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• Easy'-Io-U'se: eonvenlent premix formula.

Illes,s Opt,~ mization: glr,eatfo'r first .. Versa:tille:

use on any r,salll,-tim,e :PGRlnstnrnent, .' Low eli Values: high sel1ls~iUvity wlirth de·~eN·.:::t~onf as o 'mew as 10 coples .

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TA,IKA'RA, IBIO :IIN'C.

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Bringing protein analysis to life with Etten DIIGIE ond Amershorn IE:CL
WI"J>(~n cernes to life sciences, GE Heolthcare is setting the it

stendord, lens of thousands of scienusts worldwide rely on our pro ducts 0 n d proven e>::perti se ln protei n o na lysis. and de'tecti on
every day_ But we'rE never content to stand still We·fle constcrnly stnvmq for innovations that boost accuracy and deliver qucntuctive dote.

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Pathogen ,detedion i1<

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www,5dencexpress.org PILANT .sCIENOE A G i~iI"~till'n-'{llIIp,!ed Rel:llplor 115 <llfllils.D1'11 Membrane fior the PIl<llllt ~.jo[mol1e- AhSdiSic;,Add X. Liu;, Y. YUe', It t~ Y. Ni(!, w- U W.-H" WIt t. Alto f\ mlwl'b'r'iil n~-Dol:llldl rec~ItI'DO rlOl il~(isill: ~c,id i~, entlliect r' id IPlam!t R!~cep'OO~' ~ith IEl,i,~!Fr.amilly ~g
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TemperatulFl'l! l H'• .allet3t

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1385

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The ~U~llIItll," HOIIleH~(!. ulwal!~ ~5W'!1i~r i(I d!?g rees keIVii~. O'tOUfS Olit l r'Q@1Il'I t~mpl:lr<!ture '!'Iilhin single91r~JlMI1!~ ~eel'.i, 1111 ~hi(!hD:h~ dlillr1J~' (,jmiil2Fs lbem!f@ ~,5 l'IlI3,~si~ r,~Mi!.rkS!k iJ<lrlid~s.
:>-;> p,rtl1f!Mrtv~ p. 1317; fttprJ11 p. 1388

TiullImg the Hlmpos.itij(lll! 1l11ld ~~~r~tidtyof :i!iI(Onlium.J~ed

m~!~lli( gliiiS'Sil$ll1lFlll~ ~h~w lU~lI.;1Uy bri~tt~ gla5.cWs, into ~1!I:fM1'fllikl,sI,itmiJternaLs. 1388

~ESEARCIHI RillClE A
PHYSICS

PHYSICS QU~liItum tHalL Ene~t 'i!il Po~~r Ch[i~e Hlu~roS:UU(jt:ldr;f!S It rSUklllOki e[ sl,

All lmitri iii Sij;( lli!l~:nd·Gen'~ ~ed Elle[~r('Jl'lfc G~ss 'j,l~it~ Unlid~ rEe l1olil,al [lomaim in ~lii,drl?rdl('Jped (lIpr:at!~ Y.i(oksoko el at

1380

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;:..;.Pt!fjp~[{itlr:p.

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Tt.'.u [ami l~~ m (upr.a~~ silI.pcl!rtoru[u Oi.Of~ a r@' ~hv~n to !lna~ ,a (I)JIIilfilo:m eil'lI.FOtli( WIli!ntJ:'IU oori!' ~n'al mOLy !!Ie li1-e ~tecl!lr5(l.r ph1il1~ tOlheo onset (!II !'>uJ!f'l~orndm:J~Yiff. ":>i:!- "'fflP~[{dLIt' p. 13 n

CHEMISTRY

A M©le(J~,l~(a ~ri~r
1\. t WO'ng
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1391

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CHEMISTRY 1393 Mill ~ti~u"di,onI3Il EI'IIC(lcl~dl ~.alrtide~fo~ lIfIigh-lihrouglhplUtl!!,iiO<fiIn,oteclU~~ Aina i~$fuJ, D.C. Pf,~ibGlJ, M. ToJl'~r,.,f! 5. fkJyJe Via mtho9r~p-lfIy,a micJ\ljlf1I11lT[liic.d~~",ice sy.nl!li,~£iz~,pani~les can wi~hldMlif~a ble c;olll~and delll,ctioiii Il!age 1'Its: t~ genera1;e mulliJiU I!I1:llonat f>CleenS 'f,or ,gle~e'tics 01 (herl!llli~trf.
AHA iQ'5P H !:RilG SCIENCE

II'fiI~~r~e Rela'lilDns Behveel'l Afrnounll5 I)IW Polhillion A~r 139.6 iii rid Orog ra phi c IPreciipit.aliol'1l D. R(]5e.nJeid eot oil~. 1"\I.e<18Uf@fflmt~,[IW'r 5ev.~l'al. (jj'@-(:ad~~, cen~r,a~ rna $hiow that <Ii r , in (BfI polMiOl1 has d fa matlcally red IiN:M prec lp,ftalqOI1l from Mctiltfi ng ai r maliSes,1111 lrH.iimu. hilly

SlCIIIE::NC~ VOL 31.5

9 MARCHI 2007

Science
~:IEPIQRlS.CONTINUED.
IMMUNOLOGY

CONTENTS

.1

..
EVOLU'lI'ION

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IE,co~og h:allSpeda lion in S'lluithAtI.a,Il,th: II:sl.i!nd F1i1(lh~j; P. G. liIyan. Po Bloomer. C i, Mo,~'Qm;;r, L].

1420

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din!1!r~ nt)~:[i 1:H!!t~1;'1l IfII,l tWQ is~ OOS;" PLANT SI!:I ENCE ((lI,l~~]ng Diil,lF!ilal(y~o.solk(~,z+ Osdlllatt001) ti)' thr~ 1423 (1I:5-iIPij Pathway in Arabfdops,is R. -R. rafl(j eL~L Ain in~~.~lllily of §,i gnfllti 1'19patilways mo'nitlllrs.a nd mn11r(lI~ mi1 dfUFnal. rhythm i n int,ro1((i!i~lJliIt catd U nil in p'liInt mUs" ~esPOl1iding lCll5!O,i~ ciiI.l\:iunll levels ,a Fid l~a.ii1~JltEri3IIi0lil" NEUROSC~ENCIE

BlOCH EMISTR'f S~rtJdll,ua~ Il'iH.igJt'lt n~o the lr',pl"!sglyc!!)syl~tiQn Stl1!P ~ 1402 of !Baoeteria L CeU·¥lIIa ~Il EliDj;J'lflth~$i$ It. t. t,fJLio~rirl9, ,l, H. ,d,1!(o ...rw, D. Utrj~N. C j. S~'I'Yl'uldk(J Thi!'t:.¥:ral ~truOurl1 a nl,e,n~~1e'CiSl\fIHill, ror bacterial ,eell !wll Oil ~ynE Itf'sis wiU all()~ ~l1m:~UrE·ba5M (:Ie'~~glf'l nNia rlti i¥lllcrobi<l,1 of agerns.
~~ P1irsp"'tlv.e ~, 1373 MOLECULAR B[OLOGY

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1426

14.08 ltIis-to!l'e !l.ep~cernleint Malrk'S titl'e IH!Ql,li!1d,pri~~11 0 ci:!O·ii1l!eguil.(lltory IIlQIlI1I01]n5. yo Milo" j. ,G. f/lmU@J/. 5:,. Heni~()J! R~jo:rns 01 ~hf()ma,lin illia~.afi! e<pig!l!netkally 5.ilenood aru:l hi9111.y reguLab&l aile ,ooa ted with hki;olll5 ~hal rapidly Iiin!ll and reLea se ~ihe D'NiA., CELIL BIOla GY

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:-~ Nt"ln SUllY IJ:. 1160

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).l()rI1!5·,Rosefl et. a L Ulli@$oc"!]dif~. ~~~t~ mdllly used organism f1011O~U{~d~ sllld~~~ dM~, rlet h'a¥E'!'lI medIi'!! ni~ to prevenll c~u. dwi5iun ~rDNA rn,pHci!itia n ijsitilllrUlompiete.
:-~ PlIrfPlttllf~ p, ll74 E'VOUJTION From Swii11I1r111ingi

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Fractionation just g'ot ,simpler.

Fractionation is an eS$Jentia~step 'tOir ir1lcreas~ngJprotein resolution in proteomic worktlo,ws. Byfrac~tooa:lill'ng. you 1~d1UO!ll' our SiiU'l1P~9oomlPl'(l)%!lty y
and enric:~ I~aw-aburlldance pmt:eins, both of which aJrecentralto dliSco\l\rS!ify, IBno-Radof'fers blomalr'i«!r

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thle M~crnRotoffar systetmforfr,actijona;tion of prroteirls prior to most downslream pl'oQl€omic app~icatijonSi' indu!diing 2-1J ,gel ,e1Iectrcphore£is and l;C-MSlMS af'la~ysis., ~ Handles smalll volumes (-2.5 mil} of' preelous samples
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pl!'o~eijns 'by liql,Jid~pha:se isoelecl!1ic foclUsing

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• Offers 'cuslomizable pH g!1a}d'i:en~stQ further enhanoe

re:solU'~ion of protei ns of inlellfe'st For mme infoil"f'lla:Uon,Vlisit us on the Web

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SCI EINCE NOW'

li'i,NWi.Scte'tl(e,l'ii}w.Qrg DAlL'i' NEWS COVERAGE

Ilt.l!i'aly.~to Be Uw Wirlgmaln 11'1 :Soullil Ame~kaUi l1Iirtl~ ti1ealpila m~~e atwa)"$ g~1:l: a the !lIir~ 1001his, lxud'dy be.ll'fils (rom l.agg~ng iillotl9J. [)I(!dlg~ng a W!i.!Fm~f!g Sl.!'ll@'t Bal'lIIl'Iiil'lg (K5 M~ ~1"!,iTIlIved Cli.'lllIole lot IJ~ 9rN!nl'iol)l§e Iptntcel1Jjal rroml ~he.1IIUl1ospheil~, SdrntH~r!@tll S@lC!lrl::lh lEariV .AJf!iJ erlcans J'O[f E_:I\pooit:ion wi,~ [o(!lk fcrF tro!!:lIS 01 LIO"9I.dr(!MIOOclMllllill i:nll~s in GuM CeasL

SCII E!NCE CAR:EEIRS

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CAREER HE.SOUi!([5 FOR SCI EI\I TlSTS

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P. fisf{·f! Th~rn are advanlageos to ma~nl:<lining a b ms:der poirfl oi viM YOllf I1'a[OOW fie!ldcd il'lleMt

SCi IENCE'S STK.IE

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PERSIPciH]'liVIE: nllX at FClca.l AtIi'u;::5l0rls-5Lippa~'~ Olltlih, Mectri.llnlic.aL 'Gallg~, m Siglililll !)cepri~ Y. MIOny Wh1i' dCII arious r0(.11 adhesion !lmilei~"s un dlugo diUerenL dfi'9rn~s v o,f oorrelalecl relJiOoglrade 1I1l0!oleme,nl with a(I~111fi liIn-UliFllis! RIEVIEW: The Expill1di n51'ROlle 1m II1AM· B:i!seil S:ign a ~itng Pathwaysi n ~mmll.lllH~Cel.1lli C. .L Abmm alld c:. ,A. Low-fit Ac:~v~t~(m (l1'ilimmullle(ll'~1sIlly lIfIiln)' diilrerent r;E!'{e~tl)r~ooperrld~ QfIIITAM·lN!md '5ij~!'IaUn{l,

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Phllls,ionrM IHiigh'-Fiide'Hty DNA PD~ymerase from New Engiliand Biiollabs

EX1REM E IPRH:IcS:lrON WiI"lflH UN P'AMLILJElE;[1 SP EEU AtIJ 0' RO BUSTiNESS
,p., fdlliria
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With Pilusiof} Hig'll·fid8Iity' 0 NA PI:! [ylUlel'~~, lihore PS00 fl!ll~ ~D'cClm~lQmi~' any >ilcS1J@ct C!r ~OLJfftAper('OOIDarw:ie. A slll]eri!lr r:hoiu! 'r®r '~"':J:nillg, ~is ~E!Ol,mhirlanl polvmerase has an ~rror ~tl[! 5D'~DWItlcwer thalil r8Q DNA PolymE!{BSEI. rna',:i 1'11]' i l tihe IIl11Sl00cW\lit13 lll(l ITTIll&lable pl}lyrnern se ·aNCi i latJ!e_ Phusi 1:111 mllA.l't)lvrneraS!!:! is; sup,plieai in a ~ta!ri ,[I~~ormal~:S, v...rll~ CI. elY ,Ell' t [}L S tar I mOflJl ita t 1011 for incr-ea5erl speci~ciLy_
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with mirtllR3ll' o~llmila'tJOn III High Yi!!1(i - I n(J!1'iI$I;I pJ(ld~~.VIl2'lds with mii'lll1l:a1l' myrna 1hi1:lrnUlls
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Idea l~y.JllO ~el(l,Il~ r s'[~e e,!ilijn:~ s!hol,lld ii!!UQ1¥II'fQW silnllll.lL· the ulll'u!ousanalys'is of man,y motlH::l!.ilaf 't3rg(!'tS •. Pl'eg~[~,cl'I'll ,et at. {p'. ':11393) u s;,(!d m ]'Ho'fllddl(~ an d Hthog I'ti pin h: fIl!,~t5ks·to I!:;r€al~ Hat par~ides wHlllabml!l. dimlf!!V1iSiol1s ,of -1010 miHome~ers <I11'~dlh1cknes)e5 of .llOOlll 30' ml(['o, rJllIet.e,~:s:. IIIe he I:f 0" each IPiJilrtide IIIears ,a di stl ",:t Ut!(l'!'\es· 0 ,~en~ bo1llrco,dle {o Lit o~ IlII ore than ] 11I1MUon pussible '(I(lde~).; the other IhaM Ibeallrs; !I prQJbefor II:! ~g;el bill di n:g, AJrerilfl1l(llIlbatl.o,IJit wi~:h .ilI :SillmpLe, ill nm!l~lJils'lild analysis '~ystll!inl then S(!;!WlS, eQ!~hl p~rtide vi!:! s~ngle·w~\1'f;!!~e:~gth fllu'Ofl!'SC!i!ifill (lefor itscod ean [j e:Vi1deoc(!< of b Ollili1G ullrrget FlUl,o'r'~S'C)Emtty lab~l~d !DNA '~arge,t'!l[lQlldd Ib~ d~~eded (lit

the S;O(h~Uom(!lelevel.

and Su perco nductivity

Electronic Su perstructu re

Ihe (Iupr ates Ulat e_xhj but hill ~-t~mlD@~~lUf~s,\)lp@t((lm1du(~.iviily UHSC) iilrll' fQJ~l11ed hom plulmt .'!nitj-

r~,rroma9JVle:tk. in51!lI(a~or$ by che-miCail do~ing. which rlllrnO'!ll!!:5 elJ1!clrons hom ~he (uO~ !l~tlnes. IYiOSl BlI'S( !heoMes ha~e rOClJSOO on l~l~ u.;!llsitio!"! rrom anliJl2ifToJTIag netic liD superrondll(ting !>tat1'5" ~nd~lh~ e:fllecl$ or O:rl~:t LighHy "llcle doping( U~e
rnal<e\rialls han QH~nlb~en i!\lfilQfl!i!d. KQh~a.k!! et ,al. (p. ]380, lPi!.Ib'l~shed online Il, Febr~alry; ~~. tllie ,over i! nd 'th~ ~rsp ec~'I"~ by Zail nel1l~! pre~tlinl 5(eflfljLimg'W~f1eliH1g ~r,ledro5'c()I[lYfn.ea:stJ,rell~emt$ rl)F t~~o fami ~i~s< (If urtdrm:Jopecl (Illprate supercondiudors.lillith diUe:rent lattice stm:Jme'> Ilhail.I't!'II\~al t'lCO!ll1mOIi1 @leCUQni(Sl!p~~~llftl!(tl!re in OOlih [email protected] uthars argUle~llli!t lhe ei.er:lrr(lnic. supeor· a S!t11.!(tllJrl!', ~\'h~(11 '~(Irms ni{! uaw :strlll,es. 'i~i~l a 'SPI1lia L periad of rOtlir U'l'lul (ells, is an ill1:tfin~k Iprop-

h.ete,ootif\J(llll'le gfO'l~Tl rfOill ~~e,rs of ZI10 ~u:! d Mg;:n:L_~t'). Nllwse~ov et a~,'(p .. 13,79) r'e;port tim OIDSieMllOl1 'oith~ OHE ll1,g r.1!,phern@ sh~s at JOOn.." lemlpera~lJr~ ..n];fS~ resllllt~p.res.ent.lhe poo"iibilily cd combililing (jlili'lllllU.irn IHaU p~VSr)C~wrlh the' 'ltef5.!lfil.e' [email protected];l;id!!"S and in llifle! ~1IIlE!rQillg 9 raphe1f1!! .stli:@t $lf,ltet1l) (see the perspec[nv.e bV Ra ~iir~lt

I~ad~ to

te-s:s

fr~uenlt

~Qale;scel1c~into

r.1)~mlroj)s

end If'SS p:f'!e:cfpitaHon, Thill eHe(t 1~thooglhl to .1!ICCOO (Of decreased orog r.~phk pr«fpitaui 1)11". fit inl \'jhi{h Ir<lll1lftlll.ls [illJls-edb~ ~he IlIpl!'l\8 rei de<[fctioo

of

i1!ifII

€iir m~ssby e lFidg~ or s m.(lllll'llain, b.ut~hi~

eflred has n'1ll~elll [e5~ed againsladui3il data 001 alerr(l~~ 1l:000~em!Ugitio!l! ~~ocL!litilli.(lfl. R()~e!ll~ (lnd h!'ld d ,al.• (p. 13,96) .analyze ,a S{li-yei:u'-'kmg

Metalli c Glasses

~I ncreasi ngl Ptastk:ity of

~e~om lJ~ae.r~o Is and pl'E<i:~itatT(m rrOil'! cef1iI!l'al Clilin.a" (!fUl! oUhe 1II1llist polluted .amllsoftill~ wo~kI. WOii1~'ly PQUlJtecliIir proiliided O:i'!~.yhalh~ iJIl! ~(hC)r~ f;\1I)~~' :pre(ip~l~t!Q~~s did dea n!!~r, a

~rty of d,e ell pralle:!: ai'!{Iis ~ine~re(J,Jlrso:r parel1l! pha,~ t{l the enset O;~5upi?f((ll'ld uctiM ~y.he I l\es~Lt:s s,'lIg;ges,t that s~pe!,(of!dtl(tivil.Y i!ll the cu,prrales erfH2rg t'SwiUl in m~a!>i ng hole dl)pi ng as t'tec.~roF.!~heeome delocalized'nllWi lht'inllr~mk bond ot:erUered eh:~(JJrol1i(g!~M', ~ 'C;j ~

or

Bul.k ,11ileti:il~If:(g'las.~es, (BMGt'SJ hord rnudt p~omi~ bt:'!l'Iuse cll!u:llr hig h ~~Irenths. bUI. 5lY~rer FrQrn g hniUle ha{~llIre thnJ'u:gh Ihe forlll1l1HQn or shear bgnld~_ Ihis m~de (!If '~~ihilre is mOlt desir:aMe in Infi~t ap,plk<!Uom, bll(all"i~ Ihere! isliU:le warning !Dr !he iIlJ1l.p~nding!!)~terial fa ilu!l:.UI!!I e.t Qt, (p, 13 8S) rep ort (lb~elValio no;(If la r-ge mmpres;· ~ive!! la:slici~ of >150% oblaililed in ~'I!'er,a Izirm· p nl l!",-IJta~@tlIBMG:) a L 0001111 t@rrl[l!!!'alm'e .a,$ a r@~uU ~ig,f1lycon b'o1lled UJl1ling Ol~l~e iitll~lfS' c.ollllpo!;iliam.linl!' 11I1at~rials deve lo,p a two-phase mic!ro:slru(Wire t~i1!t i!'1c!ludes. ~slroJil9lllf Irolllded reglmns" separraled bIy .. •:;--_ I ~ ~.-

Eat Up to ,Meet Up
[Hffe rem flll~i'ld)ers. or .~~ ToIHi~e re(:ept:or fm~) e ra rnlly' hlal;'EC''E!'IIol.vetilo r€((Igrli:l'~ I;h~ dislf~Kl :!i~g~ Ita.!u !1lS, ~~U p.a! h~g;~ilS, ~I!'!clydif!g Ih~ ~inlll~Iby cslranderl (SM and1 do uble·slra m11?d nuidek acid 9€t!10me:so~ vtM~. In th 11! (a'S~ c~' plasiTla,~ytojd derldrilHc (@1JI:i; (pOlet d'@.tecUcnby TLI;;:~, (Ulmin~te~ i~iii prog~amofgeifie a~:tiviitli(lllli~lfIaJt. h~[ps '!he-se (Jellis ~ ri il~'e i;lWllivi·
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HaU Effect'iln IMeta~ Oxides and Gr,apnene ~

~ n- i(!UihdJI!1II iH ill_lf~:·l/('llILlE~u, -~!1 ''''j''hU-'1:'-'res,I'S."~ _Jill -- mlt-_::I~ e ..~ ""Ill w! _11: ; 1I1i1Ce a lwo-di l1u'lIlI~iOl1l1ll e~NlrOIll gas va rrr~ ib~' or
!_~.

.AUhough shear bi!lndil'lg appears '" .. to ~e il1li!iiated till tlte ~\ie.alk~ bOlmdedl re'~~om1sthe s:tm ng I.y •. bOlllded' i1E'gicuilSa(l to P!ieW.lillt the fuuhe r gr()lWlh lhE' b\'lm~s.

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I~.:!i d!eiP~ndenl 0111 direct inh!!ct~on or poe. Hm~" e~r, I!i~ d (li/. (p. 1398" pybli~h~d (l1'l1~'!1~ 1 feb" mary; !lj;ee Ihe P.i:!ifsi!l'8!cl!ive by Reis El' S'o!IJlsa) show Iha~ ff(l~RNA ilIrU,~!!~'thilill g;~J'ierau! Ireplicali{JJI jli1t~nlledilf!tt~ f ~ the (yt.Qs!llta ,dl fllct indi((j~o~ or Viral repln(atiQn is needed. In 5-\J;c;~ (a~.

or

wh~(hma'ke~ the prQ(ess of

;ffUlilllJ1e a(li~ir1o~

.~ Il:recise~y qiJilir'itlzed steps in f~$PO~S;E! .2 W 11magn1:!U, fiebt ha,) g!!lneraUy been Qo.nnl'led
.~ 00

H~gh and Dry

ParU~lJlate air 1f.l~lil!:ltlolll~a Ifl provide many mort nlldei for fiormin91 dm,.ld drop\eb I('ompa red to UIIlPIlUllteld air. 1I'1h~un~reamd ntllll'lill:!r (If d.Q1Jd dmplel'5, ~hal fOl"m aeUf\!lSeS, the,k size, which

high~!.I(llHy, highrll'lobHity

:Se'!lT1kQI)(ililctQ[5

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:~, III (lyog;Bnk~:elllperallu 1111;.f'iiYlk<!Hki

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1388. pllb1i'sh~d '!)!1~rte25Jaryll'.arj'~ now ~ r,e<port tileom.eli'll'<lttolill of lhf' QIHIE ~'n an o.:cideo

allJtophagy---'the

s'Ilql1!es,ielnlll1g or Qrgl'lneUe5, alld ContimJed 0.1'1 paj'f Diii

Liight,CycI1elr 480 Reall~T[imle~ eR S,ystem p

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Lo,o,king for m 0 re versatlllty in real-time IPCR,?

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• Gene IDeteiC'Uon~ llendil

rrnm nn al,.h.'.u:i,~doptical system nnd ~dlMt,~J

multitarget :.m:a1rsi;>.

~11UI~ ip,!exil:~~ ..bilitics ln perform (ilp

• Gtme QUiJIP'ifi,ealiiell!'; I "tHill: sopbi-ti: ated :.olh vtire an .. 1 1 unique

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to ~C'11~.'r;,l'ul."

Idghll,r accurate ~~nl," qmm!i:lfk',lli<m (.I~l<t. b,l£l"d on superior

• Ge'nOltlllPin,g; Ad,'licw reliable g..c~~ol>T'Iitil~esults r pm;;,I,~N:lt mdu,iIr~g curve analysis,

Be pr,epared

'tOlr

the evoil,vi!1gl d!emlandls ,of lrea'E tiilne IP'CR. ..

11~~hn )Iugk~ lh._t I"nwid.: vt:r:;.,Hilily without cOillll"rnm lse- vis,il!. fNww~,1'i9htcy'cl,er4tJO.C!mn tud. r!

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Diagnostics
lRodhc Dia.gnO:SLic:!liGmbH Roche App!liedi Sci ence 69298 Miannhcilll'l Germany

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t~ng~lt1J@d PJot~ifi~ f'Qf d€li'il'@ry IOth~ lYSO:S!i)'m,~fQr o€ grada:tlornl-h@~lloo u nit~ :ssIRNA and its; lIlR sens~ng Ilmh!!i If!I in lim!:! Ly~llrol1l~'.It .~~net d~~r if this, link b@l\~@e!1fII lJtQIJI ha:9W'~l1cli I1nale feC091i1~tijQImr!1J'ree! stln~ a b~~der m~ IDlS ,offadU~~UI'I!]iimllfU.lnity 10 1)~ldlO1l~~~ ..

,cell sci,ences
Cytokine Center
Browse ou r new w~b :site with

over 1SOO re eemb in am cytok in es..

gmlll!ith faattus.. rnamokines and. neurotrophil1!;,. Competitive pricing' and dai~Vshipping 00 most ioca:~iol'ls.

Toward Anrtibru:t,eri,al Deve~opm,ent

]h~ b~cteriat ,~e<I[ ,8illi,~Il:milt by 'gl,Y(l'!iliytlran~ferCljs:e(GT) Clmllr.a~!>pepl.id<lse< U1F'}enzymes. ileJlidnil'l W end fel,\!~,edl.arltibictij(:s act, on If (lflZ}'!l'l!l$, by'l, b~:ddi~l, Ire~is~~!IJ(@i$ d~lQIP~hl!J !ilg~~tM th~s~ i!rUibici:ks" 'GT iE!I'IZljif1les are Ellill !li'tradiv;et,;Hge[ for nl:~ dlru 9:5 btitauS~ thty (!r~e-:s5~liItia'l .!lAd: are melllb:rilne hound ai!lld!hliJ50 ac:ce5;~i LO'I,!'erilil,!)lflal. (p" 1.<10'2;see ble, lh~ ~r5p!Kti~ by W,u'igIM} ~!1I1ioE1 deter[llli!1led UtI\! crystill :mlJU!,Jr'~ of po@oiciUif!l" biniling p rol.i2in 2, .il bi~lIl111( ~o.llal el'll.y.me!irul'l1 Staphylococcus ,aurJ::'tlIS tht wntaim bc:tl'li.ell I (ill' anti a if' OOlillain:. StmclillrEis WI~ham! 'll,lithol!llthe inhibitor 11ulenomydll1l b(il!lndi~ ~h~ GT dOlUiIa in: provid e imi'~ht iIiIt~ th~ 'ITieihllJbr~'n or 'e~hwniIlicsynl~esi~ and provide !it starting ~Qil1i~ ror strll,lr::lfllri~~b,;!'Soo de5>lg:!l ~11.j'mtib;;u::terjab.,

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• BMPs
•. Cytoklrnes

Checkpoint, What Checkpoint?

(!eUS use bieche mica I.sign ali 1'19m«h<lnislffi~ knowll CISc.nockpoints to mOIl1l'ilmrhe Sl<lllU"lo'f the eell '>0 ~hal ,cet~ ~Iivision only Ottll~· wh!?r! 'lion!lJ'ltuo~s ililow r!)f Syco~$s,flll I1I1~wS'is. Ocn@s~clii (h@d:pojnl1!lllom cell d~vi5lmnto (leur 'Ol'l~y ir [)iNA.~~p!I'lL<I[klfli~{ofrnp[ele<lifid !ilOo a;cU~,e<repl.kalkm: rmk~<Ire pre5Jenl. HQ~\!ever T~rres·:R:!)$ei~,el ,(ill.(~'"14 U;see~he PE;rspecli1;i~Ily We~fleirU .aes!l;ri e e-t:perimleU! IS irn l b w:hkh u nuxllipl.eted re-plkalioJl Orr1 bosoma ~ONI;il!, (riDlNA) glen l'S do~ riot lP~ev.enl {1:l1~~ rronn pro!leea· ~!1gj 11~O:;IliQaph~s:e.UiI'iUiS."at Il,~'st jli1lhe ~'Ci~I'lariO SlliJJdiedif!' \~hicih yeast bear mu13ll1l'l:rls io tI'lE· gem?~ ~ni[(lding the 5II1'II('5 arid 51'111[6pl"Ote-~m (whidll fu 11[~on a~ a hele'rod i mer ill DNA repai r), the de ~ayed ~ep'li(,jilion' or rDNA did not ui9g;e;r a che~~,poif!lt'that blads PfO~'f~ss~~mo'~thel cells. 1nto milOs-is;.

05
(_)

Wfde range of prole i!'lS species, Including human, mouse,

01 many

rat & pol'~ne

r=
(~ (f.)

