1

Chapter 1 – Introduction to Computers

and C++ Programming
Outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is a Computer?
1.3 Computer Organization
1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems
1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and
Client/Server Computing
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-Level
Languages
1.7 History of C and C++
1.8 C++ Standard Library
1.9 Java
1.10 Visual Basic, Visual C++ and C#
1.11 Other High-Level Languages
1.12 Structured Programming
1.13 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
1.15 Hardware Trends

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 2
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Computers
and C++ Programming
Outline
1.16 History of the Internet
1.17 History of the World Wide Web
1.18 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
1.19 General Notes About C++ and This Book
1.20 Introduction to C++ Programming
1.21 A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
1.22 Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers
1.23 Memory Concepts
1.24 Arithmetic
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology
and the Unified Modeling Language

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 3

1.1 Introduction

• Software
– Instructions to command computer to perform actions and
make decisions
• Hardware
• Standardized version of C++
– United States
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
– Worldwide
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Structured programming
• Object-oriented programming

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 4

1.2 What is a Computer?

• Computer
– Device capable of performing computations and making
logical decisions
• Computer programs
– Sets of instructions that control computer’s processing of
data
• Hardware
– Various devices comprising computer
• Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM,
processing units, …
• Software
– Programs that run on computer

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 5

1.3 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

1. Input unit
• “Receiving” section
• Obtains information from input devices
– Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, networks, …
2. Output unit
• “Shipping” section
• Takes information processed by computer
• Places information on output devices
– Screen, printer, networks, …
– Information used to control other devices

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 6

1.3 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

3. Memory unit
• Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse” section
• Retains information from input unit
– Immediately available for processing
• Retains processed information
– Until placed on output devices
• Memory, primary memory
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• “Manufacturing” section
• Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions

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 7

1.3 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

5. Central processing unit (CPU)
• “Administrative” section
• Supervises and coordinates other sections of computer
6. Secondary storage unit
• Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse” section
• Storage
– Inactive programs or data
• Secondary storage devices
– Disks
• Longer to access than primary memory
• Less expensive per unit than primary memory

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 8

1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems

• Early computers
– Single-user batch processing
• Only one job or task at a time
• Process data in groups (batches)
• Decks of punched cards
• Operating systems
– Software systems
– Manage transitions between jobs
– Increased throughput
• Amount of work computers process

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 9

1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems

• Multiprogramming
– Many jobs or tasks sharing computer’s resources
– “Simultaneous” operation of many jobs
• Timesharing
– 1960s
– Special case of multiprogramming
– Users access computer through terminals
• Devices with keyboards and screens
• Dozens, even hundreds of users
– Perform small portion of one user’s job, then moves on to
service next user
– Advantage:
• User receives almost immediate responses to requests

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 10
1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing,
and Client/Server Computing
• Personal computers
– 1977: Apple Computer
– Economical enough for individual
– 1981: IBM Personal Computer
– “Standalone” units
• Computer networks
– Over telephone lines
– Local area networks (LANs)
• Distributed computing
– Organization’s computing distributed over networks

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 11
1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing,
and Client/Server Computing
• Workstations
– Provide enormous capabilities
– Information shared across networks
• Client/server computing
– File servers
• Offer common store of programs and data
– Client computers
• Access file servers across network
• UNIX, Linux, Microsoft’s Window-based systems

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 12
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
• Three types of computer languages
1. Machine language
• Only language computer directly understands
• “Natural language” of computer
• Defined by hardware design
– Machine-dependent
• Generally consist of strings of numbers
– Ultimately 0s and 1s
• Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
– One at a time
• Cumbersome for humans
• Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027

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 13
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
• Three types of computer languages
2. Assembly language
• English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer
operations
• Clearer to humans
• Incomprehensible to computers
– Translator programs (assemblers)
• Convert to machine language
• Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

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 14
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
• Three types of computer languages
3. High-level languages
• Similar to everyday English, use common mathematical
notations
• Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
– Assembly language requires many instructions to
accomplish simple tasks
• Translator programs (compilers)
– Convert to machine language
• Interpreter programs
– Directly execute high-level language programs
• Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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 15

1.7 History of C and C++

• History of C
– Evolved from two other programming languages
• BCPL and B
– “Typeless” languages
– Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories)
• Added data typing, other features
– Development language of UNIX
– Hardware independent
• Portable programs
– 1989: ANSI standard
– 1990: ANSI and ISO standard published
• ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990

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1.7 History of C and C++

• History of C++
– Extension of C
– Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Laboratories)
– “Spruces up” C
– Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming
• Objects: reusable software components
– Model items in real world
• Object-oriented programs
– Easy to understand, correct and modify
– Hybrid language
• C-like style
• Object-oriented style
• Both

