LIST OF CONTENTS

PROGRAMS

S.NO PROGRAMS
1. Line Drawing Algorithms
1.1 DDA Line Drawing Algorithm
1.2 Bresenham's Line Drawing Algorithm

2.1 Mid Point Circle Drawing Algorithm

3. 2D Transformations
3.1 Rotation in 2D
 Line
 Rectangle
 Triangle

3.2 Translation in 2D
 Line
 Rectangle
 Triangle

3.3 Scaling in 2D
 Line
 Rectangle
 Triangle

4. Clipping Algorithms
4.1 Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm

5. 3D Transformations
3D Projection
5.1  Parallel
 Perspective
 SOFTWARES

S.NO. DESCRIPTION

1. Introduction to Macromedia Flash

2. Maya
// DDA Line Drawing Algorithm

# include <stdio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <math.h>

void main()
{
int gmode , gdrive = DETECT , errorcode , i ;
float x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 , dy , dx ;
float x , y , xinc , yinc , l ;
initgraph ( &gdrive , &gmode ,"C:\\TC\\BGI" ) ;
printf ( "DDA Line Drawing Algorithm \n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter x2 : " );
scanf ( "%f" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " );
scanf ( "%f" , &y2 ) ;
dy = y2 - y1 ;
dx = x2 - x1 ;

if ( abs ( dy ) >= abs ( dx ) )

l = abs ( dy ) ;
else
l = abs ( dx ) ;
xinc = dx / l ;
yinc = dy / l ;
x = x1 ;
y = y1 ;
for( i = 1 ; i < l ; i++ )
{
x = x + xinc ;
y = y + yinc ;
putpixel ( x , y , 6 ) ;
}
getch ( ) ;
closegraph ( ) ;
}
Output :

                                                                     DDA Line Drawing Algorithm

Enter x1 : 100
Enter y1 : 100
Enter x2 : 200
Enter y2 : 200

           
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
// Bresenham Line Drawing Algorithm

# include <stdio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <math.h>

void main()
{
int gmode , gdrive = DETECT ;
float x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 , dx , dy , temp , p ;
float x , y , xend , yend ;

initgraph ( &gdrive , &gmode ,"C:\\TC\\BGI" ) ;

printf ( "Bresenham's Line Drawing Algorithm\n\n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;

scanf ( "%f" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y2 ) ;

dx = abs ( x2 - x1 ) ;
dy = abs ( y2 - y1 ) ;

if( dy > dx )
{
temp = dy ;
dy = dx ;
dx = temp ;
}

p = dx - ( 2 * dy ) ;

if ( x1 < x2 )
{
x = x1 ;
y = y1 ;
xend = x2 ;
}

else
{
x = x2 ;
y = y2 ;
xend = x1 ;
}

while( x < xend )

 {
x++ ;
if( p < 0 )
{
p = p + 2 * dx - 2 * dy ;
y++;
}

else
{
p = p - 2 * dy ;
putpixel ( ceil ( x ) , ceil ( y ) , 5 ) ;

}
}
getch ( ) ;
}

Output :

                                                                     Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm

Enter x1 : 100
Enter y1 : 100
Enter x2 : 200
Enter y2 : 200

           
                                                                                
                                                                                
// Bresenham Integer Line Drawing Algorithm

# include <stdio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <math.h>

void main()
{
int gmode , gdrive = DETECT ;
int x1 = 0 , x2 = 0 , y1 = 0 , y2 = 0 , dx = 0 , dy = 0 , i = 0 ;
float e = 0 , x = 0 , y = 0 ;

initgraph ( &gdrive , &gmode ,"C:\\TC\\bgi" ) ;

printf ( "Bresenham's Integer Line Drawing Algorithm\n\n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;

scanf ( "%d" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%ds" , &y2 ) ;

x = x1 ;
y = y1 ;
dx = x2 - x1 ;
dy = y2 - y1 ;
e = ( 2 * dy ) - dx ;

do
{
putpixel ( x , y , 7 ) ;

while ( e > 0 )
{
y=y+1;
e = e - ( 2 * dx ) ;
}
x=x+1;
e = e + ( 2 * dy ) ;
i=i+1;

} while ( i != dx ) ;
getch ( ) ;
closegraph ( ) ;
}
Output :

                                                                     Bresenham’s Integer Line Drawing Algorithm

Enter x1 : 100
Enter y1 : 100
Enter x2 : 200
Enter y2 : 200

           
                                                                                
                                                                                
// Midpoint Circle Generating Algorithm

#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
int gmode,gdrive=DETECT;
int p , x , y , r ;
int xcenter = 0 , ycenter = 0 ;

initgraph ( &gdrive , &gmode ,"C:\\TC\\bgi" ) ;

printf ( "Midpoint Circle Drawing Algorithm \n\n" ) ;

printf("Enter the radius : ");
scanf ( "%d" , &r ) ;
printf("Enter Center coordinates : ");
scanf ( "%d %d" , &xcenter , &ycenter ) ;

x=0;
y=r;
p=1-r;

while ( x < y )
{
if ( p < 0 )
{
x=x+1;
p=p+2*x+1;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
p=p+2*(x-y)+1;
}

putpixel ( xcenter + x , ycenter + y ,6 ) ;

putpixel ( xcenter - x , ycenter + y ,6 ) ;
putpixel ( xcenter + x , ycenter - y ,6 ) ;
putpixel ( xcenter - x , ycenter - y ,6 ) ;
putpixel ( xcenter + y , ycenter + x ,6 ) ;
putpixel ( xcenter - y , ycenter + x ,6 ) ;
putpixel ( xcenter + y , ycenter - x ,6 ) ;
putpixel ( xcenter - y , ycenter - x ,6 ) ;
}
getch();
}
Output :

                                                                     Midpoint Circle Drawing Algorithm

Enter radius : 50

Enter Center coordinates : 200 200

           
                                                                                
                                                                                
// Rotation of 2D

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>

float x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , a ;
int ch ;

void main ( )
{
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
clrscr ( ) ;
do
{
closegraph ( ) ;
gotoxy ( 10 , 2 ) ;
printf ( "Rotation of 2D\n" ) ;
printf ( "\n1.Rotaton of line " ) ;
printf ( "\n2.Rotaton of rectangle " ) ;
printf ( "\n3.Rotation of Triangle " ) ;
printf ( "\n4.Exit" ) ;
printf ( "\n\nEnter your choice : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &ch ) ;

initgraph ( &gdriver , &gmode , "C:\\TC\\BGI" ) ;

switch ( ch )
{
case 1 : printf ( "Enter value of Line Coordinates \n\n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter angle of rotation : " ) ;

scanf ( "%f" , &a ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
a = a * ( 3.14 / 180 ) ;
x1 = ( x1 * cos ( a ) ) - ( y1 * sin ( a ) ) ;
y1 = ( x1 * sin ( a ) ) + ( y1 * cos ( a ) ) ;
x2 = ( x2 * cos ( a ) ) - ( y2 * sin ( a ) ) ;
 y2 = ( x2 * sin ( a ) ) + ( y2 * cos ( a ) ) ;

printf ( "Press any key to rotate .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 2 : printf ( "Enter value of Rectangle Coordinates \n\n" ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Top Left Coordinates \n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y1 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Bottom Right Coordinates \n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter angle of rotation : " ) ;

scanf ( "%f" , &a ) ;
cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

rectangle ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;

a = ( a * 3.14 ) / 180 ;
x1 = ( x1 * cos ( a ) ) - ( y1 * sin ( a ) ) ;
y1 = ( x1 * sin ( a ) ) + ( y1 * cos ( a ) ) ;
x2 = ( x2 * cos ( a ) ) - ( y2 * sin ( a ) ) ;
y2 = ( x2 * sin ( a ) ) + ( y2 * cos ( a ) ) ;

printf ( "Press any key to rotate .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
rectangle ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 3 : printf ( "Enter value of Trinagle Coordinates \n\n" ) ;

printf ( "\nEnter Coordinates of a side \n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "\nEnter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x2 ) ;
 printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Coordinates for third vertex \n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter x3 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &x3 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y3 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &y3 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter angle of rotation : " ) ;

scanf ( "%f" , &a ) ;
cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
moveto ( x2 , y2 ) ;
lineto ( x3 , y3 ) ;
moveto ( x3 , y3 ) ;
lineto ( x1 , y1 ) ;

a = a * ( 3.14 / 180 ) ;
x1 = ( x1 * cos ( a ) ) - ( y1 * sin ( a ) ) ;
y1 = ( x1 * sin ( a ) ) + ( y1 * cos ( a ) ) ;
x2 = ( x2 * cos ( a ) ) - ( y2 * sin ( a ) ) ;
y2 = ( x2 * sin ( a ) ) + ( y2 * cos ( a ) ) ;
x3 = ( x3 * cos ( a ) ) - ( y3 * sin ( a ) ) ;
y3 = ( x3 * sin ( a ) ) + ( y3 * cos ( a ) ) ;

printf ( "Press any key to rotate .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
moveto ( x1 , y1 ) ;
lineto ( x2 , y2 ) ;
moveto ( x2 , y2 ) ;
lineto ( x3 , y3 ) ;
moveto ( x3 , y3 ) ;
lineto ( x1 , y1 ) ;
getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 4 : closegraph ( ) ;
exit ( 1 ) ;

default : printf ( "\n\nWrong choice " ) ;

break ;
}
} while ( ch != 4 ) ;

getch ( ) ;
closegraph ( ) ;
}
Output:

Rotation of 2D

1. Rotation of Line
2. Rotation of Rectangle
3. Rotation of Triangle 

Enter your choice : 1

Enter value of Line coordinates

Enter x1 : 50
Enter y1 : 50
Enter x2 : 200
Enter y2 : 200

        
Enter angle of rotation : 40

Press any key to rotate . . .                                               

// Translation of 2D

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>

int x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ch , x , y ;

void main( )
{
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
clrscr ( ) ;
do
{
closegraph ( ) ;
gotoxy ( 25 , 2 ) ;
printf ( "Translation of 2D\n\n\n" ) ;
printf ( "\n1.Translation of Line " ) ;
printf ( "\n2.Translation of Rectangle " ) ;
printf ( "\n3.Translation of Triangle " ) ;
printf ( "\n4.Exit" ) ;
printf ( "\n\nEnter your choice : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &ch ) ;

initgraph ( &gdriver , &gmode , "C:\\TC\\BGI" ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;

switch ( ch )
{
case 1 : printf ( "Enter value of Line Coordinates \n\n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter translation factor for X - Axis : " ) ;

scanf ( "%d" , &x ) ;
printf ( "Enter translation factor for Y - Axis : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;

printf ( "Press any key to translate .... " ) ;

 getch ( ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
line ( x1 + x , y1 + y , x2 + x , y2 + y ) ;
getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 2 : printf ( "Enter value of Rectangle Coordinates\n" ) ;

printf ( "\nEnter Top Left Coordinates \n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y1 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Bottom Right Coordinates\n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter translation factor for X - Axis " ) ;

scanf ( "%d" , &x ) ;
printf ( "Enter translation factor for Y - Axis : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

rectangle ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;

printf ( "Press any key to translate .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
rectangle ( x1 + x , y1 + y , x2 + x , y2 + y ) ;
getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 3 : printf ( "Enter value of Trinagle Coordinates \n\n" ) ;

printf ( "\nEnter Coordinates of a side \n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "\nEnter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Coordinates for third vertex \n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter x3 : " ) ;
 scanf ( "%d" , &x3 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y3 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y3 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter translation factor for X -Axis: " ) ;

scanf ( "%d" , &x ) ;
printf ( "Enter translation factor for Y - Axis: " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
moveto ( x2 , y2 ) ;
lineto ( x3 , y3 ) ;
moveto ( x3 , y3 ) ;
lineto ( x1 , y1 ) ;

printf ( "Press any key to translate .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
moveto ( x1 + x , y1 + y ) ;
lineto ( x2 + x , y2 + y ) ;
moveto ( x2 + x , y2 + y ) ;
lineto ( x3 + x , y3 + y ) ;
moveto ( x3 + x , y3 + y ) ;
lineto ( x1 + x , y1 + y ) ;
getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 4 : closegraph ( ) ;
exit ( 1 ) ;

default : printf ( "\n\nWrong choice " ) ;

break ;
}
} while ( ch != 4 ) ;

getch ( ) ;
closegraph ( ) ;
}
Output:

Translation of 2D

1. Translation of Line
2. Translation of Rectangle
3. Translation of Triangle 

Enter your choice : 1

Enter value of Line coordinates

Enter x1 : 50
Enter y1 : 50
Enter x2 : 200
Enter y2 : 200

        
Enter translation factor for X - Axis : 50

Enter translation factor for Y - Axis : 50

Press any key to translate ...

// Scaling of 2D

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>

int x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , x4 , y4 , ch , x , y ;

int main(void)
{
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
clrscr ( ) ;
do
{
closegraph ( ) ;
gotoxy ( 25 , 2 ) ;
printf ( "Scaling of 2D\n\n\n" ) ;
printf ( "\n1.Scaling of Line " ) ;
printf ( "\n2.Scaling of Rectangle " ) ;
printf ( "\n3.Scaling of Triangle " ) ;
printf ( "\n4.Exit" ) ;
printf ( "\n\nEnter your choice : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &ch ) ;

initgraph ( &gdriver , &gmode , "c:\\tc-300\\bgi" ) ;

errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}

cleardevice ( ) ;
switch ( ch )
{
case 1 : printf ( "Enter value of Line Coordinates \n\n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter scaling factor of X - Axis : " ) ;

scanf ( "%d" , &x ) ;
 printf ( "Enter scaling factor of Y - Axis : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

printf ( "Press any key to Scale in X axis .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;

line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
line ( x1 , y1 , x2 * x , y2 ) ;

printf ( "\nPress any key to Scale in Y axis .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 * y ) ;
getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 2 : printf ( "Enter value of Rectangle Coordinates \n\n" ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Top Left Coordinates \n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y1 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Bottom Right Coordinates \n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter scaling factor of X - Axis: " ) ;

scanf ( "%d" , &x ) ;
printf ( "\nEnter scaling of Y - Axis : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

rectangle ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
printf ( "Press any key to Scale in X axis ... " ) ;
getch ( ) ;

setcolor ( 5 ) ;
rectangle ( x1 , y1 , x2 * x , y2 ) ;

printf ( "\nPress any key to Scale in Y axis ... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;
 setcolor ( 5 ) ;
rectangle ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 * y ) ;

getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 3 : printf ( "Enter value of Trinagle Coordinates \n\n" ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Coordinates of a side \n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter x1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "\nEnter x2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y2 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter Coordinates for third vertex \n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter x3 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x3 ) ;
printf ( "Enter y3 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y3 ) ;

printf ( "\n\nEnter scaling factor of X - Axis : " ) ;

scanf ( "%d" , &x ) ;
printf ( "Enter scaling factor of Y - Axis : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( 7 ) ;

line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
moveto ( x2 , y2 ) ;
lineto ( x3 , y3 ) ;
moveto ( x3 , y3 ) ;
lineto ( x1 , y1 ) ;

printf ( "Press any key to Scale in X axis .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;
setcolor ( 5 ) ;
moveto ( x1 , y1 ) ;
lineto ( x2 * x , y2 ) ;
moveto ( x2 * x , y2 ) ;
lineto ( x3 * x , y3 ) ;
moveto ( x3 * x , y3 ) ;
lineto ( x1 , y1 ) ;
getch ( ) ;

printf ( "\nPress any key to Scale in Y axis .... " ) ;

getch ( ) ;
 setcolor ( 5 ) ;
moveto ( x1 , y1 ) ;
lineto ( x2 , y2 * y ) ;
moveto ( x2 , y2 * y ) ;
lineto ( x3 , y3 * y ) ;
moveto ( x3 , y3 * y ) ;
lineto ( x1 , y1 ) ;
getch ( ) ;
break ;

case 4 : closegraph ( ) ;
exit ( 1 ) ;

default : printf ( "\n\nWrong choice " ) ;

break ;
}
} while ( ch != 4 ) ;

getch ( ) ;
closegraph ( ) ;
}
Output:

Scaling of 2D

1. Scaling of Line
2. Scaling of Rectangle
3. Scaling of Triangle 

Enter your choice : 1

Enter value of Line coordinates

Enter x1 : 2
Enter y1 : 2
Enter x2 : 100
Enter y2 : 100

        
Enter scaling factor for X - Axis : 2

Enter scaling factor for Y - Axis : 2

Press any key to Scale in X – axis . . . .

Press any key to Scale in Y - axis . . . .

// Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>

int xmax , ymax , xmin , ymin , code [ 2 ][ 4 ] ;

char * msg ;

// Returns the intersection point of a line with clipping window

int intersect ( int x11 , int y11 , int x22 , int y22 , int ch )
{
int val ;
float m ;
m = ( y22 - y11 ) / ( x22 - x11 ) ;

switch ( ch )
{
case 0 : val = y11 + ( m * ( xmin - x11 ) ) ;
break ;

case 1 : val = x11 + ( ( ymin - y11 ) / m ) ;

break ;

case 2 : val = y11 + ( m * ( xmax - x11 ) ) ;

break ;

case 3 : val = x11 + ( ( ymax - x11 ) / m ) ;

break ;
}

return ( val ) ;
}

// Generates code Identity | left (0) | top (1) | right(2) | below (3)
void ptCode ( int idx , int xx , int yy )
{
code [idx][0] = code [idx][1] = code [idx][2] = code [idx][3] =
0;

if ( xx < xmin )
code [idx][0] = 1 ;
if ( yy < ymin )
code [idx][1] = 1 ;
if ( xx > xmax )
code [idx][2] = 1 ;
if ( yy > ymax )
code [idx][3] = 1 ;
}

void main ( )
{
int gdriver = DETECT , gmode ;
int x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , xo1 , yo1 , xo2 , yo2 , i ;
initgraph ( &gdriver , &gmode , "C:\\TC\\BGI" ) ;

printf ( "Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm \n\n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter Values for \nClipping WindowCoordinates\n" ) ;
printf ( "Xwmin : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &xmin ) ;
printf ( "Ywmin : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &ymin ) ;
printf ( "Xwmax : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &xmax ) ;
printf ( "Ywmax : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &ymax ) ;

printf ( "\n\nCoordinates of Line " ) ;

printf ( "\nX1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x1 ) ;
printf ( "Y1 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y1 ) ;
printf ( "X2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &x2 ) ;
printf ( "Y2 : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &y2 ) ;

cleardevice ( ) ;
setcolor ( getmaxcolor ( ) ) ;

line ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ) ;
rectangle ( xmax , ymax , xmin , ymin ) ;
sprintf ( msg , "( %d , %d ) " , x1 , y1 ) ;
outtextxy ( x1 , y1 , msg ) ;
sprintf ( msg , "( %d , %d ) " , x2 , y2 ) ;
outtextxy ( x2 , y2 , msg ) ;
getch ( ) ;

ptCode ( 1 , x1 , y1 ) ;
ptCode ( 2 , x2 , y2 ) ;
printf ( "Left | Top | Right | Below\n" ) ;
printf ( "Code of point ( %d , %d ) : " , x1 , y1 ) ;
printf ( "%d%d%d%d\n" , code[1][0] , code[1][1] , code[1][2] ,
code[1][3] ) ;
printf ( "Code of point ( %d , %d ) : " , x2 , y2 ) ;
printf ( "%d%d%d%d\n" , code[2][0] , code[2][1] , code[2][2] ,
code[2][3] ) ;

getch ( ) ;
gotoxy ( 10 , 10 ) ;
printf ( "Press any key to continue .... " ) ;
cleardevice ( ) ;
rectangle ( xmax , ymax , xmin , ymin ) ;
for ( i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i++ )
{
if ( code[1][i] == 1 && code[2][i] == 1 )
{
printf ( "Line is outside clipping region " ) ;
getch ( ) ;
exit ( 1 ) ;
}
}

xo1 = x1 ; xo2 = x2 ; yo1 = y1 ; yo2 = y2 ;

for ( i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i++ )
{
if ( i % 2 == 0 )
{
if ( code [1][i] == 1 )
{
yo1 = intersect ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , i ) ;
if ( i == 0 )
xo1 = xmin ;
if ( i == 2 )
xo1 = xmax ;
}

if ( code [2][i] == 1 )
{
yo2 = intersect ( x2 , y2 , x1 , y1 , i ) ;
if ( i == 0 )
xo2 = xmin ;
if ( i == 2 )
xo2 = xmax ;
}
}
else
{
if ( code [1][i] == 1 )
{
xo1 = intersect ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , i ) ;
if ( i == 1 )
yo1 = ymin ;
if ( i == 3 )
yo1 = ymax ;
}

if ( code [2][i] == 1 )
{
xo2 = intersect ( x2 , y2 , x1 , y1 , i ) ;
if ( i == 1 )
yo2 = ymin ;
if ( i == 3 )
yo2 = ymax ;
 }
}
}

line ( xo1 , yo1 , xo2 , yo2 ) ;

sprintf ( msg , " ( %d , %d ) " , xo1 , yo1 ) ;
outtextxy ( xo1 , yo1 , msg ) ;
sprintf ( msg , " ( %d , %d ) " , xo2 , yo2 ) ;
outtextxy ( xo2 , yo2 , msg ) ;
getch ( );
closegraph ( ) ;
}
Output :

Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm

Enter Values for

Clipping Window Coordinates

Xwmin : 100
Ywmin : 100
Xwmax : 300
Ywmax : 300

Clipping Window Coordinates

X1 : 50
Y1 : 50
X2 : 400
Y2 : 400

( 50 , 50 )

Left | Top | Right | Below

Code of Point ( 50 , 50 ) : 1100

Code of Point ( 400 , 400 ) : 0011

( 400 , 400 )

( 100 , 100 )

( 300 , 300 )
// Digital Differential Analyzer Curve Generation Algorithm

# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <math.h>

void main ( )
{
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
float xo , yo , xx , yy , x , y , i , a ;
float temp , xarc , yarc , yinc , xinc , ainc ;
char *msg ;

initgraph( &gdriver , &gmode , "C:\\TC\\BGI" ) ;

printf ( "DDA Curve Generation Algorithm\n" ) ;
printf ( "Enter Values “ ) ;
printf ( "\nCenter of curvature ( Xo , Yo ) : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f %f" , &xo , &yo ) ;
putpixel ( xo , yo , 7 ) ;

printf ( "Angle A : " ) ;

scanf ( "%f" , &a ) ;
a = a * ( 3.145 / 180 ) ;

printf ( "Starting Pt. of Arc ( X , Y ) : " ) ;

scanf ( "%f %f" , &x , &y ) ;

xx = x * cos ( a ) - y * sin ( a ) + xo - xo * cos ( a ) + yo *

sin ( a ) ;
yy = x * sin ( a ) - y * cos ( a ) + yo - xo * sin ( a ) - yo *
cos ( a ) ;

putpixel ( xx , yy , 5 ) ;
line ( xo , yo , xx , yy ) ;
printf ( "%f %f" , xx , yy ) ;

xarc = x ;
yarc = y ;
putpixel ( xarc , yarc , 7 ) ;
line ( xo , yo , x , y ) ;
getch ( ) ;

if ( abs ( xx - x ) < abs ( yy - y ) )

temp = abs ( yy - y ) ;
else
temp = abs ( xx - x ) ;

ainc = ( a / temp ) ;
i = ainc ;
 while ( ! ( xarc > xx && yarc > yy ) && i < a )
{
putpixel ( xarc , yarc , 7 ) ;

xarc = x * cos ( i ) - y * sin ( i ) + xo - xo * cos ( i ) +

yo * sin ( i ) ;
yarc = x * sin ( i ) - y * cos ( i ) + yo - xo * sin ( i ) -
yo * cos ( i ) ;
i = i + ainc ;
}

sprintf ( msg , " ( %f , %f ) " , xo , yo ) ;

outtextxy ( xo , yo , msg ) ;
sprintf ( msg , " ( %f , %f ) " , xx , yy ) ;
outtextxy ( xx , yy , msg ) ;
sprintf ( msg , " ( %f , %f ) " , x , y ) ;
outtextxy ( x , y , msg ) ;

getch ( ) ;
closegraph ( ) ;
}
Output :

DDA Curve Generation Algorithm

Enter Values

Center of Curvature ( Xo , Yo ) : 200 300

Angle A : 50

Starting Point of Arc ( X , Y ) : 300 100

417.546783 240.295105

( 300.000 , 100.00 )

( 417.546 , 240.295 )

( 200.000 , 300.000 )
// 3D Projection

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <math.h>

int n ;
float proj [ 50 ][ 3 ] ;

void main ( )
{
int gdriver = DETECT , gmode , ch = 0 , i ;
char msg [ 80 ] ;
float xc = 0.0 , yc = 0.0 , zc = 0.0 ;

initgraph ( &gdriver , &gmode , "C:\\TC\\BGI" ) ;

clrscr ( ) ;

printf ( "3D Projection \n" ) ;

printf ( "Enter no of vertices : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &n ) ;

for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )

{
printf ( "Enter value for ( X%d , Y%d , Z%d ) " , i + 1 , i +
1,i+1);
scanf ( "%f %f %f" , &proj[i][0] ,&proj[i][1],&proj[i][2] ) ;
}

for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )

printf ( "P%d ( %f , %f , %f )" , i , proj[i][0] , proj[i]
[1], proj[i][2] ) ;

clrscr ( ) ;
cleardevice ( ) ;

printf ( "1.Parallel Projection \n2.Perspective Projection\n”) ;

printf ( "Enter your choice : " ) ;
scanf ( "%d" , &ch ) ;

if ( ch == 1 )
{
printf ( "Enter coordinates for point of projection \n" ) ;
printf ( "Xc : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &xc ) ;
printf ( "Yc : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &yc ) ;
printf ( "Zc : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &zc ) ;
 for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )
{
proj[i][0] = proj[i][0] - ( proj[i][2] * ( xc / zc ) ) ;
proj[i][1] = proj[i][1] - ( proj[i][2] * ( yc / zc ) ) ;
proj [i][2] = 0.0 ;
}

for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )

{
printf ( "P%d ( %f , %f , %f ) " , i+1 ,proj[i][0] ,
proj[i][1] , proj[i][2] ) ;
}
cleardevice ( ) ;

for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )

{
putpixel ( proj[i][0] , proj[i][1] , 6 ) ;
sprintf ( msg , "( %d , %d ) " , ( int ) proj [i][0] ,
( int ) proj [i][1] ) ;
outtextxy ( proj [i][0] , proj [i][1] , msg ) ;
}
}

if ( ch == 2 )
{
printf ( "Enter coordinates for center of projection \n" ) ;
printf ( "Xc : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &xc ) ;
printf ( "Yc : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &yc ) ;
printf ( "Zc : " ) ;
scanf ( "%f" , &zc ) ;

for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )

{
proj[i][0] = xc -( zc * proj[i][0] - xc )/( proj[i][2]
- zc ) ;
proj [i][0] = yc - ( zc * proj[i][1] - yc ) / ( proj[i]
[2] - zc ) ;
proj [i][2] = 0.0 ;
}

for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )

{
printf ( "P%d ( %f , %f , %f ) " , i+1 , proj [i][0] ,
proj[i][1] , proj[i][2] ) ;
}
cleardevice ( ) ;

for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )

{
putpixel ( proj[i][0] , proj[i][1] , 6 ) ;
 sprintf ( msg , "( %d , %d ) " , ( int )proj [i][0] ,
( int )proj [i][1] ) ;
outtextxy ( proj [i][0] , proj [i][1] , msg ) ;
}
}

getch ( ) ;
closegraph ( ) ;
}
                                                                              
     
                                                                           
 Output :                                                             
3D Projection
Enter no. of vertices: 8