• Cl\emoki nes Reoo moi nsm an d

~ Oefensins

Chemically syn1hesized B D·1, ·2, -3, N P·1

(]5

• Endotoxlns
CD14, LALF, L6P,

LL37. PMB
• FGFs • GM~CSFs • Growth Factors ~GF-I, IGF-II, BPs,-7
• Growth Hormones HGH, & other species

The l(lcomoHOIl oi It! esa l('lmall1(ier [pr(lvi des an OiPP orlu !I!~tyto ((llll1le(l res.ealrch (lin \l'erteb~.al~e $win~· ming '~'!J(h as j n l~e lallillp reyho rese~ rth entetreped locomotion. l~i!5peeirte,~ (p, 1"'116; ~e the at lII,ew~ slmy by Fll!nl1li:~i)d€vellop a 'Ihem:'e-'bhriill.lTloae'llo slll,ow hlJw iii lall1lp'r,~·m,je~y;t~lllI Glim be '~;I;I~I1t1ed @~iOlail~sa~"nH!nd~r l~)(O!f!:OliQJiI. ile m'DrD@'~ W T ~~pl(!f~~s U~rliSt~ii(mrrllm trfllj\~lqll1gto tlw ~landli ng l;'I,I<lll.:'es.o'~ Ibod:li' IJmldlll;aticn~, the <llJl(lmatlic 5!IYit{lll hOIl1l OI1l'~ rnede of romlll1 otiOI1 to the OI!iIler, ~he wilrdinatioH 11l@[Vffl'i!IfII.imb.~a~d bod.y d'!l!lTiog lI'Iiallkingl, andithe oon:t~ol, Qr speed and dir@(~lon. ~(I va lida l~lhe mode l, ttl e! QlI,I'th(lr~bu i It a sala Ill~nder· tik~ r[ltml(lI pal:J~e' of ~mdl,]c; ng! (and switc:hi ng be:t~~'een)~~\li ntmt~~g. SetlPell'ln~,e cu a~li I'Ig, and wa llHl'ig g,ai(:s_

(T5
(_

~ rnterlerQn$ IFN-n. -1\, -1 & meTe

• Interleukins IL-1n. thru IL·31 • Neurotrophlns

!Re·glJlatirn'gl Calcium in Plants

~:nA{(lbidopsis. ~hf' c.mllC:entraticlnI (l!f iIllrr.;lceUu'La r «I~du I'll nudU8f~.e~in <Idaily cycle. above and beyonrl (lithe r re~pO:rlse:s t'~~ig ni3Jlin9 In PUll'S. iI:al!tgl ,ft ai. {po :ll42 3} h~'e 1l0'l¥ ~n:,,~yzed UL>ei r:UertKlio 1'1:5 e,t"v~n b unua(eIlILl~Clr snd {'X~raoellula rr ,calcium mnc:el1ltraliol1ls" a rid varrnou'!; :l]lg)m1aHI1l!1lI({n1'lll po:rlliIlL'S ; n helwee FI, ~Ol a:rr:i1le 01! l <! mml1~ex vi@~\1 (.aJlt:iu m phy:5i~,lQgyin th~ plamt Not silnply 11 iJi!~si,vendle"CliQ.n of ext!!'mal or alkl Ullll 5ta~m., Mle ,cakiu m te'!Je-t~ withilll<l ue~tj Ilg eel[ are active.1y mo~ito red <ll1dl nl;;1~a~ed_

• Signal Tmnsduction Proteins & Klnases

• TNFs

Smelt SI[,e1ep, and Memory Consolidation

]h~ eV{Dc.ilti~m.lme' of5mell i5lo\\'Bl~~IIlOlll'mi. but can :Sl1llell~5, aduallljl '~,nlhall'l(e m~l'Iltlryretention? ;t Raisei'! e:t (Ii. {p. lt126; Set! the mJe\iJSos<wry by Muter) f):.:uninedi in hl!mCirl~ 1W1li1ii!'the-r mt!mOr~ (Or'i51J lijdil~ ~f fIl ~:i(ll::t:lve lya:>5,h;I.e.d bv ~l~I"N\'i:WI!il sl~IilP:S IJbje'~'5I1'i'e:re H r~t ballu!!l;hm an: o.llje'lt:-IJla,ee ,a'~'5\Ki.:!~ion Q ~ ~ii Ir!l'~he p~es,en(eQf ~ dlS.lll1:C~ (lid or. DlJmil&') :s~bs.eYluefit S~(I~'hl'i'~iI,Ie s,k sleep, lhlHld I() r t1,!'g!S remlrl()dlu:~ed § l{l flldlitate rea{tiviltij{!111 Qr fill ernerles r r!l!9l the pai red assod lIloe tas k, Od o:r a pplka'lioll led [0 '~ tn11.;ilued aC~lV~tylUIl~€ hipp.oc~IlilP'ldS+ )ullje(,ts ~h(l e:<IPe-riei!1ced l~.e Qdo~ dur.h'lJswl'I-'\Mave sleep .~ pe,rforllllledi better on ClI'I epJ50dk 1'D,emory retenitimll t,~t 011 'the slllb~ qUlent dlay.
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1335

enterd awrnOile new eX(litUn!j E!r~ Glr reSE!'awcih. [.~:llrnSOFlH! instam:e's iHJW,eller, me rE!:s:o~uli(ln ,[If 'the: :ligjlu rniereseepe is the limiti WI.g raclor i WI a I'!!SW1eri g (I IJI!' sele J1IUHc rl questions, :111') ~l'e:sec~ses.lhle high e r resQ11J~~'f) (If the' electron miclf~Hi~O'P e lis e S~H!~li:al., ICllm bining bOlliillOght :;:'I,nd IilC.jr,omJ m~CIf05(;tl)IPY is myluEi:ld or irUe rest By ~ erfQ:rliflillig el S(iI' c,aJie-dllCo'l'iI"€ ~aJti\1~' IUglu IEI'~Clr!!)irl i CI'IQscolPy~C1EMl' l M 'e\:<periI1l1~~~ om: h as th~ ,~d\fii!.maJg,~ Qf ,Iiite ce:U ilma 9illigi Cltil Ii! conroe 111lillie rose (lP'fi:.. nd a~ fV!l'>Ellr!1ish aVie h igih ra sol u11lon results lram lrn e trans mis si a III e~e~lrran mic rose (1)13'(lr~hes:ame ce-It lh€llLeicii!, 'EM IUS was slle~!:Hc:aUv d'El'l€llol)ed 10 bl€llllse,dl h1 such ,e_)(!)e:rrm,e~~s,ill conj l!Iir1c.tion wilt1 ElM PAtel2. It :pro'l1i des a hi91l~ me re~~ L!~OI1i 1:1I3't.'!.!iH!,E!i"II111 li~ ht a ncllel,@,C:lron mic rosc.ope, e Cliliolwi~ ~ exc elllellL IllreS'E!llVa1!i].(lI1'I of U'llil' I,II~ra structu rre 'C~o)'SIE! til e fl all,lri31llstate. i31111E!SSiIl!ntia'lrere qllisile! rOlf to p eh1!C1FOn mic rosc,opy. It ,8Ji lows us lJO dec idle 1m p an the el'!:111t nto m ent of inru(!!n'HUII nod,study that pallic!IIlla r E!\flent ,all c high res oll,ltio!i1l.~
have! 101r:PiO'IUI VII! rfl:allille.•. M01iiX IPilall'lek I!rustitime

"With the! ilfm'od ueuen of Green fluo rest e I'll PWQ,lein (13FPl'~ec 1m tmology. ull ~iology :B ncll'ire s cieoc'E!s illg e n er,Bli

O,r. 'Ie ~ka~e Wei rk:s w,j~llthe

to,r M,g 1'!i!~1D10'1r l~e!1I Bi 1l!,I'9SlValrldll\jel[ile~ies" L'EI~c EM PAC12 &. RTS High Pressure Frs e2 er, a

[I~l!fSdlE!llll. !lill!lrrllillO:llTllJ

MICROS1SJ'EMS

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lH!:: SEU~I~ 1It1·.]acKSOIli i5

aAiijUfU;I;
1~I'!~i~>O!lImental

GdL'VIN SU R.I\~O U N'TAB LIE IHIE.AlTH CfM1UII'IJ

GE IN IIH ~ 19TH

(ENTIU flY WAS,

pr>olessO!" >Oil He'illtlli

i !~f~ct tou ~ di:;~a:; 1:;;.1nthe ,2 hu c~~t1:.ii~ it wi]! bl;' a ~~ii\of gl(1b .. l \~!'n'ililmg •. 1:'i001~rty•. and infectious I;lnd c'~rQIrni:c iseases, Li]"i;: e:\~CI:<!Il~'y in the UIDIi~~d S~tl~i;l::; now twice ~h[d of d is
~:h.e] 9th century, il1n,d envircamernal ~l.eahllil-hcall.hit':1f food. cleaner water, bener places to live (the "built en\"iromlu:n~;")-h"':-J been dl.egrea!;e.'H; contributol'" (~a~~ el:JlvirolfJmen~al ~.C'~I~I.h. rJdmsiS ~ ~sl"c~:rmwry clla]~{mgc~'~~ ~ Envilio:nmu::nnd heuhh ilm dl.e ~9dl cenuuy wmi practiced by p1iaysi.ci<J11.1S~l~d sciemists, lliWJLim:~onamly. OJ1I~ob)' business people. engineers. ]!,l\:vyer5. architects, politicians, and I
n~!I!Il)'oth~r:;~lU!ri'iid~;h·~~h~~mdscienee. Thil;;primary Hlclis fO'f healthImprovemenewere i:rm.l]-as.lrlJcmu ;EI nt1! S3m1,Ul<U re ion. fiQ~: xam pi e.. i l \v;lsFred,er e uc:k La.w Ol.m.~s~:ed.he mau belm ~Ind t IWrbml ~~ndsc'ip",[;; ~ike Nillw York City ~ (:l;lrlm;\I f'm'k. llNho headed the SOl'Ii ~ill!y ! (;,~mm~~~~(ln dl!l.I.'ing Lht" Ch'.!1 War that ~:8i\'ed tJIOlb£a.l1dls 0.1' lives,

..t~he U niVlilr!lity QI (ilF1fllmiii!1 at lil!fkel~~ ;and I®rm ~r dii FlrdDtf 'Oi~ nihe(ent~ [5 for m,sea5!l' (ol'iltrcl. a no Plre!o'en!i~m iNill,ijona~Cenler riO! 1~¥iroJ1lmental. Heoa,lth,

Owr

th~l'lal!ilt

50 :r~a.r~,~~lI\'irlllunt,;I'iilal science .~~ldpractlee

:~~V~

become spf'Cii.~~ ized :&u'talso rrnglne'~;~.ed, Tlae US. E Iiii,\' irOlllllm.leut'l ~IProteetion A:g~i'I('Y •.\1!i'hich~\lf~ti~~t1H,;d ikl!:'g~ly u!;~lof rGd~nll h.1,;~lii:~ programs in .~9f·Qt. ocused 01.1 j,egal 31li.demlgineelii.·ll1igsuategies related lQ f ~~.r.iI'bl.d water polluliml+ iilswe:lm, filS spech:s .m.:! II!)ltliipnltec~~on. Meanwhile. f:ra.,,.j[Om.nem ••~ .~,e,d~.~. practitioners i~.klC.fi!I.<lgem:ies hUll!kered dow[l~10 enforceable and fI.. '{!=sLlI,ppo:rted actlvlties like rood service i~Th'pecti{ll:Jl. And! el]\'ironme~WJ~me,l~ sc ieuusts iacreasi IlIgly empha~]u. s i:l~d mcchaalsrns ofi.uiI(..i:c.ily or inm~:l>swi I]~j~ IOgh::;fu~ btu systems,

This s... -'ipur:;l~iom. h'!:d~o~d~itlrll' \\,I~Kln;: a s(lMjo!~ lor one ~)roblL!ln% d ~J'I;~ ated unexpeeted cellsreral ,enects:.~·l~e Ch.e:UIII~C:iII.1 J\!ITIJ.E 1iI1"';~ wasadded to S'~s.t)~]nii;'l'(l prevem air p(l<1 m ~nn eaused S!'ou:~d\l,ro'~ef con ~~!min<.'ll~I,)~: ~ n.une relar-dllnts required iii,' c:o.UiI_smnelr ~)l\O(]ucts: turned Ollt to be .hl~mliHm. i!l~,i~kC-;ll~t,liYlUim~~rns nd catcillog~Ih;.. TQtklY.~nl\ljro~1111~ril~~~ iii! th~ Uil~t!Sd SI~lt1!i5 is \ie~l~d in ~ l\l!;1;i Id'i n~'<IIli)' agencies. act just these lit:l:e(llEuvi[omrvenl or He,JI~111.bm,dso T r.,ruilpari:,liioYI. 1Ed:~l)C;oliionr, l~k)liSI tlg,. E n~:rgy.A:grtclulh«~, and D~;r~s;c. E;)ich 1l0ll£;i~s t.~rit.iC~ipriUHWY unm ;!lfldme. but c(iic:hl in lluences essereial 'C::'~C[ll~nt::;. or~'h.e are'lu i~neJ.1t to pm~~l h(;'.<I·hh <1ll.d eavironmenr, the The ,colilm,ple~. ~baIIGllg~ Qf(~(l2l S't ceultury C',U!mOlbe lU0( by U ~~ of i>tove:pip~ 0:1$ d~"~xu~n~·.I~t~d as ~,~f;$e, OUl wel~:iI!.tin: presenr s;Y:SIl:!'ln'!T"©ilillstmtiO:IJ.:J. one: h~!:!liOf.~caI31l1.d the ofll.eremem!:ing.le'~d ii1ope,The 111.'31: wasthe S.~1000S.<;ofthe locus OJiI cJmj~dll::ni; envi rolllne~lHll h~h]~. in the I.990s, The [~ QuO! H'tyPmb:l!1;li{}mt Ar,;~.of ~. 96 ~ql! ~rl;}d lIl."I.t chi Id WI:::rfs h~,.~hhootL'le beuchmark t~or cll;,ci~ 9 sions 01111 :JUQ\\1'nbl.c:~evcl,sof pcsticid\c r~ifil:liil,es .~Il [Woad. the tenet being that prottl'Ctung the most e."'~:l(JserJand seas iti\l'e ilia.'~II\ie popu~mit'm pro'teciseverym~f;l. Al the IUlb <UlIli\lel":i3ry of lhi~.ACI. ov:lc-tih~rd.OfpeSlic:i.dc toleranees haw k1CI~ n;:.vok!(}d. RccQgl~izing lh~' ~ml~I'OvCI1'l;c:nll>lh:lIl a ebildl~Jil'~.;J.\;"3 hh tn! I imi\;'e e{~u]dbri '~g ] ~.boULPIi6-skl!e!u C~iIHO~ t'l'rderod tlwt ~U ag~rn.d~s di,;'"~'e'lpj1 st.l<ltegi.es to ~IllIp'mV~ lite heaith of chi k~reUil,ami m'lll.ulal;ed t\\ric:e~)i'e'J'~.y cabi l1et~leV1e1 m:eel~ngs t() m<!:~~it h<"l[lr-.·i), A!1lt!' ;~c;f~~~tiou:;; ~~mJ ~~~~I;;!'li(~itlg. s.i;;'!rt.~~ch ~:gef1i~y ~'C~)gW)i~d d~'lt it h~d large iUlmpacls Qillll,chi ldrens well-bei ng, tor example. Tmllsp m1t3.t ion in terms of stI;re reutes to .':iChoo1 or :H~l!!i'i~I,g terms of ii!ild{_R1~.!:ir qu~.li~)'.Se'l'(;!:Ji<I~imj;lo;rtmn ,r;:lf~1rtlj, ~ll!dmJin.g the proin PUSi:]~. the N'ltuon;,1 'Chil:dren's Study.gre\-\i out ofthi s ini ~i;.uive, for The seoOr:lcl,cl'lfllmpl e .~sn~<)re ('onw.mpOl:ary. 'Pl:lb! ic hi2:f1~til leaders arc a~:f.CI1.~ng-'ls~,md . leaders 15'0 y~i1n~~1:Ii,er-th::'~l (he built. en\'.~rmnne~l~ e pmlbmu! I)' influences health, Tll.e focns bl~ liwl~ is net urban t~:mi~lne11'~s. rather the f~lgmemlCd aad spr ..w~.i~.gconmltill!ii[i~!-l lh~l is b l~1 fm>ler,cardepe;m:lem;y .. ill.laclivi~~ob(!$ity. IOlm~li'lu:ss, fQiSS:~~,fuel :md resauree COIJiSUm!)!Jiion, :md clwioonm€:il~ta.1 p(l~~.ution. COr:loe~';1i1beuithe built i:!'~wi.rollilrl;enls effet:I'l!: on heall,till has CHliglli a fira. \,Vllhjo.im he,,~h~.nd uroml,·pl.)nn~rI,~l·on!k:rtl'mloe~ llnd .$I!:mres._vsessions, pe~di~sh;l£iS:bl~ a ~ ion, <lind.an :ilncrc~.s,in1g mu,ubc," 0 f new ~eh::llt ifie studies, DiS/cil)1 ines hmg estrsnged from .h.e11Ith ;i,$stLe5'-'p~'~IlI illld m:chl!:ect:i<,. ~lirvirllmnent'll~,$~~. eve~ bll iMets mid d:eve!0iJerS-01re ..ets 'b!;:C;:O:n1ung cn!J'lgc\lll,,~ft;a good tU!ll~ 1.0s.pre.lThd ()\\me.!i'shi;pafberllth i:1im;lC:IW~00\tl1:1~!cntdl~ln:eng~ ... llw !,;!lm~lI~n!1iC:;; ~lnhG' 2Jl'it ,"~nlury ','!I'm ~q~lln; h;t~w~r~hi.p(;IfiJd1;,;olk~bon'!.li~.ll ~\'Urk1;l~1hill ~hG H,.~_I,l cel.ltUl'y.~~Ic;;m v.~(l:Ifk~oday,.

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.24K 2 ml sampls's homogenized sim,uJraneo,ul,' .' ,2'.x 51' IUt #a,fge',olume 'rS'is" ,. L,se etl,icien,'Y toufJh tisS'lues' ,an,d ,cells 'with ,eJcse: ,~~~~,~ttms..w~mm;~~ ~~.~aJX1~e:t ii' ,CJptlm'i2ed lysi'1'!1 maifdx ar"d com;ple,fe le«lr:ac'iQ,n ,a'R,ct ,purificaffln Idls ,for alt four ,needs ii, ,Pmsenrls' tn:t~rJ'I'y ot DNA; RHAanrJ pmleinls' .' ,R~moi~,te samll'ie ,bo'ldel II' ,E'a,:,'.to ,c~DldeGtll:Jta'mi~ate ., HJIIJ'~yrep,mr!JucJfJls' and ,easy ~ro ,use

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IMP Biiome,d,icals Nlon,~ Am!elrica~ Tel: 1 ",BOQI.8·54,ID53,ID ~ MP 8,iome{~~loa,l~s EUlrope'~, eil: IIUII,B0 [II 77'17 919 99 T
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ED ITED BY S,TEUA HURnEV

AND JIA.I:<E 'Y'ESTO~

G!HHO'G'If

Was,hhmgSoiib Away
Soil emsiOi'!t
,pii'ld kind! d~~ifadi;llti~i'I re .~,riiOI;l~ i'ellls to devetop,jng (.(I~mltfie~, a t~ Not olllV d!~1 '!h~ydimillli~hrQod5<e:c!llri)tvill~d Ultreaten terrestrial eco$y:s'lems:, blilt. thte~ ,also c;ause sub5tant.1lll d.:im<llgle to nea r-s.hore marllle enl'lllir'Olltfil1l,erds. Iii'S· the (.al.!iS~:ii!IiId!e-m.ll>f!l o-h!Jilt @f!(ls;1tQJmt '~~-plo~d ~~ha[n >ii!hill toOward ecm!1l ~ balil'L-g the pmbiel1ll\. hiil;tmkal JEli!.Jxdsare tneet:iedtlli p'i!lce llf'Iod,e,Fn ratesi n

Il!~r~pe(!thie, F1~~l~trtll et· al. dQclJ!meil!~ IhQ~71 ,e-.resioJlh~s an~l.e,d IE.o1!:S~ Afrfca, ill regrDQIl pm rI.'iCIJhllrt~v~LneraMeto the lOSi5of fetrti ~e'lOiI, Iby a naLy.zitng iii 3,00!Iii~~H(m:g rtE!coro of B,arc~ r alio!!: l!iJ (orals~(ll)ll1d on t!he 'c@a~t or Kenya, These filUm; lien-fe' as .1Itg ood Iilm.x,~f;or ~o~h!,r,osiol'l b8c1llm,~ mest or tilt e Ba flu x,~"O the s~~~~t~~ Sl'em,$'from rii,t'€~ disd1'aj'g~ ,a,t 'lihe klt:;~til)!i! w-:htElretihesait'lilp'les w~m~ iuqui~e{j ..S:horlily <lner the' ye<lr[;9(]O~r IB.afC[I ratios bl!1~a1m toimrease s:leiildiLy b~o~dI '~I1I.!,i,r COP'!'lp.1! rrati'oi'@Qy ~tw!'I',i:lW~. if) the pj',e((!~j!1g 2 00 y.e-aJ~$J: t~,~in~t~a~. \ i~i:f\Wse ,Ciol!'~de' ,ciu.e~c British ~!UI!JTi!Mt of Uile:rIHI;iw Illgh !"licis or I(;~fiy(! b i;lnJUtllcl milt time. ~I enl~:~iivesoi~i(On~~a'tt(n:tt pol](iiE!s,~re n.o~iIil15~ijhJtt.ed" the ~itl!lI'liorl will pUlbllbly WQJ;s.~n ln UII~rllJtll~' ~~;;U.t!S!ll(Jlf UN~WI.!I1try's groM ng P'OPl)llaitlOIil, teaclhl9 to m@l'1eil'lltE:'iiIlsnvelalild ~!~.e, s iI'I1elias:lihe nl'l~rea~e;draiM a
e~ect.etJ II\ri~h g1ob .. h'll~trmillgl. "OS

E~ VI! 'R:ONlMIENinjU

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demollls;~lI'ation.

Ii- laM him!'!] TiIJ'~-IbI-1rIlIDI'QII ~'~~IMfI!~ IJrlJilllliUlN\'no:!I tI)' AiPrB Coipllliilim t4~ riltrl i~_~ ~ilSlil~.l!J illflicali!n, (If blfllllJJW!llll ilpfillit.lJ5." ~~~, Ifu"rOr fBuhml OIlUi!!l (Io11EInll~. -ms~nBI~ f~ fur.oor i~6cnDl'a!1!l!11 DilI11:tU'~ Lic~ AfIIIlnm lIill!>Yl"'~ 1I!l111Jn~IICrntriJ Iiiv~,FII~r Cit\l, Ca i illia ~ [!I!" LJSA_ 1t®iQ' ~~illli 1Ii~1Jm!. 1\,l1iI~~ IE:!I!'lIOI.lifllllm. ~io:l B~~~ iIIiIl1.II ~IlIllifiN<II1I 'll!I~allr~iWk:i.m Su:~1Ii I~ nM!I'II\h!API!~ ~ C!wF"lilllfllJl!f iLl, :ili!1I:iiiI~ in 'II1Ii US i11li!i:!r mr.lii! W11111' tI;i~riIi:I_ TtrqMa~ f1Jil!li~uxllI~k~l' i~,g (ll;:IDc t.~1M ,ID,~~ 1m;.

HlIJIIIl1J(] 1lJ~

EDI1IED

il:Y CONSTANCE.

HOLDEN

To (eL@i:lrat!! lhil! 200th ,aDHlliv@~$aryQlf ChaJrl@s IOoiln1.liins birth." p.tJir or IBriU Ih.a".:e gottel1 togelitE!'r to bui~d 11wod,]IDj'g rep,H'ca of &lMS, Bliulg'lll,the S~iIP' Illlal OOI'e< DaJr'l'!Jin
a rrOlJ i1dl the

A21 st Century Beagle

wOorld.

The I1IM:5, 8eogtr Pmf~(lWa'le5, IOlllnded liJy David ~m·l·pm.iWlls, a Welsh ~.i1IrliTler,. ii~d Bifili::ihr ulvfrQrllm~ntoi!ll, ~~.rileF ,Pe'~'F McG,falh, intef!:d!l th~ $hlp a~ ii1 !!aJilillg dasseoem and ialoor,atory. IdenUciJll to Dhe'miglinal. oln the (lui,side. the $6.4 mil.lioIDI, plri'v<lt.ety funded ship will b.te hilrnished wUh 21st c.elltury na'lligation •. ~ar,ely. ,and

(o'm rliIu,n~'a l1011l~6~ l!i pment, For it~ ri r~l 'Iloy-a '1Je, 'the retP~ka, c:r,eJ;'l'~ by 30' scientists a nd s.aillQ~. will S ~11.iUOL.llnd Ithe ~'Mmld~o~lowing lh,e path o:f the originiliL Smole in ~:hE11.S31.-3:6 voyag:~ lhall ilupir!:d DarwjiiQ's. O~ rile ()~fgit~ Q/.'5{)(!(ies.•tJ.ffter thlll s:cieOli~l!! "1m be ~'ble ~o use lite' Inew B~gie ~or f'E!'S@ilf'(:I1. primarily on clilll1i1.alt~ (hlng~. !SaysJ\'cGra~hr. OM' project he is wfl~ir:l'~fi!1!g~~ 'lising lI'~,e .BMgle.'!> ~og~to co m palre the di IlIl i3i~.eor ltl e lL830s 'M'I'iU'n ~h!i!llc:lif today. Bmadcasl'~ of @'.xp~rurn~nl!i.l'!~ wen as 1,e,tU.!Ft:'SwiU be a'y'ailaltil~ t,o I,ails and d:u-sroomsarour!d lhE! w~rld Via allll<ls.·yeHJiflbuilt \I\Ifebsite. The l[;)rQ1OC~i51td1ended to p~~. some ~ai.~e INlck i!'Ulo 5.{ief!ce" .QJm;faurr~<I'J, ore~lJl1g m Illeo;ple liIJlhe rr ~1d1,says ~G raUII: "We nfHN:I to use IProps lik~ tille Boogle to g;~l tlW'ir p'lIl~e~ to. 'q ui(~eli!,"' (QilS!r'uctJiQJi! is L'O be gil!1 e-a I'ly .fII\i!\Il.t.yealdf!1 MiUolid HilVef1l, Wates, OOl!gn'l. Th@ gafri~ 'is. [~n1it@d to @.xp~rl.SwhQ ar,e orr Pr<l.MED, the dli;5~asE!'lIl{Il'Iitori n9 nelwor~ of 'the IfI~iemaU()fli!l S:o.del,y r(lr Inle(~imJs mS~,M'!';;. ~~rn!1~ pe If:Sp,~c:tirve. ",elY M~ovalive our it's arnd 11!:t:.cnt,irng," :S<lrYJi FlroMED EdHClr larwfern,r:e C. Madon c'~IHaf~ard M~kal Sd'iQol iiJ1IE!O;StOfi~ I,i\I~O' n@jm teen roll aloo!J.!l :1.00 p1.a.yeF$ (S;~~ fh,l,I1~did.lo.n.JUio'i'lla_edlil}. ~IIi1i\!'ers"ilyof ~owa .. phy:5ic~an Philip POI~I~Ei!l!1'I sa'y5lh~ Iowa E~e(ttolilk Markels., wl1id11 beg:anil11968 by predkU illig ~iheouteemes o'f we5idenHtll e~e;cliDnli, ~~.arted selling Irlu r Lllmes to r the slate ol ~OIO'll<l 2: yEl1!rs ·~go•. P~~Q~,~nys, d!es,Pil:e< ~hil!lillY IP~Qr· ~
mern bers its.--wililllrers (alll g:aln ol1~YilbolJi! 'SlOO'-I.he pwj~d. di!ICiCEid to d@a~ ill ~Ol~ilJf!i1b@C:"!J~@ "'lhe~'s a~e!il~ 'th1lll Pe!(!P~etal~ less exllielfle P05~'tijOmJ!\~if real !ll"JQ!ley 1i5, i.!'IJ,!-o![ved.

WI~llNO:rllhiAmerka IllCI'I,!'e r.r5~ {onfiumed GaS.e its

~

!!)ff~~n il1lilue!ilizailefore Jlll.y? HeCllllh agel1a.es Ciln"t. a~r :!i~uh 'Quli!sHQn~.But they Imary gain .11 fI ii.ich be~l,e,rsense or the bfrd fru Il'lem! ee thanks
[I
rI,

,~' to

JOl'E~d<It !.he UniVieirs'il'l.lor towa that IE,t!;

.~ e~pe;1:Sp~awb~l:S Om! hilW th~·d!se"s€! iII~U$p~~d•.

;;;j; With a, $250.,0001 I']filill frulfl lllilt Ril:I!bl~riI, ::'~ W{loci ]OihI'lSQlll FOl!lndalion, the utliver~lY w'il~ ;:!!' 51(lk~ '~.iIl;pert)to Avian$lOOO ~U.S. $100') to ptary :~ the ~lJtures oga.me 1111'2~:!u~alr e,xperf!rnent narll~g a this IillOn'th. Playe~)will.lgllY ~yesn Of "rII0'~ shares in n diUe:rernl pred ktions" ,§ltJdn as wh~,n ,md
'~

I
I
;
CI

.~ ~ h~r@ I~l@'nu ifiiiUspf'@iJdi ,al!l~ ~\lIH!Ihe~1 rl~WQ~ld .. ;..', HB:! ilh Org<lni.Mliol'l ,vi U ril~~e it~poi!nderllic __ i I/Ii'i!ini; rlg Il@v!!1 befOl1ll '1 ]rI..!~y. 1f11 ~ pri(@ p;ilf shs r~ . o rnnge:;; ILiP tCJd!J;\I'i!iln~ ciI!!pendi 1119 th~ 'rna rkel. 1 en

.~
't:!
::i!
'~

Scientists keep a dose eye on VeSUi~l!5.,ene or

the
~!lQ

rld'

5- !ll,(n:~l d;;!llFlgeml,Jl s voh:allQes,

~\lhlfcill

W~fii 1li~1'I(1beltt~:r~,C!oUe'C'! via~S 1 for ,every :sha ~e A

..
'" 9
,~

,r'.
I'm""

«When

8
[jf

!
'~

'Weibs Q~UJlIlem.nm~(.~~d IlJQl~i!fQ:i ilFld gu'~s :-1 'keep cells mnning., lQ,explo,re these networks. cvisillBloGRID rro!'ri Iil1ICileolaf blolo!Jjisl Mh:hael~yer~. of [mE' Samurel Lll! FI@'n'~,~laJ R!!i@',1!!J'(lh r nsti ~L!'t~ 1n Townt!:l,.
(alfllld;'!, ilrnd

Moh1!~(uLe,s ,M,e,e'" -- -

the Bay,Q,f Ni.1lple-s..When j'~empte-d girl 79 C E., it caus!(![i!ho!lllS.:l nds of d~alrh~. PIsl mi~lr efl.lplio fl, lod~ \~ouild be fair W>Or5e; Mort~l~a f! a
lOQmHlve~ ildiU·rnul.lion people now liVE! in tme '''Red lOne,"
il

d~)igna~ed e'll.1iCUallOIii area around the· vel-

csno. Resear(~'E!'r!i headed by A:l!QlIsto Ner'j ilIl ~he N~ticmlJl I n'~Wlli~e Q~ G<eQphysks ;;!Ind \l()kilnology il'll PiSo1l, I~:a~y. hlIv@ 1iI01.!iI wmpl~~ed

o ~
:J: '~

:~ e
,.,' 1:1
,~

..
~,

(oIh'l\'lgUe:!i,. St~wed lhrerre,aJr~aU ~lflO\'i.rlg;enelil( a If!~ IJrot~il1 im~l!ra(~101il!;flfl blJldd ing ,Y'E1E1 !>l. al.0Il9 will;h palrtitll11 ~ fou !1rll!l!1ilau. iii~ilI'IalO~leS, afil~ [rryit '~lies--miOre than 161iClOQ ,mocfa.lim1l5 in, <IlL Curalors gll€ii1ll1 d:ata IiI',tDm tm.eli~rBra~lIreand II pd,a:te~l1~ oola~di~mIIlQlilthJy. Each el'ltry maps the >l['flisOJils",r ~ j)arliuliH proteqlll 'If g~llleilnd ~,l!mma,riz:e~ l~e e~errilmel'ltal evideiil<oe 1m e.al!:h aSi5(1di;lli'~n. Abl)llle, the ilFl~erac:;tij·QfI neaw0'rk for the I1l11zyme C.dc 14. wh~th ~on!IFQ~S the e",ftl rifOIlll ml~t0-5,i5,,, >;;>0 wll'1'W.lh,~tJiQr;gJ id.il:I flI

what. ~hey :Sill! ar~ the! mest de'la~hM .~Dr.imul.Th(ions yet or just ho\!,Ithl ng:oI'I'IlgIII unfold. Above is an ~ rnag:e rnmll ~ !il1Mi~m·scdte eru fltiol1 smnario ilfWo~ving "partial collap~" of the vo~(a,rlk c:o~uflm.ll~e' t.wo glray douds r(!'p:re-sent py,ro(lal~.
ticd'ensity 'wnents-a'll(li.anclle'5 of hot goilS.eS" a41, and mck-JOD ~e<(!olld~ ';I'~te,rthe on~l of

the (o1lap.s;~.n,r: simlllaliolls anll de$cl'bad ]Ifl the 27 hbrIJary Geop~Y5ico{ Reseo«i) ,(ell,Ef5.

w'I,iWiI.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. a L 31 S v

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1345

You could
Vies" il1'van bappen to )!Io m IFecSearrch~Ihenext Eppendorf . Neur"obio 1:Q.gy oo'i,IIld be~ol,J r$! This a.ranuiill' fl'lge;1!rrch and Scknce Pirizefor

be nex
pn2'@ irre{.,ogll'[email protected] accompl~sil'm@,nls

lif you"r"e a young SCieinHs.t makingl lnreada in Il1eUlrobiok:l:9ry

in nei!.lfiob~oJ,ogY'researoh based on methods ofmo~ecu~r and cell bio~agy." 1I1'i1e inne r ,al1ldfil'lallists, are seleot,ed by w a committ:oo of irndependelntsc~etntist:s, dhairoo by thle cdiirtoif-iilll-ChieM crr Science. Paslwinn,ers
includ,e

POOH:iocloral scholars and assistant p:F'ofesOOffl. To be eliglib,h!!!, YOtli must be 35

lif YOi!.l\re selected astlhis year's
yeaJi'S

or age or y'OulI1g:er:

w~nnell':, YOilJwil1 ir€{leive i'lf!~he pliestigi:aus journ>a~

$:25.,000. hav'e youifwcJq-k published

Scienr:;;e ,iilr'nd !nViltedto visit C'pperlldorl ln Ha.mbLllrg, G;ermmy" be

G~t: r"@"Coll9I1lwZ!edi! Deadline for entries:

JUlne 15, ,2007

www.epw'{!nrdQtf.connl[pri.ze www.epJP'{! I1Idorf:sc~enceiPri2e.. rg o

eppendatlfi
&Scie:nce
f!'FI:IZEi: F"OR NEtlIROBIOLJ1GY

" WIUD

'

BY VUDHIJI1

:BHATl'ACHARjIH

Movers
Pit:RUt RJSIIIN G. h,'aI'!Ghi.'iit~ of U!t'i a '$ P'(lra i rid;l U11iV'i.;:!'~.id~~d 'I PUCP} ,~<ISbecome tTh,e "J·c~.3eology dilrec~.or for tb~~n~tjt~H(l N;;!dl~)il,JI d~Clj,llh.~n~-in dJe'ct the mlti~ll'1';\i h~~~d ~.I'>CI.UH::ologisl overseer ef one 01' the world's mosrimpenaar and .~rchaeol ~)g~,'l,;,pani mgllii es, The:¥"ie-lnJ ined researcher, whowill a1
C a tQ~iii:ade] Peril

h'll!p ~,li 1P1JCP post S'll.C\)~ed3 Y~lri C'1Sl roo s G he'L1::~be'~o.biI,~s a grm ....ng 'Cil(j re of L arl n1,A meriean O!IJrch~l.::fll~ to i oglisti) who ;U'~ g<linin£l intemational prominence, Ahhough P~nr\,li~!l!~ h~vc m,fld~~~~~!'!'ti,al c()mribmi~)~s ro A!~d(l:f~!l studies since the d<lYs Q:If Julio C. Tetlo ( ~S80~1.1J47~. Ihe field ,~3:S typic;lilly been dmll i.H!lwd by beuc:r-fund!r:!cl~ he u.e'r-cq~1~'PI~ed. nd bettera trained ::<cieflll]st:ll from North Ame.rica .JlI1d E1lIWpe:. N·o\v. MI)'S ar.el19.eolog[!;t.lILlLi~ Cm.tiJlo ofPllC~ '''[her~'s !I ~~.ewge~eration ef ~re~eIH1cher.s"..;1:10' can \"lOm as ,Ie.~dersor equelparmersv .... irhpeople from Fmm;:(:, Sr~i u, ~Uld t~c: U S," Th(!im;::Nas~ i~ IO(:~I] t:':'x]1Cn I'H,;~ is!~. ~y~.isl~~,di~~ to "fI'1;!J~ and b!i.::'~t!;;r w!Jrk," One ~N~lmpll;i:Ghe{'~r~ ~1mly of a 23{Ki~YC'iQr--old Oh!;e:li\,'l:UOJ;Y in aertheru coastal P'el"l~, thtlt OlPP~!lD"0d .vn Science las~ '\'eek (2: MO!!reh. p, 1206]1.