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1.8 C++ Standard Library

• C++ programs
– Built from pieces called classes and functions
• C++ standard library
– Rich collections of existing classes and functions
• “Building block approach” to creating programs
– “Software reuse”

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1.9 Java

• Java
– 1991: Sun Microsystems
• Green project
– 1995: Sun Microsystems
• Formally announced Java at trade show
– Web pages with dynamic and interactive content
– Develop large-scale enterprise applications
– Enhance functionality of web servers
– Provide applications for consumer devices
• Cell phones, pagers, personal digital assistants, …

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 19

1.10 Visual Basic, Visual C++ and C#

• BASIC
– Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
– Mid-1960s: Prof. John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz
(Dartmouth College)
• Visual Basic
– 1991
• Result of Microsoft Windows graphical user interface (GUI)
– Developed late 1980s, early 1990s
– Powerful features
• GUI, event handling, access to Win32 API, object-oriented
programming, error handling
– Visual Basic .NET

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 20

1.10 Visual Basic, Visual C++ and C#

• Visual C++
– Microsoft’s implementation of C++
• Includes extensions
• Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)
• Common library
– GUI, graphics, networking, multithreading, …
– Shared among Visual Basic, Visual C++, C#
• .NET platform
– Web-based applications
• Distributed to great variety of devices
– Cell phones, desktop computers
– Applications in disparate languages can communicate

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 21

1.10 Visual Basic, Visual C++ and C#

• C#
– Anders Hejlsberg and Scott Wiltamuth (Microsoft)
– Designed specifically for .NET platform
– Roots in C, C++ and Java
• Easy migration to .NET
– Event-driven, fully object-oriented, visual programming
language
– Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
• Create, run, test and debug C# programs
• Rapid Application Development (RAD)
– Language interoperability

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 22

1.11 Other High-level Languages

• FORTRAN
– FORmula TRANslator
– 1954-1957: IBM
– Complex mathematical computations
• Scientific and engineering applications
• COBOL
– COmmon Business Oriented Language
– 1959: computer manufacturers, government and industrial
computer users
– Precise and efficient manipulation of large amounts of data
• Commercial applications

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 23

1.11 Other High-level Languages

• Pascal
– Prof. Niklaus Wirth
– Academic use

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1.12 Structured Programming

• Structured programming (1960s)

– Disciplined approach to writing programs
– Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify
• Pascal
– 1971: Niklaus Wirth
• Ada
– 1970s - early 1980s: US Department of Defense (DoD)
– Multitasking
• Programmer can specify many activities to run in parallel

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 25

1.13 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

• Objects
– Reusable software components that model real world items
– Meaningful software units
• Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice objects,
audio objects, video objects, file objects, record objects, etc.
• Any noun can be represented as an object
– More understandable, better organized and easier to maintain
than procedural programming
– Favor modularity
• Software reuse
– Libraries
• MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes)
• Rogue Wave

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1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

• C++ systems
– Program-development environment
– Language
– C++ Standard Library

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 27

1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Program is created in
Editor
Phases of C++ Programs: Disk the editor and stored
on disk.

Preprocessor Preprocessor program

1. Edit
Disk
processes the code.
Compiler creates
Compiler Disk object code and stores
2. Preprocess it on disk.
Linker links the object
Linker Disk code with the libraries,
3. Compile Primary
creates a.out and
stores it on disk
Memory
Loader
4. Link Loader puts program
in memory.
Disk
5. Load ..
..
..

Primary
6. Execute CPU
Memory

CPU takes each

 
instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
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 28

1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

• Input/output
– cin
• Standard input stream
• Normally keyboard
– cout
• Standard output stream
• Normally computer screen
– cerr
• Standard error stream
• Display error messages

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 29

1.15 Hardware Trends

• Capacities of computers
– Approximately double every year or two
– Memory used to execute programs
– Amount of secondary storage
• Disk storage
• Hold programs and data over long term
– Processor speeds
• Speed at which computers execute programs

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 30

1.16 History of the Internet

• Late 1960s: ARPA

– Advanced Research Projects Agency
• Department of Defense
– ARPAnet
– Electronic mail (e-mail)
• Packet switching
– Transfer digital data via small packets
– Allow multiple users to send/receive data simultaneously
over same communication paths
• No centralized control
– If one part of network fails, other parts can still operate

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 31

1.16 History of the Internet

• TCP/IP
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Messages routed properly
• Messages arrived intact
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• Communication among variety of networking hardware and
software
• Current architecture of Internet
• Bandwidth
– Carrying capacity of communications lines

