone server.

If you’re setting up multiple servers and one or more will host a shared directory,
set up those servers before setting up servers that will use those shared directories.

When you set up a server initially, you specify its directory services configuration.
Choices are:
ÂÂ Create Users and Groups
This setting makes the server an Open Directory Master or uses the server’s local
users and groups for authentication.

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 ÂÂ Import Users and Groups
This setting connects the server to an existing Open Directory or Active Directory
system, importing the users and groups from an existing directory system.
You can import Open Directory users or Active Directory users. You must provide a
directory administrator name and password.
ÂÂ Configure Manually
This setting used to set up the server to obtain directory information from a shared
directory domain that’s been set up on another server. You can connect to Open
Directory servers or Active Directory servers.
You can also defer directory configuration during setup by declining to specify a
connection in the assistant.

After setup, use Server Admin or the Login Options section of Account preferences
of System Preferences to refine the server’s directory configuration, if necessary. You
can create or change a connection to a directory system by using Login Options. You
can use Accounts preferences to set up connections to multiple directory servers,
including Open Directory and Active Directory. You can make the server an Open
Directory master or replica by using Server Admin to change the server’s Open
Directory service settings.

From Accounts preferences, you can open Directory Utility if you need to set up
connections to other kinds of directory servers or specify the search policy. Directory
Utility lets you set up connections to other non-Apple directory systems and specify a
search policy (the order in which the server should search through the domains).

For information about changing directory services, see the online help and
Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

Note:  If you connect Mac OS X Server v10.6 to a directory domain of Mac OS X Server

v10.2 or earlier, users defined in the older directory domain cannot be authenticated
with the MS-CHAPv2 method. This method may be required to securely
authenticate users for the VPN service of Mac OS X Server v10.6. Open Directory in
Mac OS X Server v10.6 supports MSCHAPv2 authentication, but Password Server in
Mac OS X Server v10.2 doesn’t support MS-CHAPv2.

Not Changing Directory Usage When Upgrading

When you are setting up a server that you’re upgrading to v10.6 from the latest v10.5
or 10.4.11 and you want the server to use the same directory setup it’s been using,
choose “Configure Manually” (but decline to provide directory service settings) in
Server Assistant.

Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup 111

 Even if you want to change the server’s directory setup, selecting “Configure Manually”
is the safest option, especially if you’re considering changing a server’s shared
directory configuration.

Changing from hosting a directory to using another server’s shared directory or

vice versa, or migrating a shared NetInfo domain to LDAP are examples of directory
usage changes you should make after server setup to preserve access to directory
information about your network.

For information about directory usage options available to you and how to use
Directory Utility (in /System/Library/CoreServices/) and Server Admin to make
directory changes, see the online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

Setting Up a Server as a Standalone Server

A standalone server stores and accesses account information in its local directory
domain. The standalone server uses its local users and groups to authenticate clients
for its file, mail, and other services. Other servers and client computers can’t access the
standalone server’s local directory domain or authenticate their own users with it.

Users and groups are managed in the Accounts pane of System Preferences.

When a user attempts to log in to the server or use a service that requires
authentication, the server authenticates the user by consulting the local database.
If the user has an account on the system and supplies the relevant password,
authentication succeeds.

To get this configuration, you choose Create Users and Groups from the assistant,
but decline to create an Open Directory Master.

Binding a Server to Multiple Directory Servers

Automatic server setup allows you to bind to multiple servers. You need to save setup
data, then you have to modify the plist file by hand. In the saved setup data, you will
find the “directoryServers” key in the plist file, and it’s an array. You add items (or in
this case directory servers) to the array. The server binds to all of the servers listed in
the array.

For more information on making saved server setup data, see “Using Automatic Server
Setup” on page 115 and “Creating and Saving Setup Data” on page 116.

You can also bind to multiple directories interactively after initial server setup by using
the Login Options section of Accounts Preferences.

For instructions, see p. 72 of Getting Started; repeat steps 3 and 4 to connect to

additional directory servers. To set up advanced directory server connections,
you would click Open Directory Utility in step 2.

112 Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup

 To interactively connect to an additional directory server:
1 Open the Accounts pane of System Preferences on your server.
2 Click Login Options and then click Open Directory Utility.
3 Click the Add (+) button, and then choose the directory server from the pop-up menu
or enter the directory server’s DNS name or IP address.
4 If the dialog expands to show Client Computer ID, User Name, and Password fields,
enter the name and password of a user account on the directory server.
For an Open Directory server, you can enter the name and password of a standard
user account; you don’t need to use a directory administrator account. If the dialog
says you can leave the name and password fields blank, you can connect without
authentication, although this is less secure.
For an Active Directory server, you can enter the name and password of an Active
Directory administrator account or a standard user account that has the “Add
workstations to domain” privilege.

Setting up Servers Interactively

The simplest way to set up a few servers is to use Server Admin’s guided interview
process after establishing a connection with each server in turn. If you have only a
few servers to set up, the interactive approach is useful. You can use the interactive
approach to set up a local server, a remote server, or several remote servers.

Server Assistant will display the Network pane separately for each server you’re setting
up remotely, even if you’re setting up a list of servers. You then enter all network
settings manually, if necessary. You provide server setup data interactively, then initiate
setup immediately.

Set up DNS and DHCP (if used for static IP address allocation) for your servers before
setup. While not strictly mandatory, doing so will simplify the setup and post-setup
processes. For example, if the server’s DNS name is already associated to an IP address
(with reverse lookup), and the IP address will be allocated to the server’s MAC address
by a DHCP server on the network, you will already have needed information for setup
without doing the additional manual configuration work during and after setup.

Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup 113

 The following illustration shows target servers on the same subnet as the
administrator computer in one scenario and target servers on a different subnet in the
other scenario. Both setup scenarios can be used to set up servers on the same and
different subnets.

Welcome Welcome
Welcome

Subnet 1

Subnet 2

If a target server is on a different subnet, you must supply its IP address or DNS name.
Servers on the same subnet are listed by Server Assistant, so you select servers from
the list.

After server software is installed on a server, you can use the interactive approach
to set it up remotely from an administrator computer that can connect to the target
server.

To set up servers interactively:

1 Make sure the DHCP or DNS servers you specify for the server you’re setting up to use
are running.
2 Make sure the target servers have been newly installed and are waiting for setup.
3 Fill out the Installation & Setup Worksheet from the Install DVD or Administration
Tools CD.
After installation, Server Assistant opens.
4 If you are installing on a remote server, open Server Admin, select “Ready for Setup” in
the list on the left, and then select the servers you want to set up.
After you click Set Up, Server Assistant opens and lists all the servers you selected in
Server Admin.
If instead you choose Server > Set Up Remote Server, Server Assistant doesn’t list any
servers in the Server pane, and you have to add them one by one by clicking Add.
5 Select the target servers from the configuration list.

114 Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup

 If the computer you want to configure doesn’t appear in the list, you can add it
manually by clicking the Add button and supplying the requested information.
6 Remove computers from the configuration list that you don’t want to set up by
selecting them and clicking the Remove button.
7 Authenticate to the target server.
You need authenticate for each listed server by selecting it, clicking Authenticate,
and entering the server’s password. The password is usually the first eight characters
of the hardware serial number. For an upgraded server, it’s the password of the root
user. To figure out what password to use, see “About Server Serial Numbers for Default
Installation Passwords” on page 90.
8 Click Continue, and continue to follow the onscreen instructions.
9 Enter the setup data you’ve recorded on the worksheet as you move through the
Assistant’s panes, following the onscreen instructions.
If you’re setting up multiple servers, you don’t need to manage each setup in a
separate Server Assistant window. Server Assistant steps you through the necessary
panes for each server on the list.
After you enter setup data, Server Assistant displays a summary of the data.
10 Review the setup data you entered and, if necessary, click Go Back to change it.
11 To save the setup data as a text file or in a form you can use for automatic server setup
(a saved setup file), click Details; then click Save Setup Profile.
To encrypt a configuration file, select Passphrase Encryption from the Encryption pop-
up menu, and finally enter the encryption passphrase. You must supply the passphrase
before a target server can use an encrypted setup file.
To see how this information can be used, see “Using Automatic Server Setup” on
page 115.
12 To initiate setup, click Set Up.
When server setup is complete, you can log in as the server administrator user created
during setup to configure services as needed.
13 See the Mac OS X Server Next Steps document that’s placed on the server desktop
during setup.
For more information about the Next Steps document, see “After Setting Up a Server”
on p. 69 of Getting Started.

Using Automatic Server Setup

When you have more than a few servers to set up, consider using automatic server
setup. This approach also provides a way to preserve setup data so it can be reused if
you need to reinstall server software.

Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup 115

 The automatic approach is useful when you:
ÂÂ Have more than a few servers to set up
ÂÂ Want to prepare for setting up servers that aren’t yet available
ÂÂ Want to save setup data for backup purposes
ÂÂ Need to reinstall servers frequently

You can keep backup copies of setup data files on a network file server. Alternatively,
you can store setup data files in a local partition that won’t be erased when you
reinstall server software.

To use automatic server setup, you use Server Assistant to specify setup data for each
computer or batch of computers.

Finally, you provide that setup data to the target servers. You can provide the data
using a variety of methods, like storing files on the hard disk or removable storage.
By default, saved setup data is encrypted for extra security.

When a server starts up for the first time, it searches for automatic setup data to
configure itself before it starts the interactive Setup Assistant.

Automatic server setup requires two main steps:

Step 1: Create the setup data files. The following sections can help you create setup
data files.
ÂÂ “Creating and Saving Setup Data” on page 116
ÂÂ “Using Encryption with Setup Data Files” on page 118
Step 2: Make the setup data files available to a freshly installed server. The following
sections can help you make the data available to the servers:
ÂÂ “How a Server Searches for Saved Setup Data Files” on page 118
ÂÂ “Setting Up Servers Automatically Using Data Saved in a File” on page 119

Creating and Saving Setup Data

When you want to work with saved setup data, determine a strategy for naming,
encrypting, storing, and serving the data.

The best way to create setup data is to use Server Admin to launch Server Assistant,
which lets you work with setup data without connecting to specific servers. You
specify setup data and then save it in a file. Target servers where Mac OS X Server v10.6
software has been installed detect the presence of the saved setup information and
use it to set themselves up.

116 Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup

 You can define generic setup data that can be used to set up any server. For example,
you can define generic setup data for a server that’s on order, or to configure 50
Xserve computers you want to be identically configured. You can also save setup data
that’s tailored for a server.

Important:  When you perform an upgrade, make sure that saved setup data won’t be
detected and used by the server. If saved setup data is used, existing server settings
are overwritten by the saved settings.

If you intend to create a generic setup file because you want to use the file to set
up more than one server, don’t specify network names (computer name and local
hostname) and make sure that each network interface (port) is set to be configured
using DHCP or BootP.

To create a setup data file:

1 Fill out the Installation & Setup Worksheet from the Install DVD or Administration
Tools CD.
2 On an administrator computer, open Server Admin.
3 In the Server menu, select “Create Auto Server Setup File.”
The Server Assistant launches.
4 Enter the setup data as you move through the Assistant panes, following the onscreen
instructions.
5 After entering setup information, choose to save the file as encrypted or unencrypted.
If you encrypt the file, provide a passphrase. You must supply the passphrase before
a target server can use an encrypted setup file. For more information, see “Using
Encryption with Setup Data Files” on page 118.
To use an encrypted setup file in an automated setup, see “Setting Up Servers
Automatically Using Data Saved in a File” on page 119.
6 To restrict the setup file to certain computers, select “Restrict for use with certain
computers” in the Save Configuration pane.
You can restrict the setup files by:
ÂÂ Serial number
ÂÂ MAC address
ÂÂ IP address
ÂÂ DNS name
7 Click Save.
When you click Save, you can give the profile any filename you like as long as it ends
with .plist.

Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup 117

 Using Encryption with Setup Data Files
Saved setup data can be encrypted for extra security. Before a server sets itself up
using encrypted setup data, it must have access to the passphrase used when the data
was encrypted.

For interactive setup, the passphrase is entered using Server Assistant during setup.

If you want to store the password for non-interactive setup, the file containing the
passphrase file should be named the same as the saved setup data. Put the text file
containing the passphrase in the same folder as the corresponding auto setup profile
but with a “.pass” extension.

How a Server Searches for Saved Setup Data Files

A new server sets itself up using saved setup data it finds while using the following
search sequence. When the server finds saved setup data that matches the criteria
described, it stops searching and uses the data to set itself up.
ÂÂ It looks on all volumes for a folder at the root named “Auto Server Setup,” starting at
the start volume and then searching the rest alphabetically.
Mounted share points are also searched, so any automounted or manually mounted
share point can contain the auto setup files. For example, you can use automount or
mount_afp via the command-line to mount a share point while the server is waiting
for setup.
ÂÂ It searches through “Auto Server Setup” folders, looking for a file with the extension
“.plist”. There is no naming convention for the plist.
The plist file must contain the key “VersionNumber” with value “4” or it will be
ignored.
ÂÂ It evaluates all profile plists found to evaluate the most specific match.
Most-specific to least-specific criteria are:
ÂÂ Hardware serial number
ÂÂ MAC address
ÂÂ IP address
ÂÂ DNS name (fully qualified)
ÂÂ Computer name
ÂÂ None of the above

If a saved setup data profile contains multiple network connection services, Server
Assistant tries to match hardware (MAC) addresses. Failing that, it tries to match
interface (BSD port) names. If a profile has multiple conditions, it applies to a computer
that satisfies any of them.

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 If setup data is encrypted, the server needs the correct passphrase before setting itself
up. You can use Server Assistant to supply the passphrase interactively, or you can
supply the passphrase in a file containing the passphrase in the same folder as the
corresponding auto setup profile but with a .”pass” extension.

Important:  When you perform an upgrade, make sure that saved setup data won’t be
detected and used by the server you’re upgrading. If saved setup data is used, existing
server settings are overwritten by the saved settings.

Setting Up Servers Automatically Using Data Saved in a File

After you install server software, you can set up the server automatically using data
saved in a file.

To have the server configure itself without further input, place the previously
generated auto setup data file in a location where target servers can detect it.

To reuse saved setup data after reinstalling a server, store the server’s setup files on a
different local partition that isn’t erased when you reinstall the server. The setup files
are detected and reused after each reinstallation.

Important:  Saved setup files cannot be applied after a server has restarted after
installation and is awaiting setup. Automatic setup data needs to be in place before a
server begins setup.

If you do not have an existing local partition where the saved setup file can be
stored during installation, you need to copy the setup file to the target server after
installation and then restart the target server. This allows the server to search for the
setup data when it starts up.

For more information on where the server looks for setup data, see “How a Server
Searches for Saved Setup Data Files” on page 118.

If you have not previously created saved setup data, see “Creating and Saving Setup
Data” on page 116.

If the setup data is encrypted, make the passphrase available to target servers.
For more information, see “Using Encryption with Setup Data Files” on page 118.

Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup 119

 To use setup data from a file remotely:
1 Create the folder for the setup file on the remote server.
a Connect to the remote server.
ssh root@<server address>

b Create the saved setup folder on the remote server.

mkdir /Auto\ Server\ Setup

2 Copy the saved setup file from the administrator computer to the remote target
computer.
The password is the same for ssh connections during installation. For more
information abotu passwords, see “About Server Serial Numbers for Default Installation
Passwords” on page 90.
scp <local setup file> root@<server address>:"/Auto\ Server\ Setup"

3 Restart the server using the command-line tool shutdown.

a Connect to the remote server.
ssh root@<server address>

b Restart the remote server.

shutdown -r now

Setting a Mac OS X Server Serial Number from the Command Line

After an automatic setup, you might need to set a specific Mac OS X serial number
for your server. For example, you might have completed an automatic setup with a
generic setup data profile and now you need to put individual serial numbers to their
respective servers.