M,O NEY ,MArllE,RS

PUBLmc :HEAlllitii U.I(. TthehJl!!1!del' or the la rge:$t IPhalrm.lc.e LJ!:icalld ata sellVice$ company "'fI,d his; wife nalle' pl:edged $SO mil~ lian to lrneirii:'l,litllJtilon at \,';ihic:h il,~begall his ~(.i3,demtc (.;I reer, l3io'5Ialb;tid!1lf! Dennis 'Gimll'llgs. who once
~!IDrkl'~

sereed on the feeu l~yo f~h~ School or PlIIblk HeilUh at.lhe !Jl flIlV~ rs.ity 'of Nlowlh
Carolina, OI~pel

\!jiorl< onissses sucha s a(:cess~a,clrinb rag vlIai<er and ~nidel1iCY of di,n](all tnals. "there nlLIS,~be' a roil!i~Xl'ri1ln:di Ilimryb~sllf<@r way [~o (olldll,l et lrialls~, parfku la rly where '011,1 r compln~ngl P.O\lJIlUCilil'l come in," GHI~f'lg$ s:ays. TijH~s(II1Qol hOlpesro foster the use of"bu~in ess p r .ii(tk.~)~o, thillt~.hi2 d~ mlve-ri €iS,[m ad ill by t.~e ~dbs:11((I11li !be dis$~minatedl, ~ IR.inrler iJdds. "'There ere too moi:lflY 9 00<1 d~s(o,veriie-s ln lJublic. heo1lLthit1ut s;n Qr:1i 'shielve5." FUS·IIOIN HEAD,. !Raymond' FOJl.ck ls tlH~ ne~v hedi[l ,of the- Office ,e]'f FI!J~ioFil Elf1le~gy S(i~r'Ice at the U.S. 'De'p'artJTN~'!ll of Eller~1V (DOE). Fom:.I<,who e'dlrilil1!iF tl1ii~Y~ilr oeocdirrH!' (:hi·~f s:ciientist. of the IU5. ~:J'Iojec:lofWlce'ror the I ntern anen all Thill r mo n Lil dea r IExpel'l menla 1 R:~li:lQr, 1,I'IIm be .re~PQI15i l.e fQ r everseei ng b DOE's p<Thrticip'!il'lion in the<$12 bHliol'1~non. Hie (!(Nne5 to the PQS;i'-\lIl'Ciar!lL S,l!1Ce Iormer head Anllf1leDilVi,~s Irellrll1d in April ;;t~06from 'IJ~epmY)l(:s, f.1!(u[ty or ~me University of W]scon 5il11, Mad]sQfL

I-IliH,and now h~ads Q 1II ijlrlti les Irans-

n aliona l wa iI'IUtilt!

s.chMI~o, ~timLlild~tlt jn tHI¥,~tiijnl 0 n key lcca l ~l'Id 9 leba l. IIIea ~t~l haU~nges.,. :11'1 re-c:og !lltion of the gW:, c the sdroel has Ibeen, retllame.c:llhe D~r1ni,and J,g,an Gming~ 5[hoQ,1 ,of mobal PuMk HeilllU,. ~ . ThO' SiCtlOOl'S.dean, Ba.rbam RfmQr, says ,~ thehJ,!~dswilllbe !~ed 5_t:illrt n 'endo~m~'rll ~(), a

'i

~' 'thai \vdL :s.uppm t nnnovaHOIl1 laborato I1(!S to

~
.

They Said It ~'.'.

"IIIa~5!oWl1lntttto show~halt people need no~ Ibe ~imiledl by physlca:~ handk:aps .als.I~!ongl as they are not cI~isabl~d 11111 s.p,ir]t.."
-.Plil~sicis~ S~!i:!j;lhen H~~illig, wh'Ohils Wlil Gehrig's diseaise, !llI11l1 why he wants I/O t~lke ill ~erQ-gf~vily W~M Ulh April,.I-!'~s~y~h:~ IlPlmal)' J'W~n f~ ~e~r!cctlm~e p1,jlblki~~~r(1'stI"] I ~pi3{'e' night. 50URO!;"; lire f,k,'{t York 1i.l'1lfS

IMCI( 'N PLAY. WhHe S~U:~fir~g tp dliauJI1QsJe T:;mHlIjit. K.allillf (ablJllII',e, left), OJ paHHlibiijli)E]f'S,~ oiIi·~ Virginia lPolyl~i1 nih: l:ri:stH.uu!! a nd ~ml~ U nliVoersilyI,ll ,Black$bu F[I. \~'Olldered wl~e~herlihe[e was a wwy to r~dU',ce the: envirol'nrn~flta,l,ifllP1.ld of herr rese<:ilr(ih, Wi~h lh~ he1p of an;hilecl mr· Leagul2' Man Lutz (~bover ~ight); she's come u~ \vlt.h [Ill an:l,~\~r~ the' ";odd 's fn rst fully "'O~lalp~b'le', !liIoblile [[QJbo.r~to:ry. Th~ two-story f.iiolily C;]I'I ho,ld IiilbQm~(ny e~lJiIP:rl1le~t 'on the b>olh:m1f[ijou,.i!ldJl!di!1~1

dn sease irn chi mpalluees,

complJl'e~$, m'i(iI'cl5(~IP~, ami

,111

re'h~D:eta'lrIr,

and four r,llse2!wGI1!1l!"fs onlhll! s~a:o!'lld I'loow. Ill's m,i!d~ of fi!)~rglaS$ md!: and s~d~~ga~.iJnliiinumr p~!'Ie:[$lhtil tl1ld, in~~, ~l;;'(i~, The !~b

win be~if,!j)~O'y,(i!d this

~!rll;ere1~~U(5 gfQupis m<mitmil'lQ prGglam

'illmliller

in Tan,z"aniii,

e:stab~ish]ng a heQlUh~GlI (hiil'lilpiil'ilz~es.

w'I,IWiI.sdencern ago org

SC;II~Nelc.

vo L 31 S

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1347

NUCLEAIFI WEAPONS

Liiverm'01r,e Lab D:iIPS In,t'o:the Past '10 Win 'We,apon:s Desi'gn Conl'e:s,t
\;llhat's lhe trick ~t) ~l;"Dnl1ing a camperitien to des,ign :1 nuel ear hn~d~ \vh(llin you
C.Ul'l

d.eMilo:l.do!l

O~1ireemputer] r.tu;dlL::~" d~ri~!:! ~.!HQ~~il't'l:red [ u~i~g(:<)'~'Venli.o~RI ~xplns1 \I~S al Livermares S~te 3,00 r<licu~,il.y. That \\~lS both "very ~li ".ry.~ng·'i<~the teasn Md ~1:we~l~'liy lIISeli~1 j)J,\O'\rillg tbe dleSU!?iIl '''credibi lily;' S<lYS ill'l. S

liv1;lrmon;: m<li'UIg_erlB'r~lce Gomiwin. Bmh ,v.ullni Il(gand llosing clesii£lIls ft:lul[~d

comrcls [f~ 1J1iwart deteuation byl~.h:vcs and explossves ti:la~ are safer 10 handle, two lei! 1:]iC(ll'S, NNS}\ hm:l \ii;~m~.lh~y also (lOf!l,li~€'d IlO beryU:umn. an element used in :Jrollkes that ~sell health l]mbl!en~Jl;. TbeNew Me.'(.illO teanu a!.lded ~~her bel I~ou'ld\~~liSlltl:i. im:lmJimg afea'llI:rerc;\;~~I.'I:~1 1 :>t~ltteel,eel.ri~ily, 'ilvhich can h C<1l~1. e <ICC ideiLl ~ I d et 011 ..~,l io n S" Th e New s .. Mc:o;i(lo <l!.;:signhad ",ml!lY liCatJl,lil'iCS thal \"~rc

bluwi

s~,ow ~,tworks by ng. it 'iJ],p'} lm irate

•in ..h:emJY·ll'~It'\d v.'io:~p(ln

jll::>t ~:~u:mghto P:[f'(M:: your de$;ugli ,'\,fiU do~i~lejQb. nUlll':!; Iheap proeeh

I'ull~ IW~ db
pb:ysi,c.;h>l:S

y .H

,,\I'4;i,U

j)'U!1 ~

m~~ lrm~r:-;I:bmlO'lli(]~l.,1 [~~i'!dl ... seme

<I rg ue

'1>HJU!ld

Lawrence

Livermore Nl.llion..-.1 Labo ..

li'atory il1l C<'!,I ifm:i1~hi i.l~ a

are ben Q r" ~: haa t hei r :dvi:d, says D' .l\glf;)stiml.a r~\ft~'!~ ofthe rub ts rup'l~nui(_]n as boeiJligl'I~.e mO:IN,;: Ol~serv<uke or llill.e lVl"Olabs, c

Bali'll!: Grill i~:.llirlP~E!!.tin' world':!: h:limh 1'I10Sl powerfiUl :~i1lpem:l<impu~~r. gree '"offQln~.lu::~ear tests ga\~e it the edge, I new I~-b.)mb. 'fhl.;: d,1UI~ Ile~ped ~rm'~n~ liverlll'1O~ wii11 ~ b~ml~(le-.sig n ~oltil,pe'M ti@l'Il. n~u,,~~.pidc31~vklcltcCW1~Y nothc c'J1.ough ielllge.which piue,cl Liverto i<.eep the pr"O'Jr.lllll 1n0''I''i11g fO:J:'w<l:nil, .h.mVevt'iL. ~::O!'!nl;ll" Lhlif;'ri!~~ar~ di~(1l1!r B·fl!fC~ Taner S<.'L1'::'; mom .agatiOClst'l:reh rival Los Ali}.mos Nmio!lO;'ti by scourlngthesrebivss uf t:~~ rnu~hhl !Ie, daesn'l, Ih,intk DOE 11~<IIs ~OIne IUp with <I ye~: Labor-nOl'), in New Me1>!.i 'W3:!l IiO de5>igUl. a ee, ~000 u:~(leu:griluumlml.cle'lr~~tslh:;lt the IJl1i'ted weapon th~lt \',voll~.dn"t require nuclear testStales lsas peI'Jom-.:d. But l!hey leaned dH]f:relllt speeific melhod, to measure 'iI\~l~~:~.eJ," des;ugn the IlIiI,I;;"!I;:tN the \."rii~d;gl~ gfbeing Q(;:r~il'j;,j,bk: ··wi~·~,. in,g..apractice the US. efl'~I,;'~i'i/dyruJr$~t'Qg,'~ 1~;Fl$ fi"\..Jftllhe J:;'u~. Livetmore phy~ici:i<t and in .~ 992, A1Ud IDOE. ol~ciclals say tlm~ soundRRVV lco:!~~il' .H2111k O'Brren ~s l]~il a. Vi'~]101l Oli,llll'C([lli.ring nue IcaD: t.c&ting" as it advenlses, uess of:l iV~:lr,mJ,ml;e desi gil was 5Upei:UOI' '1:0 a '5 dle:)i£!!] tested fcur rimes ~1:Jm the I!}SO:s bur Some ,~awm'I~r!i i1:1 'C'O~,1gJ1-e;,5 are wOJ:uiedn.£ (l:eemed to be lOo"overs.nz-ed. and he<I,VY" b."lL'ie whether R.RW is. even r.1it::ede(t g,[V\cn recent IlnQre n,'tlve I pro posal ftoml Los A Iamos. "Th~~W(i~.about :sun in g o~Tw ith the mO&1 d~iri~~,! Cnhj 'War turned mlt~n he J[lg,~rad fiffildi!'!~ I)~Jt tl~ p:l~u.on~ inside t;I~~\lI~I.1J:lm:itoi [he tum Ctll1l .1.,:H!.l [anger l~l,;1Il expected ,[Seienct!, ccaservarive appreach," says Natjcnal basis: for the :1J1,ewomb. ln eentrast, Los b 8: D<;c~mber 2ll{J:6.p,. ~526l'they 'l]K~) \,\o'urry Nuclear S!<lCUrh)i Ag",ncy (NNSA) interim Ai<"!l'!Ilt\<1offici.d GI-'1:1 M,!f<l ,[!.1;,'kn(l'I;\'l~g.~~ !:~;AA head Thamas D' Agm:;t na, v.,'~m i aunonueed hiis U~"d111'j;deS!i;gJIl 'ViiIS IIDI. in the "Hlm iqtlc S\ve:~ about its impaet 011 erm.1S 10 (;mb ~~Hde3t, prerhe out(lO]l~!):' lasrweck, ~p(n_s oi.·]pI'L 'iflU~ [~dfic] .... d\:.s.:i.gJI1SL1ull \l;~r,C in lil.~rnti(lll., "[he pmgl'$1n !w£ ~. '1mllb,"C-i[.-tll~~~ 1:IiI.e Rd ii,lble Rtl,lli<lc:el;m::IDiI <J:meOiw q RR:Wl W drne s;\OOkpile.:" ,dhmlah m1JIli)" m.Iin,C'Ie<ID' te~1S and you~s.o ~ong '1:~<1I<1Jt:ter:'~,,~,)I~ -a lq)res.elilt<l.'~ ive P:CL~VilVC]fiSky ,~DLIN).~h~lir. of a I<~y I~k)u~t;: pnlg~lln \1J;!1!; ~~ up,b;r Cf!11gr.~.;to ifi;~0mit;:c ~W{l4J.;:lli>i:~:rn:rm~ II:> d~igll" Vi,tillrn basjc desIg .. ill h1l'lTIiI11:1~eCalilbrnia ~\Indillg pmtell. He 's dlli;);!l~ene<il, to C.H~,~md~ng the <1giIlS, u.s. swclp:ile. The l"\'I,'O labswere h~ cmnpeti~'!g to ~pl,,~~ <i. ,\ ... !11~~uJtll!;Qt~Ul~'f~T!!iiy ~~mll\,V~~~ O!~ to PGrftlr.~~~. 28JlOO ;.;;im~- for 'RR\:VIiJi:~~:~J.;;*,s ~G~S amere ··(1!\)h~Nilf' some :iiit:; <l~llP mis!iii I~l'! in U.S. :i~!lJmiilru~1~. mnl; yf S lated l;lx.plosi~Jn!j fthe deviee on t:t~eIeh 's e..... o ~Jh:II~~.tioiil purJ:l{l'.5l;.\. of~t,.\'i time oo.mbs are ~llQ[lre[han 30 ye.:1I":'i; O:~dand sei~OO"~~I:3I~'!JI)s s.ulX!'reompu!el,·" These rum. :mg~ A panel of .ml.c~:ear \'\ 'C<lpollsexperl's con" el]j~:u51.sCaa 't deronaie them [(I see hIJ\,v l,\i~1~ g.e~tA.-'rl hew eeuaia 1iiI,1~JlI!II.I:~'!JCluriL~g defi::lils or vened by theAmerican t\s50ci ..riou foa: the t~1ey',rc 11~f:1dup, AhhDUg!~ lim: fllC~LS is, rdlfln.ij." des~g~. dUl1mgcs\mu~dR~foct.~lS pcrfhnmmce Ad'v~utCemcnl of Seienee '~wh~,chpublishes tiry •. R~{ b; 1l~.s('1 ntcnded Il'O cn.~ne s;;"rer. I.T!Clre ~ &i(!Jlc(;,~ hm\;caned for "imlependem fit:'fiew \li.'iJ:mL s'ubjecreci to Irlldi<l!t~{ln. sh,;;~kinS.mKl high set: L.I[e, di.Ul.d gIlieenerWeapons, IBm. cr:itoc.,s say tlhe l:empe:~·:JHI,re.s.111I1 e:!llr~,y 2006, Ihelc:'ams ~:ed!~,] " to IIno !]ito[Jf he next ~lluge:sof Ime RRW s t pmgram.liCl:>AIa1lH.'II>. hm: f~hftd}1 '~L;;il given rn;l.\,tr.-.Iln, \"~hich i.1!lu~d('(]i5l mo:['(; tI!liU~ $7.25 mil· I,;\xchal1g.<;d w~~n ;(1111"<; ufl'lda~de~crH~~da~ ··pl~.{lale-1xIDk~ized'· dollsi.el'!> Or,d~ls.s~ir~oo, d,na lion by 20 ~2. is ~.ui.sdirecled .,nd COUnle:w~ ~1~'1l <lIS a ,cQm;olnl~OiI~ ~lJ.iz:e, lLive~,~M]OIl'eS [~Ie OtB;rie:lms~ws h1;!l'~··n()UiIji~(r' II<I\'~\,\,t)~.• ~nd 1'0 pmJU!(1~\;~. ··niB: could $(;'r~il;;~O "nC~l~~!~ ~le 01'1 U,eir \:\~'ip<"~n, ~m!"'oll"b for I~oorr~vi~'\I'.\,~~I! kll nm,otiv~ne~:.lllU uliI:.'t! I:he next s,t,eps.• wh,i.ch very p,rolifemtion\w are' tl::lI.ing to pl'eve~,1C' ~l~,lIDj,i,e]dled so.~~,e:~ml"ilt,o\'lelnenls,. (Smne ,of los A~a~~o!;'s, R.1W fc,fllures might be:i~h1:c,., hu;l~tdcfu~~~scal(: ~ Semim [)uQIlI1J;:F(!hL."t~in] A). ~!mlgill\eer1ng l;!udueli ~1I1tl~l!J'gmtt:::d il1llto~lme C'.. ~dbmi<l design.) Ihu the illl£, resctlrchel's llO ~~.Q\.,~~Ii1.e d~igl!ll rent;;ts to To look 1:0 the fi.lhqre" bo~~, tl:'<Lnmsslaned : wit11lhi;,': p~SL Bolstered w~th el1~J,:uu:;e]"i!lg UWli1norol~!lm.~.., O· Brien, ;;t k!.;;y !no.m~ll OlI"]ifctlme ofs:h~lke. It'<iu.k, Ilid. l"" S~s; ~ ~m Good,,>,un. ··We·'\.'e taken l:ilcfiIF8't ~~Cp5. hut ~ Cl"et">'S :suppl,ued by S."ndi<l N.u:icnll~l~, ,[,aOOr.ilifo· came h,.s~:A.~.gIU5t,\"rben a n~loc~U'pofrhe h.'s.~ lur.uggro;;ut"..jE!l1 ,KIN:liIISCIiti S ri~s i!l1!Albuq~loe~ll~e., N~,'v1\,1,e:>< itXh 't~lfi;")'~'g;it!'l \:\'~ap(ln s~o.,,'(;,j"lim Gxoo~IC,liIl ;;t!;lOOJ.;;l:nefUwidl

Departmeut (If E~lergy {DO IE) cnntest 1;0 desigll,l a

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been superficial."

ing I::llU.H5 <nul dml ,g~~I~:-;w:itl b e in d!l:ll!l:laQ,HI as. 51(.': ien~i,:!~5here embark 011 an ambi ~ious
rll/ilW

8Qth van A.!rd,~ and Owen-Smith me Univ'ef~ily of Pn:'wri<l,N COIIH\A~r\'.t~ tion Ecolo,gy R.es~ ...rch Unit. argues dun members of the Elc:phal]~ Science Rou~ld
of
lhll

week
h::y

research 'progrll1lil~ announeed last ~'!S part of the gcvermnere's draf] pom~

one r~mlcdy ~s to reducethe Iliu~uhel" of water~ng ho.les. and reraeve fences to create

Table, whkh

the elwil"oml~m:;nt

]i)~

i Ul,'is~.er
a S'C:.i~

eSI<lMi::;hed .1 <ISI: ye'Ol'f to til)' toreach

to ~.ll~ml.g,.;: aml~ S

Afrkt>l'f; g~'(!willg ~I~

transberdor um(;1g~r;lfk.S:"
Several such Traasfrcrrner
'lion Areas
~UIVC~ been

ph,lnH pcpularicrr. Tlte :policy's II10!>1 con= II'oVlCr:s'i<llpl'ill' i~io:~]wm.I~J,!)1low U rIm,n,bed clllning-\~,ihit:h is l1Iot ~~i ig doue in!J!I1j' r A Ir~ei'ln ,eollnlwy-if at he r a:ppl'oe.c.i<c;l;l'hi,L :PIl!esell'I~liiglhepiJ~lli,q;y Addo EleJ?~mill at N II 'I ional Pu r k, E 1.1 i rtl !l~");len v f\ rfairs

Cunserva-

ma p:p,e J. and are

l(;nHfk censensus, ln Dl;ce~h~L Th(; 2. I = IJ'IIembe Ii p~mel" wliil,ucb included P:lrik Service e~ep,&1~nH experts, submitted a

t~:~

Seh a ~k\'lryk :said ~~ plan, suggested by a .,;C'iegH,ifi.c old", isorypane]. "'\'iU hopl£lfu Uy reduce the s,dentific uncerralnty" <Ihmu fbe OlrdJlil,nds' numbers and movements whi le managers de'al with "immed iate ~h:2lII:~ngcs'"s~ch ~I$ !l'Dli~li~mlizin!l: t~(;: darn\',Ul

M~fli:~n\:rManhifl~$
rIlllnltuyc,Jr research

age'IIH,~Ycause in parks

<mtl reserves. ]n
~)l(;!lrn.~.p]I;: .•

Kn~g~r Natienal

PM!:.;, Inr

thil?
[I

Illmnl)er cf'ele ph.l.l1ils has ri seu from 180

to

about 1i ,5000 sin,ee:cuIHllg was stopped in 2 I £)94..Nnm,bl,iir~ arealso reporredto be on rhe rise i~ Bt'Ylsw,an~a~md Zimb,;1'b,ve.
ThascOmiI'<IS,'ts ;':lh.nply with the Irend ~n \1l'\e51 .1)11(1 ceru~I.<l~, frica, where ivolrY peachA

ing has deeimated some elephampopula» ] ions. 13a.~ed O'Jilthe an~.ollnt<; of ivo~y sei zed .~ndDNA :;iOUf'Ce lmcld~g. <I r~s~.~n;ll group esrimared .i.1llI1 the Proceedings l~f'liw
j'\hl~i.r)n(lJ Acutfem.v of St'f(:'rJ(·i!.~ {PNAS)~QSl week H'IOl~ .2J.orUl .f\Jric'l'lIil e~.eplmI'lH'; were kiUc\(11 ~h~iu for IfUS! ~e~r alene, "Overalf , the tdepti'U'fi,1 pcpulatjons

UJI~"'~

b(:.i.~~,g :Jmcg~lti~h;d

~11llii~tb!ii.1JC'rl,;:'ISir.l~ iHlll$ihrrp,; nv~' or ~ix ellf:jJiham r.Hlgg;: ~1'UI.ii~··in ;;;[It:I~her!ll ~~ric';i!. A :l:myslilt: Ie.,,!:!aurhor of the PNAS study, S..muel K. Will5~i;r.direcrcr of '~he('.~mer
far Conservation Biu~.ogy ill the University (lrw~~sh:ingl:orl.Seattle, Bm declin~,]Jb'g Imp~1.~:It 01.1 are <~preble rim, i,~l '~'Im otlm ell 30=pl u s 9s ·e

in seuthern Aflii,r.;:~~ I J ~p~g.(lp.l~u th~lt C.?iUS for Ih~ cloev~I{'ipri~~~t Ihrough I:~,le efforts of rhe iadepeudem of predictive mcdels o:n. c.~eph,mt managegO<1!.Is., The mi~i~r~y hOiS P~ac~ P'irks. Found,lti()!l. [u ~Idd.i~ifl~l,~s m~mt ~lnlgfig (l!f~J;:v p,~rl of ... Ioilg-ten~.l meg11p<lrb research i! Uecated ,Jboul $,700.000 lO start the work praJec;:t. van A~)fde's gruap has outflued n ndw ill seck <Id{llii.Olm fundi ng later, l al

n~n~\:~la tes,"
SII'.UCI:po,iicm.l:1ghas,I~'~~llj,led i'vory poaching m SOUl~, Afitic~'~ w.un~ p'if~~, m~my b'lu ~ ecollog:US1Sblame IHlOr managemeat-> :i iu elud i:~.g H~e dr iHi ng 0 f l1loU'et~] an

I 3 n0

~ century in KTU~C1ir.lrk-Ic.\L ,[email protected];;dr:ag

~ rhe pm,'k:s ecol:ogk'll problem
b)1

'H~ ific

ial wateri :lrngh,oles oyer

~Iil:~ <I ~

ch<lngins

~ c lepham

~•

fI·'10\,,(':[ll.e~H

s a !HI f(;l:edi !lg

last resert ifothcl" opl..iJom;.-bel ieves l hat the new 5(1 uth Afri.c an i~1 cl m;,hng relocat ~OI'I. ra nge )111;1 [1 i,Plll<t[iJtl~. and contr,;u:epli.m.-dun·1 '!,\fo:rn. But l'Iejitt~er reseerehprcgram shoub.! :focus mlo~tly on "adaptive ruanagemem," nr'lUrli'tori f1!~ ehe o wen-Su'ili Ih nor V<ln Aard~ .. b(l~hof who~~ .J;t.'ill,ernl]y !>upmmr~ l~,lell:lJlilli:s!er:s plan, Ihinl,ks ecolegieal ~lliTIlpm:tOrspecir.c actions ..such fh,~l t:: Un~!,gis now \\'l)(!T"~r:Ii!1;!di!:'l! Klfllls,er 1P1lrn .. m~r,~mnvh'!Jl: ~em::es Of wareri ng holes. Alld rraekiag needs roceuuaue fOIr' "seveeal and both question its l,ong-tel:iI;TIl effectiveat yen rs,' S~yi; Nm:1~lml 0 \''lMn~Sn~:il~~ii1, a Imrgc~ ness, "Thc.rc is :lmO poi~t i~ ~~,II,i:D1,gIKI1,Igc 1","' 1lffi,<l~IiIHnOl,1 ecologist who clIin:C1'5Ihe Centre s~:ys van Aarde, "We know now thatjhe for African E.C'oh~:gy the Ul'llivcrnhy (if at t. 7'~~ar c·"d1i~.gpro;,>rom ~l~re.whid~ ~movcd rJ,l.e1iJ;;,r.u~,w.al:erl:l[I;an,u il~. Jolulnnesbur.g!. ·'.~I~ost m:<Jfl.y 17.000 r::le'p~'<IIlIs.did :I~(.n reduce I~J.e~r ~f!1:)Jpa"".i'l [j,le ICHm:g.nJ.U'I:· ~ROBERT .I!)OENU) cl.eplwu~~,~lVIo\"~mG!nswdtGS so h"IW
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1

91 d.ep'hIMH:i iu seven so mil ern A fr iCow coumries with OPS tracking collars. He

The euvircnmearrninister
culling as

Sl!gge.'iil5

r,n

www.sdenoemag .org

SCII~Nelc.va L315

9 MA!RCH2007

.' M8!XJlmum promc~ion agaInst aefOsdts

.' ep, Dualllil,tEIII"UI.IPkS •. availa~H!!~n ·mn SUloo

Unique two-phase filter protection with ep Dualfilter T.U~.S.~

1'~e l"eW IEp:p(!"d~i'1f' {liPIIi)~aJ"ili;!'r 1'~~.P!,S~~ wi1ti,tlfieir
IYlnique two~pbat$e 'fiilter~ pmvide >a:gaJinst(lo:nglminatiioliil" ·the, periectsllilf:eildl IFeMurf\es· ,g,ftlte ep IDIU:alil'tfilf i;111.IP~S. IDoub~e pKrtec,tvon pr01!i~ded by 1rnetwo lpililasefi'ller • Prol!ol'ides maximum prot€ot~Ci'Jfl war both IPlpmi1:e ~dsamlpl€l' • IUI~jmate abSio:rp,Uorn !1!ierosonB: 0" and biomdl:ecules. • Fi~e tmm peR irn'nit;llklf actdi~Hv:es • P,a~e:nt pencti!'l1QIMO lp!nase~llter· toohno~ogiY • S!.:!pp~~€ds~erihll·~Eppendorf PC:R olean ·and PYiiOogen~t,,€e • ~V[) 'con!ro:rml:ty • 8l81tch-r,slated cerillir'ti::a:tes ;:Jiv,aihllt:lh9

The ·~!tE'r,cof'lfSils.ts two,vislt.!~e, phialS/as, eacih wiMla o~ dlifter,'em pam sim,Thistwo-plThase,mme'( prot~ction enSllIf1eS u~ti[mate abso!!p~iio:n of aerosols Gand br:omoloo~.dea 6., (nJ~matQhing aU 'o(mvlI)f11ion'<lll·fiitlllfS. Rely on ~t, For more inFom'llatiTan glO ·~o 'iNWW.e,perndlill'f.,comldua,ntiler

eppe',ndorlf
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,METEO,ROILOGY

A, Dosis 101:DUisl That Dui'siled An IEntiire H:Ulrr'iic,Bln'e Season?'

1

B lil),ad !Iii sit:ilufe 'G;~lJen$,uIO MUUon

'Tne1tkeady ,flfll!)oYl"ICed a $100 million giJ·t rrom a ~~e.aJlthy d i~e(l mar keler tc:!, COllirlur:t resBarch on ~~v,~re n1@'nlCllu~1mJIlSs.@s such Ci s l:ripc'!,a r disoFderand '~~llilD!Ihre nia.Ih e fl!lnd ing r rmn the .S't;a fill,~ Medt(al fie ~e~lnch In:Sli !'ule wi It aHow the Broad-.1I joint 'II!mh.!ull:J;E!l'Yelm the! M~Si5.aIehuseus ,I!1iSh~llle o,FTech!1!() log if ,j3 ~d H~W¥aJrd UlnriW lfSuly-lo ere-a ~,e'iii II1l1nt£!rdi)(~lpli ll1l<lry ICe 11" ter lh.a~ r.m ll dr aw 011 the u ni"er5i~ie5' exp erti~ in neum~den(;e and g;enomi(s, Th~.center, ~O(,[llifd \\Iithill l~'~ Broad IInSliHI~, will be led bry Ed.Y.llrdS:Wln1i(~, i! f~nll@r N,Uiorhl,t In~lihl~s ,of Heanl1 re5ealr(her .and I,ne~id'~nl ,of fI\'~lHu:!f~ed ro1lld l'mJstiLute in B Cam bri d'!Jl', MaI~'5<1.dhu5,e<~.tS, ~hil5l,\1eek

The: 2006, hurrut'anc

t>'!t!;tson \Wb~ ,~m)killg:!ilinim.

E ~ NHio'~ h~jh1CI~

a~l LI:~unic ;~.on~~s i~ A s ~~S.