Enter Value for ( Xo , Yo , Zo ) : 50 50 50  

Enter Value for ( X1 , Y1 , Z1 ) : 50 250 50            
Enter Value for ( X2 , Y2 , Z2 ) : 250 250 50            
Enter Value for ( X3 , Y3 , Z3 ) : 250 50 50            
Enter Value for ( X4 , Y4 , Z4 ) : 30 30 100            
Enter Value for ( X5 , Y5 , Z5 ) : 30 200 100            
Enter Value for ( X6 , Y6 , Z6 ) : 200 200 50            
Enter Value for ( X7 , Y7 , Z7 ) : 200 30 100

1. Parallel Projection
2. Perspective Projection

Enter your choice : 1

Enter coordinates for point of projection :

Xp : 100
Yp : 200
Zp : 300

( 17 , 3 ) ( 107 , 5 )

( 43 , 37 ) ( 243 , 37 )

( 17 , 175 ) ( 107 , 175 )

( 43 , 237 ) ( 243 , 237 )

Enter your choice: 2

Enter coordinates for center of projection:

Xp: 100
Yp: 400
Zp: 800

( 46 , 26 ) ( 260 , 26 )

( 20 , 171 ) ( 214 , 171 )

( 46 , 240 ) ( 260 , 240 )

           
          
                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                
                       
                              

SOFTWARES
 CorelDRAW

CorelDRAW is a powerful vector–based drawing program that makes it easy to

create professional artwork. It has been installed on the Managed Windows
Service.

Corel Draw User Interface

The figure below illustrates the different areas of the Corel Draw User
Interface.
Title Bar Toolbar (Standard)

Ruler
Menu Bar

Docker
Property Bar
(Object
Properties)

Colour
Palette

Toolbox
Desktop

Drawing Page

Status Bar

Navigator

Document
Navigator
Note that

 The Property bar changes for different selections in the Toolbox and
provides a means of changing the properties of the tools’ functionality.

 The docker area is very useful and can be used to “dock” various items.
These items are controlled using Window | Dockers. The one above shows
what happens if Object Properties is chosen.

 Documentation for Corel Draw is available via the Help menu.

 The toolbox items can be identified using the tool tips feature of Windows
by holding the cursor over a particular tool. Several of the tools have a
small arrow at the bottom right pointing south–east. If this arrow is
clicked, a fly–out with other tool icons appears which give different options.
These fly–outs are all illustrated in the next part of this document.

The Toolbox

The CorelDRAW Toolbox contains tools for creating, filling, and modifying
objects interactively. The drawing tools let you design a variety of objects for
your drawing, and the shaping tools let you modify your drawing.
Some of the tools in the Toolbox have a small arrow on their bottom right
corners. These are called flyouts. When the arrow is clicked, a group of
multiple tools appear and one of these can be clicked.
When you first start CorelDRAW, the toolbox appears down the left hand side
and looks like the following:

Pick Tool

Shape Edit Flyout

Crop Flyout

Zoom Flyout

Curve Flyout

Smart Tools Flyout

Rectangle Flyout

Ellipse Flyout

Object Flyout

Perfect Shapes Flyout

Text Tool

Interactive Tool Flyout

Eyedropper Flyout

Outline Flyout

Fill Flyout

Interactive Fill Flyout

To create a blank document:

 From the ‘File’ drop-down menu, select ‘New’.

To Add text

 Click the text icon in the ‘Toolbox’ on the left of the screen.
 Click the required area of the page and begin typing.
 Information about the text will appear in the ‘Property Bar’.
 Highlight the text by dragging over it with the cursor and you can change the font
- choose from the drop down font list. You can also choose the size of the text, text style,
alignment etc from the properties information area.
 For large areas of text, you can create a paragraph text box by selecting the ‘Text’
tool then clicking and dragging to the required size on the screen:

Zoom Tool

 Use the ‘Zoom’ tool on the Toolbox to get a closer view of detailed images. When
this tool is selected, the Property Bar shows the different zoom options. For example, you
can select a particular zoom size (such as 200%). Selecting ‘Zoom To Page’ will reveal
the whole document on screen.

Moving around a document while using zoom

To move around the document without zooming out and then back in, use the ‘Hand’
tool. This shares a space on the Toolbox with the ‘Zoom’ tool. Click the black triangle on
the ‘Zoom’ tool icon to view the ‘Hand’ tool, then click and drag on the document. Notice
that you can ‘pull’ or ‘push’ the document around the screen.

Adding vector shapes to the screen

 There are a number of ways to add vector shapes to the screen. If it is a simple or
regular shape, such as a square or circle, select the appropriate tool on the
Toolbox and click and drag on the screen. This will place a vector image on the
document. You can easily resize and recolor the shape.

 While the shape is selected, alter its properties using the ‘Property Bar’. For
example, the x, y position of the object, width, height and rotation.

 Individual shapes have their own options. On a square, for example, it is

possible to round the corners to a precise amount.
 For more options, right click the shape and select ‘Options’. Another tool
palette will appear - the ‘Object Properties’ palette.

Using the ‘Object Properties’ palette

 There are tabs along the top of this palette for ‘Fill’, ‘Outline, ‘General’, ‘Detail’,
‘Internet’ and a final tab specific to that object.

To fill a vector shape with a solid colour

 Using the ‘Object Properties’ palette, select the ‘Fill’ tab. Select ‘Uniform fill’.
 Select a colour from the ‘Color Palette’.
 The object is filled with the chosen colour.

To fill an object with a gradient

 Under the ‘Fill’ tab, select ‘Fountain Fill’.

 Choose from the options available - for example, linear or radial fill
 Select the colour that the gradient will move 'From' and 'To'.
 On screen, the object will be filled with a gradient colour moving from the first
colour selected to the second. This is easily edited by changing the ‘Fountain Fill’
settings.

Outline

 Under the ‘Outline’ tab, select the width of the line from the drop down list.
 Select the colour of the line.
 Select the style of the line - this may be solid or dashed or dotted, or a
combination. Choose from the drop-down list.
 Select whether or not the line will begin and or end with an arrowhead and choose
the style of arrowhead from the available options.
 In CorelDRAW, the centre of the outline will map to the edge of the selected
shape. This can alter the area of the ‘inner’ shape if the line is thick. To prevent this
happening, select the ‘behind fill’ tick box.

Creating non-regular vector shapes

Basic geometric shapes can be created by selecting the corresponding tool from the
‘Toolbox’, but for more complex vector shapes, it is necessary to use more complex
tools, such as freehand pens and Bezier curve tools. These tools are located under the
‘Shape Tool’ and ‘Freehand Tool’ buttons on the 'Toolbox'.

Working in layers

When working with images, it is very useful to be able to work across a number of layers. The
main reasons for this are:
 the ability to rearrange the order of objects on the screen; that is, to have the ability to
place one object behind another and change that order as necessary

 the ability to organise images when working on complex documents. For example, if you
are creating a structure diagram, each level of the diagram could be on a separate
layer;

Thinking about layers

Think about each layer as being like a sheet of transparency. Traditional animators would paint
each frame of animation onto a transparent surface. These layers could be built up so that, for
example:
 background layer = blue;
 layer 1 = clouds;
 layer 2 = ground (horizon);
 layer 3 = trees;
 layer 4 = bushes; and
 layer 5 = man.

To make the man walk, it would only be necessary to alter layer 5. Each layer can be moved at
a different rate, and this gives the effect of parallax motion (giving depth to an animation).
Although we are not producing animation, the ability to manipulate layers is valuable tool in
graphic design.

How to add layers in CorelDRAW

 Go to ‘Tools’ and click ‘Object Manager’.

 The layers palette will appear on the right of the screen. Notice that any effects
that you have added to the object are also shown here.

Grouping objects

If you have several items on one layer that you wish to bring together as one object
(that you can move around the screen as one object) then they should be grouped.
Grouping and ungrouping objects allows you to edit small elements while dealing with
larger issues such as placement.

 Select an object or number of objects on the screen by selecting the white arrow (‘Pick
Tool’) and left-clicking or holding shift and left-clicking the object(s).
  From the ‘Arrange’ menu, select ‘Group’ or ‘Ungroup’. It is useful to remember
the keyboard shortcuts for these. ‘Group’ is Ctrl and G pressed together and ‘Ungroup’ is
Ctrl and U.
Application
To create drop shadows in Corel DRAW. Drop shadows are not something you'd
expect to be able to do in a vector based drawing program. Although the
shadows created with this technique differ from those done with a paint
program such as Photoshop they are, nevertheless, a pretty cool effect.

Procedure
1. Open a new graphic. Choose the text tool and enter your text. Choose the
pick tool to select the text. Use Text, Format Text to bring up the Format Text
dialog box.

2. Choose a size and font for your text

3. Choose Edit, Copy then Edit, Paste. Move the top copy aside and use Edit,
Paste to create a third copy. Move this one aside, as well

4.    With this last copy still selected choose a light grey color. This will change
the last copy to light gray. Move one of the other copies over the light gray
one so that it's a little above and to the left of the light gray copy. If you have
to, use Arrange, Order, Forward one so that the black copy is above the light
gray one .

5. Use the pick tool to select both the light grey and the black copies.
Choose Effects, Blend to bring up the Blend menu. I left the default 20 steps
and clicked Apply to .

