SQL
What are the difference between DDL, DML and DCL commands?
DDL - Data Definition Language: statements used to define the database structure or schema.
Some examples:
CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the
records are removed
COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
RENAME - rename an object
DML - Data Manipulation Language: statements used for managing data within schema objects.
Some examples:
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
INSERT - insert data into a table
UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
LOCK TABLE - control concurrency
DCL - Data Control Language. Some examples:
GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command
TCL - Transaction Control: statements used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It
allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.