Three htl!rric<'l!t~s hmJiippe:d lll{;'n.~~~, HQrid~ I~!efp~;,roiled in ~ht::e~~ei"i1[ffirit:~i]Adiilntk. ;is dm,il'lg the 2.004 season, Four hurric.mes,. .~l ]1,13.)1 ~:k"lJVe OOlle l<IIs~ year "!ilhen it pUl i,m!, :SUI'" OJ ind,lL(~n,g K;nr~llI,~. f"<'I\"<'I.~>d ~l~ G~i~fC'~l~.stprise uppr:,.m~~~ b~i!lning in All.lg~l~!, in hmJ Bl~t inJ{Kl5, Now me;t~orologic3~, !;fgJI1~'!j!i,'CreU:~,<Lnthe' west, I~!.'.'arthe Cm.'.i'b,bean and the United immq,i'j :~n iti(l!l;!lelli~l,gyet .mo~~er hyperaetlve Still'e::;,. dust hOl:.'ii b~enl,~e dumiil ..~m external tlm;ilricl1'lID,e ,....e;.SOUll,. the: eigh~h,in I 0 years. 13m ~Ilfh.e:l:lce. they ~bll.nd. "'We ',Iie not dftrl;y~ng the ~()r'l;i'Cili ~I:S\J\l~re Iflr 01T th~ mark" 'The 3006 El NiilO had:a1l1l illi1!p<!lcr:' sfl}I's Lau, bliI1~"n,na)'t~e season was normal, and no liI:lllr,~~ C;i1n~~came ;ll!!l.y\vh(~;~ ~,~.~r[he IJmli~d St.nes oethe Dmi[Jbeall. NO'w [WO el imatol o!:l,lil:S are ts sllgge;o.;tin~ 'h,1l dust Mown m.:w5S t heAt'I!I:~ti{:' fro:l1tl the Saharawas ~'iVQI"11 tiu,e busloofureC'ds~s. The in dust t>~I;:~~iM,~O b~i!ve s.uppf'~s;i;ed
Sl~Iffil,ICli yil),
{,l\'r;;J

th!,;: s,uuth\\;~::;t-

Mer:ck R:~$ean:hLal.roralQri~. The Pl1(1~,ey~rom the Slanl~!2Y ~m:nlUi~e.'!mlnded by ~Il!;!'fdilTllily of ThoodtlrE! and Vad" Sta!nley. wm help 18~C!ad res.t!'dir{h~rs apply ''Ihe mOiSt advaII1iced ,g'~i1omie lQo'l~~ to Uilf biolo~y or me li1iall illn.i!'SS, sa:v::; lrni:lFVan:l PrOVQ5t Steven nlyman.
-AN!'J!RIE.W lA'W!!.I!!Iit,

em North Ad:mJ!;lc ~ml C~rib!b~'i1n by bluckln,g some ~1~ergizing 51.1n!]ghL they say. '''I If 1m lhey'IL'e on luI;; to something," s.aysmum:i.cune

G,ang iiii g Up

(Ill

JupUle r

researcher KJewlr)'Em.lmrel ohhe M m;~Lc;hu.'\Ctn:r1 ~~$i,iHn~ {)Irr(\d~ItDI~

o~r in

COIm:lni.dgc.

:IDWI,sl"miS~,l

~,~~y b(~fa I~"i!1J y~~r-hl-y~ar <l n ~],otwniQns :in ,I\mrriem'le <'l~1i...ity.

As'lhe 2006 se.:1St,~ pproacbed, ..

~"V~;H.Iirions :~QQkedpifQpi IIou ~ :Wtlr !:lJliO!:herb~uslcl)' ~:urrica:lrlC season 1.:II1p<nticulilr. therewas no ~i.~J~f o
E~ N:ii'io.\?!.~lOse P,1tciJicw;mnl.og cam! reach om h~ rhe All:;;Lfllicm~d;)lter atmasphericc lreul ,1fumll to. :mppn::ss hurricanes there. BlIt [hI'I!Ie~ m."rhd by lFt'!!ru~a~H~n>l.~!!1 nU!ill~maUy heavy surge d[l:SI.IJeg:nn blowing ot:lf Nm:iIl. A~ll:i{.'~1 !:l~ldil1JtO the wesrernArlan lk at tbe I. J ~LtU;: beglinnunsofthe ofJici•.d l,n.nic..-Inese!}S'Onl. Tv,'O

or

\~~k~ID.!r;;r. ~'1u·ra-c~\~'[l;.T.."; Df!:~~ \~~st~rb1 ~1~' AH3Illic began to 000]] oomp"1Jied ,\~~~~,temper~i~n,;':;i!l~:~~A;:~',~!tlu." ~~1,~(1~~, c~m".l(llog:i.~lS '\lVil] iam L~UIof NA SA.~ i Godd111'd SpiII.(.'eFlighi[ Cellle'r i.1m Greenbeb.

we have neglected an cql!<'I.lIy ilHlXJ:r.ttInl: 1~~C!:c!f .. irnnt ;;\mere ir1J'lpooii1:am f,telO:r_'" Many ~llllrric<lilll.eresesrehers are inrrigued lJl!J\ (:.mil"h.1l!!'>."TI1~ 'l~a~tlu:.ll\ how,\;,: an imrigl!i!'lg hYj}m~~.esis," ~ys Chr.~s.toflllC:r Landsea of" the' N~ti.m~ 1 H tltrri'(.".a~c Cen~~r :~n111 i.fn~1i, FI.Q~id*l, IJU[ "~:here8~cvr much evidence lhm. there is a dii\.~t. cause ~ll'1d t;:lleu ,gtling (in here," A~,dir dustwere illIwolved, it. weuld have been urore

A iMASt\. prQboe IUladillg lQ f!lQ.!loand a bnvpeall Spa ee A.g;en(.y ([$A) 5pac.e(~rt on its way lit! a I!:Ofllltt.wilUram liip In cllmin~]J'M;:tks insn ~fIlJ<5U ai efr(lrt to ob5!er'll'e ] ~piter. E5.#\':5 R!otieitta. ~~ulflched in 2004. and Wrr€n~ly 'iilll the n ~ghtborl'modl o:r Mars, liIIiI.~. exan~ ine U~erin.g ~f @I~m~c.ilny (h(.irg@,d~ntcles around l~~ gas 'gna I'll. pla,nellh 211. lII1Iay'stern hOin vokan k ~rl!pti;(ll1ils.'Ilnl ruts· oen ~IJ.lI.tk!'arn!tl1ii~eo, NASA's m New Hori:Zoll1lslIfIi~iQn {b~lllw)'~ped pasl. ~liJpiter ~ai$l\veelk aH'er le.w1ng Earth il'l]lal'luarl' 2,006. ,A~tlile pfob~ !l!SI!1!!;tilE1 pl,anillfs 'gr.a,vity to 5,Ung~hOl it~ \!,lay tQ Ilh,H;O,l~'e (lJ1booIFdl ins.tw" ml'rlt~ <I r;eIIJllOI1HmUfi 9 'th~ ]lJIpil~.r ~ys lem. Ihe rough ly~ nlulLa neOIJ5, obS€Nalio!il5 rrolfll~il)eh\IO' pr(!~e'S 'I::Oli.l p rQYi(j~ a lun iqlfe 5e'l ~d of data on Ihl' planet, ~We rnu~d n'l. pasl> Iii P' IIhi5 'opporlu fiity 10 sll!oy JI.]~il!I"s mettrofol.ogv,

c~~!l)plk"Nd ~I,~an !'>imrl~C{)!nli.~. ~y~ J~$[m a D'UI~i()nohh~ N;:~li{J\~al ce<!nlc ,!:~d AtmO',~O gr..phic lund MCieOf'o.logncO'II t..or,.llOry irl b
Mia:~!rTi. The du.~( OOllleS
i~l
[IJ

phcrh:

Adl:il.l.i.J:'bi::s I.rill,don '"s A Ihun:i,c Ocea no-

Mm:yl.md "!Ill! Kyt~·1\"yon,gKim of the U~liv,ern~ty.of Ma[fy.~ml(1. Ba.itim!Ol"c {'mL~].t.y. in B'J~lillnore 'll'd,lu!,;in du: 27 feb'JilQ<lfy iS~lIe of ~ £o,~'!:hlEll~;l.1e arr:ii'itl:l.1 oft:he lh~lck dllSI. o:Ind tille

layClJ: of "dl'\'I~lfJSC

e;<;;l[eme dryness OIndfuJ,gh wiM:::' iI we dUJllg1\rr to i

dis.coul<lg:e S~'Qiml d.e\-elop:L1]e'~1U ~nd irl.tellisifi= CCltiomg)S \1\I'(;i I. If d:U:Sl is <I m<ljcrr facto:r iI~tille At]aun ie. ~,l

!
i
~

ti;;' S Ub&et1J~L~''H

cuu Ii!'lit!. wer~ no cQi~~idell'le~.

The {hisl bloc.ked some: sunl ighl an.d cooled

~ ~he~U:if[!r.,'e.l~J;'y Thill ogo~i~;\!I'em o~ to s.ly. M nigg.er ~ shin to\!,,'<IIrd ,~ess;n~VOf'db.~e .colldi~ t~o:Il~i':or i"ol'lmltiml ~J,1!1ld i:~]1\t,:~1!l!if'iclldoll of t1~.e so~orm~. ~n the\~'e.s~:ern Admni'C. t~,U;1y3rgm: ..As
~ (l

\\·ill.~"!lf~y ,eunnpli(~m~:I~l'le~~Sling~J~J;! .~'I~rity nF

IlulI:,L1C1!1,ne seOliSicms. A:llDlk:i'~lti'm!.g th.e tIiliriv.d of EI Ni~10 ~~.pl10vung j,nh:::ky ~lto~Lgh.PooJicii:UJg 11Ir·tl'<Lveiool.s0l~mm dtl~t ~rn~Dnth.s 'l,le:.Jd-OOlh a ~h~ f11~e'SSi,.lry No;rth A~l:ic'lil1 dryness ;iUld tile du,st-c<lfJ:yiL1g w:ll.uis-{.x}u]d beliolil.1li:dil,b'le. ~r,(HA!RiD A. l!IIER.R:

rl FIgs". all.~~(lrQl€. ~tenntes.. ,and fnl.a ~Ilelo:spheref " 5<lYS,if'IJelt~ Horizom principc.tinvesligaw:r s. A~ In Stem or Soulnwest. ~~eaKh In~tirute' j n Bol.! ld~J" (o~or€!do. The .ioint effort 11 IJg~f~ Wl?1l

~""lIh.
l;l!.U

1'0 :slOfll'11

~I'acks 'c~er:D

w,~'a.Cn;" ImI~lC

ror fllture

~ t101,d pa5::>eJ dle previollisseaSQJ,1.

im:er f'latiof!(!I~.(Iop~,r<llljonilli Si!l"me ( Kiene£!: Stl!!m !tJk!!s. ooer as; NASA"s Ki~,ul!!'

@I'Id

Kj~ll

fi~ld th~n hi:;;,E.O:rk"Uy.

d11;ef

l1e':Ilt Il'IIlol'Uih.

~NllmiRIE'W ILAWL!ER

W'll'!/ll\tsdencem ~g.org

SCIENGE VOL 315 9 MAIRCH2007

I
.... ru.,iiII_fldll. With ,ius~a [~larnlg~in ~ignall.~lreng'~J'~ h ~ tlM$ n)bo\:. m(l~@ldalfter iii sal(lIt!~lltdiM.can $MliItm

to 'sh~n~.ua'flll (Ill to !.a!ld., and: w~l~ oilWilPj. sw i~11, Once t he nell ral Ilieh\'o:~'k!' for 1110\'s i]lg,l~gs wercln place, IHdc iu,hHt.iono;Li neur~~l kc~~lry\o\la.s c !"~~Iuin,"'dljsp~~n~i"idhi~ colleagues report oump<tge 1'1,]6. "This is. !,;I~<ldy 1111i'i..;enel1~ fmj~lIl1! of ~ b:iolo£;y and robotics to test neurologieal .md e~'Q~lq.li,QIU~ry hypnrheses," S"Y~ Fg:a~,lk

Pisi1.
be:
,I

<i

biomechanist at West Chester lJ~,1i-

Pe IlGll,SYvan ia. "'TITh is pflp(':r wDil11 I high-profile example ofhow IiOb01S C:f!!1l be used as surregates nl!i U'l!i~~g;:l!'ld fbst>:illsysl.f:rns." Sa h.ll~la :IM.l!tus arca I (H :~ ke th,\! rh's l i hH1d-b.~~edt~trO!Lpods, These ~ulll'll~11].~ [IS: 1b :!Ow iIn ~lll ~l!rir1le1'It:I1!I~ Ih':I' as prillli;~,hive fl sh •. tJilc such .IS lampreys, andthey waddle, with I.egs. pl.'ly~d out, W{C' ~]H~flto.r~!lnd, l~leiu s ~~n(,~ie~u relatives, The ;j~~lt'l.m<i!ld~f "repreVeT);! tyin
senrstherefore

the evolurjonary rransirion frern swimnml~n~ to\Va:~king:' 5<:1)'3 ljspeert, ~~'h.o COIll~ bined lon,::es wil~l ~NSERM r!eurobiologi:'ll J ealli-M.llri e C :!belguen () nhe U 0) iversi~y of BordC:!lux.Fr~!1JCC. and I.WO ~r~dual~' stud~mns tn de~-erill ine how the !br,) iIli c:m.nrels U~~s:!plllphib:i~" 1';. mO\~$I.h'l'HS OO!il~p~!'~dtJl ~11,e .lInmprey 's, They fceused 01'1 two neh\'Orks of aerve cells. called central pattern generators .. located al,oll£" [:1m.:: spine. 'W.fuu:"l1. :Iiii.ct\~k is ill.

11keY1minllil:~ [0' lIndermmd

EVOLUTIOINI

IR,ob,otS,lu'uges,ts H'DW the' IFirs:1 Land Animsiis Giol Walkinlg

SaJtUl~f~mll"(;1 r·:o/)o,at'(:I

is !I. triathlete. She ,..... ks, She c rawl s, She sw im s, One of \fcry 11 rew :mbots C<llliilb]e ofmulriple modes, of
!UCO~H)liOI1il.,

:swinr1f:1r1Ii.llg to wal kjug is unexpected 1'1 ""I!"mig~:llforw<trd" e~p,~ili~:lS Auke ljspeert, a

physicis;

at the Swiss Federal lnsrirute

thls salamanderfikc

m@c~jl'lt'

it In<ly have been ['I!::I.·.niv'(l'1~1('<1sy for ~~~y .,n~n(HII!' rn '~<I:kr,;- their r:~n'lsteps on land. From a aeurelogical
l:l~tSdenlilonS'tn:<lled I:h;lt

of Teciln,(llln,gyini iIL.ulsfullne:. Thanks IJ) SMmJ wm Ira , he and his.celjeagues have ~~~ullivnh'!l ml;;relyd~<l~g.i!lg the !'tre~:!gthi;'lf ~ the brain signal dl:ivillg im;:ornlolioll can

Hel iv.;ned. its iI'Id:iJV id aalaervec eHs alterIJ)f~leberwees fiu'i:~£ <lind bt:nn~, quiet causin g dlydlln~c~m~usc lee mn r.;~c[k~n~, Il,(J[ih the: la:lmlpn:~y ami. the salamander have one net~lii(lrl Hi d rive dl'~Ih!J dy nfilmu,; !I itt ure. For l

swimming,

this. network

sends

WJVe!'S

of

perspcceivc,

hl(j,lIcilm.g :I transi lion frem

~c[erl~~lne whcfl'Dcr an animal

walks

0.1'

1~"Ht~elll.mr comli'ac'tijm'~. dawn the body.

U,S.

SC'~ENCE IPOUCY

NSF is [lot ;,1.8 we]oo:m:III,ing as it ShOllld be to such res-e<ln:'Iin.:' To erase tlm;tpl;\'~ep~conl.iili'l.e report s(~!i1,~SitS f1:~W. d~Si~ittC[,mm.d ~~'p8111Ue~(mliii.dia~ ·'3.

~Flm;Ihil' US. Na(ultJi.Iiii.al deneeFmM:uliu,[CJImJ S U~SF) :s,ot~e[JOOoo cOJl2!erV<.l.tll \ff~,!A uew d mJi report from ,illS [)ve:rsiglll !Jody ealls on lbe'

~edel"O;lJl ro~~reh,

n;~~:p<I:uv,e to rlUln.dilTl,g. ild-eyed ideasthat, jm'~ w m~}ybe. ClJiiJlei re:'ilohft i(lIliz,~selenee

1~lls'[gffii'/l!iI!S:b). Thf!! H~:il!n:CY"s. d~l¥ctDI'. Arden B~m~~l,

ag!;t'l-C~~I(l, emooo b

id,e:lmtDfy "pnrenrta Ily lr!l.lm-sl·onn.~,~tiV'e"" rew;t'f1Ch. il><Iy:il Bement. ~Iddi~gthatanether pr,ognltn \'.... ·ol!JlldWlt al.~.a.lready everburde·~{;~d ff. S!.'! NSF's peer-review system :ms wi.de~IY seenasthe go~d:nandOlrd fQj;" ~~'Ie;C'~in~ some scientists don't even oo~her hJ3pply fOil ~f{!l1b;. .For Dd~a5i,ll~ ~lJ1t in;:ro::;;S tbe sel.• n e:III,I:ifi c ~p~'l11beca use of \~,'tHI t l:rrn.e d, ~;Ift j,
:mli._gb-qual i'ry rc,sieal:'e~pro:p,o:l>~ll;' Blil bCllm:d memoors ~.Iy Ih,ey are wnrried till.d.

rica-wide

cbanengil1l~prop(.s~!I=,." The nlQJ~~halllis:l1I~

would serve sciemists uddll br.iUi.<!llubm

pro~ml1l des,igneclw solicitsnd $IJiPllm'l t rans fOrl]]l"U ienal <IIU~, pi!f.<ld.igllm~'"

l1ol-ready-f~!r-priirnil'u::;-lim.El
l:~~!U"'might

ide1l['l:. (~e ki~d

bsat odds, ~".ilh d:li.c.fWII'Jlenl

~~,:~liIlshe boar-.dl~ ]pmfm:sal fur t

<I;

sep ..fi'tle

"'ll:aul,brlll;;ltion~1 research ,i!)h:i~liv~" is irsc-I If <'I bit O'V!:tr the: ~Ilp. fhe $6b i]~iga,llhulTI,~ (I'~li O!1l is a~fe~dycl!o:iug,,ewr;y '~1Jling h c~m to

til ink~'~!:l: f&~~. iJ~~dts..y...bo~rd ~n.~lllb.t;ir ~ i~. f 1t<lll1dalt <lpl<llntphys,io~Q,W5!t .'1:1. ~ the Ug.liv!.1::iSily of M.is~.(Yulri. Col ulnlbi~,. ''1\'111(1 ~:r~ ~l g<:tes. nte LIiI'1Iillllillc'lfli,~"'r-e~f~e\\'rn,C;a1 i gljri~ulcr" ;;:
.Dmlsj<ls ~l']~JUSt yel

re pon cal ~$ ..t:~l? e'mliirn~i per!c~pLi Hl'I ll~!;H

spit nut"

N SF itsC ll.llru:emly .. I'l" iyzmg the results of ~

. •.

I I

I-

repeatedly creatiug S~shi'lpe(~lw.aves.~h<ll move lai]WIlI'd. Alllphulli:i3llS have !l second

ered by ~IO meters instead

o~le.\"'hich

(,IOI1l11fOls

~heI~mh.....

.111 100]1" Cabelguenand ~~~s elleagues c d1i~coveTed the region of l~.e ~:<II<l[J]~mde'r's 1¥IJ]db~3i:~~. fin~g ll~at s ignall> ~fl these hV:O

of mm •. es. d Us.U!l!.ga .rc.m.c:nc contn:)]. ljspeert and JlI.iS gmd uate s tu den~ J'de ssand 1'0 C respi Sii.:I'll si.gmds of V~Uiy.~Uilgstrength 10 SoJ~~.1~J,nll'1hf .
A~ [Lim. abelguen'sexperimems, C less i!1iih;~~ISCslgnalsc ..used tile' rehot N) watk. WHh ~lropS.~i' sigimi'iis., th~ ~~'g~!.>p~d~!j)'. [hat w.utliillse stl1Ol'Igest s.ign~~ls,.the legs :slopped t moving and :)~fl/~lfUmdr(l began dil~ering."Thi:s c lese corte-

Tlll!J,e ConUnu aUo'1ii Sellgal I( ConU

It') blll;!ln flt(m~l~a n a yMr siru:.e l~e U.S, Patent 1I1ld Tri3ioellla rk O~~i{e ,pro) j]rlJfXi'sed Hmi'ting ,a;ddl-.on pall!:!olappl[ca!!ioJ'!s., ~'!jhd 03110.'\1 .addit&ona~.inlorl1lliilHol'llo be ~lIbmiHed en e:ci5~.ing app!i(.aJt~Qlilli. P'TO says $(H::aUed rtof1tim.!cUcorl:S are 11m~1lIg [!liiltE'nl qUl,lIily al1d drOWllling eX<llllI· inersi'ml pape;r ,t)cie:1lce'.23 July 2006.p. lIlS}.

.on'

c€'!UIi~li

p:Mtc:rUil gl.;;l11!l.;;:nH·of~.\;llhli;:!~lh~

researcbers

gell~I}1 srirrurlated

lhl:is part of

The pnopm;a~ 1o'I'as \'Jil~ a iir(1'litom'l or attacks met

"This paper w~Hbe a high-prOifi~e

example
(If: ~Ullil surr,o'g,ill't!es

haw r.obo,t·,s can !be used

:->p·ondence

:mggesl ~.HH"~: the

fur living and

fClssI~ systems."
-Frank Fish, West Chester UI1IWersity
~he brain dtlctr~c'IUy, dley caased lilt: Iil~lbs
move 3~ if waU':'UI'llg.A.s they grati.ual]y increased t~.H:;_~llp]ied CllU'el1lt,lI1e:u:L':a1 activ10

researchers [I1JayfuJ:~,,,e <t.ccur:;I[ei.y rec rea l~d some of lime aC~lHIIucural 'co 11rrol me chan is~lms iSala-

dti ring oil I)l!IbUc: (,OITIf!'!ent p!;:riQd lla st yea r, SQ!'I~e blol1lledkat sde-nti)ts ~ay Hllltnm.l<ltiom are neeessa ny to keep' pat.ent a.ppl.k:atiol1s u,p to dale,

'~~re must be seme kind

pJt"55Lue on !l.OIlle

~:r neli;:!cio us pdl~lVG!! ~

WillS

nLJlffibflllL~.aIt.lfnlt' PIlI, bec<ll!l~

manders

usc,"

~21)~

Jo111.!1 nn.g .. O'l L

fI[mosl E!VE!'Y

OJle!