To set the server serial number

sudo serversetup -setServerSerialNumber <serialnumber-dash-separated>
[<name> <organization>]

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 Handling Setup Errors
When a server encounters a setup problem, Server Assistant shows a description of the
setup error, and gives some opportunity to either fix it or try again.

If you are setting up the target server remotely, you are given the option to share its
screen and interact via the Server Assistant.

If setup fails because a passphrase file can’t be found when using setup data saved in
a file, you can:
ÂÂ Use Server Assistant (if installing locally) or Screen Sharing (if installing remotely) to
supply a passphrase interactively.
ÂÂ Supply the passphrase in a text file and restart setup.
For information on how to supply the passphrase, see “Using Encryption with Setup
Data Files” on page 118

If a remote server setup fails for any other reason, repeat initial setup before trying to
reinstall the server software.

If a local server setup fails, restart the computer, rerun Server Assistant, and reinitiate
setup, or reinstall the server software.

Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup 121

 Setting Up Services
After installation and initial startup, the first time you open Server Admin, you see any
services that were configured during server setup listed underneath the server’s name
in the server list. If no services were configured during server setup, Server Admin
prompts you to select the services you want to configure on the server.

You add services for administration and configure services using Server Admin and
add users and groups using Workgroup Manager.

Before you can enable or configure and service in Server Admin, it must be added to
the administered service list.

The following sections survey initial setup of individual services and tell you where to
find instructions for tailoring services to support your needs.

Adding Services to the Server View

Before you can set up services, you must add the service to the server view in Server
Admin. For example, by default, no services can be seen for your server. As you select
services to administer, configuration panes become accessible in a list underneath
your computer name.

The first time you launch Server Admin and connect to a new server, you are
prompted to select the services you want to set up and configure on that server.
When you select services from the list, those services appear underneath the server
hostname in the server list.

To change services to administer:

1 Open Server Admin.
2 Select a server, click the Settings button in the toolbar, and then click the Services tab.
3 Select the checkbox for each service you want to turn on.

From the command-line:

sudo serveradmin settings info:serviceConfig:services:com.apple.
ServerAdmin.<service name>:configured = yes

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 Setting Up Open Directory
Unless your server must be integrated with another vendor’s directory system or
the directory architecture of a server you’re upgrading needs changing immediately,
you can begin using the directories you configured during server setup.

The online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/

macosx/resources/ provide instructions for all aspects of Open Directory domain and
authentication setup, including:
ÂÂ Setting up client computer access to shared directory data
ÂÂ Replicating LDAP directories and authentication information of Open Directory
masters
ÂÂ Integrating with Active Directory and other non-Apple directories
ÂÂ Configuring single sign-on
ÂÂ Using Kerberos and other authentication techniques

Setting Up User Management

Unless you’re using a server exclusively to host Internet content (such as web pages)
or perform computational clustering, you probably want to set up user accounts in
addition to the administrator accounts created during server setup.

The online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/

macosx/resources/ tell you how to use Workgroup Manager to connect to the
directory, define user settings, set up group accounts and computer groups,
define managed preferences, and import accounts.

To set up a user account:

1 Open Workgroup Manager.
2 Authenticate to the directory as the directory administrator.
3 At the top of the application window, click the Accounts button to select the directory
you want to add users to.
4 Click the New User button.
5 Specify user settings in the panes that appear.
You can set up user accounts by using Workgroup Manager to import settings from
a file.

Setting Up All Other Services

All services of Mac OS X Server require specialized setup instructions to tailor the
service to your specific needs.

For step-by-step instructions for setting up and managing the services,

see the online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

Chapter 6    Initial Server Setup 123

 Ongoing System Management
7
This chapter shows you how to complete ongoing
management for your systems, including setting up
administrator computers, designating administrators,
and maintaining service uptime.
Read the following sections as a basic introduction to Mac OS X Server management:
ÂÂ “Computers You Can Use to Administer a Server” on page 124
ÂÂ “Using the Administration Tools” on page 126
ÂÂ “Changing the Server’s Computer Name and the Local Hostname” on page 144
ÂÂ “Adding and Removing Servers in Server Admin” on page 128
ÂÂ “Administering Services” on page 145
ÂÂ “ Tiered Administration Permissions” on page 149
ÂÂ “ Workgroup Manager Basics” on page 150

Computers You Can Use to Administer a Server

To administer a server locally using the graphical administration applications (in
/Applications/Server/) log in to the server as a server administrator and open them.

To administer a remote server, open the applications on an administrator computer.

An administrator computer is any Mac OS X Server v10.6 or Mac OS X v10.6 or later
computer where the administration tools have been installed from the Mac OS X Server
Admin Tools CD. See “Setting Up an Administrator Computer” on page 124.

You can run command-line tools from the Terminal Application (in
/Applications/Utilities/) on any Mac OS X Server or Mac OS X computer. You can also
run command-line tools from a UNIX workstation.

Setting Up an Administrator Computer

An administrator computer is a computer with Mac OS X v10.6 or
Mac OS X Server v10.6 or later that you use to manage remote servers.

124
 In the following illustration, the arrows originate from administrator computers and
point to servers the administrator computers might be used to manage.

Mac OS X
administrator computer

Mac OS X Servers

When you’ve installed and set up a Mac OS X Server that has a display, keyboard,
and optical drive, it’s already an administrator computer. To make a computer with
Mac OS X into an administrator computer, you must install additional software.

Mac OS X Server v10.6 administration tools require:

ÂÂ Mac OS X v10.6
ÂÂ 1 GB of RAM
ÂÂ 1 GB of unused disk space

To enable remote administration of Mac OS X Server from a Mac OS X computer:

1 Insert the Mac OS X Server Admin Tools CD.
2 Open the Installer folder.
3 Start the installer (ServerAdministrationSoftware.mpkg) and follow the onscreen
instructions.

Using a Non-Mac OS X Computer for Administration

You can use a non-Mac OS X computer that offers SSH support, such as a UNIX
workstation, to administer Mac OS X Server using command-line tools. For more
information, see the online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

You can also use any computer that can run a VNC viewer to administer
Mac OS X Server. Administering the server via VNC is the same as using the server’s
keyboard, mouse, and monitor locally.

You enable a VNC server on Mac OS X Server by enabling Screen Sharing in the

Sharing pane of System Preferences.

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 125

 Using the Administration Tools
Information about administration tools can be found on the pages indicated in the
following table.

Use this application or tool To See

Command-line tools Administer a server using a “Command-Line Tools” (page 48)
UNIX command shell.
iCal Service Utility Add locations and resources to “iCal Service Utility” (page 46)
your iCal server.
Installer Install server software or “Using the installer Command-
upgrade it from v10.4 or 10.5. Line Tool to Install Server
Software” (page 104)
QTSS Web Admin, QuickTime Manage media playlists and “Media Streaming
Broadcaster, and QuickTime prepare it for streaming or Management” (page 47)
Player progressive download.
Server Admin Configure and monitor services “Working with Settings for a
and administrator access, and Specific Server” (page 130)
configure share points. “Server Admin” (page 38)
Set up and manage QuickTime
media streaming.
Server Assistant Set up a v10.6 server. “Setting up Servers
Interactively” (page 113)
Server Monitor Monitor Xserve hardware. “Using Server
Monitor” (page 172)
System Image Utility Manage NetBoot and NetInstall “System Image
disk images. Management” (page 47)
Workgroup Manager Administer accounts and their “Workgroup Manager
managed preferences. Basics” (page 150)
Xgrid Admin Monitor local or remote Xgrid “Xgrid Admin” (page 49)
controllers, grids, and jobs.
Apple Remote Desktop Monitor and control other “Apple Remote
(optional) Macintosh computers. Desktop” (page 50)

Working with Pre-v10.6 Computers from v10.6 Servers

You can use the version of Server Admin included with Mac OS X Server v10.6 to
administer the latest Mac OS X Server v10.5.

Using Mac OS X Server v10.6 will not administer DNS hosted on a server version earlier
than v10.6.

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 You can use Workgroup Manager on a v10.6 server to manage Mac OS X clients
running the latest Mac OS X v10.5. However, after you edit a user record using
Workgroup Manager on v10.6, you can only access it using Workgroup Manager
on v10.6.

Ports Used for Administration

For Apple’s administration applications to function, the following ports must be
enabled.

Port number and type Tool used

22 TCP SSH command-line shell
311 TCP Server Admin (with SSL)
625 TCP Workgroup Manager
389, 686 TCP Directory
80 TCP QuickTime Streaming Management
4111 TCP Xgrid Admin

In addition, other ports must be enabled for each service you want to run on your
server. For a port reference guide, see the online help and Mac OS X Server Resources
website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

Ports Open By Default

After setup, the firewall is off by default in Advanced Server mode, and therefore all
ports are open. When the firewall is on, all ports are blocked except the following for
all originating IP addresses:

Port number and type Service

22 TCP SSH command-line shell
311 TCP Server Admin (with SSL)
626 UDP Serial number support
625 TCP Remote Directory Access
ICMP incoming and outgoing standard ping
53 UDP DNS name resolution

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 127

 Server Admin Basics
You use Server Admin to administer services on Mac OS X Server computers. Server
Admin also lets you specify settings that support multiple services, such as creating
and managing SSL certificates and specifying which users and groups can access
services.

Adding and Removing Servers in Server Admin

The servers you can administer using Server Admin appear in the Servers list on the
left side of the application window.

You can add a server to the Servers list and log in to it in two ways:
ÂÂ Click the Add (+) button in the bottom action bar and choose Add Server.
ÂÂ Choose Server > Add Server from the menu bar.

The next time you open Server Admin, any server you’ve added is displayed in the list.
To change the order of servers in the list, drag a server to the new location in the list.

You can remove a server from the Servers list in a similar fashion. First you select the
server to remove, then do one of the following:
ÂÂ Click the Perform Action button in the bottom action bar and choose Disconnect
then Remove Server.
ÂÂ Choose Server > Disconnect, and then choose Server > Remove Server from the
menu bar.

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 If a server in the Servers list appears gray, double-click the server or click the Connect
button in the toolbar to log in again. To enable auto-reconnect the next time you open
Server Admin, select the “Remember this password in my keychain” while you log in.

Grouping Servers Manually

Server Admin displays computers in groups in the Server List section of the
application’s window. The default server list is called the All Servers list. This is a list of
administered computers that you have added and authenticated to. You can create
other groups to organize the computers on your network.

Server groups have the following capabilities:

ÂÂ You can create as many lists as you want.
ÂÂ Servers can appear in more than one list.
ÂÂ Groups can be made in any organization scheme you can imagine:  geographic,
functional, hardware configuration, even color.
ÂÂ You can click a group name to see a status overview of all servers in the group.

You can make more specific, targeted groups of servers from your All Servers list. First,
create blank lists and then add servers to them from the All Servers list.

To create a server group:

1 Under the Server list at the bottom of the Server Admin window, click the Add (+)
button.
2 Select Add Group, and name the group.
To rename groups, click the group and let the mouse hover over the name for a few
seconds. When the name becomes editable, rename the group.
3 Drag the servers from the All Servers group to the newly created group.

Grouping Servers Using Smart Groups

Server Admin displays computers in groups in the Server List section of the
application’s window. The default server list is called the All Servers list. This is a list of
administered computers that you have added and authenticated to.You can create a
server list that populates based on custom criteria. This is referred to as a Smart Group.

After you create a smart group, any server added to the All Server list (or other
specified list) that matches the criteria is added to the smart group.

You can match the following criteria:

ÂÂ Visible services
ÂÂ Running services
ÂÂ Network throughput
ÂÂ CPU utilization

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 129

 ÂÂ IP address
ÂÂ OS version

To create a server smart group:

1 Under the Server list at the bottom of the Server Admin window, click the Add (+)
button.
2 Select Add Smart Group.
3 Name the smart group.
4 Define the criteria that servers will appear in the list and click OK.
The group appears in the Server list.

Working with Settings for a Specific Server

To work with general server settings, select a server in the Servers list. You then select
from a number of buttons in the toolbar that show configuration options or tabs of
configuration options.

The following shows the Settings pane for a server:

130 Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management

 The following table contains a summary of what you find for each button:

Toolbar button Shows

Overview Information about the server’s hardware,
software, services, and status.
Logs The system log and security systems log.
Graphs A pictorial history of server activity.
Sharing Configuration options for defining file sharing
folders, share points, and automounts.
Server Updates Software updates available from Apple to update
the server’s software. This only controls updates
to the server’s own software.
Certificates The server’s security certificates.
Settings The server’s network settings, server software
serial number, service access controls, and other
information.

When you click Settings, you have access to the following panes:
ÂÂ General pane:  Click General to work with the server serial number or to enable
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Network Time Protocol (NTP),
Secure Shell (SSH), Remote Management, and server-side mobile home-sync
feature support.
SNMP is a standard that facilitates computer monitoring and management.
The server uses the open source net-snmp project for its SNMP implementation.
Although no server administration tools use or require SNMP, it enables the server to
be monitored and managed from third-party SNMP software such as HP OpenView.
Use the NTP checkbox to enable NTP service. For information about NTP,
see the online help and Mac OS X Server Resources website at
www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.
SSH is a shell you can use to access command-line tools to remotely administer
the server with. Mac OS X Server uses the open source OpenSSH project for its SSH
implementation. SSH is also used for other remote server administration tasks, such
as initial server setup, Sharing management, and displaying file system paths and
the contents of folders in the server administration tools. SSH must be enabled
while creating an Open Directory replica, but it can be disabled afterwards.
Remote Management allows the server to be administered by Apple Remote
Desktop (ARD). You enable and disable ARD administration in this pane in addition
to the Sharing pane of System Preferences.
Client Binding Discovery with Bonjour offers directory services to client computers
on the local subnet, allowing the users to choose whether to bind to the server.

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 131

 Server-side file tracking for mobile home-sync is a feature of mobile home folders.
For information about when to enable this feature, see the online help and
Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.
ÂÂ Network pane:  Click Network to view or change the server’s computer name or
local hostname, or to see a list of network interfaces and addressing information for
this server.
The computer name is what a user sees when browsing the network (/Network). The
local hostname is usually derived from the computer name, but it can be changed.
The network interfaces table shows the name of the interface, the type of
addressing (IPv4, or IPv6), the IP address, and the DNS name found by reverse
lookup for the address.
ÂÂ Date & Time pane:  Click Date & Time to set the server’s date and time, NTP source
preference, and time zone. For more information about NTP, see the online help and
Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.
ÂÂ Notifications pane:  Click Notifications to configure Mac OS X Server’s automatic
event notifications.
You set the mail address and notification trigger in this pane. For more information
about notifications, see “Using Server Status Notification in Server Admin” on
page 175.
ÂÂ Access pane:  Click Access to control user access to some services and to designate
administration privileges for users.
When you select the Services tab, you set up access to services to users and groups
(referred to as service access control lists, or service ACLs). You can set up the same
access to all services, or you can select a service and customize its access settings.
Access controls are simple. Choose between enabling all users and groups to use
services or enabling only specific users and groups to use services.
When you select the Administrators tab, you designate users to have administration
or monitoring privileges for the services on the server. For detailed information
about these settings, see “Defining Administrative Permissions” on page 150.
ÂÂ Services pane:  Click Services to show or hide services in Server Admin for this
server.

Understanding Changes to the Server IP Address or Network

Identity
When you change a server’s IP address, DNS name, local hostname, or computer name,
there might be additional configuration steps needed for each service provided. Each
service relies on IP addresses or names differently; therefore, the exact combination of
steps relies on your individual setup.

132 Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management

 The following sections give guidance regarding the types of changes will be necessary
for a name or IP address change.