6. Finally, use the pick tool to select the last copy and, with it selected,
changes its color to the color you want the the text to be. Move it into place
over theblended copies to arrive at something like in figure.
 Macromedia Flash
Flash 5.0 is a vector-based technology that supports animation, sound and interactivity. It evolved
from a product “Splash” in the mid 90s and aims at delivering scalable and high quality web
content over the Internet.
Features of Flash 5
Flash 5 features a user-friendly interface that provides a powerful development tool for
creating artwork, streamlining workflow and creating interactivity.

User-friendly Interface

Flash 5 provides an easy to access environment for creating and editing Flash movies
(animation with sound and interactivity). A user typically works with the key features as
follows (Figure1):
The Stage  the rectangular area where the movie plays
The Timeline  where graphics are animated over time
Symbols  the reusable media assets of a movie
The Library window  where symbols are organized
The Movie Explorer  providing an overview of a movie and its structure
Floating, dockable panels  elements properties and authoring environment setting

Timeline Floating, dockable Panels

 Symbol Library Window Stage

Flash 5 Toolbar

Subselection Rectangle Paint Bucket Stroke color

Lasso Text Brush Eraser Zoom Fill color

Arrow Pen Pencil Eyedropper Tool modifiers

Line Oval Ink Bottle Hand

Figure : Drawing and Painting Tools

Flash 5 can import different file formats (such as .ai, .dxf, .bmp, .emf, .fh9, .spl, .gif, .jpg,
.png, .swf, and .wmf for windows system). The following are basic concepts to deal with in
Flash

Drawing  provides various tools for drawing freeform or precise lines, shapes, and paths,
and painting filled objects.
Symbol  a symbol is a reusable image, animation, or button

Instance  an instance is an occurrence of a symbol on the Stage. Symbols help to create

sophisticated interactivity, reduce a file’s size and simplify editing a movie

Layers  structure as transparent stacked sheets on top of each other and it helps to
organize the artwork in a movie by separating objects on different level

Type  the text block object where properties such as size, typeface, style, spacing, color and
alignment can be set. Sophisticated transform can be applied like shape object.

Buttons  the objects (with four statuses: Up, Over, Down and Hit) trap mouse clicks and
trigger the interaction with Flash movie.

Sound  the object can be integrated into a Flash layer. There are two types: event sounds
(a complete pre-download before playing and independent to the Timeline) and stream sounds
(synchronized to the Timeline)

Animation  Tweening is an essential technique for creating animation. It defines starting and
ending states of an instance, group, or text block and use transformation matrix to do the
calculation and interpolates the values or shapes for the frames (cells on the Timeline) in
between. There are two types of tweened animation in Flash: tweening motion (position and
shape) and tweening color. Here is an example of a tweening motion along a straight path .

Frame 1 and 5 are the

starting and ending points.
Frame 2 to 4 are
Bee object is put
interpolated.
on the top layer

Frame 1 Frame 5 Playhead

list by dragging and dropping or fill in parameters in the argument fields. In Expert Mode, one can
enter ActionScript code directly into the text editor on the right side area of the panel

Key technologies of Flash 5

Vector graphics

Vector graphics is perhaps the most important technique used by Flash 5. Although
there is other leading designing tools that build up on vector graphics, such as CorelDRAW 10
graphics suite, Macromedia Flash is the very first one who uses vector based graphic design in
generating web contents and delivering them over the Internet.

Compared with bitmapped images (GIF and JPEG), which are optimized for a single
resolution, the scalability of vector images is more ideal for displaying web contents uniformly
on PDA, set-top boxes, or PCs. Vector images can be more compacted, thus make the file size
small for delivering. Therefore, the product benefits from this designing feature both in terms
of bandwidth efficiency and device independence.
Flash file format (SWF)

The Macromedia Flash (SWF) file format was designed to deliver vector graphics and
animation over the Internet. It features with extensibility (a tagged format), efficiency (a
binary format), simplicity (a simple format) and scalability (vector based graphics). SWF
structure is consists of a Header and a series of tagged data blocks .There are two types of tag
 definition tag (defining the content of a Flash movie) and control tag (manipulating
characters and controlling the flow of the movie).

Header Tag Tag Tag End Tag


Macromedia Flash (SWF) File Structure

File Compression
 Flash interactive movie needs frequent data exchange over a network connection. For high
quality rendering, Flash is structured in separating the contents from its displaying system
(Flash player). The Flash (SWF) file, a tagged format, is compressed to be small and
rendered through binary code. Several compression techniques are used to reduce the file
size:
Compression  Shapes are using delta encoding scheme, which assumes the first
coordinate of a line to be the last coordinate of the previous one and distances are
expressed by relative position to the previous one
Shape Data Structure  uses a unique structure to minimize the size of shapes and to
efficiently render anti-aliased shapes on the screen
Change Encoding  SWF files only store the changes between states.
Default values  some structures, like matrices and color transforms, share common field
with default values
Reuse  by the character dictionary, a font, bitmap, shape, or button element can be
stored once and referenced multiple times.

First Steps

Okay, you have a document to work on.

Next we’re going to change the size and
add some content to the document.
In the Properties panel at the bottom of
the window, click on the “Size” button
and change the width to 400, the height
to 128 and the frame rate to 30.
This has the effect of making the
document into a “letterbox” shaped
rectangle which will play animations
back at 30 steps per second.

Background Colours

Next we will change the background to have a graded blue look.

Click on the Rectangle Tool in the toolbox (upper left) but don’t draw a rectangle on the
document yet.
Change the fill colour (Properties panel, bottom of the window) to a blended colour (not a
single colour) like the circular graded blue. It can be found at the very bottom of the colour
picker.
Later you may want to try a few colours out and experiment a bit. For now, draw a rectangle
almost as big as the document.
Click on the Selection Tool (upper left) and click once on your rectangle. This selects the filled
part of the rectangle (to select the filled part and the line around the edge, you would double-
click).
In the properties, you can see the width, height and position of the rectangle. You can change
these figures to position an object exactly where you want.
Try to change the rectangle’s properties so that it is 400 pixels wide, 128 pixels high and
positioned at x=0, y=0. Odd isn’t it? The shape of the rectangle is locked, so click on the little
padlock icon in the properties area. Now you can change the size easily. Lock the shape when
you have finished, then save your work with a
File|Save.
Tweaking the fill colours
Click on the Fill Transform Tool and
then click on your blue shaded
rectangle. You should see
something like this image. If you
have a simple plain colour it will not
work.
Play with all four of the control
points to make a pleasing
graded background.
If you accidentally click on the
grey background you will
deselect the rectangle – just
click on it to continue editing.

Pause for thought

Did you think Flash was an animation program? Yet it seems like a drawing program! The
current version of Flash is a versatile tool with many capabilities.
Was that easier to do than to describe? If you got stuck, persevere. You will find lots of
tutorials use the same style and language, so get used to getting the most out of them.
More Layers
In the Timeline panel (top of the window) you will see that we have something called
“Layer 1”. To change the name of the layer, double-click on the name (or right-click and select
Properties). Change the name to say GradedSky.
Now look at the symbols to the right of the name
– an eye, representing visibility, a padlock
representing the lock status, and a square
representing a highlight colour. Click on the
circular dot under the padlock.
You have protected the layer against accidental
editing, which is surprisingly easy to do.
Now we will add a layer and name it Text.
Right-click on the GradedSky name and select Insert Layer from the context menu.
Now change the name of the new layer from “Layer 2” to “Text”.
This second layer sits over the first. Anything in this new layer appears to be on top of the
GradedSky layer. We’re going to put some text in it.

Adding Text
Click on the Text Tool. Don’t create any text yet – just like the rectangle tool, we need to set
some properties first.

In the

Properties panel, make sure the selection box is set to Static Text. If you have an empty
properties panel, make sure the new layer is selected and not locked.
Set the font to Lucida Sans, 72 point, yellow, not bold, not italic.
Now click on the Text layer and type in “This is a long message”.
Note that the text extends off the visible area. This is not a problem!
Save your work. Use Ctrl-S or File|Save.

Animation
Click on the Selection Tool and click on our new text message. It will be selected and you will
be able to see the properties at the bottom of the window.
If you have all of the properties visible, you will see the width, height and position of the text
object. If not, click on the tiny downwards-facing arrow in the far lower-right corner of the
panel.
You can drag the text block around or type in new coordinates to change the position of the
text in the layer.
In the timeline (top of the window), on the layer (row) named Text, right-click in the little
square under the number 60 – in other words, right click in frame 60 of our animation. From
the menu, select Insert Keyframe.
Now we have a two-second animation (remember, we have 30 frames per second) that does
nothing at all!
In frame 60, select the text block and move it across to the left. Move it so the end of the text
is just off the left edge of our 400-pixel wide area.
Have you noticed that the background has changed? We’ve lost our lovely blue rectangle.
Right click in frame 60 on the GradedSky layer row and Insert Frame. This spreads the
background over all 60 frames.
Now double-click on any frame from 1 to 59 on the Text layer row. You should see that all the
frames from 1 to 59 are selected as one big block. Now look at the properties panel – you
should be able to select a Motion tween from a drop-down list box. Tweening is the process of
getting the computer to work out all the stages “in between”.
Excellent – you have an animation! Now save your work.