oif lIloS!! rl!lbl~ccomm@llits

i.t}' in

~~~C

li~l1i!b~ sped UI? uutsl

Hmi.H.ily
!'1i t,

~h~~H::r'l~ ,eJI~ z.;i'lut dOWI1, At thi~ poi

the <Illlphillbiau's ~,i~,uh:s slo:p'ped asin
SMIimm,llli lg.. ~

biomeehsnist <U.V;Is:sm College .un :r~)u.!:Jhkee'pli:uc. NewYoik. The "est! Its, L(lmL~ .• md o~her!" say .. ~llg:;ei:a tl1'l.l ~ar]j' !.Inim!!~!; idmi'~mi€ed toumw~nl comd pleldy lj.eWll1e~u:'11 rmlh'''''.IYS ~oe.... p.I!1.1d their ~oomnQtor repeztcire, Sorne r\~:;;~"f\~h~fs tll!:!i! k ~hh, s.i~~p I~

re$iO~ndimlglv J'leg;<lllive." Wt011e'lawyer 1Y!<lIdt P~rdlHi!' of S.1~rm LlP in D.a'l~a5, Texas, 00 th~
popular P.tI~.enHr-O blv9 lla6l sum mer. 1M!) Director J~Of![Iludas disag ~~s. "·W@'r:e b e<11ll'gvery t hOlJlghUtil. Cll00Ii1t Ilhi;s .... he wid Serenee. "'P~ople dem'l. want to di a~g,(\l. Hll ~Vs ~ h!ll eJ:pect·oo thll Dai;;Mtlllh when he proIJQo:se~tile Umil'S. He Ih~~fil't decided whefiLo ;~lIe·aI nf!'ill d!tc;i~~onon the rules, AnO'th~; IDuda) il'l~tflltilre.
·aI

moving <'IIil.d

mechanism is net l:l~ewhole :s~ory. huwever;

IIIn a, Bcr:keley, says Ij~pe~rl tlnd D1i:iiCOUeilgue~ "deflnirely need net OI.llytn~·[Jd,ude merion il1l, Hl:e:ir an ...~ys.es b~!~3so lh~ mcehsnlese f t hL; body andan ~ llll.Q;erstmu:lli Il~ (If the en;vi ronmenr," Nftrl~~l\J~Ie-t;s:. ~~YSI,AI!1g,[~1t: :u:nOOl is' the bestI've see.~1in H::,I,ms of clQmbinlin£. COOII.'~ din31.:h:lg,<II]{i.~lher.na.tillg difterenl vertebrate ~Jr~p~!~:$ive mechanisms .. IJIJ1.(li:hillg ·' else, [udds.M]ria~~ Ash]ey-R.os.s,. ill. fuucti OJ.l <II mOII~plm:llogi M <1:1 ab.: fo res,tU:m,u'!fellW sity :LnWi~$lOn~Salem. Nerth Carol lila. ,.] th iu k lh~u~ulr~ C~J~liib(]:r;:!d tWI\"t::eiill bioens mechanists ~lIldl1l.eu.ooscien.l~SlS <tml 'Ci'(pe:rts h~ C(lfrl!Pl!hlf~~ndl;;[iHg\'\tiU !'n"lr~IL!]l m'ld Il!mnu,:sh. spurred on by l~lispaper."

rhe body sraned ~~ldU!~.~~i~~ much lusrer,

Ijspeert's greup developed a mathemaric<~l:I~tmle~ o:fthi~1:r~.U.1Si,tio(fj, from \virli,cl.111nry

Un lVCI"S il Y 0 f f:' <I Ufor

RobeuFl]H. an imegrative bio~ogis~ m the

~iW:t pro1e(t kI.~ll'ow l~le p:ublk to ral!~ l:e<hni-

Gi:I~inh:mn,.Uon

to ~elp e-lamilil~rs with)Or~.li'!Iine p\!l~e'nl'5. f5 eID.~e(Jed lo go ontime SOOI'l.

-lEU liiIilIN1rli5C1Ii1

concluded lh~IGbe I~n~bs'eerural p1UN;:rlJl .!.;ene~~t,tl:f interfered with the otla,er neural !1e'lwurk 's ahi lilY to ii:e'l up thL;; S-tv.(lWS_ This i nterferenee produced the slower body
bending necessary faX'walking. Only
,\~hle'U~1

o iffe.m'\o1111 e W

,S

flO

COlhlPrleite

~h(;!limb '~ 'i;~I11:~n Ip'U;~:~flil generutor r

dQ\:V.~, W3.S title
Sll~,~ m~lIldcr'!io ot her

was ::;11 m
network of

nerve cells free to fire as. f~U:llas need~X'I to

gel:i.'er.uie :swilHEli1l:ung 01'1 land, cm",d~mlg. OIW. Ijsj'i€'erl·thcn built Sfdtll~lmidl"amhmk{j W l fst 1:1~.em.Ult he rnl<'u iC;1 [ m odie]'s pred i c~ !

~jon::-;. Abou~ S5 ,el;lHim~~~lfl' from !'inom to

!a.:ii~li P llIndi\VD t.h fom mUll ing I,egs <lilld SUx l'lnlovab]c jo~n'l:l' M~o~g he r hody. iOhe i~~mlW~ .

When it comes to improvillg U.S. 11'1 110 'IIaH(nlI, rolfli]~ ~~i5lflt~:rs a ~.e·thun kiPilglIr~g ~\l11.'l\lVN:S. orhers s afY~hat SIII1 [!JU is belter.lrh[~ week, Seni3ile Maiori[y iLI~'a:dE!rHarliY Reid (ll)-iN'W led ill biparHs.a 11 (CI.a,lition of [email protected]!tors '1I11doJsing the I\m~rlea (OMPUES, A(lt, a sp:rg,'I'I.I1i g bill[ d rawJl~rn:I'Il n the- rl1mmlilll!ndalion~ o~ a 2005 Natiollitll Ac:ade':f!1Iies reporlr:!l1l ~'ow til) suengthen the U.S. s.c:ientilk enterprise (S'df!lJtZ:f!', 21 Odober

-EILIZAIB'EiI'IIiI PEINNI.511

2005. p. 423:).1'lle

pmpm.;ll W01I!lrl alil~horicze a

~!!JoublinQ Dlr rlUiiHlingl (en the N(lljQn~ I :Scien ce

Foul'ldiallio:n (NSF)allldlhe Della rllll1ut of Ern!"Qy'lj WOE's) O:rfi(@ o·r S(~@n(l! !lind S L!IJp(ltt 11 of pm{lram:!; 1;01traiJ1! rooH~'5dE;'ll1ti~u ami imlprmoe' sc:iei!1~e fmd educ.ali:o!1 ait aUl 'grade le'!le.~'i, id !iaid h~ plam..i!I HOOf !l()le >Dr'l ~ lh~ bill wflose pr~isiof1~ ~'I'iiluld $16 bilcos~ ~iol'l @overII 'years, som,etime lI'I~xt 1110n'lh. Meanwh~~~. IoIl~ Ihm,e Sd~FI(e ami Tech1iI'l;)lo5lY GllnlmiUee last Ii'!'e"!e'k.~ppr'Il'!l.e:d iii measure to e,;(~.;Irndealrly Cil ~er g nd g~ad!,iial~er aint ing pr'Dgr;lIrn~ al ~:5F and DOE (fIlld lIumitor tht n €led! r(lr re-seam:h Ifli5tru i11le~lllllkUl .a:crossthe govermnelllll. The bu~lH,~ .. 363) addre~5ie£ a ( tiJllVslice ·0:1Wh3~. U~'e5.t!'IDl<lt£! r5,~"~fon: m~~,rs., Leg

<II COlllllnl\l~

de:leri'l,iil!i iliil: Bem~'.IIlt. &ns:p0QlS I~l<tl 00 rliOe],,~!lI1 ilia V'I'l gOO\:>o'~;

y de si.g:uIl,cdi. i11 pOIn to ~lIrhil:l il,q;:r l~<1:~ pen:'epllitll1 i::. h·iue.

~t.y Sl!l.rve

in ~lep

\v~lththe

rising

Sh~11T6 f lOp·f~lted o
llilOW

PK'lpOS<l,~$ llful[ NSF rns. ·UJllI.I'hle ~(I [l]ln'ld.

nlJ!~ i!l throe, H~ '!!:~ys; ]~~ .a!:!roo~ wid1!d~~ bO<lird 011 l~,l(: .import';l.~ce of Illhlld~IBl~as mUChp(H~M£Ol!lb n]ii$fDrmOl!!~iv~ reoo!lre~ <IIspo~~ib~.e but nol wi ttl ilt So cOJ:l:I::~u:si 011 that NSF :Jlho1Jl~(\illaunch II. SICPl!lriM,(! ru:nlw~.ill.'ltive .• .. Eveu"Y di Jie,cto[;It1e has 51J ec.i.a~lpJ'ogrnllli~ s
ftlr Frolil:t~!.'l!:'· r,~s~~n:::~:' e notes" "'f\:IlG ~v~]"y b ]JKlgrnnl olfficcrr is ,~ookiliS tk!:r e1l\,cilillS [:ImpCliS!l I~ fu l:'I:d," ~p

~la:;:riisC:ll, by 4',% sinll.1e1 2'O[lQ, WDI'tD,l ~ .Ii: fll\~l(h i~l M<:!!I MQrui~g~l:g., ~lq.i:,,\'proiui,~ i grn~m. Be:lmm~m S3yt>. VI'Ol],]d ,1C!'2IIwtev:efl I.~l!is lime to 5tlek out~he IYlIl~ ofre::''e<lllxIiIIH'OpOS.I~Sd]lU~he :report ill c .. l~iilg fur. S.~v~nllllHl~rof!l(,:!1li:n~rs $~yl~~y \'\.~tdd llike ~~~,e :fe'\~iew pr-o'cess to rdace more Illined
s.1,t!l\!,jing thiil~. Lheprojecl if> fe'.1Is:uh.le. ··Hm.i:~ iswhlilll peor,l.e;.!lre cij·.fl'ifott~ ahl~ with.W~ ~~'!.'l~d:;nl1l~l~Jing , difT~r,~ ...t~" ::>i:1YS bo'Oud cha.ir Steve~1Bee'ri 11I(g,.TIlllI e l'eil~o:1rt
ne~:il as mIlL ltd

~an

aoo

ewnph~sis Q!lrh~ i!1v~~Uga(or's id~1)$ ;u~d u~<ldk.record ancil ]e:s.'S nu 1~:IIel:iI'l1lilit,IDl~.D"Y dal<l

O~~

,:;oUlls,u'lli!H.

he says.i!'l.

!:!

he;i1'!.iY

asks NSf 1.0come ~tPwilh p~,anby l\l:Ig~.Sl.

.'1

m'HM:I.gclwe~t

bu~th~ pf!Il~I'~d11ali{·.R.IljJf@'5@ntativ@ Barl. (iulrdoll (D-lN), bt'liev~ tjljall narrowly fows,ed

~@gislaticlI1 )tamis

C!

~\1I1o:rIkJo<1d: The 'IIImnbell' u:f propO:l><I:~s sub-

by (il)n~res~.

Ilrit~!!u: ham,'@ or p'.Ilss.age ~] EflFIRElf "U~R.'llI'I~

W'\I'!/ll\tsdencem ~g.org

SCIENGE VOL 315 9 MAIRCH2007

China Supersizes Its Science

WIII~ililllli~lne'f,aIDiai1e'~,Cltrli~IIiUil abO'U~~)DSpleflidhluflldl1eds ID~;millliilUfI!S i:s ,of ,llio!lllalrs, to I:rll.ll~I~d rna,"llis;cilen,ce liallciillllliUes "10:1' everythlil1l,gfirl111 ICfIIsta 1111ra,pltrl, III Ilis\l!IfIlotes:ensiing
IE 1]1N'G-A:s rbe ma.gleVI:l':a~ 1'1 frmll PWJio:ng airport n:~ce:ll, \"'.~rd ,Zh"n~i<llllg w l,li,sh-Tt::!I;:h
p.ial'l." 11K: spalla~,ioml souree
<Ii~olle' ~~ll. w rece~'i','e S ~63 m~,]11 ~~fg'mthe NDR.C pO~.\J1I'iti1l i·gl~l GLmlll£dollg <Io1Jltbo:riil:ie.-;,chippi~.l£!in dlerest" So

'li'I~ilfl!klli1!11! lilli"
B~~ :sdelte~' h:ol~l>~h~lrurn\t~d I)~ in C~i~l{:1., ~~.

wl~~]"e[(IP ptiIHkit!~s
<Ibolll.t

OHti!'l\li.lai(
'.'["1;';'0

!,!o~t~]l~~c

bombs mJ d UI1,¢ Mm'''; th~ dt!vdo~iI'!i:le:lil!~ ~lfthe ~Wlmlic ;)!rld ,ilrydrn.goen bo:r.l:lbs<lllJld~ll~ecc!ulI,11t1·y's,rulrslS3t~:I,I wte iin the '~9608 l\':3.deUj Uketo l'H~fJ'POU .."

liang diJll ;1'i .'I:i118o, or

:rank

O:I1II~;e outskirts

of S~:l3JlS!hili.p"155e]mger,~

me,gapmjec~:s

can glimpSJ2 whal!rmks lilkBmJ gi:u'll S;U~\'eli"~~UE tilas onthe huriznu Tlsis :.Hj,.OOO"'S<lJU~1reolJIIleteil:" ~pim'l MrM.emf\;':is n~(l ilal'lgi1ai Sym:hnltm!'! S Radi ..!t'io~l, ,I?;n:i~,i'ty,(SSRF), :schoo~I,I,edtoecme c:di.~ ilJlOfl9.

omd~1 ~!'().f1he.m:d [0 fi ve of 1:2 P:lFoj ec ts: l he seve ,II[ eth ers .ne ~p~d!",d to rc,'e0h~tlPl'l~l'!{~[lah.,1r y~!r; !~i~
I~. N D:R,C ha~~wl1li en Wmpo'r~lenl,s ilI:rgue'~hal C~]in'lneeds to inv·esl ~.nl1lilcgl'ltp[lojeCl:!i: 10 'l100S.'t its rapid otS(!eJlin as a re~;ll'd1 pO~"<eii. With I.~r~~f<lt:lil~ ities, ·,'\W ean pl.·Qud~y sland] up il~ fhe i~,~crnarienrrl ~cief'llil1c COlhllill~llt~ly andno
Irt{l]y

Can.

3IJii.

expert

ro:r I:h.eilrvi~ubfu~ily:~ :says, COll!!

II)

~iheSt;ne'Ufl~'I.?ersily orN~,r York in Ne\~tYOrk

n Chlitnf,t50e s.c ienee rOtH,cy at

City. M~gapmj~"C~,also fit O:i~;t:"!.'flP"(!(lWf! ..

~lpprmu:::.Ii1, research .. ,n-I!! sm . messful projW:i> ilO jll~~UypO:~hiC<l.l .1~fflitll\8:cy: JW>t9S t[u-: nuelear W~01.pOrl!i: prosurnm in d1LeI 960s 'li'l.r~l.'jt,QlMlJ6d .IS ~I uilLrnl,p~o~;lVl.ooZ~miijg T~~{lUgbL Bocij[ung Lite Ele:ctro,1.11\]5i~omi 'C'ollider lBEPC) WoIS held 1IIIp as praoforD~l)lg Xil90pii!Jl.gs forcs~.~hL SEple' \,~'1I~ 'll'lJe fi!':Sl big s cie.f1¢1.;:p:l"tlj~Gt a!1tx;:'D' OJltlirnl. Revohnien ended ill~ 1976. the

.1\.[ !Hli[wes[]L~1Jr~:I1,l of 1.2 bim inn yuan

($1:50 mi~~,on). SSRF u:!;ta'DC~U'iSI cxpeJrlsh'e i ru'ndam.ertta:llte·sellltrch pmjwl em illiia 'h~15 ever undcrta~n-for th:{l li~e ~i 1lI,g, th~t is. The

IOI'igelf

en fomign.

oqUi.Pil!l.lW~.t

10

do
!Ii!'!

!1iiIiI,lJ1lY ,~1(~r-

fad~"i~}',\,'!I'ht'CIlw~ll g\'nl>irn~ p(J\"'4;·fr~l.",-~!y.s : WI' stmlyI.lJig t~~esm.u::lm'Cs: molec::u~c:.'landl Hdv<~I!I'!CedllIJUIW:ri!lls. " v 1]1sOO!'! be j(ll~"d by an~oth€:r Ile3vyweigj,n ch~mp. Lu~tmDl~th., the Chinese hClldt~lyofS(:;iem:e:s ('CAS) 8~gnoo Jilil ~Igreeil~en[wi.~1l1. GlIa.ngdollig Peavince in sou~llil~rt~ hi11i~ [ill bu ild lh(l $25[l m ill~[]!'l C

or

.im.er!.l~,"~l)'::> l i;;ms R,O'li!gji

'·big~:SC~jeuc:e'· ection orCAS. s

olTi~;:i~1 'th~ m

However; someprom iue r!~resea rehe rs

qUf'stUOIl the deeisien to st]01i~r sueh iargess,

on maehines, They ~y w~n China lmlLlOOL\; most

<I edtica'! mass ofscientru$ls ~ii[lImI"1liY dise iplillfl~K to g(!lt the .111:0$1. ofLhe new rae iImu

.is to ~mii Id ..

h dem()i~$nt'eS hO\v a I~rge ~~cililY C'.:I.1iI mke rom in (,hina:su~,:poll"'t ,II the :Iin.igh~stlevel 'Olr gll~fel.'[Jme.mt~D'~Ilg.:hirose! f decreed Uttll it l'Joe bU]~I: he'll" from :iru~:ern<l~iol1:d <'ldv~sen; and
co:Hab orarorscan dmasti rl"lJ'pon~n[ Iy" I he work of indicem:o'UlS:phY!'>i,cisl:S I:r.l.il'led in ~uclea!i \Wf!po!mS:<lmJ ~rtiel.c ri~y~icj; \\~uJ

China Sp<l~~<Itlliolli Neutron Sour-oe 't I(,SNSll, Tij'~mksi!l Po:lJrl to a pl~ctg.~ to rai1O~It&D ~1)en,dil1l11 from 1.3% '0 r gros;!:; domestic

ities, ·'MOiI:Iil.y people

O!Ii'reill~:u3iasli,c e

about

building. ilmstWWne!llE,b~l ther~~lOO~J)( e'noliA,~.h

l)eOf)~!e to do the :.;:c~.eml.oe:".says Gall Ziz:ii1!i1Lol.ttl. physicisl at. lkiji.1lig Univer.oity.

preduct

.111200<5to 2.5% illy 1020

(;SCient:'~! .•

IlIiIlalll<1:[l,oo, to~m,',1iiI Delli!;'!; dream of <'1111 e.. penx ~iv!;:'pro~o~,<Ii.cc!:'lc'.mto:rilllo11. more modest

NDRo(' QIl1~ici;d~ decliaed to pmvide~·Ili~:"q}r" ~u.atiOI1 O:Ui!<II1iY of the prnjC'ClS., C'~a~m.il1gthat )"ea~1'>aud 1111'i;~W clllm;oepl:5 <Ire fil!jl bel;xuning c-ertain d~ta~~~H'Lre secrets. Ami ~nos t sci~t~]te reOlJluly. "fhe eeneral govermnen,lt's N<nio:lI1l.~1 enlis;~:s declsied 1.0discuss.~heuniti:ulvii::S ani D ev stopme Ilt .ul'ild Reform Cfn1~lmJissl ~1!'1 the n.::cnrcll. ~xpl"~.~sin~ COnCI;\:Vlllh,flll'~eilr {NDRC).. the 3.ge:n,cy responsible ['or all l'Cm<l:ms c:ou]d jeopardize nm:(]ing for proj~ sets no[ 'y1;!( fi~!l~.it~d. But rr(lllj~pubHshed !'naj or &ll];~~inv!;;5~nn.l;;mt~.is b.nikmill i',g 't[li;; construerion ofa. dozen major faeiliues-> reperts aad i.l:Ii~cr\l'i.e'VJS ,,;..itll~ two dozen s.cie.IDl.~ to the' tune of $750 mUUon-durullm.,g l~~C ~ists aud ('I rnil:,d9Js, 's,{,'i.t;IJ{,It; has p'icc~d ~og:ether a picture ofChiu!l's OJm:b~,I:ioll~IEhg I h1ll, S-ye.u plan, whidtruns dm:msh 20 ill0. {SS,R.F W!l~ ~au'1J(:,h~din IThiAl' !~l:\evit'iij:,~ 5~)'('-!u' Sd~miJ;,'e !~nd!l t~hlc. p",IJ55). ~ ~~

11 M,Irch ,2006.p. 1.54:il).big s.dle:m;:~ projeC'M,thatfulave been o.'\'a~lliled:mwilllg bmn:d far

b~i successful cell i~er;

Among i,IS ili.chicve.nm.el~I:Ji, BlE PC' boaS1s.1hc 1lIiI,{JI:Il];J',IJlec1se me",nmWl::I,m:ms ohhe~<l.u '1!:,pKlIIi'S mass. d,)t3 lh.u h,1'\1Chelped verify the S~,m~ darn Model o~fp<lrtk~(;phy~iC':ii"'i'o enhaaee cell a IbQJ,'atiolls \'I~.ll toreign seientists ..IBEPCs bn~L flm~I~$lil'l!~~ High Eah;ll:gy Physi,cs {'If (ll IEP), forged ,CJminl:l'SifilrSL hig~spced 1.lller"
noCll~lIlk to tlte o1i,lltsidc wu:r!d-a ,cm,UlCC'UOU b,e-ll,:\ioeel'l] HEP iUHt I.he Sl<'lnford :liml,em Acccle~wr Ct:nll.W"-ifi 1994" 1\!1(1BEPC :~~

NEWSFOCIJS
h~lp.;;d Chhl,f~develap h,'ld!lic'~!capaclry,
"Co.IiIIMnu:::tion ora large fl1iC~~ityneeds :Imnnry nevel parts and teebnolegies," says; ]rlEP Director Chea Hesheug. "'M[I~leriny rile pIiO~CJ;S grcirtly iiInpl:rovCS ~ltd igenous ski ~]s."
Project tead

II

Or~ilililati{ll'l
Ellterronjn, CA:S

NrDm!C F.urldiu1~ It)(~(te.d '($ rnutions) Com:lllelio~ l[i(UJI U 4,£1:

2(111)

A'!Ii~llioo RernlDre~,nl>il1g

5~s!Mi1

In!!iliitu.w

'Q<~

A.rh:tr 1e'.!frIin~hO\!,' ~omake aecelerater rmrlcs. [H E P l'ii~'!.I' CXI~tlr~l> ::iIOl1U:: 'CO!HPfll~I~I£ m ~'';~I'~Il. Smi[h KOMI. Wl!dUt~ Unil.0d St~.~~. H~ljJyedby its success, I3EI?C has auraered fril;l:l1d;:;in h~gh pl.I!C~::;;h;:; VU'I vi:-;gt1:Jf log is u Who ·~W1.10of Chi[m!; poUti.ca~ ~.hc. TI~m.has

Import;iliJilt Eng[iJilleMl1lg rII'Ia~rial, S't'Ml.le ICI W :~ '0 IIIl:

IL
I~

s,!l'r~~y ~1lJ~h Mdl~y 1R~

H flj'hr .Ml1gneUc Fl~td Fa~'l,]ty

Eleijillg l!J~efSi~¥ 01 S<ien,"e' @lfId1r~dh1!IQ!g.giy tlelei IHlg:h "Ioagn eHe FifiildllLab. CliiS~ IHl!.ll~'lhOf!g Ulli'-'tJsrt.~ (If Scien~ .iJlfld i;ecjhH'!i!l)!~y.Wuh¥!

MIA
S~<lir~

'Cil

I'lWrid iiln Space- Wealil1 er MolllilOrinQl ~rojec~

Cenler lor Spalte!S(ience ~dl

!\ppltei!lIR:eSN~ch.

25

2008

ke;pl the fundo!<lHowing. In 20(m .:~~.~. .•!1 eenn giQvr,;:rmn{:;Jill apprmred SE~ million to r-eJlovont:
I~'n.c facili[J'" 1Ii1be ~upgnllJ!.l:~ca~,~~d BEPC l[~ls

Plilowe I I\gri(ju.nulra~. Bi05i'!ff~~.y R:@'S@tlf()nr Fai:.~!ily

CAS :1;8 2~Ofli

2@1;!:

()h:in!:1sl! (adiMf (Ji~ A J\r;rtcllllliLIral.'Sdeoc:~

IHEP,

scheduled [01" ,comple~ iou ne.,,'H year, lts PQ1r.!.'CJ $l~nuld~ncr~m;.,;:OO·fold. ~n~.bli!!l.g~\!~r·fin~r ] rneasu re:mne'.r,(;~s '~Ir t111L! .~ep~on rLK'lS!S., [lIowmI.lhe· mad Il ~EP plml!i to l')ui Id lhe $2biUiOJ~ :1Bc~j.n£ i Tau·Crnnn r.iCI:OI'y to e'.">lendi the,IC(-elernlof enc:rgy ~LPto 3. GJ1:V far (,_'iipe'rrimenl~ 011 bOlJ~1 ~h.e1;m.iI. lepton ,Hidl dli;]l1Iiill~llmrk., And the ins:rilute is p'lrlidpa,.i~lg ill the h~IL'fn;uio:nl<l1Li~C'~w

!t;!
::::E:

11:11

Ii

Clhilil'1l Sp~~Ii!tj,gn :N'euir;g n ~Ullt;~

~CS!IIJ$).

(M, Dr;Jn

9igli1Jn

M3 125
Il~ NlA
WI!,

FJlia&11!1

if:
iJiI\'I.
'II.iI

P~(lttlI'l5dence

Re5~rclil

f.acilil)i

'(Ij;S

WA 2fi1U S ~aJ'~
5)"e~rs

~ ;0 :~
.iii!

F We-I!i u ndlrerlll·me'ler Jl\p.etlllr-e Spherical Tele~O\pe '!IFASn

Ni!I'l~a<n<l! ASlilol'lomica l
IO:t:iSlel'Vat~ies; G!:FiiZhQUI

Cu.i~lid~wprQj(\ct Thrunkm!l!!I biigger

leaders. ih,(l'pe to steal OJ. pilg...: from BEP:(:'sriowbo(lk. CAS Presid!::iU Lu yQumg:. x i.n.g. \~~m ~.1<1s made innoV~IV~)Or !l CGUlltr!lJubemc ;;U thl;: ;;9.(·ad.~my. has
China's current sdem.~lrrk often I.IIf~ed researehers W transition from

~ ::;! ~
'iii.

::::i

Conllrnenr'lal. Str'U(lull111ai'lG IEiilvijoollinmnt M.on~liOcr1l'1gNetlffl)r~.

Ul1r''III~F reqlJlency 'G~el~CUlom~ln~1I( E1!pllmilti IltlI N~m\lll~rar Ii.IAder~lIfCilnd Resow rces and E<!ftl1'l1U.~~ PfIE!dijcliolll 40oo-T1]I1I O((!all (lgrapll'ik RJEsf.lkrcll ~~I Id~

(!hrin~ E~~tl!lqililkle
IIdmil'il ~t~atioo Chrilll ~ 'E~I~~ilq,UI!J~e MmirlilI5tlfati00

'01

ID::
'!G;

Ia. Ia.

13

:1!l! Ie!
I~

·SI.a1Jli Ore-ani( Mminls'.I'i3'ti~FI 'Gh,il:! a AemCid~lIa mit'S Rese.u6t'i, ~ DevlillOf!ment(!lflar~,

Miill1I!fSliIg. SiChuan

WA,

NtA
WA

1l1li

:2

Wind TUii'll'iel

WA.

··fbnowin~\.vh.a·[ ethers do" H) "oC]D1~ing up ~~!ith ·\\,h.1.Ito do:' N everrheless, s,eve'lii1I~:L,fl b science projocls<I]l~jea!L' to be "rue-teo" FaoCir~i~· .~ ;~nc~~!d CSNS. '1/\11 ichb~~n~~ iawd 'l~~.r cueb.ii~ni~to a p~ Qfbi IllilHl.1 ba~I's:' :-K\)!'f> .Zh'1\~, ies, iill,g le @ tour [:Im ]000 of [SIS. a pulsed neurrcn EIII.clmprolt1iUD, all shear 2:0 to 30 ucutrOJloS o!lrthe c sou rce ;It' RUIh:e~tl!il.-d..AppteronLabm11.t{lfY tdr£e>t g:~~.ler.!llif]Jg an intense ];ml:se~u:l' probillg nemr OxfoJ,\(t Ueited K[l'Igcl.OiIlil.l, m icro st ru c III res of S~. pe:n:o 1'1 due tors ... ltor instance, Oii p~)I.ehiil~t Phasel CD[l,~m!..lC[~flll is AC'cfirding 10 J K. Z~l~.o. ,1 senior scien~]st;U Oak Ridge Narieual Laboratory in eJi:iJecl:ed to Iflike 6 :ye:ml. Tennessee and Ol. e~l~l1!~ld~:;lm 'SNS. tM In Re~~rkahiy. 'CSNSwiU h~ llUiH ft~r from W2IS .impn::~ssed by !.he nmhjidiscip~i.llNU.'Y the Imd~.I.iOlI)131science stronghnlds of Be~ i.Dlg .reKC~.I'eh III ISIS and ~Ib:kodCA.S's lnstirute and SI~~llg.h~i[){'jnggl~!!Uli. ~I 'C.ily i.UD. the prosof .f'hysi'L"sror'l fe,1sibi lli ~y study of'J si mi !orr perons Pearl RiverDelta in scurhern C'h~ml. offered ~i~ii; md and $63 ntiUion reward h 11:1C~~H~ Chi ilij" A gIi"OI.J1P' rif neu IrOI~ selenil1 ~i.s.ts en Iisted Zhao and othel, ovesseas inlrastl·'ll.r::~ure costs ,"]f's a reasonable deal ff)f Dt:mggi,J1~n, WIWfl;': =-t.r(~~g ~~flnomic experts to h~lpdr~lnl.:S.IS-i.!1~fl!irod plan .s .. CAS .~ppfOvl;.ld the cone epu!l.'I.l. d~~ig~1 in, gn.!wil~"md w~~lk research c:!pm;il)' result in ~ligh.l}' ull~}'II<lm:edl d,evr;:]op!lnenl." sa.)!:!; .:WOi5 !1:1m.d nded a prepamlory fru leanm, led by W1I;lU of BrooikluJ1vefl Nat~omll Lab~mro[)r in, CAS"::; Uarlg, "MiI.I1y s,d,emifk 't1.~e.111S ]ifl,ay j'ie Upton., New York. i:u~d~;!~I:.r. to stan on :'Ill be anmC'!0d tOI:~M::dty." tl en,gilno::ering de.siglliD1.1]2(J{H'i To ensure reli;]b.~Ahht'lllgh .Zh,1O \\'Ollde:1rS hen!,' rmmy~n~ur .~ ity. tllne ~emm.l wi~1 <ldOpl m.U.llI:e t.ecl.ll'lolo,gy sci.elll:is~:s willJi f'lInlil~ies \..~i:Jm reIOC".u.e to Dong= .~\II/~.\;;:Ui(.eve~·po&$.ibll;:. ~I~IS Fl! Shin ht~ •.,~~~ ~~ l;U~Hl. hi!;; i=- C(lnnd~in lhO)iluV1l~versiUrl;ls~n § d!ePlll)l ,It. IlU~P: The pha:re I d.e.mgn Cil~I~ for iI. GU<ll'Igdo[lg :andH.ong K.ong wi.U pack the .:ll Ih'!t\'~lr ac~l~r.n,~)r)D1d 1R!llIkl~)'C~irl,~ sYl'I,dno· ; Itl,c!Hl'}I \'II'it~. Y.1U!'!!i:~~~..f!irdhtffi. ~I $I;I}'s,~n~(j!i ~ ,~ lron tD s]~eed.UI' protons l~) ~,6 Ge V mu~,del iver ~~i.enth'lo;;rom Be.ijingwiHlrairilhem:>:opbyti.::s . f but!'lI;;kllml\'lodgc.~ tha~ "~xiPCf'ts S!I:~ltby.IHEP ~mulliii::tJ be~mpt1\"~!.' of .120 ku~:rn\~~~I.S. :\,'1]ich c i can be dOlllble~ .~nd qmldl:1llp.~ed ]UiI: 'Iutu;~"e O'I,loliI,eent .. ilnly <Ire :!m.ot ellilOlJg~,'" So CSNS wi II
.",

tion en Adv'lItced Neutron S(:m(1;li;l~.dIe fin>l time the evem will be held .ill CM1l~"

('h~l'Ie~~ ..S[II:tJ\1i10men;.:i. I :l!iIu:.,m;u\'~lile. ~:~uld :l>OOiJrn hear a decisinn on dl.e .nnmln:li~ NIJIRC
wi II :spe!'l.dl OJ1~rl~~ '\'\.itlrl!d~~1;:af',4C$l I~!!e i~l si m.d telescope, the fi'i.le"iIi~Lr:lJd:red·lneler A:pe.nu.re

Spherie"nele~"t:upe

fFAST)r. The hl~.uru~l~m,

firsl proposed by C~m~,:lm.3.·:!iNSllio~ill AstrunOllif1ic~11Observa UTld~s (NAO lUll 19Q4. would ~H(i\'" <'I.:i:tromnnern ttl peer f'lr~hef than
ever

he r(lr"~ JClCI~ i~I'ei the (!2ir~.yuniverse, •.

~~:rl!ol

pmjec~ direcwr Peng 13.0.

NAO c;ho~ ~ Hm~s~(JJ:a~hl~;t d~rr~~siQn l 1m!ooU.th\.\1'C5·r Gu~i~{}~~ P.Ul)'!.'ifH.:e .u::;tll;l.sil~ 10 sm.p.emlilre<ic]\! ~ dns~.rn!'If~e of 400n tn:i<lnIll,£; gul~r pam.els. t~ki!l;ag ;Rlhf.~flI~]ge ofd1eIDI<li,m.a11
lOpograpl~y :to lreduce com;.tillJClioUD. cost.s. ]~ T had been ~.~.he Wiltll in,g ~o ~l!O~~' he AS t 't S (I ~I.al"e' K.~IOllil]le ter An.,,:,,!ty •. tn'll :iUIll.le i,o:II1I:I], rl,l;U fluho (Isl~'lomy proje"Cl U'I<1U would ~!l<lb]~ <I:l>lronmners 10 Obsel'~''e Ihe' formal ion .of the

!H~'rly l~nivers~ arnd u;st lEi rtI;);tl;li.Im'~ ttij;);ory('!f

:r'tlioltlv,hy (S(;.f.L'J~(,,{:,.18 Au.gm>l 2006. 11.9[0)' .~]m~velr. bs;1 S~ptemi:n;:~r. he il1l;~crt nat i,Qn<l~. cOJl1!>oni.mn mllru.ui.re'llllhe :sa.i~s dO\vn [0 c;;Il1d id;;lt~.f>iil Al,Istra lia ;lmld Saut hi Afric.a •
!:J,elR~l'a]

:1

.~ upgrod.e~, l:'hc Ingi1,.en~rgy 111"010111'; bomba-rda

.~ h~:<I\,)r..,ilm.C!:a~. ~arl.~t,

such

as :t\Jng.~le'UiI.liO knock

.~ off~ &proy o~'neiUt!'Qils, ·'If~ li~ shof.uiiil,g the

opefll ~ts. doors 10 ~o:re.i,g~ r~SiCJr>Cbcr!;., For s~"ne[IF£. DOIm,ggmlll i ill Apr~1 hO:r>l Ihe ~xtlli M~e'li!llg (l:f~l~ ~nl'0nl'-'!liq@~J C'oJI1olbf]iI1't-

'wm

Th~l ··\'\~on'l·<1:wrec~ the ~:llIve::;.nnem,lnd

sm.:lC'~i(l~11offAST,"
S~:i,JS PeUil.g. H~

'COIll-

e-~;~hn;lt~s

w'I,iWiI.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. va L 31 S

9 MAIRCH .2007

NEWSFOCIUS
be'1!Ulh~~~'~,[I tlme as needed," -~;;IysF~.dar! di.rec:~od