Understanding Mac OS X Server Names

Three names are used by Mac OS X Server:  computer name, local hostname, and DNS
name. They are used by different parts of the system for different reasons, and are not
linked. Changing the computer name and the local hostname is not the same thing as
changing the DNS name.
ÂÂ The computer name is a user-friendly name for the system and is shown in the
Finder and tools like Apple Remote Desktop.
ÂÂ The local hostname is a domain name, usable only on the local network, and is
published to other services which are Bonjour-aware.
ÂÂ The DNS name is the Internet host name, which is a fully qualified domain name.
Only the DNS name is the Internet-routable name that services use for network
identity.

Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on

Infrastructure Services
Some services are infrastructure services. This means they provide the basic
addressing, name resolution, and routing necessary for other services to function.
Infrastructure services include:
ÂÂ DNS
ÂÂ DHCP
ÂÂ Directory Service
ÂÂ Firewall
ÂÂ Mobile Access
ÂÂ NAT
ÂÂ NetBoot
ÂÂ RADIUS
ÂÂ VPN

Generally, changing the IP address or name of an infrastructure server requires an

intimate knowledge of the new network configuration and topology as well as manual
setting changes. Changes to these infrastructure services can cause widespread
disruption of other services until the correct setting modifications are made.

DNS
For a server not hosting DNS, changing a server’s IP address requires changes to the
data in the DNS server. Minimally, the server’s NS, A, and PTR records must be changed.
Because the DNS information for the server is hosted elsewhere, those records must be
updated manually on the DNS server.

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 133

 Your network configuration might have other domains, computers, and record types
that are impacted by a server’s IP address change (SRV records, for instance). These
other records should be examined thoroughly after any change to a server’s IP address.

If the server is a DNS server, use the tool changeip to change the NS, A, and PTR
records. Changing a DNS server’s IP address directly impacts any client computer
that uses the DNS server. For example, the DNS server’s IP address could be provided
to DHCP clients automatically, so all DHCP clients rely on the DNS server’s correct IP
address. All DNS names for all domains hosted by the DNS server must be examined.

Because of DNS caching, many clients might not respond to changes in the DNS
system as quickly as needed. To expedite DNS server setting propagation, update all
wireless access points, DHCP servers, manually configured IP address clients, and DHCP
address clients by restarting them or renewing their DHCP leases.

In summary, clients that refer to the DNS server’s IP address for name resolution need
to be updated to use the new IP address.

Changing a server’s DNS name or domain impacts all other services that rely on the
server’s domain name resolving correctly in DNS. The affected services include:
ÂÂ Directory service
ÂÂ Kerberos service and Kerberos Realm names
ÂÂ WINS server names
ÂÂ DHCP supplied search domains

DHCP
Changing the IP address of a DHCP server might invalidate all subnets and static IP
addresses handled by the server. Additionally, the change in IP address might result in
unreachable search domain names, WINS server names, or LDAP URLs. Examine these
settings, if needed.

Many clients might not respond to the changes in the DHCP system immediately.
After a DHCP server change, update all wireless access points, manually configured IP
address clients, and DHCP address clients by restarting them or renewing their DHCP
leases.

Changing the domain name of a DHCP server could also make obsolete the search
domain names, WINS server names, or LDAP URLs. Changing the only hostname
segment to a fully qualified domain name might not have the same effect.

Directory Service and Kerberos

Changing the IP address of an Open Directory Server might invalidate the data records
themselves (computer records, or user home directories). None of the contents of the
records are altered when you change the IP address, only the configuration.

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 Changing the DNS name of the directory server requires that all bound machines be
rebound to the new directory name and address.

If you have set up a Kerberos environment, the Kerberos realm does not change when
the hostname is changed.

Firewall
Changing the IP address of the Firewall can significantly alter the effectiveness of the
service. In Mac OS X Server v10.6, IP firewall rules are stored and referenced as address
groups. A change to the IP address of the firewall server might prevent traffic to the
address groups from being routed, and therefore none of the specific firewall rules
would be applied.

Check all firewall rules when changing the IP address of the firewall server.

Mobile Access (Proxy Services)

Most proxy services should remain relatively unaffected by a change to IP address or
domain name. If you have edited the com.apple.securityproxy_mail.plist manually to
have the proxy server connect to itself for some service by some other address than
the link-local address (127.0.0.1 or localhost), you must change it manually again.

However, proxy services are affected if the IP address or DNS name of the destination
servers changes. If you change a proxied services’ name or address, you must
reconfigure Proxy Service.

If you configured an HTTP Secure Proxy virtual host, you must delete and re-create the
proxy mappings of any proxied servers.

NAT
NAT should not be affected by a change to the server’s IP address or DNS name.
All clients behind the NAT server still have contact with the NAT router by the internal
IP address. If you made manual modifications to the NAT service configuration files,
make sure those changes are compatible with the new IP address or DNS name.

NetBoot
NetBoot does not require reconfiguration after changing the IP address or DNS name.
However, all clients that use it must reselect the server after the changes.

RADIUS
If you change the RADIUS server IP address, you might need to check or reconfigure
the IP addresses of the associated base stations. Additionally, if you’re using SSL
certificates, you must regenerate or repurchase the certificates. You must use Server
Admin to import the new certificates, and then configure the service’s new certificate.

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 135

 VPN
VPN servers allocate IP address ranges to VPN clients and mediate DNS queries of
VPN clients. Any of these can be affected by a change to the VPN server’s IP address
or domain name. Additionally, the VPN server contains routing definitions based on IP
addresses. A change to the IP address can make those routing addresses unreachable.

Check all the VPN settings when changing the IP address of the VPN server.

Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Web and

Wiki Services
Some services are classified as web services. This means they provide the interaction,
back-end database storage, and media streaming of websites hosted on the server.
Web services include:
ÂÂ Web
ÂÂ MySQL
ÂÂ QTSS
ÂÂ Wiki
ÂÂ Certificates for web and wiki service

Generally, these services in the initial default configuration are resilient and adjust to
changes made to the IP address or the server name. However, if your web services
are customized, they might need manual configuration changes to maintain service
integrity.

Web
If you change the web server’s DNS name or IP address, you must modify the domain
name and web server aliases. You should also check the site load balancer members.

If you change the web server’s DNS name, you must modify virtual hosts that use
SSL. Virtual hosts that use SSL need new certificates. You might need to regenerate
or repurchase the certificates. Use Server Admin to import the new certificates, then
configure each virtual host’s new name and certificate.

If you change the web server’s IP addresses, use Server Admin to change any virtual
hosts that use a specific IP address. The default wild-card virtual host doesn’t need to
be modified.

For either change, if you configured Mobile Access for web (or possibly other proxy
settings), delete and recreate the proxy settings for all affected hosts.

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 MySQL
In general, MySQL is not affected by changing an IP address or DNS name. However,
none of the data in the databases is altered when the DNS name or IP address are
changed. You are responsible for replacing references to the DNS name and address
(if used) in your databases.

If you set a database root password, there might be entries in the database GRANT
table (database=mysql, table=user) that refer to the previous server DNS name. In this
case, use Server Admin to reset the root password, which will then reflect the current
server identity.

Server administrators should make sure that MySQL clients that have saved references
to the DNS name of the MySQL Service are updated to reflect any change in the server
identity.

QTSS
The typical default configuration will not need further configuration after changing
the DNS name or IP address of QTSS. If you configured specific IP bindings, change
those to the new address and restart the service. Relays you defined might have
invalid IP addresses after an IP address change.

Wiki
Wiki service remains unaffected by a change in the IP address, assuming Apache is still
functioning and DNS names change.

However, wikis can be configured to specific DNS names. If you manually edited
configuration files to restrict wiki access to DNS names, make the relevant changes in
those files.

Certificates for Web and Wiki Services

Web and wiki servers that use SSL will need new certificates. You might need to
regenerate or repurchase the certificates. You must use Server Admin to import the
new certificates, then configure each service’s, or site’s, new certificate.

Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on File

Services
File services provide file storage and retrieval for network clients. File services include:
ÂÂ AFP
ÂÂ SMB
ÂÂ NFS
ÂÂ FTP

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 137

 For the most part, changing the network address or DNS name of a file server has no
internal affect on file services. The file service processes monitor network interfaces
for changes and adapt as necessary without administrator intervention. No further
configuration is required.

A few places might need configuration settings changed:

ÂÂ SMB:  The computer name defaults to the unqualified primary DNS name. Changing
the DNS name of the server causes a mismatch between the DNS name and the
defined computer name.
ÂÂ FTP:  The service can use SSL certificates, and will need new certificates. You might
need to regenerate or repurchase the certificates. Use Server Admin to import the
new certificates, then configure each service’s new certificate.

Additionally, clients might have URLs, bookmarks, favorites or documentation that

refers to previous DNS names or IP addresses. Ensure that client information is updated
to reflect the new name or address.

Finally, you might have other software that interfaces with file servers (for example,
automated scripts) and refers to old DNS names and IP addresses. Update those
applications or scripts as well.

Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Mail

Services
Mail services are the suite of services that provide mail delivery, retrieval, and
processing. Mail services include:
ÂÂ IMAP and POP
ÂÂ SMTP
ÂÂ Mailing List
ÂÂ Anti-virus and anti-spam
ÂÂ Certificates for mail services

Most mail services require a restart after changing a DNS name or IP address of the
mail server. If you manually changed configuration files, you might need to edit them
manually again. Additionally, some mail services require a full shutdown and startup
(rather than a simple service reload) to get the address and identity changes.

There are many places in the mail services configuration panes where you enter
domain names, mail host names, relay host names, and mail addresses. Any change
you make to the DNS name could potentially have an affect on the service. Double-
check name and IP address settings carefully.

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 IMAP and POP
Dovecot, the IMAP and POP service, loads the fully-qualified domain name at startup
and configuration reload. After a change, Dovecot must be restarted or given a SIGHUP
command, at a minimum).

You must also restart if you manually edited the listen or ssl_listen parameters.

SMTP
Postfix, the SMTP service, is very sensitive to network address and identity changes.
The information it stores about the DNS name, the IP address, and network interfaces
is only loaded once at service startup. To resume service after a change to the DNS
name or the IP address, you must fully stop the service, and restart it.

You must also restart it if you manually edited the inet_interfaces, inet_protocols,
smtp_bind_address, myhostname, or mydomain configuration parameters.

Mailing List
Mailman, the mailing list service, tracks the incoming and outgoing mail hosts by
reading them on startup. If you change the hostname or IP address, restart Mailman
for it to honor the configuration changes.

Antivirus and Antispam

ClamAV, the antivirus service, gets its listening address at startup as well. After making
any changes to the DNS name or IP address, you must stop and restart to resume
service.

SpamAssassin, the anti-spam service, gets its configuration information at startup and
can reload configuration data while running. To load new configuration data, restart
SpamAssassin or give it a SIGHUP command, at a minimum.

Certificates for Mail Services

Mail servers that use SSL need new certificates. You might need to regenerate or
repurchase the certificates. Use Server Admin to import the certificates, then configure
each service’s new certificate.

Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on

Collaboration Services
Collaboration services provide tools to coordinate people and time. Collaboration
services include:
ÂÂ Calendar service
ÂÂ Address Book service
ÂÂ iChat service
ÂÂ Certificates for collaboration services

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 139

 Address Book Service
Changing the IP address of an Address Book server does not affect new connections
to the server; however, it can disconnect existing client connections. If you manually
edited the BindHTTPPorts or BindSSLPorts options in the carddavd.plist file, edit them
again and restart the service.

Changing the DNS name of an Address Book server necessitates restarting the service.
If you manually edited the ServerHostName setting in the carddavd.plist file, you
might need to do so again before restarting the service.

iCal Service
The iCal Server is based on the same underlying technology as the Address Book
Server, so the needs are the same.

Changing the IP address of an iCal server does not affect new connections to the
server; however, it can disconnect existing client connections. If you manually edited
the BindHTTPPorts or BindSSLPorts options in the caldav.plist file, you must edit them
again and restart the service.

Changing the DNS name of an iCal server necessitates restarting the service. If you
manually edited the ServerHostName setting in the caldavd.plist file, you might need
do so again before restarting the service.

iChat Service
The iChat service is highly resilient to network and identity changes on the primary
Ethernet port. No additional configuration is necessary if you’ve changed the DNS
name or IP address of the iChat server.

However, the jabber IDs associated with the server do not update to the new iChat
server DNS name. For example, changing the server from example.com to example.net,
Joe’s jabber ID ([email protected]) doesn’t migrate to [email protected].

The jabber IDs for service users can be changed using the jabber_autobuddy tool.
The tools modifies the database by changing the @host.com part of user names
associated with the old domain to reflect the new domain, as well as secondary
references (individual- and group-based buddies) that reference the old domain.

To migrate the jabber IDs, run the following commands:

sudo serveradmin stop jabber
sudo jabber_autobuddy --move-domain <old_domain> <new_domain>
sudo serveradmin start jabber

Additionally, the tool makes an automatic backup of the previous database

(/var/jabberd/sqlite/jabberd2_bak.db), which can be stored or restored as needed.

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 Certificates for Collaboration Services
AddressBook, iCal, and iChat servers that use SSL will need new certificates. You might
need regenerate or repurchase the certificates. Use Server Admin to import the new
certificates, then configure each service’s new certificate.

Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Podcast

Producer
Podcast Producer is a complex service. It uses a number of other services and
computers to perform its work. Because several Xgrid Agent computers and camera
capture computers depend on contact with the Podcast Producer server, changes to
the IP address or DNS name must be coordinated for affected computers, not just the
main Podcast Capture server.

If Podcast Producer server is run on a computer providing DNS to a network or is run

on a computer providing directory services to a network as an Open Directory Master,
resolve the conflicts and network conditions for those services before attempting to
account for changes done to Podcast Producer

For more information on how address and identity changes affect DNS and directory
services, see “Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Infrastructure
Services” on page 133.

Changing the IP address or DNS name might necessitate changing settings for the
following services and software:
ÂÂ DNS server
ÂÂ Open Directory server
ÂÂ Xgrid Controller
ÂÂ NFS file service
ÂÂ Xsan and its MDC configuration (if used for file storage)
ÂÂ Mail Services (if used by a workflow)
ÂÂ Wiki Server (if used by a workflow)
ÂÂ iChat Server (if used by a workflow)
ÂÂ QMaster (if used by a workflow)
ÂÂ Final Cut Server (if used by a workflow)

You can reduce the number of services to reconfigure by initially defining an alias
record in DNS (a CNAME record) and using the DNS name alias as the DNS name for
configuration purposes.

If any listed servers use SSL, they will need new certificates. You might need to
regenerate or repurchase the certificates. Use Server Admin to import the certificates,
then configure each service’s new certificate.

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 To change the IP address of the Podcast Producer computer:
1 Stop the Xgrid job queue when empty (or stop and empty it).
2 Reconfigure DNS, Open Directory, DHCP, and other infrastructure services.
For example, in DNS, change the A record IP address of the Podcast Producer server.
3 Use changeip to change the IP address of the Podcast Producer server.
4 Restart (or renew the DHCP leases of ) all Podcast Camera Agents.
5 Restart (or renew the DHCP leases of ) all Xgrid Agents used for the Podcast Producer
workflow grid.
Alternatively, instead of restarting the computers, you flush the Directory services
cache (using dscacheutil and sending a HUP to the mDNSResponder daemon).

To change the DNS name of the Podcast Producer computer:

1 Stop the Xgrid job queue when empty (or stop and empty it).
2 Reconfigure DNS, Open Directory, DHCP, and other infrastructure services.
For example, in DNS, change the A record host name of the Podcast Producer server.
3 Use changeip to change the DNS name of the Podcast Producer server.
4 Restart (or renew the DHCP leases of ) all Podcast Camera Agents.
5 Restart (or renew the DHCP leases of ) all Xgrid Agents used for the Podcast Producer
workflow grid.
Alternatively, instead of restarting the computers, flush the Directory services cache
(using dscacheutil and sending a HUP to the mDNSResponder daemon).
6 Unbind the Podcast Camera Agents from the previous DNS name and rebind them to
the new name.
7 Reconfigure Xgrid Agents to use the new DNS name.
8 Reconfigure services used in the workflow to reference the new DNS name, if needed.
9 Update and reissue an SSL certificates that contain the server’s DNS name.
10 Reconfigure Kerberos service on the server (using Directory Binding or ssoutil).
11 Update any scripted or automated software that submits data to or polls data from
Podcast Producer.