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 32

1.17 History of the World Wide Web

• World Wide Web

– 1990: Tim Berners-Lee (CERN)
– Locate and view multimedia-based documents
– Information instantly and conveniently accessible worldwide
– Possible worldwide exposure
• Individuals and small businesses
– Changing way business done

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1.18 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

– 1994: Tim Berners-Lee
– Develop nonproprietary, interoperable technologies
– Standardization organization
– Three hosts
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
• France’s INRIA (Institut National de Recherche en
Informatique et Automatique)
• Keio University of Japan
– Over 400 members
• Primary financing
• Strategic direction

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 34

1.18 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

• Recommendations
– 3 phases
• Working Draft
– Specifies evolving draft
• Candidate Recommendation
– Stable version that industry can begin to implement
• Proposed Recommendation
– Considerably mature Candidate Recommendation

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 35
1.19 General Notes About C++
and This Book
• Book geared toward novice programmers
– Stress programming clarity
– C and C++ are portable languages
• Portability
– C and C++ programs can run on many different computers
• Compatibility
– Many features of current versions of C++ not compatible
with older implementations

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 36

1.20 Introduction to C++ Programming

• C++ language
– Facilitates structured and disciplined approach to computer
program design
• Following several examples
– Illustrate many important features of C++
– Each analyzed one statement at a time
• Structured programming
• Object-oriented programming

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 37
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Comments
– Document programs
– Improve program readability
– Ignored by compiler
– Single-line comment
• Begin with //
• Preprocessor directives
– Processed by preprocessor before compiling
– Begin with #

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 38
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
2 // A first program in C++.
Single-line comments. Outline
3 #include <iostream>Function main returns an
4 integer
Left brace { begins Preprocessor
value. function directive to
fig01_02.cpp
5 // function main body.program
begins Function include input/output Statements
main appears
execution stream end with a(1 of 1)
6 int main() header
exactly once file <iostream>.
in every C++ semicolon ;.
7 { program..
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n"; fig01_02.cpp
9 Corresponding right brace } output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // ends function
indicate thatbody.
program ended successfully
11 Name coutStream insertion
belongs to operator.
12 } // end function main namespace std.

Keyword return is one of

Welcome to C++!
several means to exit
function; value 0 indicates
program terminated
successfully.

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 39
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Standard output stream object
– std::cout
– “Connected” to screen
– <<
• Stream insertion operator
• Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
• Namespace
– std:: specifies using name that belongs to “namespace”
std
– std:: removed through use of using statements
• Escape characters
– \
– Indicates “special” character output

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 40
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text

Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

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 41
1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_04.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution Multiple stream insertion (1 of 1)
6 int main() statements produce one line of
7 { output.
8 std::cout << "Welcome "; fig01_04.cpp
9 std::cout << "to C++!\n"; output (1 of 1)
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12
13 } // end function main

Welcome to C++!

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 42
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
Using newline characters to fig01_05.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution
print on multiple lines. (1 of 1)
6 int main()
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n"; fig01_05.cpp
9 output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome
to
 
C++!

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 43
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Location in memory where value can be stored
– Common data types
• int - integer numbers
• char - characters
• double - floating point numbers
– Declare variables with name and data type before use
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
– Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration
• Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;

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 44
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Variable names
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Case sensitive

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 45
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Input stream object
– >> (stream extraction operator)
• Used with std::cin
• Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key
• Stores value in variable to right of operator
– Converts value to variable data type
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns value to variable
– Binary operator (two operands)
– Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

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 46
1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp
2 // Addition program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_06.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution
(1 of 1)
6 int main()
7 { Declare integer variables.
8 int integer1; // first number to be input by user
9 int integer2; // second number to be input by user
10 int sum;
Use stream extraction
// variable in which sum will be stored
11 operator with standard input
12 std::cout << "Enter first stream to obtain
integer\n"; user input.
// prompt
13 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer
14
15 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt
16 std::cin >> integer2; Calculations //
canread
be performed in
output manipulator
an integer
Stream statements: alternative for
17 lines 18 and 20: std::endl outputs a
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum
19
newline, then “flushes output
std::cout << "Sum is " << integer1 + integer2 << std::endl;
20 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sum buffer.”
21
22 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
23
24 } // end function main Concatenating, chaining or
cascading stream insertion
operations.