l)hys,Lci'l.l Zh'~.I~g X,i[JIYi. who Sym:1lW~!I1On Radiation lab (NSlll ) in Hefeibefore l1l[wil1g W Sh;r~gha i."But il!Jl Olal1l1'l •.wC' ~l.,~leto Ima Id ~l~ fuci I ity as one big 'rrnjecl because allthe flliiLdilll£: e(jilii!~~$ ~itlgll~ehunl\:." iE~~.
IJ\tC Naliona~ [11addil

U:un,ivlershy

in~. iU~\1I'fiue;',~ndc: an

~rs~1

J~1.eilily S

ope.~t
budget

illg buclg\f'l. 3t

I;:O$t "·On, ItHHly

occasions,

o.Uile-lcuththe

l"OllS1u,CL10n

thl;l !~P(;;f(!iillg

thnt. FASTwi.U cost :lit ~eil£t.5;86 million ~nd ~'lke 6 )'tlou's or more ~o buikl. .111eemparison, lhc gestatien [hue oh~l,e H,igJh M,1Jgl"ie~i!: fie,1d Facil it)1 has been muc hi $'~lorit;':r. Scren~Sl1> fin;tpMflos~d'l~'ncbi~ ~ie'Unc¢ p~uj"ct:ifli .uUIU~l!l2:0()4,<'I!!lidf!.)l;."!;;]v""d N .c>R.C apPI.'mm] 'e<'lr~:i,e~'~'lhiis ye::iIJr.nt: lacHity will be hosted in h\iO chies ~o 'If!ke <ld'ii<lmuge efrhe exhidng k:d~ll~tmll C<IJJflb:i:Mly of each city:- says, Kll<I!iI,gGurtngli. dil'iXtor orCAS'\, Hefe;i liign M~l£nelic Field tub ij,l A~]:I~ui Pli(l'vilu:e, H(lF(li wll] bL;; hoU'lu; '~,!J l5~ till 40-wsl~ ~'I'<lle'N:()ole{~ and supen::a:l~dwl,cljn::, steady~ fie~J magnets, priD'lHlrM.y for m;u~r]~~sels
ence research, saeh as p:ll'obinglhe quantum ~,4 m effect,<lud for ,magnet ie resonance ..

wm'I'~l",HlI.'C,. air d~n~i'ty,. el(':ClrolmgnC[1.l~ ,mel

J <lUI from ~Lbove <111!lltn.l.ude: of ,20 lki.kllm,t!'I,eF.ii

to several ~Ulndm:llki ~omcteli"'!;.h~ flir:ot pha,>~

w~U cast :1;25 rhimi,on and is expected tetake .3 }'C!l!1' to Dom.pl.C'IC. P.r'Oh"'Cl :s;~.iel1.ib;ts~{llv,~

alsu pruro~~d.r!ll
Meridian

]t1t~,!CmJ~lkJl!'U"Li \Ve;lI'~J.'f Sp<!!1,;1;i

is determined before consrrnction begiin~:' 5<lYSC AS"~ ,li.mg. Thi,~ ~,m~,l.l:;,trillgl'i reseaechers when unforeseen problems arise, r1.1r~'Ii~II'l~ipth~,\.11enNSRL in the: I 9911lSen(.'01,II'Mj. aered trouble with beam srabi lity, which ~l\:V;;1n:~d~p~rim~i.'us. ir.~o~~'"LUngbud.gl)'! \'~'" insuW'ic:iielm:to C.'IJ,"ny om a fix, NSRL.:S sy~u;hro= t troll source ~\I<I£ stabi.1 ized mn2;004. o.un.ly~t:n:C.1i" NDiRe ... prtl\'&! $15mil.liml tba:'!fml, p llpgr.'lde. ZIMng "!m'Inllts 1.0 a~)pljl I'CSSO~l:>lci21m@:d ~rmTi m'ln.lgiing lin: Hefei sy:Jiid~il.'O'tI'Ori to the consrruetiun oluthc: Shcl'mgh'fli ooUlrl;C.Hc has :;;ugges!~d t~l NDR(' that ;;i~I!l1~ !'!1UlH:ybe set
aside so users carl bid to des,ign lin.ei:libealll~

.c;u,'IFCI,e fmg:mllil,n. 1:0 1:~mll::; muiomll ar~Iy.'ii ~Jf greund-based lfn.oni ~;(~rs'o ~nh,Hwr;; SI)iUJe envulml~1,m~'~1t cil).~ell""'ltuon wori.dlwi.de. Ol~er b~ SC'iI;IU,'~ ill i~iaH\rt's. are ~~s~\\'C[ I

lines OIm.1 c:>\pedm~:~~~~~ stations. However, he snys NIDR'C p:refcned to stlck with ~1S;
usual [Ipproo!c]:u W <l!UlN'::;J[in,g mOllie)'., .Zh.mg sd~ I hOIJIil:s.lhal S SRI,:":" mElIl~lgeJmlen t ''''i I~,be fli'lor(: nc;:x~itll~~it has; akL;~.dy agreed 10 lin him d,e5i~ll h.is own beandine for eesearch o~ ~()n.dJens~d ~~1.lIU~i!"phy!>.iesand s)lrl(.':hr~)I'mn rmJi<Ii'lio:~, im<l.gunl~with rundillg

defi n'oo ,T<lke ~~~e "timared $1.25 million '~}J:'(" ~ t~'i[tl science ~e~ll~b, I~ilhy," 1I1C' AI! ild;~hlof the SARS mnlm:<lk in2(J03. :rurter Rw Zihe:s ~M~patQinghu~. Univ~rsilY ~~B~aJi!!Ig.cl';;!.C~ed

the crysl,<Il S,n-lLc~ureof~he m,~in ~jll1oteaseoflhe

facil~ily at CAS

1~IrQlIf:I,1,

im'lging. "Wuh'ln. :inl-h.lJei Province. 'Ni~1ge~

5 O~to 80"'lcsla eomp ~,e,l,ne an 'ex:is;~jU1llglo\lIl -te mp era ture h1 b m <II ndpu lsed-pewer £:0 neratot. jR'l!:sc<IIrche rs ~h~fflwill plu III b HlC ~IJe(:~s. u1t~,1 l¢i"!!1I,' (Jf 0'11\1 perarures and ultrahigh m~1.!;lIlD,etic fields. NDRC h~$!!nm~~d M~m~mun f~f !,h~5-}'C'l!f eonst met ion e~lhrl.
Infugncts to p11 Ised

SARS virus usil1g ]]';~EI?'ssynd~.rol!lnlJl OOUI\;-e, NDIC~lir.,nted ~Q("l;l1,v;~rd \\',~dl'l m.1jQ:rproi<IO

teil;l cry:SlaHoyaphy
1:;:

r~eM

Insdune
diLCeCWl

(Ji1':BkJpt~il;S, ,,,,ht."1i'I: RliI,Ohad

lx.'C(JIl,~,e

in 20M. But ~hep:llojeca derailedwhe:1IIl Rao left B;~ijing la!'i~}l'('.$ur to b~(]m~ preside!u (11'N~i1k,1i Ulli.ve:rsily in Tianjin, CAS Vice President

Thmnk:~ngwiid(!j1J'
\V~dl il'~C'~I~'roj I,;C'I:~ l>1'1:i)~~ti"iJgl ike bamb eo I s:JiaoOIS <lifter 01, spril:lg rain, biS science is no

In~.~~'[' fh~~()l~ i~1;.\G: ~~fCAS:~p.:~~}'!i1.'I;· rro'.. .. 1Kd· ences divi:s;ion. Oth~i;L1ew el'U:~~ie5 ~lNmfiil;lbbil .s,lIch as ~lg.rh::~l,:IIUl'\e. bilology, geoi.ngY.!Ind
re~,1Lme ~.~tli!lmg. One oftillC firnl.p:rojeeu:;NUlRC' finalized, in 2005" i.!l'the' Merid iml S:p.~ce We.nhe]' MOII~~tol"ill].!i:rlrojecL ]I :111;1::> 01\vi.de :weach, fromlh ndam(l]ilt;;~ a~Hophrys ics-~aud~& I ~!

Chi,Ollll!~u ~l~~ l"Ji,vTI;:IPOO<oo b~~i dl~ f~iI iry ,H Idi~g S.h~llgha.i:S.Z~~ngj i~ngl ]ig tu- TechPark, nesr SSRf.lu mlk(:m;h!a.mL!ag~ofl~!~c .~~.c\'!,1 s.Y¢lcl~ro~ tron source, 8m lImn)' bi:o~,~;i,,,ts ~<Iive~id dl;Jt" protein st,:i~Mje<e h. man; I.h~n ,ci1"sUillogrn~~hy <lInd lIml tline ne\.\f centc.r :$~lOlll!d:1,101: 'be so far foom ~'X~sting: iol~}~k'=ll i!1c... tiiML;;:i, b l'h~ ~J(l.iitic.. 1tussle is he~d1ng up. S(lIIIL"\:l;:~ say thin Qr:l.el'act.iof<l: is lobbying r~r the iadlity ~o 'be bui~l do\),t,~nolwml. m:~lf("ASs Shra.g;bi
I:lms[ tllJte-s li Biologk:i1J~. Scielm~<" ... Z~lmnrut!lllg D o ,j S [O() n"f wgo for e.1\.Pt:Jil~l!enb i r you M:wld)! prot:ei.llu\ ~n li\i:~n&!:, 'I;;ells." says one ['Cs!(!.rud.l>:'f,. O~hGrs.are l!J,l'ing. 101 Cflf~'('l off liunds far ~~i!~1illg labs i:llI.l3eij illIg. They ;u'glte l.lial'll ir too ]lIludl

BmmrlM would ..oo USIilI1i dnrJ,Ol have the Ct1'l,Ipkof:mi:llion dollars ff"Qil"thiskine! ofi:lmst~l1I~ ment work, I:HEP's Xian :Dingdmng. one of Chjna 's tWClre~]N)sts.y.m.c1~ fI experts .. says roue !btn I.;~ti!i!g m~~f.(yii w.~rs~I:I1~dPJI!w lin C'!11'!S,IIl,IC'" lion and 11KIIl~f'!eme:mt is popular i~ rUI,-eign $yIDlcl1rolr~nl abs, b~!~"uUJ' $:ysl~m d~if,;~mlnl ~llm~' it Ol'gm~iZl!LtimlS ~""am.to (iOfll~ro~. ;El1.llhe
rt~{}urecs th.\:y'vegoC'

fu~;hm 1I~1 iversny,

Xian hopes dl.tt (]li IIiW~ '''lX'L~~'1It~on1lim~:ron S f Call dlei ben~r.Accnrdin,g ttl F~r, ('SNS has involved users IWUL1I.lthe beg~:ll1nmi'L1lg and !1f'!.(]dil1..'1,1 d~;;;~~~~;; (;'Irl'!,:ri!lr~U frO!ll I~rg~ ~!~~~I! m~~[ ing~. ·'Weultlo learned lessons <iixmllil.t: opeWo'It1llgbudl~1 :Hrom pn::v~ous j:lJI\ojeclS,:' says
so~~rc\;:
::llIU:! Im~illMjUutCe

fk\,\,:~,o ~Il!ill;ml~ ~:rgltelbr :~ill()reu~rn~i{ln to hllnds, IruUlm, Iln.e ccnlmlgmr~

emme;~t.

G'l~'~:migdolligPr(w.im:e ~!lr~iThtl:vas h

prq:nill]'~~i some .illel p.

Su!~ Chh~~~ S(':ie:!'Ili~l~erh k:!:",!;;he g,mrt

fO:WP:Ii:ilz il'lg

p~Obi,Ulg 110\111o~m fI~res ;andl.comna~ ~.nas;s s ~jecliOtis :~!!:II1U!,ml;l;; E,whts, upper ,,~~mo:;I"' pbere-to mon itO'li"i ng lle'3:11"- SirIll ~1',H::e to E en,-,I,!~ safe ::mtd~it~ o:pcr,~t~o~ .. R1!Lll by CAS":; Cem,ter. for Spacr:;: SCii:ence ,lind Aip'pHi,;d Re~furch,lh~ proj.,;\c~.\',rm equip
,Ij g:ulOund,':based obsel'vali()n s;~3tiom;.wit'hi

er:IiIIIl1ICl'lt 's flJlld~ ng s,Y!i:l,em

nHl!'!i,Oyis

.iip~IU I!!:I ~i~~ipl'J!iwqg~. Sill~~~I1"~ciMly.

m~LC~i~~ Q'!.rer p~tl'pll;'. UIHm,lt'~ly. :~!_)\'\'ew'r.il ~

il!: wi:li<ll !!(;~filHi:!>ts m::hJieve with CSNS liutd its ~ big, brei:~~n~'u:i, \v~.I]p:ro:vc th-c wisdol1i~, of ~ that "hilma:'" bigim~lmeiln :an B:vg Science, ~
I

W<'Li>~e inevit.,b~,e. is :~ ndced.rC:::'~!'\:!1 rC~lers 1~C"1k.1l0w]c{]l~e 1hat. Chimt's IlmG'il"S sy8~em fbr megaprojects has .<)

~~ri.ous no:l\!,/.~t Jbv{)V"S~mC-EiholpmjcCl.~ ,J"evo·

huiml.lm,o~ evoh~tiollIl' "1
1m:

-HIArCi' .M.INI A.~IID' ]~~ HEPIEIIlIIIGI

]i<'l ~ep!!lR9Ii!l,(l Miter in 8@ijimJ Witih refl(lrijlil!ll b~ 'Gon!!!

6
0,.;1

htp1.l1l'Or SOlU~l

las(lJ rad~r:~ ~.!ld odl~r

]!l::;t!:~inlcmi1i.H)

r~CON

K,or~;;~.dl>e}1 bU!i~d~y~liI::~rouo~ SO~1~ce9:· one VOL 315

'I'Iid®JligOil rn'~a retl/ufes ill'l ~i]ing!,

""

l!i

9 MARCH 2007

:5CII~.Nelc. W'l!Vw.sdenooml1l.g.orgl

NEWSFOCIJS
R:ETHOVIRUS MIEETIING

II

H1'OIP'1 N'lw .AIIOS, Drugls, but on Breast ...Fee,d:inlg ,St:r,ate'g]'¥ ackfires I B

Two n·o'l!!'e~drugiS sliruow promisi!;!~i!ilrnn!iiJ!lrd-to-tfeat j:hlth:!nts,. but. br'east-ifeeding snu~Ji.e'.5 ulmidelrSic:OI'le<the dilffilcl!l~:t.y ·of ,iilllPplyingl aJdV'an'il:.es in ti~e r~all w,ot~~d
LOS ANGELIES, ,CALIIIFORNIA-,Im the arcade g;mneWI.~'l.c-.!i- M(ll~~" ~e·t-wi!il:hli r:lgplt1.ye.lf,\'i. ~md pcmm~moles irno dUl ground Ofl.~)i ~o have the buck~hl0t!H,;:~d pests pop om. t1~',finolht:r hole" HI,V has ... lot: in cO.mm.on with lliil.os~·moles, .A.!tll.I'HUgh ros;e'~:~ch h~!> shuw~ IhOlL breastfeeding carries a fiugnHk::lnl risk {)rlT"'nS!lni.ulin~ H~V I~'(:mll, iuJet~It.'d~~.other an tnllite\l" baby, UCl.V s·tudLe~pre:Sentl;ld here last l:vee1k ,n [he 1000rg;el'l~ annual us. AlDS i~~.~eclung·' big~ll~~t tht; d!aUii~
gers l~<'Il <Il1.~eni til\~e :stn.lte,g ies such as iufant ... f:orm~LI1~,rroC~n-J;t. in pm:)F ceumrics, Sillllikidy,
lTIiLlCh

81iliSWillNA
G~QiilfOO,,"

Sifir4iir~ ~<Irly \~mmhlg.lJn~[~d no he~lU;ln[+"["h~ study. which compared abrupt weaning ill <4 mo.l1Iit.11so beeasi-fecd ing for an averilgc of t I() mum hs, found jU'l equal nnm oor .[1 flnV ~nf~lirms:. and dleamhs by 2: ye~rs ofi:\gc. tl~.e n~n!lt p~"CJmising new.\l .11: IJ:lelJ'l.~.ee~ i~l£: c~ncfn:1U' repo"~Of~fHrg~ ~'n1caeylr~ab; ufr'!.w A IDS drugs, ~m,~tIltll" ~'riJli"li'V~l[~ twit), ~"thi~ yea I'; th3t hmn: :ml.o\'e·It,,1Irb~l~. of the d:mgs.. One rnhc:gmvir. nmd;eb)! MI;:;~k & C~l.in Rull\!,·.W. NeiW Jersey. C'r.~pple:~Hrv's ilnl~~se eillZ:yIne. In studies ul'niil.,jd.y }:i'lJO pil!lili;lm5~'l.rhu had viruses dm~ were .~~£M'y r>e5.~:SHrlrn:t m exils~i~.l£ d rugs" abm~1 60% I~lil.dundetectabl C levels of 111V ~.ntheir blood after.24 wee;b; 'o~· ~"~~~meill w with mJu;).grn\'1rfl[ld~ln···upHm~~d" c(]d.;(~!ilof other dnJgs. I n the controll. ~.:roup,. whieh reeeivedjust the Oipli.~uLredreghn~ns, 'l.'ina:ll load'sbecmlll.e mlcle~OC'lt11J~.e in roughiy .lO'K~ The ~Q~lld drug ..n'0fI'IJ',.Iiroe.mrgel~ hlU1fll8in imr~mll1.e cells It'o.Ilher than lhe v.urns.. II [V egll~rs cells by ~u~ld~i~.1!l the oC04 f\,"CII;:~ptor OJ~(: i:o ~nld

~o:~~k~ the n~~G1ill]g ~!r!d~·~~of4;id~h.u he ,U d!;isp

5tllices.<>inim::w&iling access loanni4l drll,gs. gre~~disp.uiliC's slille.'iist be't\ ...... the -e]l de\ldo;ped fUiI.dilhe dc\rebping woa.·.I!d. But there WHson!:: br~gJu spor: Df1~il en l\.\ u rJ.e\Vm!;;'dk:n.. limn; [1I1clcate '~Jrn"11hey cm~ knock down .111V s i !
lful~t l'iU\;~bt.;"cOlll1(;~n;:Ei~t~1Uto tCi:l:r.rurll. drJ:J!g~<l,~d

rrv

.mJlH'lK

OCEJI.'1

~(lU11H.Jl~R1(A

uft\l!iO >ehL;;ffiO!-d!lG' reeep ..·

H05p~·t.Bliizedt'liarrlile~ frillil(h~own, Botswal1a
'W'
\oI'!O

2~

mrs, Cn~5 or CX.r:1R.4. M ara v irec, 'IiI~ade by IPnze'r' iIII NewY()J.'!k Cil)'.

Ihall:1 ]V-i iii reeled \vome:IlI, use Ibrmub .. ()~.~Iy \~~lell it is. ''<'I:(X'epT'db:le, fea!l~ ble .. ~n:Ord.d)]e. ~"i~i\iilftin~hlc. ~11:e.") Ne:l!ITly and ~\~.·o':I,hird.s. nfected mothers ill !Jeil S.Wtl:nltl ofi !l.l1W use fonmLll;.t \I!.+!i,,~lln Ii>,pr(I\'!~d!ioic]free by 'the: '!!! governnn:lll. Brut ~hal ~)oiUcy3ppe'i!U:s l~ have ; h~~d3lr.;LglcdtlwIlSld~·.Rc:l>C3rehc!"1l !>tt~.YI~lg au
~f(IS~ recommeuds •.

<lire IXlrpin~MC'k. tip. The m~!iild~un~ltic wlk 0".1:1 alt1;:n~~U\~~S to bre;<L~t~~~d:iJlg. focus€:l(1 0:1.1 B ms.v.."!L:l.1a.where the g:ovcnunenl advises aUIlIV-umlfec~ool "".\Omen to ~u;r:inf;r~tI1;~:rmul.., to avoid trn~.lsniliui"g ih.e vims, ,~r,~c XV{)I'ld. lth Org,ani.za~kllli, 'by COl ... Hea

c(i~kl:l:gyes s~ur:li~d l'Uilorl i~ :; ,20 ~ of L53 B()t:i!1l'l."I~lnchildsen '1i l'S; ho:;pit~liz.cd far d~!u·ullcn" fii UI Of tilll!Se', 33 cljed. and .aU 'IE :Ii bUll (m~ \M(\f~ lil~mi,nb-lloo. :i!ll: nle~nV~i fected !.101tll5 of n the motber and theillf.\mt. W'1:i!<mll. as$'{_loCi~te,J i1Nith;my ol'a~.e de,alilins.SI)]ol s~Ulm;p~ shewed widet;pre,ad infection 'I,'I.'i crypto5pur.~d:i'lnm.l. Esdr~;riC'M(,l th edt. and S3lloo.~dl(!l. ·'Ifs.a r.UIl1I~ii~@:5'lorny:·Sii'Ly:s rtt_[i,..~trficktn ]-[fI\~nC(!n\'';;idj,o ol"l!llu;:Uni\l'(:rsi~y

gl!1nm,s pCCR5i eo prevcm u H IV fr1(lm binding. In it.

stud lcs 0 f!1r!:Hlr\: than 500 people .~n!k~ed~'>f th i HlVs !hllI prefer CCRS:
[il

reee prors, rna r<'IJv:u me dm\le vi:mllevd s drn\!n to !I.1nJ~b;;:clablei!ll 4S.5% of l.~l.CI.n::<lil,ed roup vcr:sus .24 .•6% ~r:l, a oo:w;tm:ll g group~~atr«"eh'ed op'rill:1.ized :ltlegil~].le·lJqj aloue; David Cooper o['du:: Ull;ail.ve[s~ty of New SouLl~\:va !es h11 Sydll.ey. A ustra 1i1Ji.\l;.Iho has

.~ e~~e?i<JI .cr~~II.y.o~L~~re<~k , of d Il"ir~~C\aI~ d~~~~~.~m'i.t ii5 ~ye;l'Ir repo rted I:h<ll infllmt ~~ofITh~iI ~~,~~unl'~l~'\d ~l. . tn .~ bn:.~54..feed ing.incrl:"L~d ~ a l~ d's risk of dei:!,llh hi~ ~ t~wmd i ~nht'.~ di :fiet1,::i~ I :in times, ilike~y boci:!U~ 11 ~ severe mood cont.H1Ill" 1lJ.,u,edlhe W;J tel' m,ed 10 fl m-Ire III > :r.- m1JLll:llI,ii!I, ,_,L;; 1,;1 _",;;!.,

b:.

orK:w'aZrd:lli"N~ua] in SQiulhA:fril!~l, Creek's '['I;;<IIn has advised Botswana IU ~e\1'a]:mne ~lS nlliven>al fOIli1l1!1Ii;t pill ic~ srtrcssil1g th!u Il,~ of vir-al. u~al,~~uu& fitUlflJbrea_"triSl!.: s ion

tested botil~.drugs. s:::~ys f their potency and i ~(l~~y hold up, (:I~nki.u·l$ !'h~lUld reevaluate
when W gt,ut !:reatlmi.u:nl. CWII:rell~l:eoomm.end:Jtions cnCQ~lmgc dcla.yijng[~!n1'll~fn IJlmitil~rieus ~mn,1;UiL1e d'Jm<l.s:e Of.:ClIIiS. i'ml~u't lO redute

feedi IlIg

t11l11::>t

f~,g:f~irithel'i.1

be b.alomC',ed risks OfrCir-

Hm -

m.ul.l use in:m~ii1. ·se~tilngs,.

But

Ji;lIl'i¢.' M~.I.~tyrL;:•.!M~

§ g

12 M

iM<1!'Ch2nU6. 512 dJe:d from .~ undier;) the !..'Ol.mlry

~F:Ii'OITii J'1Il1U~IF:r to

We,eks. evaimlling indudit1g

ch~~dren n~ dli'U,~·he.l. u~ .~ fro[!Ii'l. 21 tile yettr before. M:Cdical cpfd(:J'lflioh gi\5~;Tn:cYC~ek Qf,t.~e .S" ~O(:DUt'er~1br ~.il~se ~

:s

owlJ:lrici'~!1"g)rni;':Ccolo.gi Sf ~[ :Bari:li.gwmllifllhllo:sp.ita I ill1 Sowe'l~l. Soulb AI1riC.I. U'lul~on~ddl!u reseru.iChcf:> ~1;ru:J po]iJl.}r.mtl;"~rs s:ilO:lJld !:1m :~ose sight of ~Im.e real gO<i!I: w make tHnh :lOOding aplll'O,tche:s S;<1.fi::r. Sev~ e:u:id ~lud~~ ~lnd'ef\"".lY 1!:~ a myri<ld or !>1:ljlI!Ie~e's to do. jm;l. (illat dUS.i'!"i.bl;i1~ing !l;:h~.QI.ri~"'.ion S!ol.u!io.~J;
dn:lgs in ~.Ulot~l!i:n; 1Ii1lli .... <L~~d

too:j~(;~lh't~" mnh~tmd\:"(lilf~s 11~$ B :p00~lJ~'~~ sui:' fe:r from~he pll'n~(mged i~.n mune sl illuul<ll ion t1'b1J[ H IV ~rigg~n.;.whid.l Ctl(~p~r~y!> is lik~~y I'i:$pgns~bllilb the ~ncreu..'ie~number ul' d~I~:l:i: fI.'Ollrl. heart, ~ iver; and k~dney disease .... If YOLI
:-;~;(]Jt

pCQple

f;<I'~

ier.

ytlU

11'1.1 igiu

tmw;: a sign]]

~r-

.md IIJsing mni-HN

.~ CQn:Jil.m~o;l!,d Prc\'t'nuJ()J~I".A~,mil~. C~orgna.

!Ol •

~.]l~

Utlh (i(l n I~r@I1ICfl'OIl Re~lr'(!Io'IrU!!lUlS·OPllonu msuc ~,",i:I ;~ rllfecH:I!IflS,25~2.a Fetl.ruary, los:ll1il9ete~, Collihllmia.,

I;CClOO. b~i~ Ino[C ~l~ss!\1dy. B1,l~<l Z!1l1"1bia!'l sluely pr-esli:ilated ,It 'tille mee~'LI.g nnql1ldll~.n ·one soollll ngly IogiC<l~\..~y m m~:k~ bre~:s~.-~~'edhlg

impact 0.1111 all ofl~sc:·lmc s:m.y:;, rOlf t!l.e V'<l.Sln~"tiO[~l}1 ,ofHIV-jnfccoc'ti ptlClI):i.ewho live in poon:omnr:i.es.,hm'!,lc\-er.Lt Irll~jl b~ many Y~;!.I'$ b.efbrl<: mo!!lf~wilf(J(~and ndwglOmir ofler.my rei i.ef. Ma:nh.i'lll :Eg~'r of tile 1JJniv~rs]lY ur Bi1;;I1'[il1;; in Sw i~t'Kr~~und,I~Hi..· I;:~d h~agMt'!l;repo.l"ted dmt 59 d~.'lfe·renl Jlmg n.'eg~mens .11"¢H\ia.Habl~ t·o rnoSil AIDS paticlli~ in Nordl. Amli:Tic<I. but only three <Ire l}ll'ic<lIHy <lv~li~.aible'i~lAsk~ a~d l\rricfl, SO~\'C (lll~pmbCi'lIll

I.em, <IlIlOlher

5tnJlICe~,

w'I,IWiI.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. a L 31 S. 9 MAIRCH .2007 v

I
urruedeut
tfl

bumans, TI:i,egello:m.e of GOJ'{I'tlufax f)oMjY!(,b·.a. !for cx.3Jmplc. is 18 t U[!llCS tllilesize of mtrs.. A ~(l~l!liOI:l sons emer<dro in t~le 1910N~

h~w~ bi.gg~'rge;;'lO!n~S

d'!an

or

EVOUJTlON

so-ealled junk DNA ..In a(id[Gioll to preteincod imlggienes,.~e:lftome~ l"'OIlI[!1 ill ~I:re!che!' ,C) r DNA th~~encede RNA~1~,oICllt'li.l les or 3f¢ jW;[ w~[ig.~ 'of old g~n!;;$. Mai~}1g!!ni:lm~~ i~ltud.. ing our awa .• u,"e dominated by vjrusl ike ~~]lI!~n~~:;. DNA !;",II~d ~l(lb~I!~ of ~~rw,'lm~~h,ll ,""Ull l.llaH\;cnew copies of themselves th.u gel im~m;.'ldiuuew spots ill 'the same g~IUJme. Th.e human ~lI;lnonlt: is 98.5i% nom::o<.iing DNA.. Comp(lrimJ,~~I~t:::g(;li1ioln~ onu ving J';p!.):ces, i sc:i:e.I]j~istshave tound Ilmt geL1.0\Im,les ~rul,ex,lXIr:uJ and :;,li!J!:~f'!k qluk~kly. with !m.lobi]~d~nl'!l~lnS spl1eadilng .~ikre;1ge'.~.aIl1,~,ic lague'. The ronan p gcUl,OIllC. forexit.lll1l,J.::Ilc. U".i~:l,.lcd size ov(:,r l~.C iun,

pJ!';1.5 mi IlicH~ UJ ~,O[L~in~ml yetll"$. On die uther

D1lnosa,ur fo:ssih;aJr~

hellP~lllg sdentist's.
SOp edes

t:E!,j3j!iIE!

,aJpallrtw:hytl1~siZie;$

,of !£!I'E!nom~s !lrar"J SiD

dra ma.t.icaUy ,almong

Imliiid, Cill~yiiU'ligerro:rJ;c~n(~I!.~h"e(:ell.~1:0 !i:lJlipout Iotrge cifl,'t~u:Jhof li.om::O<iirlg DNA by accident, !>hrjnking their genemes iI~ tlrepD':f~cSc". li:l te~t \~~~d:iI;:r ~..,t:~~f~,~ selection pi.Ol.y~

.1

1:;::rtm.rUJ,\lUWUS H!'\". it rums Ol!L~<ld .11pre~ty sm311~ genome. A team of Amerlean aUldl Brirish~ie~,l~bl'S eM~mllresili.n ~I(om<1ined Il, r>ei<uve~y puny 1.9 bill ion base 'Pa~rs of DNA.. i a~~uk:over ha if I~,(: :SUI'_(; uf'!JlIr. o\\,'fl !,~1l0IllL3. The !S\:iem~~lS\J)j,'hocame lip wli,l:h this esti!'!J:!l!;1li!,.~long\',\lj,lh ~IU!nmM!l: filf U'!l: ~OO!l!l~." af .30 ether dfiinosmm species-s-had ~,o"lllc:ielU DNA to gtlld)r. .1: 1:t'.V,'lfl:ea:' iL~ll, beesme e::o:tiililCl

,(~5mimofl years
goncl
n~lead;

'lg!~, li1di~:s g.:nmlli!:is "

Eong

ill'l~p(h::'ton tracing the evcletion of bird gf.!nal'bles. "13 irds arc d unos<l'u:1i"$;hey·.-c' the :~mH t vestige," says; O'rg<J[l. Sciemisrs have long ncted Iha~ birds have ~rI1I'l.U genO[lrnl!es. cernpared h1 ~'~ptH.(:s.. thL;irdo~~S'I: ivi n,g~l;ni\'C1O. [ but i.l.,';"'.ISunclear maow .lllrn.d\\i.~eH that cm:i!ln!1;l eeeurred, OrJll:~m's~Hudy sl~ggl.;':~'tsth~t 111i.$ d illostlurm:toe~t()rs of b.iooJ> lll<ld evolved S!Im~OI.11 geililOJ,ues lo~g before bi rds tonk~Q the sky. "I, thin!.; !~lS vcry c;,;.cidn~:·' saysT. RYilll Gregory, "Ill expert 011
£;el:lo~,m: size at the Unn.vell'" sity of Gljelp~l in Canada "[f:s thekind ofp~lper we've ~l;,~d~dl(]{i!<1 l{l:~g tinl'l~:"
(iiillltl g:e:l!l,OIill~'5,il!ll

:S1'Wmlgole ill de~enniHung tlre size ora speciet;' r g(,llm(lm~•.&ciemisl:S h~~'!.ie~Omp;ilred wide ~I!lg~ tl of species, sC'd'rcl~imlg oorrol13tlimlS between lihr geJrnome sizeand ~JlhefHili~", Ill'[u:t:mt~]~l!bellid~lpIi ve ,.findil~g lil1ese (OITe~:Hta~:S ])mao; been dilfi(lull l~0'!.1!ro.'\i(N~. because rc:lruiwly few .g:~nomcs I13d been mea'MJOOdLllll.lil :u;eClell1l:ly.and m"my of I:~O);~ m~~~sur~~~IB'!~~S DUlIn b~\\I!"tlng.. turned Gel1l!Olne sizes are ~:sy to mi,~jLldl~e ..even ~~'ilh
moo:eCillgellQnn~' seque:unc.ilng

they disco'i,\llred a re'\i'e~:UUlg C>Qf~ rel<llti.on:: Big ge;l,lmm:slJ;."<!u! to berul.md ~llIag,lp·, mal s wi~;~, ig bone cel~.s. By Qom~ril1l~ 1~,1Jeize b s of Cli:11~in (fIil!~~1IS'-RLr fh~sil1ofifl[1i1Ifi.~ fIn ivingflnlI· m'l!li:s,~:heseientisrsgct S~ll~sli,calllysound.est~. ffi':Uil'iS I:ilf rhe !,ij~ ofthe d[no$;i!ur g~!I.~!:l~l;~ The fi nd ~ngs. lJubhls~led by /Va wro lhi is week, ~re IflQr~ tlmn just a curlosiry, Chnd~ OD:'~lln. a ~!'II.·\f.tl1d U:l1iversity ]m!ool'ltoloSi~~: ami dl~ II;~d ;';~ilhor uflli1l..:: 11t;\7!,I p~~r. Sf~ ehe eSlim~le5 slil.ed IIlle\V~ig,llilon" big puzsle: Wh,y do th~g,L;ln9!~l~~" vi~,g sp~d~sI;.'tJfi!H;: :~n ani :;;~!C'~
'U Maggl;t~:iu~g rdrilg4;l uf S~l>I:::;.V'dII:y,~ng nillm'!;l tiUHiI,

Genornes Big and Small

N@maJ1iHl! (raemtll!:!'bdilifJ: etegali'M'h ~o0 miniM ~p '!i~!l!I~' 'm~~~ fAf~i'dQP1i~ tIrD~icJii1J!l: :li,M)millitm lip F'ruil fly '(Om.s:ophila' metafiOlyacfrlff): 18® milL~oobp pulerfiso (rQ1r(j!:lI~unimpes)::
<'100 mi'Uijrll'l :bp

merho d;o;,,'liVhen sc 1,1;';]1.( ists sequence fI genome, I:h,ey gener.d~)' breuk it up into rdt;::,C~ t1mc!ml~ng~the'r like .1 puzzle. NO:Ulcod~.llg UNA ii' l(.lad(':dJ!;,v~~h r~p~,uil'lg,
sequences, wl11ich ~'1i'II.'! dli.Il'ILl':uh hire&<;..~mhk:pll"l;lPC'~~J~ Things aee improving .. i!>fiy ~ G rcgor}i'. N ~w leehllil

f~aglHenl:S

and ljil.e:ll1. I:ry

to

~oW~Y'

(f(!atl!!l~s:

The wid~ ~t:r!tfly ·(If g.cnoqnc

s izes staetled scient isrs \ov.~!(~nit ~~m~ il;) I ighti!'i lhi;': e'lrly ] {)50~. Ul~till1lut:n. thf;: pn:vaUung wlsdum had been '~h.H oomptex, .~nim;JI!'.i
[needed hi~I~J~:,er genumes

"u ilfIaliilrHlmlt! sapie~,d~

'li.5 ib:iJlion boP

iquesaee ena hi ~:~g more:-H;: ientists

<!rl;l

iPi\':CiS~r!I:J"~'{~t'lure!mJ;':!1i~-rnli

instance,