Testing
Obviously we need to be able to test our animation, and Flash provides us with the tools for
the job.
One way to test is to press the Enter key; this gives a simple idea of how things will look.
Another way to test is to press the Control and the Enter keys at the same time (Ctrl-Enter).
Press Enter again to stop, and then navigate back to your document. You may want to use the
Window menu, or click on the name of your document at the top left of the window area.
Another way is to simply press the F12 key to preview your work in a browser. If this is set up,
it gives a more accurate feel for how your animation will really look when you publish it.
Application
To create a movie in Flash
Procedure
The most important thing to understand when working with flash is the timeline:

1. Make sure you have a “keyframe” in the first frame. Use F6.
2.

3. Import your Ozzy picture from a file. File  Import.

4. Now we want to make another keyframe on the 20th frame. Using F6 again.
5. Right-Click in the gray area, and select “Create Motion Tween”. Then you should see:

Repeat step 4 for the 20th frame so you have no gray, it should all be blue.

5. Select the first frame in the Timeline, and position Ozzy completely out of the left screen.
You can hold the Shift key, and use the arrow keys to position him more accurately. Drag-
and-drop works fine too.
Now if you grab the red box shown in the picture above, slide the bar through the frames…
Ozzy should be moving in a smooth fashion from frame 1 to frame 20!
NOW YOU CAN DO MOTION TWEEN!!

6. From here we are going to head to another scene. A scene acts like a webpage. You
normally have several pages in your personal website, well you have several scenes in
Flash too! Things would get pretty confusing if we tried to make motion tweens 1000+
frames long (only about 1min20sec).

6. To add a new scene. Insert  Scene

After doing this, Flash should take you directly to that scene, and you should have a blank,
fresh new space to work in.

7. Click “Scene 1” on the upper right of the screen.

8. Ok now that we are back to our first scene. Right-Click in the 20th frame to get the
“Actions” pop-up. Then single click on “actions” then double click “goto” within actions.
Use these settings for the goto options.

9. Now go back to Scene 2 you just created.

10. Now we are going to make the red text fly in. Instead of having the text all on the same
layer, to make things more interesting we will put sections on different layers. First thing
then…. Add 4 new layers.

Each layer above has only one text box, or picture within itself.
Since you have already created a motion tween with Ozzy. We will make another tween with
text.
Type in the text “The Godfather” on the top frame labeled the godfather.

11. Now create a motion tween for “The Godfather” text. Just make the tween, it shouldn’t
move at all.
For the Ozzy tween, we made him move from left to right. This time we will make the text
appear to fly down from large to small. Click on the first frame of the tween. You should
notice that your text automatically is selected.
12. Now instead of moving the text, right-click inside the blue box above and select Scale.
Make the text VERY LARGE. Anywhere from 200% to 300% works awesome!

13.Ok, you should have a motion tween the makes the text appear to fly down from large to
small. Our next step is to make sure that after the movie runs to the 20th frame, your
Godfather text stays there and doesn’t go away. So….. go way down to the 105 th frame and
hit F6 again. Should look like this.

13. We now can forget about “the godfather” layer, no more messin’ with it.
14.
15. So yer a pro now eh? Well the same steps are done for the text “of” and “heavy metal.”

16. Insert your other “ozzy” picture. File  Import. (we won’t mess with it just yet)
17. Make sure on the ozzy layer, that your frames continue on until frame 94.
You should make a key frame on frame 73 using F6, and again on frame 94, then make the
motion tween.
The picture below shows what it should look like.
18. Click on frame 94.
19. Now from the Instances panel, we need to select Alpha.

Then make the % zero.

See what happens? Ozzy disappears!! Well that’s what we want.

20. On the ozzytwo layer, put your new ozzy picture on there, and make a motion tween from
frames 82 to 105.

21. Alright now same thing with alpha, make him zero % from the start, then 100% at the
end.

From the timeline picture above, you can see that everything you see in the “ozzy” movie
takes place within frame 1 to frame 105. Also some tasks on different layers, overlap
other tasks….
Now, the movie is done. Double click on the ozzytwo layer on frame 105.
We are going to use another action…

Pick Stop. And then you are finally done.

If you weren’t to do this step, the flash movie would just loop over and over again forever.
There are some cases you would want this effect.
 ADOBE PHOTOSHOP
Adobe Photoshop is one of the most powerful image modification programs on the market today. It
is widely used throughout the world, and has shown its handiwork to the public through altered
photos of famous people, such as President Bush. It is so dominant that when we notice that an
image has been altered, we say it has been “Photo shopped.” While this handout offers some very
basic tips on using the tools available in Photoshop, more comprehensive guidance can be accessed
on the web or in the help menu of your version of Photoshop.
About the Work Area
The work area can be intimidating to work with because of all the complex functionality but
with a quick breakdown of the available features and their uses, you will be ready to
comfortably navigate the work area with ease. The work area in Photoshop has the following
basic functionality and features:

 Menu Bar – this is where you can access most of the commands and features
in Photoshop
 Drawing Palette – where the image being worked on will appear
 Options bar
 content sensitive display of tool options – changes as different tools are selected
 display using Window > Options or Click a tool in the toolbox.

Lasso options bar

 Tool box - for creating an editing images (display or hide using Windows > Tools)
 Palettes - to monitor and modify images (there are 5 palettes by default)
 Palette Well - to organize palettes in work area
 Drag a palette’s tab into the palette well to store it in the palette well
 Once in the palette well click on the palette tab to use it

Resizing Images and Size Guide

When working with images for a website, you will need to resize your images to suit your
particular purpose. Here is a basic guide that can help you decide on what is suitable. (The
units used here are pixels, which are standard units across all computer platforms. The
conversion between pixels and inches is roughly 1” = 72 pixels or 1cm = 28 pixels) To use
this particular unit of measure, you will need to adjust you preference settings by selecting
 Edit > Preferences > Units and Rulers and changing the units and rulers to measure in
pixels.

*To resize a picture look on the menu bar and select Image > image sizeSelection
There Type of picture Size in Pixels are
Background 1024 x 768 (roughly)
Standard personal picture of yourself 200 x 200
for a personal website

Title bar e.g. Google title bar on the 276 x 110

Google homepage
several ways to select images or portions of images in Photoshop. Here are few basic methods
to do so:

Adding to a Selection and making a square

 Use the rectangular Selection Tool on the Toolbox to select area to work on.
 To add to a selection, hold Shift before dragging.
 To make the selection exactly square, start dragging, then hold Shift.
 You can press Ctrl+D to "deselect" and remove the selection at any time.
Elliptical Selections and subtracting Selections
 Hold down on the Selection Tool on the Toolbar, and choose the Ellipse.
 To move the selection, just click inside it and drag.
 Holding Alt while selecting subtracts that area from the selection 
Cropping
Cropping is the process of removing portions of an image to create focus or strengthen the
composition. You can crop an image using the crop tool and the Crop command

To crop an image using the Crop command:

 Select the part of the image you want to keep by doing one of the following:
 With the rectangle , rounded rectangle  , or elliptical marquee , drag over the area
you want to select.
 Hold down Shift as you drag to constrain the marquee to a square or circle.
 To drag a marquee from its center, hold down Alt (Windows) or Option (Mac OS) after you
begin dragging.
 Choose Image > Crop.

To crop an image using the crop tool:

 Select the crop tool .
 Press enter to apply the selection to the cropped areaModify Color and effects
Photoshop has many powerful tools to modify the color and effects of images. Here are brief
summaries of each of them:
I. Grayscale: Changes everything to different shades of gray
II. Indexed Color: Uses at most 256 colors, so that your file size will be low. Best
for .GIFs and simple clip art.
III. RBG Color: Best one: 16.7 million colors
IV. Lab Color: The intermediate color model Photoshop uses when converting from one
color mode to another.
V. Multichannel: Uses 256 shades of gray, based on the color value of each pixel. This
is like the old western style.
VI. 8 / 16 bits per channel: Distinctions in color. 16 has finer distinctions, but can also
make the file twice the size as 8.

You should experiment with a few options under the Filters menu to view a few of the available
effects. Some that you may like to try out are:
To improve the appearance of an image you can simply select: Image> Adjustments > Auto
Levels/Contrast/Color. Here are some more brief descriptions of what the different, more
advanced, tools can accomplish for your image:
 Hue/Saturation: Change to B&W, or choose “Desaturate”
 Equalize: Distributes the brightness of the image evenly throughout.
 Threshold: Converts to high contrast B&W images.
o Useful for determining the lightest and darkest parts of an image.
 Posterize: Lets you see how many different shades of brightness you want.
 Image Size: Increases the image resolution, but not the size
 Canvas Size: Increases the size of the canvas to do other stuff on it.

Filters can be used to achieve a special effect. These are fun to play with! Some examples are:
 Liquefy – to edit out unwanted areas of your pictures with colorful swirls
 Artistic Filters - to give artistic flare to a simple image
 Textures - to change the look and feel of an image.
Layers
 The Layers window shows the various layers that your image is made up of.
 To make a new layer, click the New Layer button (F) or selecting Layer > New > Layer
in the menu bar
 The background layer cannot be removed, since it has to serve as the background” for the
entire image. Also, you cannot initially modify this background image because it is
“locked.” In order to “unlock” it, simply double click the name of the image in the Layer
palette.
 Additionally, if you somehow find that you cannot modify your image, it may be in the
Indexed mode. If this is the case, you need to change it to RGB mode under Image >
Mode > RGB.
 To work on a different layer, click on that layer. The eyeball will appear next to that layer.
 You can drag layers up and down the list.
 Remember – create a new layer for each part of your image. This allows you to go back
and edit the layers individually.

eyeball

Photoshop Layers palette: A. Layers palette menu B. Layer set C. Layer D. Layer
thumbnail E. Layer effect F. new layer icon
Text Editing
To edit text on the type layer:
 Always use a new layer to create text
 Select the horizontal type tool or the vertical type tool .
 Select the type layer in the layers palette (which will appear with the icon next to it), or
click the text flow to automatically select a type layer.
 Click to set insertion point or select one or more characters you want to edit
 Enter text and format as desired using the character palette (display character palette
using: Window > Character or click Character palette tab if the window is open but not
visible)
 Commit changes to type layer by either:
 Click the Commit button in the options bar
 Press the Enter key on the numeric keypad.
 Press Ctrl+Enter on the main keyboard (Windows) or Command+Return (Mac
OS).
 Select any tool in the toolbox, click in the Layers, Channels, Paths, Actions, History,
or Styles palette, or select any available menu command.