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 47
Enter first integer
45
Outline
Enter second integer
72
fig01_06.cpp
Sum is 117
output (1 of 1)

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 48

1.23 Memory Concepts

• Variable names
– Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
– Every variable has name, type, size and value
– When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous
value
– Reading variables from memory nondestructive

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 49

1.23 Memory Concepts

std::cin >> integer1; integer1 45

– Assume user entered 45

std::cin >> integer2; integer1 45

– Assume user entered 72 integer2 72

sum = integer1 + integer2; integer1 45

integer2 72
sum 117

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 50

1.24 Arithmetic

• Arithmetic calculations
– *
• Multiplication
– /
• Division
• Integer division truncates remainder
– 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– %
• Modulus operator returns remainder
– 7 % 5 evaluates to 2

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 51

1.24 Arithmetic

• Rules of operator precedence

– Operators in parentheses evaluated first
• Nested/embedded parentheses
– Operators in innermost pair first
– Multiplication, division, modulus applied next
• Operators applied from left to right
– Addition, subtraction applied last
Operator(s) • Operators
Operation(s)
applied fromOrder
leftoftoevaluation
right (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level”
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

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 52
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
• if structure
– Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition
• If condition met, body executed
• Else, body not executed
• Equality and relational operators
– Equality operators
• Same level of precedence
– Relational operators
• Same level of precedence
– Associate left to right

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 53
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators

Sta n d a rd a lg e b ra ic C ++ e q u a lity Exa m p le Me a n in g o f

e q u a lity o p e ra to r o r o r re la tio n a l o f C ++ C ++ c o n d itio n
re la tio n a l o p e ra to r o p e ra to r c o n d itio n

Relational operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y

 >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y

 <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y

 != x != y x is not equal to y

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 54
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
• using statements
– Eliminate use of std:: prefix
– Write cout instead of std::cout

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 55
1 // Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp
2 // Using if statements, relational
Outline
3 // operators, and equality operators.
4 #include <iostream>
fig01_14.cpp
5
(1 of 2)
6 using std::cout; // program uses cout
7 using std::cin; // program uses cin using statements eliminate
8 using std::endl; // program uses endl need for std:: prefix.
9
10 // function main begins programDeclare variables.
execution
11 int main()
12 {
13 Can write
int num1; // first number read and
to becout fromcinuser
14 without
int num2; // second number tostd::
be readprefix.
from user
15
16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
17
if structure compares values
<< "the relationships they satisfy: ";
18 cin >> num1 >> num2;
of num1 and num2
// read two integers
to test for
If condition is true (i.e.,
19 equality. values are equal), execute this
20 if ( num1 == num2 )
if structure compares
statement.values
21 cout << num1 << " is equalof to
num1
" <<and If <<
num2
num2 condition
to
endl; is true (i.e.,
test for
22 inequality. values are not equal), execute
23 if ( num1 != num2 ) this statement.
24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
25

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 56
26 if ( num1 < num2 )
27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
Outline
28
29 if ( num1 > num2 )
fig01_14.cpp
30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
Statements may
(2 of 2) be split over
31
32 if ( num1 <= num2 )
several lines.
33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to " fig01_14.cpp
34 << num2 << endl; output (1 of 2)
35
36 if ( num1 >= num2 )
37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
38 << num2 << endl;
39
40 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
41
42 } // end function main

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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 57
Enter two integers, and I will tell you
the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
Outline
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
fig01_14.cpp
7 is greater than or equal to 7
output (2 of 2)

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 58
1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to
Object Technology and the Unified Modeling
Language
• Object oriented programming (OOP)
– Model real-world objects with software counterparts
– Attributes (state) - properties of objects
• Size, shape, color, weight, etc.
– Behaviors (operations) - actions
• A ball rolls, bounces, inflates and deflates
• Objects can perform actions as well
– Inheritance
• New classes of objects absorb characteristics from existing classes
– Objects
• Encapsulate data and functions
• Information hiding
– Communicate across well-defined interfaces

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 59
1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to
Object Technology and the Unified Modeling
Language
• User-defined types (classes, components)
– Data members
• Data components of class
– Member functions
• Function components of class
– Association
– Reuse classes

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 60
1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to
Object Technology and the Unified Modeling
Language
• Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD)
process
– Analysis of project’s requirements
– Design for satisfying requirements
– Pseudocode
• Informal means of expressing program
• Outline to guide code

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 61
1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to
Object Technology and the Unified Modeling
Language
• Unified Modeling Language (UML)
– 2001: Object Management Group (OMG)
• Released UML version 1.4
– Model object-oriented systems and aid design
– Flexible
• Extendable
• Independent of many OOAD processes
• One standard set of notations
– Complex, feature-rich graphical language

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.