JOOO-fo]d inJ,m:unmls1 A~hdl

11)ISgsnome

is

15'0

li~le:i!!'m(l~I:erlhmrn

ours, wheire<ls the mar-

bled hu~gfb;h geuome Is ]1 times bigger" R,eceE:~.iy. SOilll,e ]m-ge:-sc<lle eomparisoas of 1e'II,lOm,(! sizes h:3'!,'e suggested liKH, I'I<1Hual scl~clh)!'II m;)y f~'",or bi.g g~no!n",s inf;Om!3' s,per::~es ,mdi smailgeoomes in alhers.., :Bm SO'Uil~eikf;!'p~ !U''!I~:U1;'i th,Mt ,~~~n{lmeite m~\y n('i~ & ies s be <'Id.<I:pli,ve <lit oaJL Now. w.utUn. the ~dwe~~,l of wh~t o.~1Em~Hk~"wC<lU "'dlin~ogICllomi.('&;." Sid~

Lea:l'i<ir,a~r.o,g ~iTlJ\flpfpif'IIi:(II; ,5,$b~tiQIII bp

IOniil!)liI~!fium ~j\Jo): 10,:~'bimonl lJ.iI!I

adeli mI~ DNA"1>tahdng cem-

~)ound$ to cel~s,md [h~n

m.iulg: Ilmlge.;pmo~ssing sofl~ \\l1"lreto an .. ~,r"Ze Ihe ;;1momn of sla irJl, Ami l he l1e:S;lI~, (I f ts

than si mple olltel'lneeded.

A I'Id y'et,
<liS .one

p~~p,e' ..

cx~)~ail1i;;d"'lS,fl iOf~rlm!<lmd'-lr 's

gemnne ",COflil<lius 70 time~

NI.OlI!mahil gr,as5StO;lfIper (A:ldi~Q ~di!!''''li15): :Jl6.Sbil~Q:i'I lip 'Figie;~~i,al'li!!al!i!de!i'(Ambylitomo tigllinllm): n billiolll b;p

~h~$Iil:i'~~.d~s are i
s~orod
i,1l1

~0l,:V

being

online dat!lb1.lse!>,

!li

eilli SiS C<lDilI be,sinliO ~eilse $ome <U1S,\iers by mn (iddifl,g c~li[1dSFedl~lnl:hc emcrghlgpi.cl!.lr¢
of g;e'l1<Jr1J1ecvo,llmiQDiI,.

Th~ n~"\' s,wdly

wm h.w~ hs mO(i:I: di~6'Cl

!1n~l:hDNA '~$ f,ound .~. .~s. .1 cen of th!! dmue~tiC'Cbv.'.I. a flu·more' highlly devdo~'ti, anirllla!.'· A.s res'enrcilers !li,,,ed ~Irlno:~ ,~~IlQmcs.the p'<l,lOldio:x £J-e,.\~dl.oep;er. ,s'llme
;.1$

:rmikhlg ptl~iM~

]!ii!y$-~(,tl4;l ~.

E:a:s1~~U~~ (l:l,I:MIm ,!'ollglJ,i'liiwm):

.~4IiJi!llijj)FIbop, Miirnled mi1iiil9fii~!il(pmta\PI'tl'''U-s atth1.opi'GlJs):BO billim lip

:> i.llg k~-C'eIled

p:ro tn~oilns

iL:Ompiiml,sons.. 'Gri:£,OIIy nl<lillilt(lum; <I dail.'thtl_sil;: nr.l~1i,rna~ :g~u)me S:~l~S,at ihe Unive'r- ~ :.ity oFGuclptli (gel":l.oo)Ji!£~uze. ~ Ci(lil~l). Kew 'Garde:lm.s bio~,Q- "" l!i "" git\,Ll>m~nfl~~01]~ thr p](llfntS ~

9 MARCH 2007

VOL 315

:5CII~.Nelc. W'liVw,sdenooml1l.g.ofgl

WSFOCIJS
a ~~d ,(lI.gM
(\liI' W' \~'.

II

kew, org/g en om es iz~1

WIYIl!!ii!!iil! (rooodiil:!!
,2.13,i1iUi'oo Ibpl 3.1b~L1an

hmnepil!l~ ,00:Ll1r;1iI) ... mel b1oIogis;~,~n the iL'>'Ionian University of Life SCit11CCS nrn. ;;1. d1maDa:'!C [Qr tung~.(ww\'\'.zhi,ee/:rmll,gul-g,enome~iz:!.:!!~. TQgt.~~.lc'r. ~e dahl1:mseSCQni!ai~ Il'I iorl1latuon o.n, ~ mOIre thanl O.Ol]fD S',IJec ies, One On~l(: :rir$'L 'l~orr~:~1;]t~on!>selentlses
~.h.e ize ofcells, s Il-cmllped ~IP iln a study
Or!

bp

Emu

Cr.ow
'0' my a

jt,6ibilLiQ'l lip U: bmiillll blP

notlc ..... """~!~~lilv~~m size of ~illlm!.;':s ~:nd d b th~

red

rliiiremtot1.f
3,2, biU(oo lip

7Jm~jMIj:'al.l~

L9b1LliDm

blocd cell s in \1-.:nehn~t,i,;;:;. li!~~r :;:t,\!d~~nI~lll

t:oulul a link between cell size and genome' size :~nolhergrOl!p:; of specie!'>. ~,ulf;;h RS p~'lIll5 <lnd proteeoansand in oiher types nf celfs iIiII \'Crtib:rntell,a Idmu~h nol <TIi~!. Some sciemists have :I,['S~Ledi th;'l[ n:mur<ll. S~l~lioll r;fu~,lors big (]if ~mll] g(mrml~ be~iU~ ~,h,eyprOO:l!ice big or S:1,1)tl,1I (le]~s.Take the case' of rNt'l'uJ~lmUtlfJi !'Ugh'lllis , ill. sexuiMy Innstni~tt:d pm~OZOHJI1 [h.n .~i~·~ iu~:~tl humml 'i!<1i,~iml. When a Im~ltJ.~nt>lilmc group l\cd 'Ily JIDU: Olrilo11. '\F!~fl is now <at New York Ull1ivers:~ty. p~~.bli~hedi tlte ol"!,l.ani';;~l·l!; Clffii;J~l~i~ the::- 12 Ja.!lUa~ h;l'iu~of g ~ :x;iclfc'C(p. 2.(~7):~~_k,)'!flb~r\;~~l~ll T: H.WiuJ{dlt~ t:l 1£ ~:N,lrlded \i\1Hh ~~Irmore mobile elernents than
Ap.aitosa!ij'i~
2,.1!'illmi1l1n bp

!i!:i~i!OJj¥dr!i'S

1.5:8;IHIJ[~ I~p,

• _

S!iI!aU Med~ILllm Llr9~

~ ~]re foWld in rel~~-d ~)rUiiC~!))[Ul!:> thmiiY'-c:e]:;eI~~rhell'l ,un the body~ The sc.tea~dSls, sli1ggest~lma~ ,~ td-1!!!11 T. n~gilf;f1lf.~ ]'[L1!Ov\,.,J huo its curreru IX()Q Iqgil..<llilm iche, iis gelliome f:xplil.1.ded :l<lJ:pid~,y.Jlhe '~ prctozoanitscl f b{:1C ~I!;HC h i~g;c!"a~aresult. ~ ~'I'hi,ch mtll!de i.l more e~;rcct~ve n chasi ng <md ~
Oi!

l!i)i!'!o!l!.lWlQmlh:lO, Sd~liIliSillO h~l1j'e CQme u f:! Wii'lh a melrholl! tQ~lil1ilo!!hi'

t]iJ~ si ~s QII diJ]QW!Il r '£lll'nQI'I1!:l:;.

11I1.~Y ,oOlldllldE! !bOIl tgd~V'~ b~rd~ge~ Ih~k sma'll genom es hom their cHru~s.tl.lilr~IIIIG:e5to rs, .
~.l.appot.::ldili:> IlW~SI,l~m~'I1!ts O!llO a~, IilVG!kltion~ h

<!Ir)'ree.llulcG:l'reb!ltioilll !,!!,1;1LS good enouyh thar l th~y oOluid lISi~ iht: !'l,i~c rlfgl s~d.Q's' C1, t~'CH:yt~:l> s :~ (':n~l,ill1ng, it'> baeL'l'!i.(1IP~'YCh!l1~~lg cell size mEliy bea;lel~t ether kil.llcis ttl O1A.:c;m<neiy predi!ct its genrnci:l:ue size, Tihe sciillg eatists t'~].elm.<l,ddcdto the tree branches fer ,~ of species in ol~.cir\:I,1ays.ill some £)I'oups of 3 I species Qfd ill,'lICiil'i,H!iIf:S limd used the size ef <lIllinm~:>~$p~cie~',\'~.th high m~H]b?htC f<lleS ':! I.cnd to have small gel.lO~lCS., forexample, t h:~~ro:st.eocylC's to est imf~I:Cl:l:l.c :5uze 0 r tl~.e ir they .~ whereas :i!J1ecie:s with ::l~O\~'metabol ~:iiom::;~<lv1: genome!:>. from that iufonnaricn, ~ big ones, One possible explanarion is ~hal inferred how d~e: size of dinosaargenomes I~~:umillg.~mnlml~~ iv~ rise [0 &tm:flU blood eil'1 ls, g ll~;;td'~"'ll~\ll.;;dove r ti 1m:1;;_ ·~which have ;lhugh :Sl'Lr~ll~to.:\(ollJme rario .u~d Theiranalysis suggesrs t11;n the ceannon 1.1, ,~ l.:a1i!l~an"'r0rt oxyg00:fn. r,lst~r aero".....[h~~.!'IfI~~m· O1tIJ.~~lnrof d~.n~Ji\;lli1!r:;,. ~m~LI] rOI!JlJ-ftlO1\;orj rep.~ bmua.es. [if a VJ.1l1irm-Ib.~oodedaniD'l~al~~.eedSI.olll;~e t~~le .i:i;'I.'e-d .00llll 230 ~lu~,lion ye,Hlrs ago. had l~~;mt 3 ,~ ~i~m of O){y~c:lm to the lilS mcn:llIOOIil;~~1 slrUI~1 •.~ (;l rclatiilvt:'~)lIh.ig, yenorm~~about th~ Sl:11~£ &l!z(:&<; .l!!' genome II,nu.!;lhlga.ve ~l ,m ,evolmi:OImryedge. OJ n!IU i.~'IJ:or·s. That t'OmM.on ancestor ,~,I\~e~~e to ~1iiCr-id nuti1;)!1" '~iIJlC'h..;:o of Ji.t~t~WIn>_ 011(: of b those br.mcTmes.the Or:llll ith i&:h:iian!S.i~achLded:big ~ The: 'Ms·s~l[ Im~ii'd 'Ill Ctm~,;iSi~'~~wit h ~hi~, hyp(ll~M;;l~. h i['(ls h~l\~ ~wrilb.nfi;;1S $m;b ;;t." st,,;:gosmqifl> {.~d TJ1t;CJP/oll<t. d n,'lI!!ch8mal~e.r g~~lG!n:~.I~~lnl~]{}~ oftheir ,r~f'· Their g~~{J(~~H;::S id net ch,rlilg~ much, ··Tl~.et;;~

d lnosaurs; inc! ~l.di!l!1l.fc~uh~'r$.ra ridl !i!JI;W,lth •. and neMiulll behavior, "Yi;UI duu'r decide you N!Jli n~ to fly aJ1d 'be warm-bleeded ~iktl
3
b:~I'{iI, Ol,ndllhen 1n1lk.-e:<III Ilrn.ese~~~a1lge:s:'

:!!a:i"S

Orga.nt. "T.h.q·re all 5111<1:111 CLu'il,u~athre i:hillg;; lh<J~ go \\~W, ""',J)' buck, ~md~1meycmn~k>gether ~o pood.ucl;,'; 1.~lis end l!arm," Ah,~,ough G regolry and others pind::;;e O:rg:l.ll·s paper, some scientists HI1€: not as j,mpmfl-%"!(.t ··h~;;t cm,~p;:~'e:r"bml"rl.~' mu ~r~.,
b1y confi.dentin the
OHlQOIliilC:' S<I.YS Mic'irlllld

II-'

"' ....

tyq;gd:a oflndi,JIf!I;J! Uniwr:o;i~y. BI~l~lming~()!l . who questions whether natura] selection is re~~m~lsiblc druvi.ng g('non~.C'se dUTcru.lu filr e
sizesto fill1l.eH:une m,etaboliisllIi!. "There'S <I CO(fr(::I~Uo~ [)n:h~tWfi. hut I dOl1'! know ohuny d:irect demOIlS'l'f'<'II:ian, of' C:l'USi:\~ i'ty."

ta U~.liIi:rll relatives. Btlit ,ut birdscvelved s,I1n<"llle'r guys hWllc a lypic<lii r.::pd,i.illJlJ"Slz~J ~:I1lO:I1~e." ~ .~ gem:uru:!)lur' their hi~h metabo.lli:iln1.~~.e '1m:;$- S~-l)i!iO~. ~Iion Ila.tum'lm.yari:sc:s, ~vhenl did l~:1'I!t ,Un,r~nkagc s But illltoIJ~.CiI.·brn[lch of d hln5!mr.s,-b~pcda I ' precMo~ km.. ~,s~1merl()p()ds-e-io~"ed sig~ w.~~, ~_ ~Hke pbl!1.1e'! o'rg:l'm re~d ized (h'll di mI,Q$,1IU[ I'm;· .~ .s i.~::;~:niighlhok:l the ~11l,';\\'e.r. Il]if~.c.mlly jiln:! IleO" yen.anlile'S. Thelupoclls \!,l'O~JId

G reg"\J(ry c~J.mJl,,~-d.~s. ~""\;:!.~~fm~!(:t~b[jlis!\!~ th(ll" l can aC~QUIllt: ~iJ:rI,he M~l<lll genmne::;. of .!lI~imaI~ such as dhlOSilI.lkI'S and birds, i~ \mlm"l exp.l<!Iin ..U ~hep;;;~U-eHiS il>ci ~m~~l;:.', fi fld ,P~'ln~ fbr s,. cxampk., i~Jlvre n ::;;.~11llar co rrelal.i 011 be{\\:ccn i c ~i.e <lind ye~nOl]M£: s.ize •.. ,e~"'<lJl1Ip]e. b!JI t l

en

~or

tltley

Som~ d~!Il!)$ ilU r fossi is .a!\l 'So \:\N;;U 11_ Ii'~ 1..1 Ui~~i):~i;;ly give rise [0 birds •. "T11i!' bIo\xl~our ,= .sef\1ed t~lill;~ !!l~11 ~,1."ve'the cmrit:~esliKm. once' ohhe !,!".uel" the :ide'~.lil::H S1111l1111genomcs they held ~h~~r bm'!~ c~lls (kliLu\:V!~IT~S o$~e(i(y~e·g). e()411\'{1'I!\t~wu~1:I nli,~I'Il." S<lys.O~J,~m. '~ But ~o OimiC ilm.,d eVf:1" establ i~~,cd~ I i~,llk.bet.v.reen Org~.rt gU~B that [lten~"Qds evolved to :2 ~nlJlm: slz~ ~UldOSitCGt,'}'tc !i1¥e. ··Tha~.\'WLS,OlJ!r have h~.gh,~r metaboHc fates tha~ athcl: anioll ::;elec~ .~fitsl ~~ep:'s<li)1SOir.g:mm" They ~"ll:uilned ooUil,es J ~rlios<ltn h.~,L as a,~:-'lIh. ~.la;~um~, ~, fmm 2() sp~fe:i of biNS" reptHes. m;;l!:nm;;L~s. d,nn n'lvorod sm~I,IGr ~;eI1C1mCf> Olnd ~mo;l~hlr c:dls. Other p<lleoll~ologi5l;s have ,allw ~:b~Ia:IJd andamphiibi.,llS, W:iilh co~I~.£!lI'e::i <It HOlP!tdJd ,~ ~tld d~~U~~v~rs~~yflf R~~ding .. U.K .. he cvid€,!lC:~ f'l;)f bird bjo~.[~g)'i!l hip~d~d
:I:j

i
g

ilm<lve <Ul allilll.l~.I~.~jik.e Ill.etaooi,~"'m. hspos.. ..ib!1;; thallt I'JI000f!I$hav~d~fJ:"e:rolilt~eltom~

dOH·I:

bec.m;se ~enQim:le size cl1:anges the' 'Wi;'l)' LI~l'l:~rcen::;: (:'\pll!r~:;;m:'l~ili~~ ()rm,m~poniluids. "AIIlIY orte fe<lulI:e i5Jrl'[ .re.tlly gQ(ing~D '!.JO\'elr it" Gr~m:y ~"Iy..;,'''Yem. hllVJeto :Iookfrom the' bot~om tip mmd the top OO,!/\flliill every C<I5e:"
-(ARIL ZIMMER

si zes

me, 'wilttM?

Carl, Zim!lfl(!r':~ la~Ht Iw~. Or1J

IJUttli:tll;~d ned'wrinJ}

t. ~fi allci!he

~nii!1lg

·of

w'I,iWi,i'.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. va L 31 S

9 MAIRCH ,2007

Even seund ::;]eepers have restless braias,

leal Scheel in Boston. "'W~mi the

bnl~.111 lis

~:a.vn:ri.l.espor, :Bet._.;nn,s,e ind~vid,u.3~ p]!;Jt;>eells c ,a r.J[ ~likcs,a din~Iit':~.n rome.a d ilTC-fI;:nt~equcn:oc

yg~~r body m.lY be: lu:~d.yl!1,~g~hn~ 1~:-;5 ouce

YQur head fu!uls the pmClW, bm inslde yom' SK,UII, i1lil~n iOi,15 01' Hi::UHHlS ,Ire bus i I)' :Wi ri ng <liw:liy. ol~en il:). syn(;Th.r"(:!I1I.:~z.e(lbursts thi'll: send: Wfl\'C~ of d~'Clri.dly ~,",\"e(:p~lll~ ~lcrn~s the SUf'~

re1dIY~Tyi~,g lQ du is exnaet meaning,"

SUG h idea S aren "t ~1fIversal IY~l!::: c])~e d, l c

~'SJX'ind

QrllyilP

a "pec~II'iC ~:~lc.ui'l~iU .eaeh ti me

however, On:le.llie'\.\1 muJ contm\ler.l:i;l~ i~ypoll~e- ofplaoe cells fires. Sub~~.~enl :smudies fOlmd sis s;~;ggesI:S'~~<1l mem,o.uy and other cegnirive I~'M: sequences of plm~~ce~l:trilrin£ that ·rn;cuD' ben~nls;!:Ire m~rdy side efWccts or the 1[IIH~ ~",[I n'!,[explores ;) m;{w I~fi\'~m!ilme[n are face of your b[~liln. funcrion of ske:p: dialil~g down ,synapse:!; dUI! re:p'.lt'I,ycdILl.cnext li.nm,eIh.cn:;;lt dozes, ill> if lhe What all lL'ai~ !Hmr;diH;:~ivi ly accomh,O!vt;:g~lU~-.Il tl>V!;;r~dl€ld by d!J)ftim~ <u::'livi ty, mlima I~m'u;1;\'S~l~ S!:t;;rli." dmoJeWlg~k'\;'lp. Arid some skeptics aren't ·conv,ufI(;ed that 1luIn31IJlS Ull<liy do :s;om,el1'n~nl.g similar, ]n .. plishes, il'anythi:ll,g~ is 11 my:stery.i!lnd p.un of lh~ c\,~YII.I!ll"gcr' PI,]zzle of wllY we sl.c~~:I• One . lil!cC'l"Il~~~.anyLhing to do \.\:.~thMClli'lJfln' m al I. liOO.:!, a rcseareh team ]~d by Pl\crl~ M~qH(:lOf , i.de~i~h'll has S~li ed fa \'01" i~1 rece n'I years n GU"~I.l.111 the uaeertainries, researehers :my l.he U l'IIivers.ily .of l iilege. Be~g~~Lm. used p.nll:it.rtJ.!Jii.!;,1Jijlis$lr.ifiiJ l.iOll~.og,'mI.lhy .'PET) t.O iUO:!l1iiE.~hat dWll":b"geer~~1 i!liis~~,g~~~ll' sl~~~~ lh~ .. th:~ qU(;:>l 1.0 unde:r::muliJ the si!i;.le~~h~~ is br~in just beginning. But tll.ey'reall'ead;y findin.g ot:'<L in lrep~.'IYS,~~", iences fliol:m, rhe day toO per i'tor bra in activ uty in :n.]CII.1 pl <ly ins 11 vi rtualliilr~~gt:I~~I} !lll;m~llryof what h~.ppl,;:~ll,;l(l !b~d~'lti!l g d~t~~ ~lj;put \';h~1!1 ~.Pl?¢~~~ hen tbL;: .h w re.~lily g~l1mle i!lii \';~h~h~lm~yl(r"'r~~d tu n~v~Suppou<rl: for this notion con1:!>:;) fm:nifl ~~\~Lri}l:lly we're olT]n Ih~ Land QfNod. g;.lle throu£Jh .~ \.~I1,'m~1town IhM:t~~,d~.y :;CC'UlL~ a ~:'rom,he shoot ~'em-up v~(.l:e'(lgame Du ke t o f'e )l:P~'1:imemswi lilm rodents <melpe c:rple. Nuke m). T;~,e:same n;>,g~{1 >0 r ~ hi ppcus 11m!!;!: inclmlgflg~. :i1e\/t.~:l'i!.ldyii1d~is issue Sl!gg:es:~~ L~t !lI1Iil! iSI~!l't!l!llt agaillil i ng that bO()isti:~.g such meraory-related T11,C :furnl c1oipocrimellltaJ evidence: I.~~at the 'I}I"!I in c<llmllH~s dun revved up \\.II~.cn the )lUbjClC~5; activiryin file ,~I.eei),~ng rain C<!J! imprnve b exploredthe irulO.lI elwirorulbe'~:~.d!i.obecame n:P~ilYS,recent eJ"];te\I,ieIl:CfSd!Jri~ sleep ceme me:1I],~ory performance illmhumans, fil'mn expell.; mcm:s 'with rats begun :i,n tile :~ 9'90s ;ICI,'U\'C\"I,hellthe men :lSI ~ilpped lillll:O s~m\r=wmre SO'l'n.~,(;; resssrehers r:>Uf;pG'>Cl ilh,fll r~p~"lyin:g, by nel!wSC'i~~nisl Brw::ll McNiatlghl'<Ul of lh~ sleepIh~~ igM:.n ~ u ssll,~pl'(~g(lis eflen con~s the recent past during sleep is more' than 3. LJ~i \:er:s.ity of Ari7JJml. Tm.::ml~,and 11 :gr"<Lr~l~ si dered the deepest: Skl1;,v~w.lli\fe sleepers aee m~mij;lr)l 'Lid, This rev~¢\"t m,~yO!b;ogive I:h~ a~e smdem Mm!h~wWils.t)~. McNmighu,'l!'i hi;~rd~(I :rtll!~~. D~urh~~ ::-:~etlp t,f~il;.'!.~l~cffi1this S brai.11I1 a chaaee 10 cau::JI1I, i.:lm~por[al'llt ~:!iifarl1i:1l'1~· and W.ullson recordedthe ·e~el.:trica~: <lc~.ivil)' of eueep ba:~ogr"<I,m {E EG)I raees S~~Q~l!''wmrcs;; .0 f ~ e:leoC[r,[c;:.nJ;H::t1vity Ihl'iHU1il;~]Ollt the braiu that ~ tkm h~l~~S""C'd firstt ime a roand, "l'll1cr,~:1;. ~~~Lrons,caUed "'pI:,1.~ Ii,lells"'illthe .r,,'I.1lilllm~ i:lu: more an:dm,ore ev~.dellic:e a'Ccn~ililg Ihmwhm: campus, These neurons, have an ;)Ili n~,tyfor peakabout once 3 se,cond.rET SC<H'IIS .~'n.ippoca~up{ll ~. w~'l:\e seeing d.uri!m.,!!, ~.~~~~p ~.Oi _~ is US~ a particular lccatlons, 100 that as ."1 riM runs revC'a~ed ll1![U the more ~fil~Il[se st lren,gtllc n ing 0 f memet ies, '" :S<'l:ys Rober ~ <lIiOllnJ,ils, em::]m,m-e, ,J given p·~3.oe cell fires <Icli.\'ilya volui1H:e:1f had d1urli.n:g slow-wave I!! Sti.ck_:gQ:~d.a ne lil_~sd(lnt ifi,l .:'It Harvard M~d:· €'~!cl~ lhWl~the mde~l p<1SS.~'l dll:,o~~~hthfl~ c~U':s \'Iloop. l h~ better ~H~pei!' l"onll~d Ihf;): ~H~" diu)' ~ I

,I

9 MARCH 2007

VOL 315

:5CII~.Nelc. W'liVw.sdenooml1l.g.orgl

NEWSFOCIJS
;;vh~n he sprhu~d lh!'O'"i;~gl~. "~nual t'l)\\,m ~!) the f~nd certain objects as qlUic:k~y as possible, M~quel and colleagues reported in the 2~"'! lll(ilbeit ']n04 issw::ofM::,unm. O M~lqlUC't's, l:llil.d~lngssl~O\:\~e:dnioe corre:la~ u liml bt'ftv.~e~ Illf\If<.!~. Lct~viy (~ur.~n~~ieeJ;)and ~ su b&~qll~IU. lnC'mory pcrl."o:nna nee, says J:;liU B[wn, .. ~1 n~urosc;:h::n[j~q .at the U!'!iv(;;~ity of
Ui,bec:llin
Ge]".I]1I,my. The namral next step,

II

hypn~.h~sis.

:!11iI,elln~~)ri~s fir~:~e~l'Codedb]l are

the hippoc<unpus al1d~a~er-pe:~~aps, bllel ma tter e f hom s or d~y s=-rransferred lor long-term M(lrdgc tn ~h~l:\f;rebr<l~.(<lrle.~. r e ~CQ{}QrIC:CSevera] lines of evidence su.pport this seerraric, <lIllC!lIfnS '~iliae,IH~he ebservation t hfil m.~myp (:03~lc \\'110 sul]":(;,' a!li1ln~.~ilafi:l'lowl i!l\g: d<imag~w!he hiprp(lc~!m!H~S c~li!'1 l'>.'rill IL"'eC'31.1 events andf,u::IS learued prior liOtheir

pl~pl:!!yiW;g a gj,in'll~rhat rsqulred !)11:<l!liliplukniimlg; ~i'tlJ:illgSofr:llmnbers were more th~lruhC'!rk:e

likely enabled
!IS

have a nJl!>.hi of .i.ns:.~gbl that solve ~he PHlb lem more q ~Lickl.y liner .3. ~ igllt of .s~.l;'eP '~lliI2ln (Iller ;:)iI sanli;h.u tlme oh\·'lke'11JI:m:~s:s"
NJ

l~,Wifl1l!lei

M:O!r~ 1'C~ent~;y.~1tfl s;ll~1!p[i:.."'~~!"C~, Inl)~ting

lust mn:iJlth ul ~he Sulk

ll'!~t

HJljt~for BiQI(lgk~11
~(lnll~t1~.Qm!· \'I.11il~

StmJ ies, Sri.ckgold presented findin,gs. suggest~

Bot~l say~..w~]st~l seewherher <lflifi·d.,Uy boostung memmy-:rellatcd neural ..aclh"ity dur:. ing *,Iee.'pc(l'u~din(lpTtWe ~lllemo~;y pi::r:funn~ <11100.01'1 pOIge 1426. BO{r,~lS team describes an $th~lmlptIf) do _f uSllhaL nerese;u.iClhJers had! ~'olul'I~eers pby :I video vcrskmtlnh~Cflrd yi!1:!1;~ M~mory"also k!l(n,i\rl~ ~s Cmu:{'a:ulliatli,mll)~ in whech they had to leam and remcnll]f!'r the loesrl ens of Il3 i:rs or (,9:rrlS. Dr.mril1~llle :iO.1Jne i~]l"~ illl." srl.)ujJ 000 ctI[d~·. EaC'~]m~l'Ched I'~ir nu1hed ililii th~ sereen fo:l" a few seconds. one lit <lU.ii,m],1.e, with .1.U the o~ll~r c,l:udSk'I-C~f1lg dm\,Ilii .. AliCl' ~h~¥oll,llllii.t~t'N

injury r:'~1l1 Owug~ (~,t.>y'n; ~]n<1.blL;; furm to ~1 rn~'.m.orie:s.,~,~such p<ll~.enl~. oidnm.enuJew

riesasust r~~ide somewhere ot ht::r[ll:la n the ~lUppOC<lItlIJWI.s. How the bruin might ~I.·~uslbr memories from the ~]'ippOC~11IiI.lpUS 1.0 Ihe neecortex ]sn'[ ik:uMJWn, lH~CS assuared to b require some l!;iud ofbOi!ck"l,lnd~forth comIlulmic,niol'libelween the two snuennes,

j,l,g thut 1J~~~pLt; nd m~.~~ I\g fi

lfui.eysleep, .1~.lli.s roup had volumeers play a g card !:,;<lm1;li~ll\m~,(;h .utool,npt~d to pr~dilt;.;! ~he'y whe ther it wm~1d "ra iI1.1.'" based CUll cards the researchers hlild S:hown~'I~.c~itl, ~me was The r.ugged so tl:l:u. Ute eard lJ.f.ilh dll.e diamonds, fur h~-nn~e~, w<vsWoUO\\.·~d SU1!1ny \1\.'11.~~~~(:r s lily 8IOU.4~f the time .. E3!l:b c3Jl:1 hold us 0\'1'1'1rule. o

had. seen t he l·oC~gliOUilIS of

~nt h~p;_dr~,.the

researchers tested the subjects' recall by nl~l1I~ illlg Cil1ne:Or~1m.t:30(,,,005 roo~upul\ld<'!~kin.g~ihem W fiLlil.d hs mntch.l1lile researchers then used

EEG eleerrodes to fl'loIliu)r~ht: velanteers'

br.li~:lm;l;i,,~.tyw'hil!eli:tey slept,
Onc~ lh{l\roh~~H(:{,:rsentered
:!;.hnV~\1i!.flVC'

and Ji found ~haLlnw.::h like hippocampal ,t'CR s, 11!.:::lJrO]lS the \1~~,~lal ~ll CQI.'l¢l~..t~f~l~ lwepl!ay f:ilr~.:Il1,gsequences l.luring slew-wave &(;% ~('If..~~bj~c,;:n;. 'd r~~~il'!i'G-d~Qod~l!n\:hi I~ :;l~pdm!!H,II~h \VhD !~~~:rJ.;tiv~lY dm:1ng lht.:r:r!~s' " d ay~ilrn'i;l ~1.1,111.\l !1! nrli U],g. J\ilm~;n.r1M. the seienslell:p'irl.g. Sllbjifi.'i~I:s who gut rhe rose odor e:ither while awake 01' whUe il:D IREMsleep, QUI~hi::' dsa:s fbundlfui<lil the replay in the visual ClJ.I1iCX o~~tlr~tl!I.llJ. !mw..::d :Jro,o meIllor)' bOOM!nllJrdid s Ih.,ppemi ~r1 lacktli:t\P \\'ilh repl~y in the ~]ippgp[1!;!Senli~l.g the od.or Ilhlring .slm""~lw~wc sleep C'alllpUS. ··IIt',; tile I1l"st lh~1IC\'!I'e' soc s.eqmmccs .fl3 hdp :subjelo1s '!.vho h;J,drn'~oc"'en ,ej"'IJ'OSl~.~orose bot.lliL .ill die hiIPlj)Oc.~mpm;. .md lhe WI,eooCo:n,e;", .~ dur.iing the Imi l1Iill1J:!, ;es.'i~OI1. "~Ir:~. fiffi~ "'~!ill.dfY ~mdl~he if ~1C!o!JTdilm;I.Knilli nl lime:" s.~y;sM<lqLLC L s the
place ~~U !'Cf!lly de:t:lliliHl=:'I!1!ltc th~~Um!;t;: C<l~l ,~nfht~nc!,)' b mi;;:I1I],orywUltl1.1li'U:lmU lh,ll eXI~li.ci~ll)l m.:tuv:lIH::' s

sleep, dlf' ree<irchen>.~.;]\~e ~omt' afthelll:ot p~llr Ofr{lt':e~~e~m~dak Th~y'd:pre\'itlu:s:~y ,~iv(,11 some of the ~mbjec~siii whi!fotl'lose d:urin~ ~he:urin.alimllmining SC!>SIOIl \viuh i:~1f!'cards, ru.l:5onirli,g th.ll lh~odm \l'iQ~~1dem;~\."ltelll~:em" r ories of the uilLII1.ing S(I':!lSJtOll iun. th~~e :5l,11bjects \1\!i~~iULH w"tiLkil.g: ~l.eml" ]udeed, fl~nc~iomd Ill'~~ net ie resona rice iIll a gi ng (I}'/IIRJ) SC~.~.l in, s de-(';p~l'Igs~llbjecl:l: revealed that the ,od~)raetiWlted! ([le Ilippocmn~.pusiln dlOSi: who had e~~ rienced i~ pr~~liousI)'. even l~lUl!g~ the E I~'G .sll(}Wtld 1110diS!mplio:I1~" in lheslIbjecu;':slmmll:lt'!r. Ah1rn.OlJgJ~ tht;:y did~l'treniu:;·m'be. ll'!I[lclling reses i.lll.the.~r!:i,l!~et),. ,~ubjell"ts ,,,,1u) g~~the flr<l.~"'U'I~ the ~r.!l'im~~ rem~mb~r,ed, th~ Imultdu.;(i 1~9ir~ b~ut!'r ~lil.eau:)!!.1 lfi11)'. genung, 9'1% cortect ,t:Olllllp'1.red~D

A MmJy by Wi Isun [~~.dpo.s~d(J(;H1r.;f~ r~lkllii;.t Da.oy UI1I, J:i,publiis.hied il~ the Jallu;1 ry issue of Nmun: Neul'u,,,t'i~>fu.'I:slII!wons I.hi.sitk,:!t WUiSOll

lM rhe vol Wl~~ef!' d~d~nT kIDL(:I\,V1'", rules '[;Ve!'1 [ existed. As expt'cled they did IlQ bener thsn ·c~~.m:c!u.first. B~11~flt.'ir 200 prodi.t't.ions. their ::;ucoess :ratesil1ilpmlVe:d. When the subjecl:!i

came b.."iCk12 hO~1.rs~a~r til:j! .~~~I1+ t~~~y~~d t() ii'mllp:roved even mo:r>e-tnd. thase \!;'ho(l s.lepl

i~Wg"!i:)V~dabout "there
'Si~g:ro\\I

~O% more d~,mthn~~

\l;~~fl

h.Ldn'l. A]d1<~u.g~if!jtl madest iI!'I~JlrQ\'1;;m~m.

iIlg sense t h~;I: here's aetlve ~
SHY::; WilSQ1IiI"

I.e.,..niin,g

Then':: s. atf)lOiBlCreao;;lug ~vid\.':lltie ~h~ltdl.ffer= ~l'It s,t,Jges {If :s.~eep~l!leil1~,'Ol,'Cd :il:l 00.1]sol idal~ "
:i:ng differel1l1 kumls ofnu::luory: says .[V[3U:!i1.eW

during !)~eep.;'

~ IIW bi:p'J:l(:H;,impus: d~~!"1,~sh~l.fl'~" ~ysWH~orl.