Application
Step 1: Crop the Image into A Square

Use the crop tool from the tool palette to make your picture a square. Hold down the shift key
and drag a selection around the picture to make a perfect square. Then press enter.

Step 2: Duplicate the Background Layer Twice

Create duplicates for your original picture. Use the Ctrl+J shortcut
twice to duplicate it. Name one Vertical strips, and the other
horizontal strips.

Step 3: Fill the Background Layer with Black

Click on the original background layer and fill it with black by using
the keyboard shortcut Alt+Backspace.

Step 4: Turn the Vertical Layer Off

Click on the layer visibility icon (the "eyeball" icon) to the left of
the "Vertical Strips" layer in the Layers palette.

Step 5: Turn On Photoshop's Grid

Go to the View+Show+Grid. You can also use the keyboard

shortcut Ctrl+' to easily turn the grid on and off.

Step 6: Drag Out a Series of Horizontal Selections

Grab your Rectangular Marquee Tool from the Tools palette. make sure the "Horizontal Strips"
layer is selected. Make horizontal strips that are two grid rows high and one grid row
separating them. Hold down the Shift key and drag out more horizontal selections, keeping
each one two grid rows high and leaving one grid row separating them.
 Step 7: Add a Layer Mask

With the horizontal selections in place, click on the Layer Mask

icon (the rectangle with a circle in it) at the bottom of the Layers
palette to add a layer mask to the "Horizontal Strips" layer: After
adding the layer mask, Photoshop hides the areas between our
selections, revealing the black-filled layer underneath. Press Ctrl+'
to temporarily hide the grid

Step 8: Turn the "Vertical Strips" Layer Back On

Click on the top "Vertical Strips" layer in the Layers palette to select it, then click back on its
layer visibility icon to bring back the eyeball and turn the layer itself back on:

Step 9: Drag Out a Series of Vertical SelectionsDo the same thing as you did for the
horizontal strips for the vertical strips. Turn the grid on by pressing Ctrl+' and drag out your
vertical selections. Hold down the Shift key to drag out numerous sections, two grid
rows wide with one separating each.
Step 10: Add a Layer Mask
With our vertical selections in place, click on the Layer Mask icon at the bottom of the Layers
palette (the rectangle with a circle in it).Only the areas that were inside the vertical selections
remain visible. Turn off the grid with Ctrl+' .

Step 11: Select All the Strip Intersection Pointshold Points

Hold down Shift+Ctrl+Alt and click directly on the "Vertical Strips"

and “Horizontal Strips” layers mask thumbnail:

Step 12: Save the Selection

Before we go any further, we need to save this selection. To do that, go

up to the Select menu at the top of the screen and choose Save
Selection. When the "Save Selection" dialog box appears, just click OK in
the top right corner to exit out of it:
Step 13: Deselect Every Other Square Selection

With your Rectangular Marquee Tool hold down your Alt key and
drag a selection around every other square selection. This will
deselect the selections you drag around. Continue dragging
around every other square selection to deselect it until only half
of the original square selections are left.

Step 14: Copy the Selection to a New Layer

Click on the "Horizontal Strips" layer thumbnail in the Layers palette

to select it. Then press Ctrl+J to copy the selected areas to a new layer.
Step 15: Create a Clipping Mask
With the new layer selected, go up to the Layer menu at the top of the screen and choose
Create Clipping Mask.

Step 16: Reload the Saved Selection

Bring back the selection we saved by using the shortcut Ctrl+Alt+4

Step 17: Deselect the Opposite Square Selections

With the Rectangular Marquee Tool still selected, hold

down your Alt key and drag around every other square
selection to deselect it. This time though, you want to
keep the square selections you deleted the first time
we did this and deselect all the ones you kept, so that
when you're done, your image looks like this:

Step 18: Copy the Selection to a New Layer

Click on the "Vertical Strips" layer at the top of the Layers palette to select it, then press
Ctrl+J to copy the selected areas to a new layer.

Step 19: Create a Clipping Mask

Press Ctrl+Alt+G to create a clipping mask

Step 20: Add an Outer Glow Layer Style

With the top layer still selected, click on the Layer Styles (the purple f) icon at the bottom
of the Layers palette, and select Outer Glow from the list. Set all the settings to match the
ones at left

Step 21: Copy and Paste the Layer Style onto "Layer 1"

Apply the exact same Outer Glow layer style to "Layer 1". Go up to the Layer menu at the top
of the screen, choose Layer Style, and then choose Copy Layer Style. Then click on "Layer
1" in the Layers palette to select it, go back up to the Layer menu, choose Layer Style once
again, and this time, choose Paste Layer Style.
 Sound Forge 

Workspace
  When you first open Sound Forge, your workspace will be empty:

 
When you open a sound file, it will show in this window.

The Data Window

Each opened sound file has its own Data Window. There are some navigational buttons across
the bottom of the Window:

1. The Zoom in/out buttons controls the horizontal scale of the sound wave.

2. The Level Zoom in/out buttons change the vertical scale of the sound wave.

3. The Maximize Width button changes the view so that you can see as much of the
sound wave as possible in the window.

4. The Playbar buttons allow you to jump to the beginning or end of the sound, play,
stop, or loop (repeating continuously) the sound.
Editing Your Sound
Playing a Sound:

There are four ways to play a sound:

1. Click Play All on the Transport toolbar.

2. Click Play on the Transport toolbar.  (This will act as a looping playback.)

3. Click Play on the Playbar

4. Click Play Looped on the Playbar

While a file is playing, a vertical bar, moving across the sound wave, shows where you are in
the sound file. You can also use the other controls, such as Stop, Rewind, Forward for
further control of playback.

Playing part of a Sound:

You can begin playing back at any point in the sound by clicking where you
want to start, and then clicking Play.  To play only a short section in the middle,  click and
drag the mouse across the segment that you want to play, then click
Play. (Don't click the Play All button, it will ignore the selection or placement of
the cursor and play the entire sound).

Basic Editing Operations:

Sound editing can be used to cut clips down to size, extend the length of a clip,
and remove extra noises between sounds, among many other things.  In the Edit
menu, there are many common editing operations:

In order to edit any section of a sound file, you must first highlight it.
Listed below are the common editing operations:

1. Cut: deletes a selection from the sound file, and copies it to the clipboard. (control + X)

2. Copy: copies a selection from the sound file onto the clipboard. (control + C)

3. Paste: inserts the material on the clipboard into the sound file at the cursor position.
(control + V)

4. Paste Special:
    a. Mix: mixes contents of the clipboard with the current selection. (control + M)
    b. Crossfade: Crossfades (blends the overlapping area) the contents of the
clipboard with the data in the window. (control + F)

5. Trim/Crop: deletes all the data outside of the selected region. (control + T)

6. Clear/Delete: Deletes the selection. (Delete)

7. Undo: Reverses any change made.  You can repeat the undo command to return to
previous versions of the sound file.  (control + Z)

Effects and Processing

You have the option of adding all sorts of effects to your sound file.  The Effects
menu lists the different effects offered by Sound Forge:

Here are some brief definitions of the effects:

Chorus: imitates the effect of having multiple sound sources for the same sound.

Delay/Echo: creates copies of the sound file which are mixed into the sound to generate
echos.
     

Distortion: distorts the sound.  May make the sound "fuzzy".

Dynamics: alters the volume of the sound file

Flange: creates a wish-washy effect.

Noise Gate: reduces extra noise between sounds in the file.

Pitch Bend: Alters the pitch of the sound.

Reverb: simulates the acoustics of different settings, such as a church hall, a shower, a
room, etc.  This effect is most commonly used.  (It makes sounds a little "warmer").

Applying Effects:

You can apply an effect to a section of the sound or the entire sound.

1. Highlight the selected region of the sound. (or the entire sound)

2. Pull down the Effects menu and choose the effect.

3. Change the options in that effects window to what you would like, and hit OK.

4. Listen to the sound.

The Process Menu:

The Process menu provides you with more editing tools for the sound.

Here are some brief definitions of the most common Processes:

Fade: controls level of volume.

Graphic: allows you to place multiple fades throughout the sound.

In: fades the sound from 0 to 100 percent.

Out: fades the sound from 100 to 0 percent.

Graphic EQ: allows you to raise and lower certain frequencies within the sound.

Insert Silence: allows you to place a certain amount of silent time at a cursor location.

Pan: controls the left/right of the sound.

Graphic: allows you to place multiple points of panning throughout the sound.
 Left to Right: pans from left to right.

Right to Left: pans from right to left.

Reverse: reverses the sound.

Time Compress/Expand: enables you to speed up or slow down the sound, making the
length longer or shorter.

Volume: controls the overall volume of the sound.