Understanding IP Address or Network Identity Changes on Other

Services
The remaining services affected by changes to the IP address or network identity
include:
ÂÂ Print
ÂÂ Push Notification

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 ÂÂ Software Update Service
ÂÂ Xgrid

After Software Update changes the DNS name or IP address, a number of changes
must be made by the clients. However, the following guidelines for the server should
be followed.

Print
Print service needs no changes if the IP address changes. If the DNS name changes,
the administrator must restart print service to re-register the service with Bonjour to
publish the name change.

If you made custom configurations of the cupsd.conf file, or configured

/Config/Printers entries in the directory service, review those custom configurations
and update them if needed.

If you assigned per-queue printing quotas to user accounts, update the account
quotas to reflect the new server DNS name if needed.

Also, make sure that printing clients that have saved references to the DNS name of
print queues are updated to use the new DNS name.

Push Notification
Push notification servers should be cleared or removed from the service before
changing the server’s IP address or DNS name.

Re-enable push notification after the network identity has changed.

Software Update Server

Software Update must be restarted after changes are made to the DNS name or IP
address of the service. Afterward, update the list of available software updates.

Also, make sure clients that saved references to the DNS name of the Software Update
server are updated to use the new DNS name.

Xgrid
Xgrid service must be restarted after changes are made to the DNS name or the IP
address of the service. Changes to the DNS name or IP address should be made when
the Xgrid job queue is empty and stopped.

If you use Kerberos for client authentication to the controller, resolve Kerberos
configuration issues before attempting to reconfigure for Xgrid service.

If you change the DNS name of the controller, reconfigure all Xgrid Agents to use the
new controller’s new DNS name.

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 Changing the IP Address of a Server
You can change the IP address of a server using the Network pane of System
Preferences or the networksetup tool.

Do not turn off the primary network interface and then turn it back on with a
different address. Several services will not get the needed notification to update their
configuration.

Changing your IP address can have significant unintended consequences, depending

on the services your server provides. For information on the effects of changing
the IP addresses, see “Understanding Changes to the Server IP Address or Network
Identity” on page 132.

The changeip command-line tool can accomplish manually what is done

automatically, and it is still available.

Changing the Server’s DNS Name After Setup

If you change a server’s DNS name after setup, the name must be changed with your
DNS service provider.

Until the server’s DNS name matches the name with the DNS service provider, several
services will not function. Changing your DNS name can have significant unintended
consequences, depending on the services your server provides.

For information on the effects of changing the DNS name, see “Understanding
Changes to the Server IP Address or Network Identity” on page 132.

The DNS name is the Internet host name, which is a fully qualified domain name. Only
the DNS name is the Internet-routable name that services use for network identity.

To change the DNS name

sudo scutil --set OldName <NewName.domain.tld>

You can use the scutil command-line tool to set the computer name and local
hostname. For more information, see the scutil man page.

Do not use the changeip command-line tool to change DNS names, even though the
tool is still available.

Changing the Server’s Computer Name and the Local Hostname

The computer name is a user-friendly name for the system and is shown in the Finder
and tools like Apple Remote Desktop.

The local hostname is a domain name, usable only on the local network, and is
published to other services which are Bonjour-aware.

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 You can use the scutil command-line tool to set the local hostname and local
hostname. For more information, see the scutil man page.

Do not use the changeip command-line tool to change computer names, even though
the tool is still available.

To change computer name and local hostname:

mm Change the names in the Network pane of the Settings section for the server in Server
Admin.

From the command line:

sudo scutil --set ComputerName <newComputerName>
sudo scutil --set LocalHostName <newLocalHostName>

Administering Services
To work with a service on a server selected in the Servers list of Server Admin,
click the service in the list under the server. You can view information about a service
(logs, graphs, and so forth) and manage its settings.

The following is a sample service configuration pane in Server Admin.

To start or stop a service, select it and then click Start <service name> or Stop <service
name> in the bottom action bar.

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 Adding and Removing Services in Server Admin
Server Admin can only show you the services you are administering, hiding all other
service configuration panes until needed. Before you can administer a service, it must
be enabled for the specific server; then that service appears under the server name in
the main Server list.

To add or remove a service in Server Admin:

1 Select the server that will host the service.
2 Click the Settings button in the toolbar.
3 Click Services.
4 Select the service and click Save.
The service now appears in the list, ready for configuration.

Importing and Exporting Service Settings

To copy service settings from one server to another or to save service settings in a plist
file for reuse later, use the Export Service Settings command in Server Admin.

To export service settings:

1 Select the server.
2 From the menu bar, choose Server > Export > Service Settings.
3 Select the services whose settings you want to copy.
4 Click Save.
The file that is created contains all service configuration information as a plist XML
document.

To import service settings:

1 Select the target server to receive the settings.
2 Choose Server > Import > Service Settings from the menu bar.
3 Find and select the saved service file.
The only file you can use with this function is a properly formatted XML-based plist file,
generated from the settings export.
4 Click Open.

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 Controlling Access to Services
You can use Server Admin to configure which users and groups can use services
hosted by a server. You set up access to services to users and groups using SACLs.
You can set up the same access to all services, or you can select a service and
customize its access settings.

Access controls are simple. Choose between allowing all users and groups to use
services or allowing selected users and groups to use services. You can separately
specify access controls for individual services, or you can define one set of controls
that applies for all services that the server hosts.

The following shows the Service Access Control List pane in Server Admin:

To configure service access SACLs

1 Select a server in the Servers list.
2 Click Settings, then click Access.
3 Click Services.
4 Choose a service, and choose whether to allow everyone access to it or whether to
allow specified users access to the service.
5 If you have chosen to specify users, add the users and groups as desired.

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 Using SSL for Remote Server Administration
You can control the level of security of communications between Server Admin and
remote servers by choosing Server Admin > Preferences.

By default, Server Admin treats communications with remote servers as encrypted

using SSL. This uses a self-signed 128-bit certificate installed in /etc/servermgrd/ssl.crt
when you install the server. Communications use HTTPS (port 311). If this option isn’t
possible, HTTP (port 687) is used and clear text is sent between Server Admin and the
remote server.

If you want a greater level of security, also select “Require valid digital signature (SSL).”
By default, “Require valid digital signature (SSL)” is disabled. This option uses an SSL
certificate installed on a remote server to ensure that the remote server is a valid
server.

Before enabling this option, use the instructions in “Requesting a Certificate from a
Certificate Authority” on page 65 for generating a CSR, obtaining an SSL certificate
from an issuing authority, and installing the certificate on each remote server.

Instead of placing files in /etc/httpd/, place them in /etc/servermgrd/. You can also
generate a self-signed certificate and install it on the remote server.

You can use Server Admin to set up and manage self-signed or -issued SSL certificates
used by mail, web, Open Directory, and other services that support them.

“Certificate Manager in Server Admin” on page 62 provides instructions for using

Server Admin to create, organize, and use security certificates for SSL-enabled services.
Individual service administration guides describe how to configure specific services to
use SSL.

If you’re interested in higher levels of SSL authentication, see the information at

www.modssl.org.

Managing Sharing
To work with share points and access control lists, click the File Sharing icon in the
Server Admin toolbar. Learn more in the online help and Mac OS X Server Resources
website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

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 The following is the File Sharing configuration pane in Server Admin.

Tiered Administration Permissions

In previous releases of Mac OS X Server, there were two classes of users:  admin and
everyone else. Admin users could make any change to the settings of any service or
change any directory data including passwords and password policies.

In Mac OS X Server v10.6, you can now grant individuals and groups specific

administrative permissions without adding them to the UNIX “admin” group. In other
words, you can make them administrator users.

There are two levels of permissions:

ÂÂ Administer:  This level of permission is analogous to being in the UNIX admin group.
You can change any setting on the server for the designated server and service only.
ÂÂ Monitor:  This level of permission allows you to view Overview panes, Log panes,
and other information panes in Server Admin, as well as general server status data
in server status lists. You do not have access to any saved service settings.

Any user or group can be given these permissions for all services or for selected
services. The permissions are stored on a per-server basis.

The only users that can change the tiered administration access list are users that are
in the UNIX admin group.

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 149

 Server Admin updates to reflect what operations are possible for a user’s permissions.
For example, some services are hidden or the Settings pane is dimmed when you can
only monitor that service.

Because the feature is enforced on the server side, the permissions also impact the
usage of serveradmin, dscl, dsimport, and pwpolicy command-line tools because these
tools are limited to the permissions configured for the administrator in use.

Defining Administrative Permissions

You can decide if a user or group can monitor or administer a server or service
without giving them the full power of a UNIX administrative user. Assigning effective
permissions to users creates a tiered administration, where some but not all
administrative duties can be carried out by designated individuals.

To assign permissions:
1 Open Server Admin.
2 Select a server, click the Settings button in the toolbar, and then click the Access tab.
3 Click the Administrators tab.
4 Select whether to define administrative permissions for all services on the server or for
select services.
5 If you define permissions by service, select the related checkbox for each service you
want to turn on.
If you define permissions by service, be sure to assign administrators to all the active
services on the server.
6 Click the Add (+) button to add a user or group from the users and group window.
To remove administrative permissions, select a user or group and click the Remove (-)
button.
7 For each user or group, select the permissions level next to the user or group name.
You can choose Monitor or Administer.
The capabilities of Server Admin to administer the server are limited by this setting
when the server is added to the Server list.

Workgroup Manager Basics

You use Workgroup Manager to administer the following accounts:  user accounts,
group accounts, and computer lists. You also use it to set preferences for Mac OS X
user accounts, group accounts, computers, and to access the Inspector, an advanced
feature that lets you do raw editing of Open Directory entries.

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 The following topics describe general Workgroup Manager usage. Instructions for
conducting specific administration tasks are available in Workgroup Manager help and
the Mac OS X Server Resources website at www.apple.com/server/macosx/resources/.

Opening and Authenticating in Workgroup Manager

Workgroup Manager is installed in /Applications/Server/. You can open it in the Finder,
the Dock, or by selecting View > Workgroup Manager in the menu bar of Server
Admin.

When you open Workgroup Manager on the server you’re using without
authenticating, you have read-only access to information displayed in the local
domain. To make changes, click the lock icon to authenticate as a server administrator.

This approach is most useful when you’re administering various servers and working
with several directory domains.

To authenticate as an administrator for a server, local or remote, enter the server’s IP

address or DNS name in the login dialog box or click the directory path area of the
Workgroup Manager window to choose another directory server. Specify the user
name and password for an administrator of the server, then click Connect.

Use this approach when you work most of the time with a specific server.

After opening Workgroup Manager, you can open a Workgroup Manager window for
a different computer by clicking New Window in the toolbar or choosing Server >
Connect.

Important:  When you connect to a server in Workgroup Manager, make sure the long
or short user name you specify matches the capitalization in the user account. It is case
sensitive.

Administering Accounts
User accounts and group memberships are not administered in Server Admin. You use
Workgroup Manager to add and remove users and groups.

What follows is a brief synopsis of account administration using Workgroup Manager.

Do not use this section as your only source of information about accounts.

Working with Users and Groups

After you log in to Workgroup Manager, the account window appears, showing a list of
user accounts.

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 151

 The following is a sample user record configuration pane in Workgroup Manager:

Initially, accounts listed are those stored in the last directory node of the server’s
search path. When you use other Workgroup Manager windows, such as Preferences,
click Accounts in the toolbar to return to the account window.

To specify the directories that store accounts you want to work with, click the small
globe icon. To work with different accounts in different Workgroup Manager windows,
click New Window in the toolbar.

To administer the accounts listed, click the Users, Groups, Computers, or Computer
Groups button on the left side of the window. You can filter the accounts listed by
using the pop-up search list above the accounts list.

To simplify defining an account’s initial attributes when you create the account,
use presets. A preset is an account template.

To create a preset, select an account, set up all the values the way you want them,
then choose Save Preset from the Presets pop-up menu at the bottom of the window.

To work with only accounts that meet specific criteria, click Search in the toolbar.
The Search features include the option for batch editing selected accounts.

To import or export accounts, select the accounts, then choose Server > Import or
Server > Export, respectively.

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 Defining Managed Preferences
To work with managed preferences for user accounts, group accounts, or computer
lists, click the Preferences icon in the Workgroup Manager toolbar.

The following is the User Preference Management Overview pane in Workgroup

Manager:

Click Details to use the preference editor to work with preference manifests.
The following is a sample of the preference editor sheet in Workgroup Manager:

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 153

 Working with Directory Data
To work with raw directory data, use Workgroup Manager’s Inspector.

The following is the record Inspector pane in Workgroup Manager:

To display the inspector:

1 Choose Workgroup Manager > Preferences.
2 Enable “Show ‘All Records’ tab and inspector” and click OK.
3 Select the “All records” button (which looks like a bull’s-eye) to access the Inspector.
4 Use the pop-up menu above the Name list to select the records of interest.
For example, you can work with users, groups, computers, share points, and many
other directory objects.

Customizing the Workgroup Manager Environment

There are several ways to tailor the Workgroup Manager environment:
ÂÂ You can control the way Workgroup Manager lists accounts and other behaviors by
choosing Workgroup Manager > Preferences.
ÂÂ To customize the toolbar, choose View > Customize Toolbar.
ÂÂ To include predefined users and groups in the user and group lists, choose View >
Show System Users and Groups.
ÂÂ To open Server Admin so you can monitor and work with services on specific
servers, click the Server Admin icon in the toolbar.

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 Service Configuration Assistants
Server Admin has configuration assistants to guide you through setting up services
that require more setup than a single configuration pane. The assistants present you
with all configuration panes necessary to fully enable a service.

Assistants are available for the following services:

ÂÂ Server Assistant:  This assistant helps you configure remote servers, install
Mac OS X Server remotely, and make automatic server setup data files.
ÂÂ Gateway Setup:  This assistant helps you set up your server as a network gateway.
Launch the assistant using a button in the lower right side of NAT service’s Overview
page.
ÂÂ Mail:  This assistant helps you set up incoming and outgoing mail service. Launch
the assistant using a button in the lower right side of Mail service’s Overview page.
ÂÂ RADIUS:  This assistant helps you set up RADIUS authentication for Apple Airport
wireless access points. Launch the assistant using a button in the lower right side of
RADIUS service’s Overview page.
ÂÂ Xgrid:  This assistant helps you set up Xgrid controllers. Launch the assistant using a
button in the lower right side of Xgrid service’s Overview page.

Critical Configuration and Data Files

When backing up system settings and data, take special care to make sure all your
critical configuration files are backed up. The nature and frequency of your backups
depend on your organization’s backup, archive and restore policies.

For more information about creating a backup and restore policy, see “Defining Backup
and Restore Policies” on page 31.

The following is a list of configuration and data files for services available on
Mac OS X Server.

Time Machine backs up service states and configuration files, but not files with your
created data. To see which services Time Machine backs up, see “Understanding Time
Machine as a Server Backup Tool” on page 36.

General
File type Location
Service states /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/*
SSH configuration files and host’s public / private /etc/ssh/*
keys
System keychain /Library/Keychains/System.keychain

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 155

 Address Book Service
File type Location
Configuration files /etc/cardavd/cardavd.plist
Data /Library/AddressBookServer/Documents/

iCal Service
File type Location
Configuration files /etc/caldavd/caldavd.plist
Data /Library/CalendarServer/Documents/

iChat Server
File type Location
Configuration files /etc/jabberd/*
Data mysqldump jabberd2 > jabberd2.backup.sql

Firewall Service
File type Location
Configuration files /etc/ipfilter/*

Mail Service
The following are configuration files and data stores for Mail services.

