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Determination of Solids

This document describes an experiment to determine different types of solids in a water sample. The objective is to measure total solids, total organic fixed solids, total volatile organic solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved fixed organic solids, dissolved volatile organic solids, total suspended solids, suspended fixed organic solids, and suspended volatile organic solids. The procedure involves evaporating and drying portions of the sample, as well as filtering and igniting residues, to calculate the various solids. The results found 6 mg of total solids and 9 mg of total dissolved solids in a 25 mL sample from a fish pond. The conclusions are that the experiment achieved its objectives of classifying solids and determining organic

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8K views4 pages

Determination of Solids

This document describes an experiment to determine different types of solids in a water sample. The objective is to measure total solids, total organic fixed solids, total volatile organic solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved fixed organic solids, dissolved volatile organic solids, total suspended solids, suspended fixed organic solids, and suspended volatile organic solids. The procedure involves evaporating and drying portions of the sample, as well as filtering and igniting residues, to calculate the various solids. The results found 6 mg of total solids and 9 mg of total dissolved solids in a 25 mL sample from a fish pond. The conclusions are that the experiment achieved its objectives of classifying solids and determining organic

Uploaded by

syira_syahirah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objective

The objective of this experiment is to determine the types of following solids in the given sample(s):

a. Total solids
b. Total organic fixed solids
c. Total volatile organic solids
d. Total dissolve solids
e. Dissolve fixed in organic solids
f. Dissolve volatile organic solids
g. Total suspended solids
h. Suspended fixed in organic solids
i. Suspended volatile organic solids

Introduction

Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater. Solids may affect
water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with high dissolved
solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce an unfavorable physiological
reaction in the transient consumer. For these reasons, a limit of 500 mg dissolved solids
per liter is desirable for drinking waters. Highly mineralized waters also are unsuitable
for many industrial applications. Waters high in suspended solids may be esthetically
unsatisfactory for such purposes as bathing. Solids analysis are important in the control of
biological and physical wastewater treatment processes and for assessing compliance
with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations.
Total Solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after evaporation
of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature (103-105 C).
Total suspended solids refer to the no filterable residue retained by a standard filter disk
and dried at 103-1050C. Total dissolved solids refer to the filterable residue that passes
through a standard filter disk and remain after evaporation and drying to constant weight
at 103-1050C.
The environmental impacts of solids are that solids in all forms have detrimental effects
on quality since they cause putrefaction problems. Suspended solids exclude light, thus
reducing the growth of oxygen producing plants. Solids impair aesthetic acceptability of
water.

Apparatus

1. Porcelain evaporating dishes of 150 – 200 mL capacity


2. Steam bath
3. Drying oven
4. Desiccators
5. Analytical balance
6. Filter paper (preferably of glass fibre)
7. Electric muffle furnace

Procedure

a. Total solids
1. The clean evaporating dishes were ignited in the muffle furnace for 30 minutes at 550 C
and were cooled in the desiccators
2. The empty weight of the dishes were weighted and noted.
3. A measured portion were poured in ( 50 – 100 mL well mixed sample)
4. The dish were transferred into the oven maintained temperature 103-105 C or 179 – 189
C and were dried for 1 hour
5. The dish was cooled in a desiccators
6. The dish was weighted after it completely cooled (w2)
7. Residue of (w2 – w1) mg

b. Total fixed solids


1. Same dish was used to determine total residue in a muffle furnace for 1 hour at 550 C
2. The dish was cooled partially in air, then was transferred in the desiccators
3. As soon it has cooled, the weight was taken (w3)
4. Total fixed residue was weighted (w3 – w1)mg
c. Total dissolved solids
1. A measured portion was filtered and in previously prepared filtrate was collected and
weighted the evaporating dish
2. Steps 3 to 6 were repeated
3. The dissolved solids weight were taken (w5 – w4)mg

d. Total suspended solids = total solids – total dissolved solids


e. Total volatile solids = total solids – total fixed solids
f. Fixed dissolved solids
1. The same evaporating dish was used to determine total dissolved solids
2. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated
3. The weight of fixed dissolved solids were taken (w6 – w4)
g. Volatile dissolved solids = total dissolved solids – fixed dissolved solids
h. Fixed suspended solids = total fixed solids – fixed dissolved solids
i. Volatile suspended solids = total volatile solids – volatile dissolved solids

Discussion

Volume of sample taken is 25 mL. The sample was taken from the fish pond. Based on the experiment,
the total solids recorded was 6 mg. The solids used was a sample that been dried for 1 hour in muffle
furnace for 30 minutes at 550 C. the weight of empty evaporating dish recorded was 104609 mg (w1) and
the weight of total solids is 104615 (w2). Therefore, the total solids calculated is 6 mg which is (w2 –
w1). The same steps were repeated and the value of w3 which is weight of dish + fixed solids (w3) is
104617 mg. Since the uses of the same dish, so the value of w4 is equal to the value of w3. Then, after
filtration process were done with a portion of mixed sample (25 mL) through filter paper, the weight of
dish total dissolved solids (w5) recorded was 104626 and total dissolved solids (w5 – w4) calculated was
9 mg. Lastly, using the same evaporating dish, it was ignited at 550 C for 1 hour and results weight of
104621 mg (w6). Finally, based on the types of solids in the given sample, we can make calculation that
need to be done for the sample.
Conclusion

From the experiment, the objectives can be accepted. The total dissolved solids give an idea about the
organic and inorganic matter present in the sewage in dissolved form. Organic matter is volatile and can
be determined and it igniting the residue at higher temperature at 550 C. Even the total dissolved solids
give a fair idea about the organic matter and anticipated treatment of the waste water. The solids are either
in a form or in suspension but a major portion of the suspended solids consists of larger heavier particles
that can be settled in calm and quiescent condition. The solids components of domestic waste water can
be classified in a number of wastes for example waste water solids can be categorized on the basis of
several operational procedures used in laboratory. Total solids may be determined by driving off the
water fraction, and suspended solids may be determined by filtering out the solids fraction on the porous
pad and drying. In addition, some precaution must be taken. For example, when we weighing the dish or
sample, avoid from any disturbance. When the dish was placed in the desiccators, avoid from in contact
the dishes with hand.

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