Application
Use Sound Forge to create Mixed DJ CD Recordings, and break the recording into individual
tracks.?

To Start - record your mix.  Since you plan on placing this recording on CD you must record it
at CD quality which is @ 44,100 sample rate / 16 bit-depth / Stereo. 

When you create a new file (File>New), it will ask you to verify these settings before opening
a new file.

Save your recording!

When you have created your full mix you must now locate where in your recording you would
like to place your track breaks. To place a break, insert a marker (To insert a marker press
"M") where you would like the track break to occur.   In most cases, it would be best to place
the break at the beginning (Downbeat) of a beat.
Placing Markers at the correct point is crucial, otherwise your final audio CD may result in a
slight skip sound between tracks.  You must make sure that the location of your markers is at
a location where the waveform (audio signal) intersects the "0 Decibel Line".  (see the images
below)

Make note of the "0 Decibel Line" indicated above

Notice that the "Correct Marker Placement" image above shows that the waveform
intersects the "0 Decibel Line" at the point where the marker is placed.  In the "Incorrect
Marker Placement" image, the marker was placed at a point in the audio where it is above
the "0 Decibel Line".  That incorrect placement would probably result in an unwanted skip
sound.

After placing your markers at the desired locations, you must also place a marker at the VERY
BEGINNING of the Recording, and VERY END.  This is important!

Next, you must convert all the Markers in the recording to Regions. (Special>Regions
List>Markers To Regions)  It will then ask you if you are sure you want to convert all
Markers To Regions.  Click "Yes".

Now you must save each region as its own file.  (Tools>Extract Regions)  When the next
screen pops up, be sure to save the files in a location where there is enough room, then click
on "Extract".  Sound Forge will now save all data as individual tracks.  These are then ready
for recording in your favorite CD Recording Program.
From this point, it is up to you!  Be sure when laying out your recording in your CD burning
program that you enable the "Disk-At-Once" option so you don't have a 2 second gap between
tracks!                                                           
 Ulead Cool 3D
Ulead Cool 3D is a 3D utility program that helps you achieve still and animated 3D titles and
headlines for Web pages, documents, videos, and multimedia..

User Level

Beginning, intermediate, and advanced PC users. It is intuitive enough for beginners who can
use the preset examples, while powerful enough for more advanced users who want to create
their own effects. There are numerous sophisticated controls to fine-tune features.

Toolbars

There are five toolbars, which can be hidden, opened or moved:

Standard–contains frequently used commands such as Open, Save, Undo, andRedo; and tools
for changing font style, size and orientation.

Attribute–allows you to change settings of a currently selected thumbnail. Works with

EasyPalette.

Animation–lets you specify the key frames for creating animated series of images. Can also
specify the object property for each frame.

Location–allows you to fine tune the current special placement of the title, lights, and title
texture depending on which tool is active.

Text–allows you to adjust space between characters and lines and align your text. Text
creation is straightforward in the Text dialog box. You can scroll through a list of fonts and
Cool 3D automatically displays an on-the-fly sample. You can add 3D effects to the text, such
as light, color, texture, camera angles, backgrounds and type styles. You can start from
scratch or use one of the program's preset combos. Each preset folder has a different group of
thumbnails.

EasyPalette–Lets you drag-and-drop still and animated features into your image. You can use
presets, that combine style, color, lighting, and texture, from the Gallery. You can customize
features by using the Attribute Toolbar, and then can save these settings on the EasyPalette
for future use. The EasyPalette contains:

Object Style–contains the Gallery (samples combining style, color, lighting, and texture),
Bevel, Light & Color, Texture, Board, and Motion sub-folders where attributes can be fine-
tuned.

Templates–samples of Objects (graphics & icons) and Composition (project templates) to

use.

Camera–allows you to control the distance and type of lens used.

Background–samples that can be used as a background.

Objects Effects--Twist and Explosion plug-in effects.

Global Effects - Fire plug-in effect.

Beginners

An easy way to start for a beginner is to use the Compositions under Templates in the
EasyPalette. I used this approach. After dragging-and-dropping a composition onto the
window, I replaced the sample text with my own. Then I examined the attributes for each
feature to see how Ulead got the result. Then I applied other thumbnails and changed
attributes. In no time, I was creating spinning, twisting, exploding, and on-fire images.

Realtime

Cool 3D uses Microsoft Direct 3D to create and render 3D titles, thus you can manipulate 3D
text in real time, with no lag for redrawing and re-rendering. The presets take longer to
render, though. There are five image display and output settings from draft to optimal to
balance the detail of the display with the speed of rendering.

Animation

By using Ulead's tutorials on X-, Y-, and Z-Axis, Key Frames, and Fire and Explosion Plug-ins
you easily create an animation. Key Frames let you set points in the duration of a video where
changes to text objects occur. Thus if you want a text object to spin left for the first half of
your video, then suddenly change directions and spin down, you would use key frames to
change the text object's spin-attributes at the desired point. And each individual object can
now be given its own texture, color, font, bevel, and animation path.

Saving

Files can be saved as JPEGs, TIFs, BMPs, animated GIFs, or video

 GIF Animator
Welcome to the Microsoft GIF Animator. With this tool you can use any .GIF file, or any image
you can copy to the Clipboard as part of an animation. You can create or modify an animation
then save it for use in your web browser or other applications. You can add as many images to
an animation as your computer memory allows.
The GIF Animator contains a toolbar, an animation (frames) display column, a scroll bar, and
three tabs; the Options tab when you open GIF Animator, and also the Animation, and Image
tabs once you open a file.

· The Options tab controls the way GIF Animator manages your files.
· The Animation tab controls characteristics of your animation.
· The Image tab controls characteristics of individual frames in your animation.

You can add images to the animation display column by using drag and drop, by pasting an
image from the Clipboard into a frame, or by opening an existing .GIF file from within GIF
Animator. Set the Import Color Palette options in the Options tab before you add images to
your animation. Use the scrollbar to view all the images in the current animation. Images are
inserted before the current selected frame.

Toolbar
The toolbar that displays when you open the GIF Animator provides the following basic file and
image handling features.

Button Description

New Create new file

Open Open an existing file

Save Save changes to the active file.

Insert Insert an additional .GIF file into the current animation.

Save As Save changes to another file name.

Cut Remove selected image to the Clipboard.

Copy Duplicate selected image to the Clipboard.

Paste Place cut or copied image at the insertion point.

Delete Remove selected image without copying to the Clipboard.

Select All Select all images in the current animation.

Move Up/Down Position the selected image one frame closer to the beginning or to the
end of the current animation.

Preview Play the results of your work without saving it.

Help Open this help file.

Animation Tab Dialog

The Animation tab of GIF Animator provides control of the size, duration, and transparency
attributes of an animation.

Animation Width : Allows you to specify the width of the space in which the animation plays.
GIF Animator supplies a default value that you can modify. Specify a wider space for frames
that move horizontally.

Animation Height Allows you to specify the height of the space in which the animation
plays. GIF Animator supplies a default value that you can modify. Specify a taller space for
frames that move vertically.

Image Count Displays the number of frames in the current animation. More images with
smaller movements provide smoother motion, but create larger files and longer download
times.
Looping Click to select this check box if you want your animation to repeat.
Repeat Count Allows you to specify the number of times you want your animation to repeat.

Trailing Comment Allows you to attach a comment to the animation.

Image Tab Dialog

The Image tab of GIF Animator provides control over characteristics of individual images within
the animation.

Image Width Displays the width of the selected image.

Image Height Displays the height of the selected image.

Left Allows you to specify the position of the left edge of the selected image within its frame.

Top Allows you to specify the position of the top edge of the selected image within its frame.
Duration (1/100 s) Allows you to specify the amount of time, in 1/100 of a second
increments, that the selected image displays during the animation. Varying duration
throughout an animation can enhance the appearance of starts and stops and other effects.

Undraw Method Allows you to specify how frames display in the animation from the
following choices:

Undefined Directs the browser to do nothing to the background before displaying the next
image.

Leave Directs the browser to leave the previous graphic image as the next is drawn. This
choice can create a shadowing effect.

Restore Background Directs the browser to redraw the original background as the
current image is drawn.

Restore Previous Directs the browser to redraw the previous image as the current image is
drawn.

Transparency Click to select this check box if you want to specify that one color in your
animation will not display.

Transparent Color Click the box to display a palette from which you can choose a color that
GIF Animator will treat as the transparent portion of the image. You can choose only one
transparent color.

Options Tab Dialog

The Options tab of GIF Animator enables you to specify which palette GIF Animator uses to
represent the images within the animation, and how colors are represented in the saved
image.

Thumbnails Reflect Image Position Click to select this check box to see each image in the
animation space that you specify in the Animation tab instead of as a full frame image.

Main Dialog Window Always on Top Click to select this check box to enable the GIF
Animator window to remain the frontmost window on your desktop. This disables drag and
drop to GIF Animator.

Import Color Palette Allows you to choose between the Browser palette, which provides a
direct match to the most common browsers, and an “optimal” palette you can specify by
clicking the dialog button to locate the Windows .PAL file you want to use.

Browser Palette GIF Animator uses a single palette that best matches the whole
animation. Most efficient.

Optimal Palette GIF Animator creates a separate palette for each frame. High overhead;
very good quality.

Load GIF Animator uses the palette you specify in the Open dialog.

Import Dither Method Allows you to choose a drawing method from the following list to
best represent your color palette.