Mail—SMTP Server Postfix

File type Location

Configuration files /etc/postfix/
Data:  (default locations) /var/spool/postfix/

Mail—POP/IMAP Server Dovecot

File type Location

Configuration files /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
/etc/dovecot/partition_map.conf
Data:  (default locations) /var/mail/
/var/spool/imap

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 Mail—Amavisd

File type Location

Configuration files /etc/amavisd.conf
Data:  (default locations) /var/amavis/

Mail—Clam AV

File type Location

Configuration files /etc/clamav.conf
/etc/freshclam.conf
Data:  (default locations) /var/clamav/
/var/virusmails/

Mail—Mailman

File type Location

Configuration files /var/mailman/
Data:  (default locations) /var/mailman/

Mail—SpamAssassin

File type Location

Configuration files /etc/mail/spamassassin/local.cf
Data:  (default locations) /etc/mail/spamassassin/

MySQL Service
File type Location
Configuration files There is no config file for MySQL, but the
administrator can create one, which should be
backed up if present.
/etc/my.cnf
Data:  (default locations) /var/mysql/
mysqldump --all-databases > all.sql

NAT Service
File type Location
Configuration files /etc/nat/*

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 Notifications
File type Location
Configuration files /etc/emond.d/
/etc/emond.d/rules/
/Library/Keychains/System.keychain

OpenDirectory Service
The entire Open Directory configuration can be saved with the archive feature.

Filetype Location
Configuration files /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
Data:  (default locations) /etc/openldap/ (stop slapd, and then backup
with slapcat)

PHP
File type Location
Configuration files There is no config file for PHP, but the
administrator can create one (copying /etc/php.
ini.default to /etc/php.ini and modifying it), which
should be backed up if present.
/etc/php.ini
Data:  (default locations) Designated by administrator

QuickTime Streaming Server

File type Location
Configuration files /Library/QuickTimeStreamingServer/Config/*
/Library/QuickTimeStreamingServer/Playlists/*
/Library/Application Support/Apple/QTSS
Publisher/*
Data:  (default locations) /Library/QuickTimeStreamingServer/Movies/*
~user/Sites/Streaming/*

Tomcat App Server

Filetype Location
Configuration files /Library/Tomcat/conf/
Data:  (default locations) /Library/Tomcat/webapps/

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 Web Service
File type Location
Configuration files /etc/apache2/* (for Apache 2.2)
/etc/httpd/* (for Apache 1.3)
/etc/webperfcache/*
/Library/Keychains/System.keychain
Data:  (default locations) /Library/WebServer/Documents/
/Library/Logs/WebServer/*
/Library/Logs/Migration/webconfigmigrator.log
(Apache config migration log)

The default location for web content is configurable and is most likely modified and
extended to include multiple virtual host content and WebDAV directories.

Note:  Log files for web service are a critical source of revenue for some sites and
should be considered for backup. The location is configurable and can be determined
using Server Admin.

Wiki and Blog Server

File type Location
Configuration files /etc/wikid/*
/Library/Application Support/Apple/
WikiServer(wiki themes and template files)
Data:  (default locations) /Library/Collaboration/
Log files:  (default location) /Library/Logs/wikid/*

Improving Service Availability

Eliminating single points of failure and using Xserve and hardware RAID can boost
your server availability.

Other things you can do range from simple solutions like using power backup,
automatic restart, and ensuring proper operational conditions (for example, adequate
temperature and humidity levels) to more advanced solutions involving link
aggregation, load balancing, Open Directory replication, and data backup.

Eliminating Single Points of Failure

To improve the availability of your server, reduce or eliminate single points of failure.
A single point of failure is any component in your server environment that, if it fails,
causes your server to fail.

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 Some single points of failure include:
ÂÂ Computer system
ÂÂ Hard disk
ÂÂ Power supply

Although it is almost impossible to eliminate all single points of failure, you should
minimize them as much as possible. For example, using a backup computer and a file
storage pool for Mac OS X Server eliminates the computer as a single point of failure.

Although master and backup computers can fail at once or one after the other, the
possibility of such an event happening is negligible.

Another way to prevent a computer from failing is to use a backup power source and
take advantage of hardware RAID to mirror the hard disk. With hardware RAID, if the
main disk fails, the system can still access the same data on the mirror drive, as is the
case with Xserve.

Using Xserve for High Availability

Xserve is designed for extra reliability and hence, high availability.

Although you can use desktop systems like the Mac Pro to provide Mac OS X Server
services very reliably, Xserve has the following additional features that make it ideal for
high availability situations.
ÂÂ Xserve has eight fans. In the case of a single fan failure, the other fans speed up to
compensate, allowing your server to keep running.
ÂÂ An independent drive architecture isolates the drives electrically, preventing a
single drive failure from causing unavailability or performance degradation of the
surviving drives—a common problem with multidrive SCSI implementations.
ÂÂ Xserve uses Error Correction Code (ECC) logic to protect the system from corrupt
data and transmission errors.
Each DIMM has an extra memory module that stores checksum data for every
transaction. The system controller uses this ECC data to identify single-bit errors and
corrects them on the fly, preventing unplanned system shutdowns.
In the rare event of multiple-bit errors, the system controller detects the error
and triggers a system notification to prevent bad data from corrupting further
operations.
You can set the Server Monitor software to alert you if error rates exceed the
defined threshold.
ÂÂ Xserve has built-in hardware RAID mirroring, which protects your server from failing
if the main drive fails.

For more information about Xserve, visit www.apple.com/xserve/.

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 Using Backup Power
In the architecture of a server solution, power is a single point of failure. If power goes
out, your servers go down without warning. To prevent a sudden disruption in services,
consider adding a backup source of power.

Depending on your application, you might choose to use a standby electrical

generator or Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) devices to gain enough time to
notify users of an impending shutdown of services.

Using UPS with Xserve

Xserve does not provide serial port connectivity to UPS, but it can monitor UPS power
through the network if the UPS unit has a management network card. For more
information, check with UPS vendors.

The following illustration is an example of an Xserve connected to a UPS via a network:

Local
Xserve network

Backup power
connection
Power
source
UPS device

Setting Up Your Server for Automatic Restart

You can set up Energy Saver options on your Mac OS X Server computer to
automatically restart if it goes down due to a power failure or system freeze.

The following is the Energy Saver panel of System Preferences:

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 161

 The automatic restart options are:
ÂÂ Restart automatically after a power failure. The power management unit
automatically starts up the server after a power failure.
ÂÂ Restart automatically if the computer freezes. The power management unit
automatically starts up the server after the server stops responding, has a kernel
panic, or freezes.

When you select the option to restart after a freeze, Mac OS X Server spawns the
watchdogtimerd daemon, which every 30 seconds commands your computer to
restart after 5 minutes.

Each time the command is sent, the restart timer is reset. Thus, the timer won’t
reach 5 minutes as long as the server is running. If the computer freezes, the power
management unit restarts it after 5 minutes.

To enable automatic restart:

1 Log in to the server as an administrator.
2 Open System Preferences and click Energy Saver.
3 Select restart options.
4 Close System Preferences.

Ensuring Proper Operational Conditions

One factor that can cause your servers to malfunction is overheating. This is especially
a problem when you cluster computers in a small space. Other factors such as
humidity and power surges can also adversely impact your server.

To protect your servers, make sure you house them in a place where you can control
these factors and provide ideal operating conditions. Check the electrical and
environmental requirements for your systems to find what these conditions are.

In addition, make sure the facility you deploy your server has a fire alarm, and prepare
a contingency plan to deal with this risk.

Providing Open Directory Replication

If you plan to provide Open Directory services, consider creating replicas of your Open
Directory master. If the master server fails, client computers can access the replica.

162 Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management

 Link Aggregation
Although not common, the failure of a switch, cable, or network interface card can
cause your server to become unavailable. To eliminate these single points of failure,
you can use link aggregation or trunking. This technology, also known as IEEE 802.3ad,
is built into Mac OS X and Mac OS X Server.

Link aggregation allows you to aggregate or combine multiple physical links

connecting your Mac to a link aggregation device (a switch or another Mac) into a
single logical link. The result is a fault-tolerant link with a bandwidth equal to the sum
of the bandwidths of the physical links.

For example, you can set up an Xserve with four 1-Gbit/s ports (en1, en2, en3, and
en4) and use the Network pane of System Preferences to create a link aggregate port
configuration (bond0) that combines en1, en2, en3, and en4 into one logical link.

The resulting logical link will have a bandwidth of 4 Gbit/s. This link also provides fault
tolerance. If a physical link fails, your Xserve’s bandwidth will shrink, but the Xserve can
still service requests as long as not all physical links fail at once.

The following illustration shows four Ethernet ports aggregated as a single interface:

server1.example.com

400 Mbit/s
bond0
en1 en2 en3 en4

4 x 100 Mbit/s

Switch

Link aggregation also allows you to take advantage of existing or inexpensive

hardware to increase the bandwidth of your server. For example, you can form a link
aggregate from a combination of multiple 100-Mbit/s links or 1-Gbit/s links.

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 163

 About the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)
IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation defines a protocol called Link Aggregation Control
Protocol (LACP) that is used by Mac OS X Server to aggregate (combine) multiple ports
into a link aggregate (a virtual port) that can be used for TCP and UDP connections.

When your define a link aggregate, the nodes on each side of the aggregate (for
example, a computer and a switch) use LACP over each physical link to:
ÂÂ Determine whether the link can be aggregated
ÂÂ Maintain and monitor the aggregation

If a node doesn’t receive LACP packets from its peer (the other node in the aggregate)
regularly, it assumes that the peer is no longer active and removes the port from the
aggregate.

In addition to LACP, Mac OS X Server uses a frame distribution algorithm to map a

conversation to a specific port. This algorithm sends packets to the system on the
other end of the aggregate only if packet reception is enabled. In other words, the
algorithm won’t send packets if the other system isn’t listening.

Mapping a conversation to a specific port guarantees that packet reordering does not
occur.

Link Aggregation Scenarios

Following are three common aggregation scenarios that you can set up:
ÂÂ Computer to computer
ÂÂ Computer to switch
ÂÂ Computer to switch-pair

These scenarios are described in the following sections.

Computer to Computer
In this scenario, you connect the servers directly (as shown in the following illustration)
using the physical links of the link aggregate.
4 x 100 Mbit/s

This allows the two servers to communicate at a higher speed without the need for a
switch. This configuration is ideal for ensuring back-end redundancy.

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 Computer to Switch
In this scenario shown in the following illustration, you connect your server to a switch
configured for 802.3ad link aggregation.

server1.example.com

4 x 1 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s

Clients

The switch should have bandwidth for handling incoming traffic equal to or greater
than that of the link aggregate (logical link) you define on your server.

For example, if you create an aggregate of four 1-Gbit/s links, you should use a switch
that can handle incoming traffic (from clients) at 4 Gbit/s or more. Otherwise, the
increased bandwidth advantage in the link aggregate won’t be fully realized.

Note:  For information about how to configure your switch for 802.3ad link
aggregation, see the documentation provided by the switch manufacturer.

Computer to Switch-Pair
In this scenario shown in the following illustration, you improve on the computer-
to-switch scenario by using two switches to eliminate the switch as a single point
of failure:
server1.example.com

3 x 1 Gbit/s 2 x 1 Gbit/s

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 165

 For example, you can connect two links to the master switch and the remaining
links to the backup switch. As long as the master switch is active, the backup switch
remains inactive. If the master switch fails, the backup switch takes over transparently.

Although this scenario adds redundancy that protects the server from becoming
unavailable if the switch fails, it results in decreased bandwidth.

Setting Up Link Aggregation in Mac OS X Server

To set up your Mac OS X Server for link aggregation, you need a Mac with two or
more IEEE 802.3ad-compliant Ethernet ports. In addition, you need at least one
IEEE 802.3ad-compliant switch or another Mac OS X Server computer with the same
number of ports.

You create a link aggregate on your computer in the Network pane of System
Preferences.

Installer application
or
installer tool in
Terminal application

To create a link aggregate:

1 Log in to the server as an administrative user.
2 Open System Preferences.
3 Click Network.
4 Click the Gear button and choose Manage Virtual Interfaces in the pop-up menu.
5 Click the Add (+) button, and select New Link Aggregate in the pop-up menu.
Note:  You only see this option if you have two or more Ethernet interfaces on your
system.
6 In the Name field, enter the name of the link aggregate.
7 Select the ports to aggregate from the list.
8 Click Create.
9 Click Done.

By default the system gives the link aggregate the interface name bond<num>, where
<num> is a number indicating precedence. For example, the first link aggregate is
named bond0, the second is bond1, and the third is bond2.

166 Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management

 The interface name bond<num> assigned by the system is different from the name
you give to the link aggregate port configuration. The interface name is for use at
the command line, but the port configuration name is for use in the Network pane of
System Preferences.

For example, if you enter the command ifconfig -a, the output refers to the link
aggregate using the interface name and not the port configuration name:
bond0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::2e0:edff:fe08:3ea6 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0xc
inet 10.0.0.12 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255
ether 00:e0:ed:08:3e:a6
media: autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active
supported media: autoselect
bond interfaces: en1 en2 en3 en4

You do not delete or remove a link bond from the Network Pane of System
Preferences. You remove the bond through the Manage Virtual Interfaces sheet used
to create the bond.

Monitoring Link Aggregation Status

You can monitor the status of a link aggregate in Mac OS X and Mac OS X Server using
the Status pane of the Network pane of System Preferences.

To monitor the status of a link aggregate:

1 Open System Preferences.
2 Click Network.
3 From the list of network interfaces on the left, choose the link aggregate port virtual
interface.
4 Click Advanced in the lower right side of the window.
5 Select the Bond Status tab.
The Status pane displays a list containing a row for each physical link in the link
aggregate. For each link, you can view the name of the network interface, its speed, its
duplex setting, the status indicators for incoming and outgoing traffic, and an overall
assessment of the status.
Note:  The Sending and Receiving status indicators are color-coded. Green means
the link is active (turned on) and connected. Yellow means the link is active but not
connected. Red means the link can’t send or receive traffic.
6 To view more information about a link, click the corresponding entry in the list.

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 167

 Load Balancing
One factor that can cause services to become unavailable is server overload. A server
has limited resources and can service a limited number of requests simultaneously.
If the server gets overloaded, it slows down and can eventually crash.

One way to overcome this problem is to distribute the load among a group of servers
(a server farm) using a third-party load-balancing device. Clients send requests to
the device, which then forwards the request to the first available server based on a
predefined algorithm. The clients see only a single virtual address, that of the load-
balancing device.

Many load-balancing devices also function as switches (as shown in the following
illustration), providing two functions in one, which reduces the amount of hardware
you need to use.

Server load-
balancing switch

Server farm

Clients

Note:  A load-balancing device must be able to handle the aggregate (combined)

traffic of the servers connected to it. Otherwise, the device becomes a bottleneck,
which reduces the availability of your servers.

Load balancing provides several advantages:

ÂÂ High availability. Distributing the load among multiple servers helps you reduce the
chances that a server will fail due to server overload.
ÂÂ Fault tolerance. If a server fails, traffic is transparently redirected to other servers.
There might be a brief disruption of service if, for example, a server fails while a user
is downloading a file from shared storage, but the user can reconnect and restart
the file download process.
ÂÂ Scalability. If demand for your services increases, you can transparently add more
servers to your farm to keep up with demand.
ÂÂ Better performance. By sending requests to the least-busy servers, you can respond
faster to user requests.

168 Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management

 Daemon Overview
By the time a user logs in to a Mac OS X system, a number of processes are running.
Many of these processes are known as daemons. A daemon is a background process
that provides a service to users. For example, the cupsd daemon coordinates printing
requests, and the httpd daemon responds to requests for web pages.

Viewing Running Daemons

To see the daemons running on your system, use the Activity Monitor application
(in /Applications/Utilities/). This application lets you view information about all
processes, including their resource usage.

You will see the following daemons, regardless of what services are enabled:
ÂÂ launchd (timed job and watchdog process)
ÂÂ servermgrd (administration tool interface process)
ÂÂ serialnumberd (license compliance process)
ÂÂ mDNSresponder (local network service discovery process)

Using launchd for Daemon Control

Although some UNIX-like systems use other tools, Mac OS X Server uses a daemon
called launchd to control process initialization and timed jobs.

The launchd daemon is the preferred alternative to the following common UNIX
tools:  init, rc, the init.d and rc.d scripts, SystemStarter, inetd and xinetd, atd, crond and
watchdogd. All of these services should be considered deprecated and administrators
are strongly encouraged to move process management duties to launchd.

There are two utilities in the launchd system:  launchd daemon and launchctl utility.

The launchd daemon has also replaced init as the first process spawned in Mac OS X
and is therefore responsible for starting the system at startup. The launchd daemon
manages the daemons at both a system and user level. It can:
ÂÂ Start daemons on demand
ÂÂ Monitor daemons to make sure they keep running

Configuration files are used by launchd to define the parameters of services and
daemons run. The configuration files are plist files stored in the LaunchAgents and
LaunchDaemons subdirectories of the Library folders.

For more information about creating the launchd configuration files, see the following
Developer Documentation page:

developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Articles/
LaunchOnDemandDaemons.html

Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management 169

 The launchctl utility is the command-line tool used to control launchd. It can:
ÂÂ Load and unload daemons
ÂÂ Start and stop launchd controlled jobs
ÂÂ Get system utilization statistics for launchd and its child processes
ÂÂ Set environment settings

170 Chapter 7    Ongoing System Management

 Monitoring Your System
8
Effective monitoring allows you to detect potential problems
before they occur and gives you early warning when they
occur.

Detecting potential problems allows you to take steps to resolve them before they
impact server availability of your servers. In addition, getting an early warning when a
problem occurs allows you to take corrective action quickly and minimize disruption
to your services.

Planning a Monitoring Policy

Gathering data about your systems is a basic function of good administration. Different
types of data gathering are used for different purposes:
ÂÂ Historical data collection: Historical data is gathered for analysis. This could be used
for IT planning, budgeting, and getting a baseline for normal server conditions and
operations. What kinds of data do you need for these purposes? How long does it
need to be kept? How often does it need to be updated? How far in the past does it
need to be collected?
ÂÂ Real-time monitoring: Real-time monitoring is for alerts and detecting problems as
they happen. What are you monitoring? How often? Does that data tell you what
you need to know? Are some of these real-time collections for historical purposes?
ÂÂ Debugging: Recurring problems can be analyzed and fixed if properly tracked.
Even if you don’t control source code, good debugging logs and data can increase
the ability of the developer to address your issues. How can you capture what is
going wrong? How often? Does that data tell you what you need to know? Are they
problems you can fix on your end, or do you need vendor support?

Planning Monitoring Response

The response to your monitoring is as important as the data collection. In the same
way a backup policy is pointless without a restore strategy, a monitoring policy makes
little sense without a response policy.

 171
 Several factors can be considered for a monitoring response:
ÂÂ What are relevant response methods? In other words, how will the response take
place?
ÂÂ What is the time to response? What is an acceptable interval between failure and
response?
ÂÂ What are the scaling considerations? Can the response plan work with all expected
(and even unexpected) frequencies of failure?
ÂÂ Are there testing monitoring systems in place? How do you know the monitoring
policy is catching the data you need, and how do you know the responses are
timely and appropriate? Have you tested the monitoring system recently?

Using with Server Status Widget

The Server Status Dashboard widget is provided for quick access and
information about a single system. The Server Status widget lets you monitor
Mac OS X Server v10.6 activity from any computer with Mac OS X v10.6. Server Status
shows you graphs of processor activity, network load, disk usage, and whether the
service is polled hourly, daily, or weekly.

You can also see up to six running services and their status reports. By clicking on the
service, you can open Server Admin to the related service overview panel.

To configure the Server Status widget:

1 Add the widget to the Dashboard like any other widget.
2 Enter the server IP address or domain name.
3 Supply an administrative or monitoring login name and password.
4 Click Done.

To change the server address, login name, or password, click the information button (i)
at the top of the widget and change the settings.

Using Server Monitor

The Server Monitor application can issue alerts via mail, cell phone, or pager
notification as soon as it detects critical problems. Built-in sensors detect and report
essential operating factors like power, temperature, and the condition of several key
components.

The Server Monitor interface allows you to quickly detect problems. In the main
window, Server Monitor lists each server on a separate line, with temperature
information and the status of each of its components, including fans, disk drives,
memory modules, power supplies, and Ethernet connections.

172 Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System

 A green status indicator shows the component is OK, a yellow status indicator notes a
warning, and a red status indicator notes an error.

Server Monitor works for Xserves only. For more information about Server Monitor,
choose Server Monitor Help from Server Monitor’s Help menu.

Using RAID Admin for Server Monitoring

Like Server Monitor, you can configure RAID Admin to send a mail or a page when a
component is in trouble. For every unit, RAID Admin displays the status of the unit and
each of its components, including disk drives, fibre channel, and network connections.

RAID Admin uses green, yellow, or red status indicators. You can also configure it to
send you a mail or a page when a component is in trouble.

In addition, RAID Admin provides you with an overview of the status of the Xserve
RAID units that appear in the main window.

For more information about RAID Admin, choose RAID Admin Help from RAID Admin’s
Help menu.

Using Console for Server Monitoring

Use Console to monitor relevant log files for potential problems that might cause your
server to fail.

For example, you can monitor your web server’s /var/log/httpd/access_log file for
signs of denial of service (DoS) attacks. If you detect these signs, you can immediately
implement a planned response to prevent your web server from becoming
unavailable.

To improve your log monitoring efficiency, consider automating the monitoring

process using AppleScript or Terminal commands like grep and launchd.

Using Disk Monitoring Tools

Running out of disk space can cause your server to become unreliable and probably
fail. To prevent this from happening, you must constantly monitor disk space usage on
your servers and delete or back up files to clear disk space.

Mac OS X Server ships with a number of command-line tools to monitor disk space on

your computer:
ÂÂ df. This command tells you how much space is used and how much is available on
every mounted volume.
For example, the following command lists local volumes and displays disk usage:

Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System 173

 df -Hl
Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
/dev/disk0s9 40G 38G 2.1G 95% /
In this example, the hard disk is almost full with only 2.1 GB left. This tells you that
you should act immediately to free space on your hard disk before it fills up and
causes problems for your users.
ÂÂ du. This command tells you how much space is used by specific folders or files.
For example, the following command tells you how much space is used by each
user’s home folder:
sudo du -sh /Users/*
3.2M /Users/Shared
9.3M /Users/omar
8.8M /Users/jay
1.6M /Users/lili
Knowing who’s using most of the space on the hard disk lets you contact users and
have them delete unused files.
Note:  With Workgroup Manager, you can set disk quotas for users and generate disk
usage reports.
ÂÂ diskspacemonitor. This command lets you automate the process of monitoring disk
space usage. When the amount of free disk space drops below the level you specify,
diskspacemonitor executes shell scripts that send you a notification. This command
defines two action levels:
ÂÂ Alert—Sends you a warning message when disk space usage reaches 75%.
ÂÂ Recover—Archives rarely used files and deletes unneeded files when disk space
usage reaches 85%.

For more information about these commands, see the corresponding man page.

Using Network Monitoring Tools

Degradation in network performance or other network problems can adversely affect
the availability of your services. The following network monitoring tools can alert you
to problems early, so you can take corrective action to avoid or minimize down time.
ÂÂ To monitor network activity, use the tcpdump utility in Mac OS X Server. This utility
prints the headers of incoming and outgoing packets on a network interface that
match specified parameters.
Using tcpdump to monitor network traffic is especially useful when trying to detect
denial of service (DoS) attacks. For example, the following command monitors
incoming traffic on port 80 on your computer:
sudo tcpdump -i en0 dst port 80

174 Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System

 If you detect an unusual number of requests coming from the same source, use
Firewall service to block traffic from that source.
For more information about tcpdump, see the corresponding man page.
ÂÂ Consider using Ruby, Perl, shell scripts, or AppleScript to automate the monitoring
process. For example, using tcpdump to monitor traffic can be time consuming, so
automation is necessary.
ÂÂ Consider using Ethereal, an X11 open source packet sniffing tool that you can run in
the X11 environment on Mac OS X Server. Unlike tcpdump, this tool has a graphical
user interface and a set of powerful network analysis tools.
For more information about Ethereal, see www.ethereal.com/.
ÂÂ You can use other third-party tools that automatically analyze network traffic and
alert you to problems.

Using Server Status Notification in Server Admin

Server Admin has an easy to use notification system that can keep you informed of
your server’s hard disk status, software status, and certificate status. Server Admin will
send a mail to any address (local or not) when:
ÂÂ There is less than a specified percentage of free space left on any system hard disk.
ÂÂ Software Update packages are available from Apple for the server.
ÂÂ A certificate has expired or will soon expire.

To use the email functionality, the server starts SMTP. Make sure the firewall allows
SMTP traffic from the server.

To set a notification:
1 Open Server Admin.
2 Select a server, click the Settings button in the toolbar, and then click the Notifications
tab.
3 Below the “Addresses to notify” field, click the Add (+) button and add an address.
4 Repeat as needed, then click Save.

Monitoring Server Status Overviews Using Server Admin

Server Admin has several ways to see a status overview, from detailed information for
a single server to a simplified overview for many servers.

To see a status overview for one server:

mm Select a server in the Server list.

Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System 175

 The following shows a sample Overview pane for a single server.

This overview shows basic hardware, operating system versions, active services,
and graphs of CPU history, network throughput history, and disk space.
mm Use the serveradmin XML web interface.
a Open Safari to the following URL:
https://<server address>:311/servermgr_info.html
b Select getState from the pop-up menu.
c Click Send Command.
The web page returns an XML text version of the server overview.

Using Remote Kernel Core Dumps

A kernel panic is a type of error that occurs when the core (kernel) of an operating
system receives an instruction in an unexpected format or when it fails to handle
properly. A kernel panic can also follow when the operating system can’t recover from
a different type of error. A kernel panic can be caused by damaged or incompatible
software or, more rarely, damaged or incompatible hardware.

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 When a server kernel panics it abruptly halts all normal system operations. Usually,
a kernel process named panic() outputs an error message to the console and stores
debugging information in nonvolitile memory to be written to a crash log file upon
restarting the computer. Saving the memory contents of the core and associated
debugging information is called a “core dump.”

This debugging information is highly technical, but system administrators can use this
information to:
ÂÂ Record details about machines that are panicking and why.
For example, if you manage a large number of Mac OS X Servers, you might want
to monitor which servers are panicking and why. You can use this information
to determine how frequently kernel panics occur, whether there are common
symptoms, and, most importantly, whether third-party kernel extensions are
involved.
ÂÂ Perform offline debugging on high-availability systems.
If you manage a high-availability server and you have problems with server
panicking, you can capture a kernel core dump, immediately restart the server,
and then debug the problem without interrupting service.
For more information on debugging core dumps see Developer Technical Note #2118
at developer.apple.com/technotes/tn2004/tn2118.html#SECDEBUG.

You can configure a Mac OS X Server computer so that, when the machine panics, it
transmits a core dump of the kernel to a remote core dump server via TCP/IP. The core
dump server uses a daemon to collect the kernel core dump from the client and writes
it to a file on the hard disk. You can then analyze the core dump using a variety of
tools, most notably GDB.

CAUTION:  The core dump of kernel memory is sent to the server in the clear. It’s
possible that this data might include sensitive information. Therefore, configure
your network so this data can’t be seen by unauthorized persons. For example, use
switched hubs, a firewall, or a VPN.

To use a FireWire connection to transmit a core dump (a useful alternative when the
kernel panic on the client involves the built-in Ethernet driver or some other network
code), see the Read Me file in the FireWire SDK for Mac OS X that describes the setup
process for using FireWire to transmit a core dump.

The following sections contain information to set up a remote listening server, which
receives core dump information from panicked computers, and to set up a server to
send its core dump information to the remote listening server via TCP/IP over Ethernet.

Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System 177

 Setting Up a Core Dump Server
You can use any Mac OS X v10.5 or later computer to be a core dump server that fits
the following criteria. The core dump server must:
ÂÂ Have a static IP address.
ÂÂ Be IPv4 network-accessible to all clients using UDP port 1069.
You cannot put the core dump server behind a firewall or NAT unless all clients
using it are also behind it. You cannot use IPv6-only addresses for the server.
ÂÂ Have enough disk storage space for multiple dumps.
In general, core dumps are large. Core dumps can be as small as 200 MB to 500 MB
but they can be much larger, depending on the kernel map size, physical memory
size, memory usage during the panic, and other factors. Make sure you have enough
free disk space.

To set up a core dump server on a computer running a system earlier than Mac OS X
v10.5, more extensive configuration is needed. See Developer Technical Note #2118at
developer.apple.com/technotes/tn2004/tn2118.html.

Setting up a core dump server:

1 Create a core dump directory named “PanicDumps,” owned by user “root,” and group
“wheel,” which is writable by everyone.
Using the command line, type:
sudo mkdir /PanicDumps
sudo chown root:wheel /PanicDumps
sudo chmod 1777 /PanicDumps
2 Activate the core dump server process (kdumpd).
Using the command line, type:
sudo launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.kdumpd.
plist

After this command is executed, the core dump server process starts. This step does
not need to be repeated when the server restarts.
3 Verify that the core dump server process is running.
Using the command line, type:
sudo launchctl list | grep kdump

The result should list com.apple.kdumpd.

4 Make sure UDP port 1069 is open for core dump connections.

When the core dump server is active, configure Mac OS X computers as clients to send
their kernel panic information to this server. See “Setting Up a Core Dump Client” on
page 179.

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 Setting Up a Core Dump Client
A core dump client sends its kernel panic debug information to the core dump server
address specified in its NVRAM settings.

The information is transmitted at the time of the panic, so before restarting the
computer, allow some time for the data to be sent to the server. The time necessary
depends on the file size of the core dump and the speed of the network connection
between the client and server.

For clients using v10.5 or earlier, see

developer.apple.com/technotes/tn2004/tn2118.html.

Setting up a core dump client:

1 Modify the “boot-args” NVRAM variable to include the “debug” flag 0x0400, and the
“_panicd_ip” flag with the IP address of the core dump server.
The following example uses the core dump server IP address 192.168.1.250. Substitute
the IP address of your own core dump server.
sudo nvram boot-args="debug=0x0400 _panicd_ip=192.168.1.250"

Important:  You can reset the boot-args NVRAM variable whenever you install new
system software, including software updates, and when you change the startup disk
using System Preferences.
2 If the core dump client is running Mac OS X Server, modify the watchdogtimerd
behavior to either keep it from restarting the server before the core dump is complete,
or modify the amount of time it waits before restarting the server.
To disable automatic restarting, turn off the “Restart automatically after a power failure”
option in the Options tab of the Energy Saver System Preferences pane.
To increase the amount of time before automatic restarting, add a “count” program
argument larger than 6 (but smaller than 480) to the watchdogtimerd configuration
file at /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.watchdogtimerd.plist.
For more information about the arguments and options, see the watchdogtimerd(8)
man page.
3 Restart the computer for the settings to take effect.

For additional NVRAM debug flags that are useful in core dump debugging,
see Developer Technical Note #2118, subsection “Debug Flags in Depth,”at
developer.apple.com/technotes/tn2004/tn2118.html

Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System 179

 Configuring Common Core Dump Options
By default, core dumps happen using UDP port 1069 over the built-in Ethernet (en0)
interface, and the resulting files are stored in /PanicDumps on the core dump server.
However, you can configure the core dump to use:
ÂÂ An alternate UDP port
ÂÂ An alternate network interface
ÂÂ An alternate file destination
ÂÂ A specific network router

Changing any of these options requires that you restart the computers to reload the
new settings. All settings assume the core dump client and the core dump server are
using Mac OS X v10.5 or later.

Option Action
To set an alternate UDP port... On the core dump server, change the SockServiceName string
property from 1069 to the desired port in /System/Library/
LaunchDaemon/com.apple.kdump.plist.
On the core dump client, add the _panicd_port flag to the
NVRAM boot-args. For example, to change it to UDP port 12345,
add “_panicd_port=12345” to the list of boot-args flags.
To set an alternate network On the core dump client, add the kdp_match_name flag to the
interface... NVRAM boot-args. For example, to change it to always use en1,
add “kdp_match_name=en1” to the list of boot-args flags after
the _panicd_ip flag.
AirPort interfaces cannot be used to transmit core dumps.
To set an alternate file On the core dump server, change the expected directory location
destination... in the /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.kdumpd.plist
file, ProgramArguments string, then reload the kdumpd process.
To specify a network router... On the core dump client, add the _router_ip flag to the
NVRAM boot-args. For example, to change it to use the router
10.0.0.1, add “_router_ip=10.0.0.1” to the list of boot-args flags
after the _panicd_ip flag.

To change the location of the core dump directory, change the expected directory
location in the com.apple.kdumpd.plist file, then reload the process.

About Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

SNMP is a common protocol for monitoring the status of network equipment (for
example, routers and smart switches), computers, and other networkable devices like
Uninterruptable Power Supplies. Mac OS X Server uses Net-SNMP to implement SNMP
v1, SNMP v2c, and SNMP v3 using IPv4 and IPv6.

180 Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System

 SNMPv2 is the default access protocol and the default read-only community string is
“public.”

Enabling SNMP reporting

SNMP access isn’t enabled by default on Mac OS X Server. To use SNMP tools to poll
your Mac OS X Server for data, you must configure and then enable the service.

To enable SNMP
1 Open Server Admin.
2 Select a server, click the Settings button in the toolbar, and then click the General tab.
3 Select Network Management Server (SNMP).
4 Click Save.
When SNMP is active, anyone with a route to the SNMP host can collect SNMP data
from it.
5 Configure the basic SNMP parameters from the command line.
The SNMP process will not start until /etc/snmpd.conf is configured for the current site.
To configure, see “Configuring snmpd” on page 181.
Note:  The default configuration of snmpd uses privileged port 161. For this reason
and others, it must be executed by root or using setuid. Only use setuid as root if you
understand the ramifications. If you do not, seek assistance or additional information.
Flags available for snmpd will change the uid and gid of the process after it starts.
For more information, see the snmpd man page.

Configuring snmpd
The configuration (.conf ) file for snmpd is typically at /etc/snmpd.conf. If you have an
environment variable SNMPCONF, snmpd will read any files named snmpd.conf and
snmpd.local.conf in these directories. The snmpd process can be started with a -c flag
to indicate other conf files. For more information about which conf files can be used,
see the snmpd man page.

Configuration files can be created and installed more elegantly using the included
script /usr/bin/snmpconf. As root, use this script with the -i flag to install the file at
/usr/share/snmp/. Otherwise, the default location for the file to be written is the user’s
home folder (~/). Only root has write permission for /usr/share/snmp/.

Because snmpd reads its configuration files at startup, changes to configuration

files require that the process be stopped and restarted. You can stop snmpd with
ProcessViewer or at the command line (kill -HUP <pid>).

Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System 181

 To enable and configure SNMP:
mm Use the /usr/bin/snmpconf command, which takes you through a basic text-based
setup assistant for configuring the community name and saves the info in the
configuration file.
The snmp config file is located in /usr/share/snmp/snmpd.conf.

SNMP Configuration Example

Step 1: Customize data
1 To customize the data provided by snmpd, add an snmpd.conf file using /usr/bin/
snmpconf as root or using sudo, by executing this command:
/usr/bin/snmpconf -i

If there are existing configuration files, you can read them into the assistant and
incorporate their contents with the output of the assistant.
2 Choose to read-n the file by indicating the file at /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf.
You then see a series of text menus.
3 Make these choices in this order:
a Select file: 1 (snmpd.conf ).
b Select section: 5 (System Information Setup).
c Select section: 1 (The [typically physical] location of the system.).
d The location of the system: type text string here — such as “server_room.”
e Select section: f (finish).
f Select section: f (finish).
g Select File: q (quit).

You have created an snmpd.conf file with a creation date of today.

To verify its creation enter ls -l /usr/share/snmpd.conf.

Step 2: Restart snmpd to take changes

1 Open Server Admin.
2 Select a server, click the Settings button in the toolbar, and then click the General tab.
3 Deselect Network Management Server (SNMP).
4 Click Save.

You can also do this via the command line by killing and restarting the smnpd process
as root:
/usr/sbin/snmpd

182 Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System

 Step 3: Collect SNMP information from the host
mm To get the SNMP-available information you added, execute this command from a host
that has SNMP tools installed:
/usr/bin/snmpget -c public <hostname> system.sysLocation.0

Replace <hostname> with the name of the target host.

You should see location you provided. In this example, you would see:
SNMPv2_MIB::system.sysLocation.0 = STRING:\"server_room\"

The other options in the menu you were working in are:

/usr/bin/snmpget -c public <hostname> system.sysContact.0
/usr/bin/snmpget -c public <hostname> system.sysServices.0

The final .0 indicates you are looking for the index object. The word public is the name
of the SNMP community that you did not alter.

If you need information about either of these or if you need explanations of SNMP
syntax, tutorials are available at net-snmp.sourceforge.net.

Additional Information about SNMP

Additional information about SNMP can be found here.

Man pages
Entering man -k snmp in the Terminal will provide a list of the known man pages.

Web sites
The Net SNMP-Project:
ÂÂ www.net-snmp.org
ÂÂ net-snmp.sourceforge.net

Books
Essential SNMP by Douglas Mauro, Kevin Schmidt

Publisher: O’Reilly (Second Edition Sept 2005)

ISBN: 0-596-00840-6, 460 pages

Tools to Use with SNMP

In addition to snmpget, other SNMP tools are installed, and third-party suites (free and
commercial) are available with varying complexity and reporting.

About Notification and Event Monitoring Daemons

To monitor and log system events, the operating system runs several daemons that
intercept application messages and log them or act on them.

Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System 183

 There are two main notification daemons: syslogd and emond.
ÂÂ syslogd: The syslogd daemon is a standard UNIX method of monitoring systems.
It logs messages in accordance with the settings found in /etc/syslog.conf. You can
examine the output files specified in that configuration by using a file printing or
editing utility because they are plain text files. Administrators can edit these settings
to fine-tune what is being monitored.
Many administrators will tail or scrape the log file, meaning they will have scripts
parse the log files and perform some action if a designated bit of information is
present in the log. These home-grown notifications vary in quality and usefulness
and are tailored to the script-writer’s specific needs.
You can configure the syslogd daemon to send and receive
log file information to or from a remote server (by editing
/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.syslogd.plist). This is not recommended
because syslogd does not use secure means to send log messages across the net.
ÂÂ emond: The emond daemon is the event monitoring system for
Mac OS X Server v10.6. It is a unified process that handles events passed from other
processes, acts on the events as designated in a defined rule set, and then notifies
the administrator.
Currently, emond is the engine used for Server Admin’s mail notification system.
It is not used for Server Monitor’s notifications.
The high-level service receives events from the registered client, analyzes whether
the event requires handing based on rules provided by the service at the time it was
registered and, if handling is required, the action related to that event is performed.
To accomplish this the emond daemon has three main parts: the rules engine,
the events it can respond to, and the actions it can take.
The emond rules engine works in the following manner. It:
ÂÂ Reads the config info from /etc/emond.d/emond.conf.
ÂÂ Reads in the rules from plist files in the /etc/emond.d/rules/ directory.
ÂÂ Processes the startup event.
ÂÂ Accepts events until terminated.
ÂÂ Processes the rules associated with the event, triggering as needed.
ÂÂ Performs actions specified by the rules that were triggered.
ÂÂ Runs as the least privileged possible (nobody).

WARNING:  The file formats and settings in emond.conf and rules plists are not
documented for customer use. Tampering could result in an unusable notification
system and is unsupported.

184 Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System

 Logging
Mac OS X Server maintains standard UNIX log files and Apple-specific process logs.
Logs for the OS can be found in:
ÂÂ /var/log
ÂÂ /Library/Logs
ÂÂ ~/Library/Logs

Each process is responsible for its own logs, the log level, and verbosity. Each process
or application can write its own log file or use a system standard log, like syslog. You
can use the Console application (in /Applications/Utilities) to read these and other
plain-text log files regardless of location.

The logs are set to roll (compress and rename the log file) every 5 MB.

Most services in Mac OS X Server have a logging pane in Server Admin. You can use
these panes to set logging levels and view the logs for any particular service.

Syslog
The system log, syslog, is a consolidated catch-all location for process log messages.
syslog has several levels of available log detail. If you select low detail logging,
detailed messages are not saved, but high detail logging results in large and possibly
unhelpfully large log files.

The level of logging you use for syslog can be tuned by process and should be
relevant to the level necessary for successful notification and debugging.

Syslog log levels (in ascending order from least to most detail)
Level name Level indicator in syslog.conf Amount of detail
None .none None
Emergency .emerg Least
Alert .alert
Error .err
Warning .warn
Notice .notice
Info .info
Debug .debug Most

Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System 185

 Syslog Configuration File
The Syslog configuration file can be found at /etc/syslog.conf. Each line has the
following format:

<facility>.<loglevel> <path to logfile>

Replace <facility> with the process name writing to the log. The path is the standard
POSIX path to the log file. You can use asterisks (*) as wildcards. For example, the
setting for the kernel is:
kern.* /var/log/system.log

This shows that all messages to the log of all levels from the kernel are to be written in
the file /var/log/system.log.

Likewise, the following setting is an example of all emergency messages from all
processes being sent to a custom emergencies log file:
*.emerg /var/log/emergencies.log

Directory Service Debug Logging

If you are using Open Directory and you want debugging information from directory
services processes, you must use a different logging method than systemlog. You must
enable debug logging for the process manually. When enabled, this debug logging
writes messages to the log file at:

/Library/Logs/DirectoryService/DirectoryService.debug.log

You must perform the following commands with superuser permissions (sudo or root):

To manually turn on/off debug logging for directory services:

killall -USR1 DirectoryService

To start debugging at startup:

touch /Library/Preferences/DirectoryService/.DSLogAPIAtStart

Note:  The debug log is not self-documented and is not intended for normal logging. It
is very verbose and very opaque. It shows API calls, plugin queries, and responses.

Open Directory Logging

The configuration file can be found at /etc/openldap and the logs are found in/var/
log/slapd.log. Each directory transaction generates a separate transaction log in
the OpenLDAP databse. The database and transaction logs can be found at/var/db/
openldap/openldap-data.

The slapd process, which governs Open Directory usage, has an additional parameter
for extra logging. The following command enables the additional logging:
slapconfig -enablesslapdlog

186 Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System

 To run slapd in debugging mode:
1 Stop and remove slapd from launchd’s watch list:
launchctl unload /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/org.openldap.plist
2 Restart slapd in debug mode:
sudo /usr/libexec/slapd -d 99

AFP Logging
The server side of Apple File Service Protocol (AFP) keeps track of access and errors,
but it does not have much debugging information. However, you can add client-side
logging to AFP clients to help monitor and troubleshoot AFP connections.

To enable client-side logging:

Perform all these actions on the AFP client computer.
1 Set the client debug level (levels 0-8):
defaults write com.apple.AppleShareClientCore -dict-add afp_debug_level 4
2 Set the client log message recipient (in this case, syslog):
defaults write com.apple.AppleShareClientCore -dict-add afp_debug_syslog
1
3 Enable syslog to catch the debugging messages from the client.
You do this by adding *.debug /var/log/debug.log to the syslogd.conf file.
4 Restart the syslog process.

Additional Monitoring Aids

You can use additional aids for monitoring Mac OS X Server. There are a number of
third-party server monitoring packages, as well as an additional Apple monitoring tool.

The inclusion of third-party tools in the following list does not constitute an
endorsement of or support for these products. They are listed for informational
purposes only.
ÂÂ Apple Remote Desktop (ARD):  This software package contains many features that
allow you to interact with, get reports on, and track computers running Mac OS X
and Mac OS X Server. It has several powerful administration features and excellent
reporting capabilities.
ÂÂ Nagios (third-party):  This tool is an open source computer system and network
monitoring application.
ÂÂ Growl (third-party):  This tool is a centralized, extensible notification service that
supports local and remote notification.

Chapter 8    Monitoring Your System 187

 Push Notification Server
9
Provide increased server responsiveness to clients and
reduce server load with Push Notification Server.
Mac OS X Server v10.6 uses an XMPP Pubsub architecture for the Push Notification
Server. XMPP Pubsub is an open standard extention to XMPP (XEP-060) that allows
servers and clients to communicate as needed, rather than clients continually asking
the server for updates.

A service (like iCal or mail) maintains a simple connection with the client and the
service informs the client that there is new data. This differs from previous methods,
where calendar or mail clients contacted the server at regular intervals, requesting
data, if present.

With the previous method of notification, the server must attend to each client,
regardless of whether the client has data waiting for it. By using the new push method
of client updating, only clients with new data are contacted, and only as needed.

About Push Notification Server

Mac OS X Server v10.6 push notification uses the same underlying technology as
iChat server, but you don’t need to run iChat on a computer that is running push
notification.

Push notification is available for the following services:

ÂÂ iCal Server
ÂÂ Mail Server

Clients of these services must support push notification to make use of it. Apple’s
client applications on Mac OS X v10.6, and iPhone 3.0 client applications support push
notification service. Third-party client applications may support it.

Mac OS X Server v10.6 push notification is not the same system as push notification for
iPhone application development. You cannot use Mac OS X Server v10.6 to host iPhone
application push notification.

188
 Starting and Stopping Push Notification
When you start push notification on a server, the service broadcasts its availability on
the local network to other services that support it. This means that when a different
server turns on a service that supports push notification, the push notification server
address populates the settings of the pushing service.

You must still enable Push Notification support for the pushing service before it works.

Additionally, you can choose to encrypt the data passed between the client and the
push server by choosing an SSL certificate. This does not encrypt the data between the
client and the pushing service. To encrypt transport between the pushing service and
the client, enable SSL with the pushing service.

To enable Push Notification:

1 Use Server Admin to connect to the server.
2 Enable administration of Push Notification.
This only needs to be done the first time you use Server Admin to administer the
server.
For more information about adding a service to the administered services list, see
“Adding and Removing Services in Server Admin” on page 146.
3 From the list of administered services for the desired server, select Push Notification.
4 Click the “Start Push Notification” or “Stop Push Notification” as needed.

From the command line:

# setting Server Admin administration of push notification
sudo serveradmin settings info:serviceConfig:services:com.apple.
ServerAdmin.Notification:configured = yes
# on the notification server
sudo serveradmin start notification

Chapter 9    Push Notification Server 189

 Changing a Service’s Push Notification Server
If push notification is configured on the server, it is listed in the location on the
service’s settings pane. If another computer on the subnet is configured as a
push notification server, it appears in the service’s setting pane. You can use these
instructions to specify a different server.

Each service that can use push notification must have push notification enabled,
and can use a unique push notification server.

Important:  Push notification servers should be cleared or removed from the service

before changing the server’s IP address or DNS name. You then re-enable push
notification after the network identity has changed.

Be sure to make the relevant changes to your firewall to allow network access to the
push notification server.

For more specific instructions, see each service’s help.

To change the existing push notification server:

1 In Server Admin, select a server and choose the service.
2 Click the Settings button in the toolbar
You might need to navigate to additional tabs, depending on the chosen service.
3 Select Remove near the push notification area.
4 In the new sheet, enter the host name of the push notification server, enter an
administrator’s name and password for the push notification server, and click Ok.
5 Click Save, then restart the service.

190 Chapter 9    Push Notification Server

 Index

Index
A B
access backups
ACLs  55, 75 command-line tools  36
IMAP  139 critical files  155
IP address restrictions  52 media types  35
Keychain Access Utility  66 policy considerations  31, 32, 35
LDAP  21, 58 rotation scheme  34
Mac address  53, 90 scheduling  34
remote installation  84, 88, 90, 101, 102 server setup data  116, 118
SACLs  75 Time Machine  37
user  132, 147 types  33
See also permissions validation of  35
accounts. See user accounts, Workgroup Manager Berkeley Software Distribution. See BSD
ACLs (access control lists)  55, 75 binding to multiple servers  112
Address Book service  17, 140, 156 bless tool  103
addresses. See IP addresses blog service  159
Administer permission level  149 BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)  23
administrator  74, 75, 76, 149, 150
administrator computer  83, 124, 125 C
AFP (Apple Filing Protocol) service  22, 187 calendar service. See iCal service
Apple Remote Desktop (ARD)  50, 131, 187 Certificate Authority (CA)
archiving server data  32, 36 creating  66
ARD. See Apple Remote Desktop creating certificates from  68
asr tool  36, 87, 88 distributing to clients  70
authentication intermediate trust  61
Kerberos  21, 57, 58 introduction  60
key-based SSH  72, 73 overview  60
keychain services  155 requesting certificates from  63, 64, 65, 68
MS-CHAPv2  111 See also PKI
Open Directory  57 Certificate Manager  62, 68
overview  56 Certificate Signing Request. See CSR
passwords  77, 78 certificates
RADIUS  21, 58, 135, 155 collaboration services  141
SASL  57 command-line tools  62, 70
Server Admin  38 creating  65, 66, 68
single sign-on  58 deleting  70
standalone server  112 editing  69
TLS  54 identities  61
user  56, 58, 73, 111 importing  68
Workgroup Manager  151 intermediate trust  61
See also certificates mail service  139
authorization  56 management of  69
See also authentication overview  59, 60

 191
 preparing  64 saving setup data  116, 118
private keys  59 server infrastructure  30
public keys  59 server types  18
renewing  71 services  122, 123, 155
requesting  63, 64, 65 settings overview  109
root  66 SSL  148
self-signed  61, 65 standalone server  110
Server Admin  62, 148 types of  108
services using  71 Console  173
web service  137 core dump server  178, 179, 180
wiki services  137 CSR (Certificate Signing Request)  63, 64, 65, 68
changip tool  145
chat service. See iChat service D
ClamAV  139 daemons, overview  169
clients Darwin (core operating system)  23
certificates  70 Date & Time preferences  132
client-side logging  187 debugging, server problem  171, 186, 187
core dump information  179 df tool  173
group accounts  153 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
intermediate trust  62 service  30, 82, 134
NetBoot  27 digital signature  148
See also users directories. See directory services, domains, folders
command-line tools directory services
backup tools  36 directory domains  20, 111, 154
certificates  62, 70 logs  186
daemon control  169 planning of  26, 30
disk image installation  87, 88 See also Open Directory
disk space monitoring  173 disk images
erasing disks  99 encrypting  56
identity changes  145 installing with  27, 47, 86, 91
installing server software  104 Disk Utility  56, 95, 97, 99
partitioning disks  95, 98 disks
permission considerations  150 command-line management of  173
restoration tools  36 erasing free space  99
server administration  48 installation preparation  93
startup disk changes  103 mirroring  96
computer lists  151, 153 monitoring tools  173
computer name  132, 133, 144 partitions  86, 94, 95, 97, 99
computers, administrator  83, 124, 125 quotas  27
computer-to-computer network  164 See also RAID
computer-to-switch network  165 diskspacemonitor tool  174
computer-to-switch-pair network  165 diskutil tool  95, 98, 99
concatenated RAID set  96 ditto tool  36
configuration DMZ, network  52
advanced  18 DNS (Domain Name System) service  30, 82, 133,
authentication  57 134, 144
automatic  116, 118 documentation  13, 14, 15
connecting to network  109, 164, 165 Domain Name System. See DNS
DHCP  82 domains, directory  20, 111, 154
directory connection  112 See also Open Directory
Ethernet  109 drives. See disks
interactive  113 du tool  174
introduction  18, 108 DVDs, installation  85, 100
link aggregation  166 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. See DHCP
Open Directory  110, 112, 123
postponing  108

192 Index
 E iChat service  140, 156
email. See mail service identity, network
emond daemon  184 changing  144
encryption  54, 55, 59, 118 collaboration services  139
See also SSL file services  137
Ethereal packet sniffing tool  175 infrastructure services  133
Ethernet  53, 109, 166 mail service  138
exporting service settings  146 names for servers  133
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol. overview  132
See XMPP Podcast Producer  141
print service  143
F server IP address  144
file services  22, 137, 187 Software Update service  143
file sharing  148 web service  136
file systems wiki services  136
backing up  36 Xgrid service  143
choosing  93 images. See disk images, NetBoot, NetInstall
See also volumes, ZFS IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)  139
File Transfer Protocol. See FTP importing
files certificates  68
backup  31, 32, 35, 155 service settings  146
configuration  186 incremental backups  33
full file-level copies  33 infrastructure requirements  29, 30
security  55, 56 Inspector  154
setup data  116, 118 installation
shared secret  60 administrator computer  83
storage considerations  27 collecting information  81
FileVault  55 command-line method  104
Firewall service  52, 53, 82, 135, 156 disk image  27, 47, 86, 91
folders  27, 55, 132 disk preparation  93
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) service  22, 138 from earlier OS versions  25, 28, 79, 84
full file-level copies  33 identifying servers  90
full image backup type  33 infrastructure requirements  29, 30
integration strategy  28
G interactive  99, 100, 101, 102
Gateway Setup Assistant  155 local  100
group accounts  153 multiple server  106
groups  129, 147, 149, 151 network services setup  82
Growl application  187 overview  79
planning for  24, 25, 26, 28
postponing setup after  108
H
remote access  84, 88, 90, 101, 102
hardware requirements  16, 31, 81, 97
server installation disc  82
hdiutil tool  87
server software  104
help, using  12
starting up for  84, 85, 86, 91
HFS+J volume  93
system requirements  81
HFSX volume  93
updating  107
historical data collection  171
installer tool  104, 106
home folders  27, 132
intermediate trust  61
host name
Internet Message Access Protocol. See IMAP
changing  144
IP addresses
definition  133
access restriction  52
local  132
changing server  31
firewalls  82
I overview  22
iCal service  17, 46, 140, 156
remote server installation  90

Index 193
 server  144 MS-CHAPv2 authentication  111
static  82 multicore awareness  17
See also identity MySQL service  137, 157
IPv6 addressing  22
N
J Nagios application  187
journaling, file system  93 naming conventions. See identity
junk mail screening  139 NAT (Network Address Translation)  135, 157
NetBoot service  27, 47, 91, 135
K NetInstall  47, 92
Kerberos  21, 57, 58, 134 Network Address Translation. See NAT
kernel panic  176, 178, 179, 180 Network File System. See NFS
key-based authentication  72, 73 network interfaces  132
Keychain Access Utility  66 network services
keychain services  62, 155 DHCP  30, 82, 134
DNS  30, 82, 133, 134, 144
L installation  82
LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol)  164 NAT  135, 157
launchctl tool  36, 170 NTP  131, 132
launchd daemon  36, 169 planning for  30
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) VLAN  53
service  21 VPN  136
LDAPv3 access  58 See also IP addresses
link aggregation  163, 164, 165, 166, 167 network time protocol. See NTP
Link Aggregation Control Protocol. See LACP networks
load balancing  168 connection configurations  109, 164, 165
local computers environment for installation  80
installing on  100 Ethernet  53, 109, 166
local directory domain  112 monitoring tools  174, 180
login, authenticating  72, 73 security  52, 53, 54, 55
logs See also identity
monitoring  173, 184, 185, 186, 187 NFS (Network File System)  22
web service  159 notification system
daemons  183
M push notification  188, 189
MAC (media access control) addresses  53, 90 Server Monitor  44
Mac OS X server settings  132, 158
administration from  125 server status  175
installation considerations  84 See also logs
Mac OS X Server NTP (network time protocol)  131, 132
administration tools  38, 126
integration strategy  28 O
introduction  16, 17, 18 Open Directory
supported standards  20 authentication  57
system requirements  16 backup files  158
UNIX heritage  23 identity changes  134
See also configuration, installation logs  186
mail service  17, 21, 138, 155, 156 SACLs  75
mailing lists  139 setup  110, 112, 123
managed preferences, defining  153 Open Directory master  82
media, streaming. See streaming media Open Directory replica  57, 162
migration  25, 28 open source modules
mirroring, disk  96 Kerberos  21, 57, 58, 134
mobile accounts  17, 132, 135 OpenLDAP  21
Monitor permission level  149 OpenSSL  54
PHP  158

194 Index
 See also Open Directory R
OpenCL  18 RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User
OpenLDAP  21 Service)  21, 58, 135, 155
OpenSSL  54 RAID Admin  48, 173
operating environment requirements  162 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
administration tool  48, 173
P creating set  96, 97
PackageMaker  47 hardware requirements  27
packets, data, filtering of  52 real-time monitoring  171
partitions, disk  86, 94, 95, 97, 99 Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service.
passwords  77, 78, 90 See RADIUS
permissions remote servers
administrator  74, 75, 149, 150 accessing  88
files  55 Apple Remote Desktop  50, 131, 187
folder  55 identifying  90
SACL  75 installing from or to  84, 88, 90, 101, 102
types  55 startup disk  103
PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor)  158 replication  57, 162
physical infrastructure requirements  29 requirements
PKI (public key infrastructure)  54, 59 hardware  16, 31, 81, 97
Podcast Composer  49 infrastructure  29, 30
Podcast Producer  17, 141 operating environment  162
POP (Post Office Protocol)  139 software  16, 81, 83
portable computers  132 restart, automatic  161
Portable Operating System Interface. See POSIX restoration, data  31, 32, 34
ports root certificate  66
Ethernet  109 rsync tool  36
list of  127
status of  127 S
TCP  72 SACLs (service access control lists)  75
POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface)  55 SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer)  57
Post Office Protocol. See POP Screen Sharing  89, 102
Postfix transfer agent  139 scutil tool  145
power considerations  161 Secure Empty Trash  56
preferences  153 secure SHell. See SSH
presets  152 Secure Sockets Layer. See SSL
print service  143 Secure VM  56
private key  59, 61 security
privileges, administrator  75, 149, 150 administrator  74, 75
See also permissions authorization  56
Property List Editor  47 best practices  76
protocols file  55, 56
file service  22, 187 Firewall service  52, 53, 82, 135, 156
network service  30, 82, 131 installation  82
overview  22 network  52, 53, 54, 55
See also specific protocols overview  51
proxy server settings  135 physical  51
public key certificates. See certificates SASL  57
public key cryptography  72 service level  75
public key infrastructure. See PKI settings  148
push notification  188, 189 SSL  54, 59, 60, 62, 148
TLS  54
Q See also access, authentication, certificates, SSH
QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS)  47, 137, 158 self-signed certificates  61, 65
quotas, disk space  27 serial number, server  90, 120

Index 195
 Server Admin shared directory domain  21, 111
access control  147 shared secret files  60
as administration tool  128 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. See SMTP
authentication  38 Simple Network Management Protocol. See SNMP
certificates  62, 148 single points of failure  159
configuration methods  18 single sign-on authentication  58
customizing  40 See also Kerberos
notification system  175 slapd daemon  187
opening  38 SMB (Server Message Block) service  22, 138
overview  11, 18, 38, 39 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)  139
server status  175 snapshots, data  33
service management  146 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
system imaging  47 as monitoring tool  180, 181, 182, 183
Server Assistant  41, 101, 108, 155 definition  22
Server Message Block. See SMB settings  131
Server Monitor  44, 172 snmpd daemon  181
Server Preferences  18, 42 Software Update service  107, 143
Server Status widget  48, 172 spam. See junk mail screening
serveradmin tool SpamAssassin  139
push notification  190 srm UNIX utility  56
servers SSH (secure SHell host)
adding  128 backup location  155
administration tools  38, 48, 124, 126, 127 installation  82
basic settings  109, 130 key-based  72, 73
binding to multiple  112 overview  72
core dump  178, 179, 180 remote access  88, 89
groups of  129 settings  131
infrastructure requirements  29, 30 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)  54, 59, 60, 62, 148
IP address for  144 standalone server  110, 112
load balancing  168 standard configuration type  18
reliability tools  159, 161, 163, 168 startup disk settings  103
relocation considerations  31 See also NetBoot service
removing  128 static IP addresses  82
serial numbers for  90, 120 storage considerations  27
standalone  110, 112 streaming media  27, 47, 158
startup  84, 91 striping  96
status monitoring  171, 172, 173, 174, 175 subnets  109, 114
time  131, 132 syslog configuration file  185
See also configuration, identity, installation, syslogd daemon  184
remote servers System Image Utility  47
service access control lists. See SACLs system imaging. See NetBoot service, NetInstall
services
access control  132, 147 T
adding  146 tar tool  36
exporting settings  146 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)  52, 72
identity changes  133 tcpdump tool  174
importing settings  146 Time Machine  37, 155
management of  155 time server  131, 132
planning for distribution of  26 TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol  54
removing  146 Tomcat application server  158
security  71, 75 Transmission Control Protocol. See TCP
setup  122, 123, 155 Transport Layer Security protocol. See TLS
viewing  132, 145 troubleshooting
See also specific services core dumps  176, 178, 179, 180
setup procedures. See configuration, installation debugging logs  171, 186, 187
share points  55, 148 trusted server  61

196 Index
 U authentication  151
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)  52, 180 customizing  44, 154
UNIX  23 opening  42, 151
updating software  107 overview  42, 43, 150
upgrading
from previous server versions  25, 28 X
saved setup data  117 Xgrid Admin  49
vs. migration  25, 28 Xgrid  49, 143, 155
UPS (uninterruptible power supply)  161 XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence
user accounts Protocol)  23, 188
group  153 Xserve
managed preferences  153 hardware installation  81
management of  151 Server Monitor  44
mobile  132 server reliability  160, 161
setup  123 VLAN support  53
See also users
User Datagram Protocol. See UDP
users
access control  132, 147
administrative access for  74, 75
authentication  56, 58, 73, 111
certificates  60
disk space quotas  27
groups  147, 149, 151
home folders  27, 132
management of  151
permissions  149
Windows  27
See also clients, user accounts, Workgroup
Manager

V
Virtual Private Network. See VPN
virus screening  139
VLAN (virtual local area network)  53
VNC (virtual network computing)  16, 81, 88, 89, 102,
106
volumes
backing up  36
erasing  99
partitioning  94, 95
RAID  96, 97
startup  84, 91
supported  93
VPN (Virtual Private Network)  136

W
web service  136, 159
web technologies  22
weblog service. See blog service
wiki services  137, 159
Windows NT  28
Windows users  27
Workgroup Manager
administering accounts  151

Index 197