~n OI;:s;s:oci,ue profes;sQI" ~t the MfI,S;S9C::l'mofIechl1(l~ogy 1111 C~llbfldge. ~ 80m's findilng:l> fit\V,~lh,) popu:I!<lr \'Uli;'I,V gf .~ bowl~le bnd~l m~Jnuric:s. ;;Ii\'\I<;lY fU(IjIOJmg~
.~ IliO~:V i!'l

.scut>lnIIHI!e

m,,~
<J,

'~ ~;elin~1 s,wr<lgc.

pn)ces:s lleurOM:i.ell&ILS;~5'c,111
U)

.~ !1111>em£l.ry C'on'~oHdudnfl+ Accon.H~,g

d~i~

M.o~'emanm@m:1ll11J Be:Y{H~d :;:i iI'n~p Iyrfl:r:~ ~ i11 ~ m~~nur ies. dH,~ f)! br<lin ~mlay!be ~nflin~ t~uou~h 'recent e:o:pel:.iem;cs. d:uri.ng :sleep to i.f,l!t,:~]t:ifyi!Julcsabout ~a~];_"'ii: <L~1H.1I elfec~ (lr o~heilrIIJse11111p;:lHe;m~. S.OIlfl,e res~areh~]'l> S~ISJ'~C[.o.~,e ofl:~e flrnt h[ril::;,of t hi s p hellO m'CIlJOI1I !Ct'Ln1'C from ~1 200"'1 N~mre j:)>1perby B.om 's grOtlr," They r~·p'0~TGdll];ilJ~i"~SC;II~Nelc. a L 31S v

\~h!lkcr. f! nl;;uro$!l::iQ:misll.'lill~flnl:r.rd MiI,;d~c.id School. Sp<ni'111Il'1£mmies.. lilke lh~ formed b~~ pt,~yinsMii;nl()1)' orb)' mIVi~l~rI,g.:Lhmulilh~ m~c.e 011" \',~rmal tIl~~'n,seem ~o be:c0Q1Si.)1ud.1ued during S.~OW-\l!J"d.V~ ~Ie.t;:p!' TIl.{: ::m~1C apll~ru.';.; to be tme !for dedamtive Ilii,~lemQries" which
~IWO~\1'e re'll~!l'll~rill~ li~~I~"""":bl'LlI10lmJ~s.\'\,fIil'li,~yothe:L'klinds, ofllm::'n~ol:-Y, Some ::itudiesw;tLve

fUL.nl'nd~l~~ ~hd;J!l'fli!l POO(;'(':$8e'J; ~mi:mo:ries w~lh

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me

W,~:a~'snew 'ilil v111"

bib'i~raphi{ software that S'tream ~nes research. wrim ng and pub~~hing. Reference' MallaQef has served OOfjDate. 'govemmenl¥1d ocaiemc resetrchef) ~o~dfflde for O\~f 20 ye,ars. And rtO:# l!el'5iool1 deliveG ~ew way:, to~re flooview~oor re:ferel'l(jero!locti:Jns: rust ~ ~ tolhe We-b..CoIlabffill'IE ~l.ilh((Il~glJes O'!i'ef a ool'lMrl:" Li1 tofull te-xt ~ fires, These are JllstSOIl'OO or the po'i';'elful fe.at1Jrei ~t. aI!lrait }U.i , R!eferenteManager i~1f1)Uf oommand and cootl'iOlcenter for all tIi1ngs re:~erenee relat.oo.

'. Publish Reference Mallaget databas6 to ltleWw or irttranet

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Avaifab~' 'for\lVf ru:nljl6 in a singte-user and ni:!lWOrn edition. Phom~:801l n.2~ 1227 • 100-4\38--5502:6 • info@lsJr'@'SeEl[{hsoft(OJIl
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$~TO!1g.('l~l,ll1.~omll 'Cl;1iPl~p(lrtl~f1t LA'!i!l~,r"rid-~y0d

II

(RElvl) sleep <1111,d precesses ,mCM.lllOlyfiJll':Iuotor skills, such as m,P'[(linlgcml,11

moveurem

d~.ff~c~lhseq aence ()~!1~! ke'ybo~nl. during s'ta,g.t: .2 and REiVl :sleep {sec dimgn':lIm, pcl 36~, l W hry I:his dii,,;·iS ion ,on<Joor exii,~~ us <Ipulzle. b~ll '\~,r~I~kC'r ethers !>POCCUI:;ll(~ t~,'K: i ncr~ ,Ut~~ lh~lt d I;l!uphy$i{llogicll~ Md Ill.;;U!l(l,eh~mieO!Ii'1mJj~ it:'l~~ assnciatedwith di:Wl"cllrent slee'po stagesmay
~~l\inr ,celt.lh'1kili1m. gfn®._U41~

also bi,gge:r.[aki.ng upprecious space.•t'u'I,d f:imdly: II)O much [TP rmljl S<iltlLl~.'a~e :SYmlilipseS. 1e:<lJviffilghem uffila!Jle tD gel :lilly s(['QI1!_!;er hcu t w the bt,Jj Ii! needsto learn ,~(nm~lm!ill:1gnew. S:tee·p reSlo:res hmm~cOSl;l!Isi$ by ml(;hcliblg down symlplu:(; !-l1il'l:.'11~lhs. Tommi.<Irrgll:es. ll'~ ,01
far ~nt)1"C'In!ITlpmWnl service
~l(1dC;i~l SOl}'!!.•

j eets were l~!l1'lbllilt(]I~iu:m ss \~tel.llh~ n~);~d;;~.

says. TOItOtli':!> view anile role of'slecp is "an i~W11ii:rel'>ling .~mJimwli live idea:' Widker ~<lyS. .1~,calso Lhi inks ~.fs;net llec.es.~~ril}1 incQIffii] p~[n,ble wit hi. hen roli on, th.u ~deep euhanc es m~'!llO~'yby !ltrcngl~.cniu~ the U:m1.dcrly.ing
TOI1;Olll

boostin

in~m(jor}lp~~lofm8lne;J.,',. he

l~li!1Jn pnwi.dimi.g ~

!>.yIH\~"~e~. Pft1pOi'lellh" as

uf lh~

~l~ri'H'i:i)'-

"Sleep istno h ~gh a p.lice to pay [for lhll:

pIOl$tidW,

Some rescaochcrs poim out. hmven:r,ljl!~u: Ihq: Hu;:n~~l!r-eQI1J\,,'hit~h ~h::~]J ~1ug;es lebl~~ W

whi,C:~ 'I:ypes ol'I11.1."iI.nOfyi~ p(lppetredwiJiTh

COIl1,~

~,5% impttwenle~~t '!i",!: seein some thii:1g...;:' Toneni ~. "I.dl] iuk :il does :!lometlljl.lg much more :~'ij,nlll~~m!l;nt.d tdittl neusom lf~du.: price 1:0 \Ve IJay for IPbSl]city:" l10'!<\' mig~t sleepreser
Iished In d~\;)15J~m~Hl[Y ./owwrrl
PIJJ'~:io.log)'. They reponed li13t

fe:phl)f scenaeie fuI<1iv,egenemliy assumed, ".~ t~i!lk thi.'W QQ~ld not j~!u.tindl:lp.eIH,f~I1!~J}" .m;:~

Inn. s)fJmcfgust.icaJlly," But nnt I;lvelryYII~e is :n;:01:J.y embrace W

n~um!>ci~!~li!!>l the U!1l~\I'CffiilY at ufOdifl:l[,Uli'l. los. Angeles.. S~lickgo!l(j,and other pmpommLs of." s!eca~-.nrlem(}.ry~£nk~c:.b.owh:!"'l:gc t~l"llihC'y f::ut'e l:1IllIIII)' miru!l'!tll v~ i~\lI!s ab()l1~[he roll! of sleep i;n ~n,el1lory t~onSiol:idalion. "T!lc're arc rIiliJ~i\~e qlles.~mi s tel'mJinill£ aool~t ow e%lie'mI:h sive it is, Im,v imp(jr~llll. i~is CXflct~y whi.cJ~
.1!i

~radict iml&,,'"lr ~ere is illflcon,~j5>te,UD,CY here, and .smueone has te be v.'~con!ll:· says, J erome Sie'J)';:~.

Tononi's proposal. S<lY~SI.. ckgQ]d: "lr's an ~ synaptic stre:Uil.~IIl!~'! One due. 'imHui ·~ay~,. el,egalili~. ~lypolhesi;s that doesn't hfl'vc 1lI lo[ or c1Qmes~":om.1 Stl1:tdJy by Swiss [e::;.elll,d,~e'l:s· ubp data b~.mti~ldit,"

~f

.~~"......,.......a..~.

~lillm~.m.ing sliees ofrat bl<lin

ttl

These adva:ffiI.cing the I]uks

eause enee-per-seeend

bet\vee1l1. sl:et:p .md memory h~\'c ather Imrd~e~

bursl!!: offfilK.mrn~ ill'in,g

St~!#I;;:S gfs;Ie>~p ~ln;''Gt','!I'hic~,lyp~1il)fn~A;l:m~Jry." Stickgol.d says,

AIl1(lili.;;r \,dd~-O~!Il i~.W1J1.;lis ',\lhe~hI;:r tht;re's, a ~inkbetv.;een dlremnh'lg :'lJru! memery-related !iJ;:uF'.lI",oovjty dm!iJ.lg sleep, The kind ofdirec[ replot}' of recent experience ~mgges,led by \V~is.)11's. 'wuri<:. fUiI CX!U'1~ph::•. dassn '1 K~~. to be the stu ff of dreams, s~ ickgol d's grmlpllnas. fOlU~d th~l (lll ~y] % to, 2% (If t;:ph.ndI;;S from dIL-.e;nll.~;:; reflect events !'110mI~~eJcnevicms d~,)I. U' dre'ams don't directlyreffect the tne'rno\liy~
"Vllc'r~ ~n~.O!nj)lU~. ~'Dd;:' i1I.ys 'iVaU{er. S

ind uces <I lype of );}I'f1(1tl'Jci: ~~·\!!nt2IJk~~1Ji.mg e a ~.I lo flg -te nl~ "d, depll':~ton ,{LTD}, Thnol1Ji ~hiunlQ; if\! [!:aO ceiacidence
tliHU ihe coo rd .i [I,.nedi neural fir~ i1ll.g durin!;! :f;~OW~ ·~..we sleep iimppens, .tt

to overcome . .one of t1mcmost di ~(m.ccrbiii1.g

iil!';():l'as;btl;lf!-'
the sleep-

'0 iesjn

mtlmm.'j' ~,i~eiJ'n tur e . Siegdl ,exr]']~:Jm!\.. ~s(~<d

tJm~~ SU,L;i. ~;r,~'tl !"Icy. ue

The slow W<lves. ene pel" secand, (loulld .anduo(: LTD to
tao sirong

srudies of total s h,;'cp d~prj'''~uio!l i:I'<1Iv·e fa il:ed to fi nd <l d€'ll.;t~rjou'" o!:lll'(;lel on

dec:1[mrlitive
TQi~Olli,
mE:llllm)'.

Like

S~egd [I~~OqooMu.om;;

censoljdation process, ,,,,h:iiLl do they rnXlect'~ d~1)1 dO""'.J;I synapses th,ltgQt

,A.n~til1ler ~potlil:es~s b NO[ 1.:W(;)r}iOlH: is onbeard wilh l~.e id~~ thtlH bra]!) aClivi[y dUf~l]g sleep is Ipl'li.miU'i!y :abolll that fOl.ttmd tha~, iD"",,' \!,1,<I'1,'e's S rt'iplayin,g !rocl;;nt experiences, GiU!liaTc]!l@ni. ;,I. measured by EEG in !>~~~ping ~Hbjl;;c~ \,\il;;"r·~ l1eUl'CJi.SC1!emi.Sl at the UflivCI,;s it.y of WiS\.\onsin. IlnCI5>i:~te'nse un jj:r:;}in reglrons invol.ved illl.ea,mi M=;I,,~iroll, has .reecem~ll)l 9dvmtccd II very d.ii1cr~ .il1g ~n arru1J"'maV~11I'!.Cnl t!ls:k (he I"revioui> day. em hypofliile5~s.Hepropo~s Ul<1t the P'lI!If[:lO.~e nun's c:oliI,siste·l:u. 'wlI,th thtl idea tlml lhe s:~m."· of S:~~P. ar I~a~l ,!I~far ~f> ~h~ bi'i;lin h; {':{n1!~ liIW'1l"'C;)l h~.p!~~~ \vhere lJJ.1CY-~ n(!;~;dt;ld most 1'0 C' ell"lled. i.st I) Weakell1li ne m <II ,con, liiect io us' [restore sym.l'pl ic hO:r.I,l,eoslm,i s. CO:Ul;ve:n'£e.ly., !.~~ltigh~lit til'!,;: bwin. i~l:lm'QbiU~ing ~ p ~I!'SO,~ 'tio1i r ii11 it'! <!. s I i!lg In. To,~tmi's vh:~,~.lh!ol yrmptiC' (;llnn!:;l,~ti(lm, d~r~,!~~ :~ilQw-'\~1".!;v~ s i~n~p;J.s.ily iUi ui'ln-n;::I,,~~lild b~~''WCe't1ln:eUITH1S gel: J:llngl'l;:"o;s]:ye~y :;;;;Imrn,gt'!'r ~.U~ Of~lc:ocoJtex the rollowililg n~glu. TO!ml!l\ffili dJ~;LI]I\g t~le dOly <1SaI. reSll!h of:l:ol\g-term pote.mniami coH~ap!e;s repontlCl illlllhe: Sep:remoor 2006 at~!On {LTPl'. :i1. ph:rsio:ID£:tcn~ 11roecCSS by ",·,~lic.h, issu~ 0 r}'\In!w't' M.>nmscien.('e. neurons (h,lt fi:liil: ,n the .,rune tnme $.tren,gthe:[1 Tononi .'I~S[n 'poinls to.1 p.~'per\¥idker'!'l ~h.eir (.."{)\m~e>Ct~om. i,~~, w er~ch,o~u'!·r..Most neurOo group pub.llisiled ~~l.~ NaWtl:~ Nt>umscieun! in ,~ s('h;m~is!Soo!1sk~~rJ'P .a I'll~j(lr T'n',~"t~hH~isttrl~ Jalll'lll~aiY. Thl1~erosc~n; hi¥"rSfo~md Il~"u utnd~rl of lle[Lf.d phl'sticilY--3.ud therefore ·of ~e<l'li.mljn! gl"<'Iilmtie 'I-'Oh.mteel'S depf,~ved ofa nigi:lfs .sklep ~ nnd mil;l!n(liry - 1,:'\'lci.e,tlc~." O~c'l;;mltll;"r 20116. \wre ~01!~$~lb~~ ·thalll 'I.wl~-!'!;;~oodre~!'l), ~o I~~!m ~ ;:p. 1854). Vel a days worth of LTP c,m be too 11~e\!,,'\!o,'Orul<lif':l LhflUl.cxt dl<liy. UIl.~Ri I sc.ms :mg,~ l'!1,t~ch of~ good i.lilullg. TQl1IwnJi ~~,ue~d~. gcsi.Qd ~hal the deficit \~S. sped!i.caUy [(1!lated to memory-brnilii l1egioll;':l Umtnm.odil)' ;;u:!,en;; Stmng;er :))'iIl~:~:ie:; mcr:em,e I:he I:millln:S ener.l,'Y !i! oced:s-o;! $~r.u.ousC'Oi!ilCCrrI for au C]ii.~r:gy~ don ,.!ld a.le:n:ness $ullc~.ioned lil.ar,[email protected] th~ ill '~ hoggimg o~g,m th~~t (~hie'<L(I), t1COU mt'Sfor :20% a sleep-depriYcd IJ.lIl,ldeTgr~<il5. ~ Witllii,[1.1.0 s.lo\\r,~ tu perSOI]I;; men;,oolis~~l. S~.ron~~!i synflp~:<;; al"G' W~1iVCS:~e~'P w d;;;mrpciJl th~~rs~nllps!ils.. rile: subdll~riogthe day. Oth~r evideaee comes !'mm human stadies, ,illclml~ bll,g oU'le r~om T(Yl1fl:ni'Si groul)
H'M 'l::l!i0t. it~G re((lr{lingls. {ill,lIring s le,E!'p indicil~.e P'l2'i:I~s li:l·w-wa 'II·e .uuvUr ber:!) i Il blra~!il regions rrl~(ill~win (ilall~irm~llellrrl~rng.

whether relntively modest

IncmG.iY ·~u;;fils.oni.::·r c]l.ough
o <lUI. ad aj) I: h'e .• JV<IiIMage to u conm'llens<lte for being unrespons.:i,v€, 1~~JJ'~oWlrsa d<)l;},,: ".~ 'Im~

j ast not ,oo:~\'illced that Ihe~1t:s i

;J~y cnnm:iClinn .n 'll.!'" b~~'W,!;':~~l~!~~p ,mdm~mory •. Siegell, SCkys, 1.I.c favo:U'£ the idea tjJal sh.'!ep Cl\.'olved to hell~ iI!~liml;li~.~, COIll'le:r'¥'e! ('1Ilcrgy for t1lileiremire b{ldies<lnd to pilir;wem ·tln:nn frolil.~, b~ililg !l1:.'t~,\I~!lllim'£Swl~~ th~i'1"l:::t:e$sI,ikdy 10

rind food and ~mmre ~i It;:eiy~o !be eaten. To b~ ~t~re. ~~l.flr}/i~~ i:ia~ u~ly f1;J1mJ.om n(l~
[~,O!'l of

:sl~p,

~,;(m~lt!:'Ub S(i:c~golcl.b~1~h~e'\..~-

defQ{,A: lh<lt it: i:s one fLulcliorn, of s~eep,iXl: J~CflS.~~11 Itn'ln1:nilills. ~s, wo gre<L1 to l~mre. Once sleep ~vol'!Jt."d. 1m s",'l!y.l, e\lollJtkm ngurod (1Ut i~m~' to

I
f

m<llk.etl1m d~w.Dl:~ime.<lS produc~i"'e on; pos:-;ible.

Sl~,ckgold ab;,Q OIrgues th3J the modest jl~~plrrn'e!r!£'mstypic~~~ SiliG!'l in :;;1"~rHn(~!llI)' (1)' ~lmli.es are' IJ,O[~l illg u] yaWfiQ. at I Ie' i£ fond [)rpoi!mti~'~()u~ (h,n ~ ~5%~p ill ~;Jeflihml~1I1Ctl is Ihe di~]:erenc;e betv.<eenl 'wi:um~i~~i:rtheBQ,~lOn N.I.m'l'll[hon;l~ld ""omiml~ill 3000~h. 1!J1 cOIllP'C'tili"lJ'e cin:unu,lalil,ce::;. sm,,!! advant~.lsesc .. n !l1o;Lk;c;)I big dilJ~oc:nc~. BtU whfllcwr you do,. try IU)[ to I05e,JnlY s~ecpm~er it.
-'IFlIE'1 MIIUER

or

w'W\'iI.sdenoem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. va L 31S 9 MAIRCH .2007

1363

LETTERS I BOOKS I POUCY FORUM I EDUCATiON

FORUM

I PERSPECTIVES

LIETT'EIRS
a t:{lmbin.~tion 0 f rhe TWO m;.i n M<Jy.:!glyp~ hloeks): U~lJ;yda IlfM ran.. do~d}l"blJnc;;h·' glyphs as a/1m the C!l:st:*~lbl.ock ['IJ.r, (I )]. 4) M'lI'l!)' of the so-ca ned ;1)/'11 s repl~ ate deeorar ive mot ifs h ie IIN iiHEIR RIESIEAR(H AR'l'KU ~EA~lIIE5,[1" WRITING liN AMElRIC/f 1(15 fmma: Qilrl iI wide .range: oflm:gely ll,I'l~J'nMeIUinced (i!.c.. I~]eir Iom~helmiSept, .2(W6 .. p, I.() I 0). M.I. del Carmen Roclri.guez M..rl~:lIu:tzet til Ii e i~yi!ii.nOI.pr.pv~.l!ii. :l!ii~H· it Ix IU"Ovc:d I sl~'lf~~I-se.al~ !~:nif3(!:l'S. NOIl1.!' eal!ii sugget-::t:tha[!~.c im,er.bed '~CIli$ca:i~1~leek" ls I.he filt"llt.di:!lcoverjl.of b lo:hhes~ Illotifs ill tbe.iir origirm! cO[l~eil(,l:has been ideillined as 01.farm O~If'nec ''''!'iliIiS, J\.lthulIgtJ. \"'e 'lgtee w1.l.11 authers dm1 ~I pas:-;~~ nfwd tiog •. t.lH:ii:·;;]'!'!'1jP~G. "ghtph" If, 1 241.38l5.2:~s. f~]i,lfl d ~!:> p,l!"~u hh,~ the is h~(l rllJ,;9it til..;: 01mIX d~d wm'i~[~. ll::tv-t,,: trong f(:SCfVBltjOI:!S coacernwe s headdress <l:ssemIb13~'eon a Imnm,belt of the ee Its (nos. 116. :~117.I I g. 11'Q) reproduced in OJmec .rJr{ ~Ji':1 ,u;:.h~,u~J(,·."(;If.:n (2' J'; ·'glyph'· .. ir~g lh hi, flrl g f,l,ct ~~!1dittiif!d~1;'ld motHs, ~l' :Belli!£: fm.uiI.d by persons un,known in <I pile ofbu'~ldo z;~r debili.s fr 28/58 is found ()[I1 another c~h (un, Il4) .. and '''glyph''", 4 is iIllsc:1iibed 'O:~Hl s;[ol1erigll rc 1110. 47)1 agai un,n the same cam log, i does not censtiune rel~f.lbleru'ov~ml:~ce. :n The block does not fh ~tnyhlOw~;lc:alcgory of MeooRI1iTI.erl.cm~ 5)WhO!!!t'l.vecan [lulli}' describeas l~e "ceetie" glyph ~#iI2Jf501 ] n1jl~rihed tin ifact i.l ~s !l(U .! stela, celt, sc W1lpw[\l! .. OJjewel The he.!u·, fits illlClknown cmcgory of M(lSo~:mclfic~1l g:lJl'Ph~nill ~ogclbc.r\C\li~h .~and Olmee did 110~: build ii.m1. s~oU'l.e:.there¥.bn~. It CiilIlilOl be .1!1l ;nc~u~ Ibe centext onhe d Dficovery. SlITN1g~.y sngg,ests :J pract iC;11 joke ..
t\,H~t~II'~1 in~>cripl~.Ol~,. ladeed, thereare IU.flil}~~llindreds ofsilYlil,~Jr S4;:F-

peutine blocks. knuwn m l,IVenl;<lliilihll: were usedas basal ()!.nm<Lme.U1I;~ o.n earthen pl!)!l~ibrmsand !Iii! the bt.uril,;ld ·raV~imI~L;;!ln,. utnot .~ ll;i~,g~iIt. LS:.an h Fra!l~hco Stat~ I.ilI'1Mmily. San Francism .•CA94:lIJ2. USA. E.·rna,in:~blillihn~@~r,~u.edLi. ,rMid!d~e]'~~ness.e(1 Staw Uni~~rsilY, Murrree~:bQm, TN!37 HZ. liSA E·:[q'I~1In kel~er@ t one oflilm.elleh~s e:lrngmving or l.'eliefc1Jrv~J1g, The <LlUi1101"l!' mll~il1Jgs 'rnlli!!l.oou abnetthe blcek being used [or practice ."lm].re~)ea~edly erased lI'el~nmO~5 (~::;lIltilng, in a concave :-mrfac e) are farfetched. ~, J, MaIM, oMi!'StltTllnMffill ml.lin!l' :S'~h!'m.l': Pt(}f!D.g,Q~~ ~ alld Hi~POf,J'~' fOrJl AAdtm J J Knowlm Me Stoflmerk: ~m, AffiM((l1'l Ci'l!il1mlia.l'u (PriIKtIOI'lI(jl~f~, FI~l, PlimCtIOO. ~I, 1"2). writing sjfl:lu::m!'i ,n;e: ''I,'rifil~m'i'hie C!ilSl~a]1!1hu:lk. b ,. 'E.. p, 8~n~l!i!I,E,9. ~'liI fue:rlibil. I OImtc An iQj hKiem'~i~ (N~lijooalIGa~te')' 1Ioit. IlIf ei~her v-erticaUy or linealrty r or Wi!l!hiD1g1OO..trllC. 199'lt

II(AtRE,Nt'D. IlltUlHINSl AN D' NAINCYL KEIIl!U~l.

IR.eslJ!I GlIl1i115le
WE THA.NK IB,RUHN'S AND I<HIKJE.R Ihra rlieu h\'t~Ill£, s,e'vern~..issues th~t Ot hers: h~\I~ r,;\i sed con-c~rll~ ing the Cascajal b~.ock'J'm1dl~o:w provhJing till the uppprw~ity t~1 1f~),1
them 10 rest,

me·~nthat i~:s i a :kcy addi lion l;o~he eerpus ofi~Kcri.ption~ i~1

Il,Il:e:smrDll,l,e~,ic~ ,
2)1 The aurhers cl a~.ml~l.. .t '·[~]1:U.~ heartland Oln'il~t: did not bl~ild in sion.c;.llu:ndore. it t':0'I1U10l be 3un are:~]it~C'[llral ~J1:5cript~on:'·Theni.1i1 ~heir rle~J sentence, they .. c.itel,l).red:sc~.y sud~ 21il'chitocUlral O:l1ULlllCnl:s 3.t the {1 l!lffI.oe ~it~ of L,,'I Ve~'[(.l. '!.Ve nm ..r s,!,g~pm;:r that the' [block: Im~yhave served su c::lr1 0:1. liI:li1.c~ uon, Sueh '~l;l.ili.[S. ~$~dfull>' frnm C(~'lS:~f!1 Veracruz and the' M,IY<I region. clm.al"iII.cliel'i'~l].~ nd~Yfl re !;l:l\l.;;cl!led in sl\ia Ilo\\! I ines, h'l!.lee~:1 the celebrared bMoj arnl SI.eIOli;I.fOlllld ill cireumstances much likt.= tho~e of [h~ Cm;c",j<li Mod. W1JS hQused ii1l, the J\,:lu~o de Anl:rop{).IO,Ii;!'~~.x.~,I~p;;u fo.r mOire tha:lil fl Y~1llr • •. beron;: <HliYOI,l![;i nOI:ic-I:Jtll more than .500 Ute ~l.Yflhs.()i~lhi) f:oce',h uIDk. some liurlitel' ti me to

.111 The

p.~IJVCI1!i1I1Ce

of the 1:I1m:1is wha~ il

'see·~~~tl O!I(.Mib OII<!~. rex rappeared on ~~. an s :Ill!d e. flrl b. on a seu l:plllIX:under Cli<!c:e:P[J.!1l~~ <IUy~lrn,o rolug1l. scn1l.:i ny (.I}. The lie rote. 'lj:!,-e \vould netbe ~u!fJ:ri~'t,lIIO~~ili.l"iIl ~I.l~t('ilh~rp~ ... viou:slly cl:isCQvC:'.rede.x,<lmpIes '';'C,lI1t unnoriced, J) The s,igll~:;:ormp~tl.1Xli.o;eflill,1 sequences: t I~ey do IUJi "rando ml)' 'bunch,' ., '~!'i n!llm~ B l'Ind Kelker assert, 1',~\te pauerus inllhc Last'3ja:l1
I:t"."'~·

is,. repcrted by nonarchaeolegisrs

f':i,l«':~ll10 3'~.a1i"C"<!, ofa sqmll.'c nITlctc!1J"S lhi ~, wl :1 knowa .[lrch<!e(llogic.~i. site in Vi;r;u:nlz., Mexi,cQ., :;Vi<lny other bona f~de examples of

~ew

btwt still

are spel ~edUllitCI.!l rell~~.lyn {ll!rp<~per. :i

'$

..J

anelem \'\,Iraling

Il~\'1;:

even

~~SJ~

secure find

'~ M~'llt.l,,,m~ricii'l'lbnhmio:l!n, Scripi <I~d E~ypf~ Rloseu~ Stone .. Such objectS> will CQ:t1tir,ullI.C' to .1lI.. t apr c~r :we.~m.n I~ly. \1!le '!II Ih.-.vc dOlilc this lO the e1'itent of Cl'~~r bil ..ty ai :~ wit h file' O:USiC'lj<l1 Mock (mel M:rll.d by our ron~
c<lrehll sl1~dy ~i;n e'Vlu el:lce of

spots, in"'~~I.dil'l,g everykDllolY.';lm

e'x.:n:Ln,ple of

:~n the:

~l~tur~\ ea~h ;~r~bU' ire :'m(ll i~{II~L

4) The bleek coetains s~g.~n.s found on obj0Ct~wit1~p!:o~r~nanc~ nd otlle:r$tl~~HI~ck .. it. SUI1m,eof t~.lf'lkntf'r have been kll,l(lWIJII,since I~.;:~ 9:th '(';~rlUlr1'HI-!.;.- ID~ "Humbo Id[ '~h" I (1)" One p:rev,i:ons.ly lInknovl,ln sign (glyph 191 ~~llpi;;~un~d>~~O!rs.n~r~he d~ "I SCO\l'~ ry !Jf the blm;l iaa s-6clIre<lm::h.leologk-:'11 COIlleN.t <It C!I.utoOi O]rralitCl. Chu::lp~&'M,c,~i~o {j). AU
k.1~D'I\'l!iI

~ sl~k::r.f;ld f.qH~ liD !UO:S~ sc~.l1kUr5,

wllid

.1I&sI;1~$~

rehiue to p!iC-Cx~!il.illg i~onQ.!~: rophyor ('Od! ned tl)rmboli,sm: ne,v :s.i,glm:s<lppe(u wlhien W<l'lifamed by sc.rihill needs, Any hif:'roglyphic

hi er(lglyphi!i;

sYSi:I:I1IiIIS

iniheworM

w'I,IWiI.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. va L 31 S 9 MAIRCH .2007

1365

lEITERS
sys~eiln lh~l·d~vi:<l~~d jhHnkic'l;1i~ ion!l:ogl"olp.hy \",-'{Iu~de uct tl!'illy unique but, indeed, M i[i!~ b exp~,i.c?}n,k' phenemenon. :5 Ji [:~ the •.~l:1 sect gJ}'pif' w 'i~~. r<l.ct i,e'll p joke. the joke sterwas an O]n1:lcoC. T~c mot iI' is :l>hO\:vnlh!\;'~-dim~liIsi;()!'Iall>, in the dimim!1.J1tuve MO.nullne,n:t 43 .,~ S<lIl, Lorenao, diseevttr~d ~lnd~}:;c;lVii!i~d by oi1~ efus (CQI!~ ii:! Hl66 ~U1Jdpublished by Coe ,uld Diehl iin, ~9'fmt 4). We ~l:ject d'ae O;~Llth{Jf's .':!pedr.c criticisms and lhe:~1'h:n.pUdi. claim [h(u the: b.iock :~~iI
II]mderUllbrge~:y.liO'!'>reve'r. we <lJJPiIr-e>cu:ne the 3S4!ai7. USA" ~hparlJIWm ol.Al'!tn roptllo gr. Il roWl'i Unj;. V@lf$ity, llioYidemm" ril!1 02912, USA. ~D~arlm~n~ 01tin'hro1 ~log~". Uni;;efSIl!l' of Callfll)fnia Jllilillul de, Rt~er$~de. 0\ 9,2'S;21, IJM,
IIiI@f;~mm:;~
l~,
;1,,!i,,

:5" .I~JI~

I\;in.!!lie\

~.rl!:I~~

'Q'; t::alllf!!l!'l!1!J1, Sdfi'!{if' 2:7'1,20:1 {:ll'99'7.1, deJlr.t~,&!e.ri(Qrlg Antijjir.Ji1, ~ 1 SilIlf:ld

(A~hef. Berti~I18~ot 3~ D. OIleMIillfi'l',:I. E. (1llI1i;,.xlt.~;~a'

O'!,'~r"'t.3,shOn) ~he lormef ~m:ath)fl o~lhe (oa,stal

!jJ~;!}m:~j

B.lUJl'C)'O,. E. Ml!jia. Ms~ ~l'iIifili,~I~ri'oe CIlIli!lr.! 'I H. d G!l\rt~<I!il1 (iijo. G1!~!'T!;lI". 20061 ~. M. £)., (m, R:. A.lDftllil., tll1hHalM'~/r~()JffiN:; vm. OJ~~'!',cf r~~ Pfli:~' ,I!,m~irnl TKo l'jl',BO~.
~~I!lir!e1;

,At'~!fm6'9'i~~ Gr.I!:l!'E'moJ~ ..Z005, l, I!, liIpt;Ifile', eli

!l;ommYl'lil\Y 01 Ho tty EhHIt:h, LA {l1h~t@ taki~n lS INO\!'ember 200'5 Of 11'1. TiJJIlIE:'~), E.

j

<Il1Lho:rs-eonclusien
l1ile'~,t lotl~.e ooast

all

ClUI

the 1IIlimIJOl:1t,am::e

oflhe Mi~~i::;~ipp:~Ri.voer~m: d~liverillg sedidefies

about deltas sudtheir ~usl:i!~n1f11bi~lily_he T

facrthai such challcages arethe essence of scientific enquiry and that they evemnnlly
~eillid truth. \lVe' still affirm :110 lin:M. rhe Ca~<Ijt'L1

an l~1~ weknow

Hurlrlic811es INotthle IK,e'vto

II Su,sta~nabl!e
IN THEIR DISCUSSION

bleckis

l~,e t'lldeg! ~x~lmp.le of~lj,rr~li[l~inI,he Nc\~' Worldnud mnongli1e' most inlpo:rulllI. I'intls. ever made ]n MIt:M)~mer.~c<1.
MJ\. D,ElIL (AIRMEN, 1t;~:[)R:rGUEZ MJi\RfrNEZ} PONClANO oRril'CEI!!P.lWS.~ MIC:HAIHIl), ((lil&} IRmCH:ARDA.. 'm~HIl,~ S'fEiIPHEN [I', IiiI:OUSrolN..~ KAIRIk A. llAU BE,,~ .AU1RI~D G) '!)~lGADOI CA.LIDi.R;OirJ.IJ

C10ast
OF THE SU'iNI~ICANICE

autlmrs also do not IlJJ:clltion I,h:lt ahhongh some m~lfgilln.c..~received sediments, f! nGI ImOl~of 562 klill:! of coastal rn<lrsites. nalum:ll
levee I'.idges.~md b~urii!'r [:ii:~~lIldswa£convened io open ,VlIiler dmung the l'l:wiThumieatiies I( I, 2"

i~~ml.w d@1 an"5lillJlW NadaJ]a~. d@ .AmI mpeta g i~ 'lilistmifl, e l!lei!'lj,1O .~lJ~riJ?,z N!ifl'!~'1'i) ~.2~;·iUl, Ve~acf~, Me:d(iII" 2IMli~llIl~ ,d~ Milli:pc1o-gia !leo la Unhi\EI~id'ad 'ilEIJIl(]flJZilUlil,.

]Uo!ll'@'l Nlimfl[9 :10. Xfllilf)',iI",'l.i'Ua(IFUZ, ;I;im, ~

Smree', Nilr.w ,",21~en, CT 06-:511, USA. ~iDeiP"v!!Jf!e!1~ at IImJllfm)pOwflY'. l!I!I1i~E1r~iwW Alllbal1llll, lu!icalo~a, At

~Jj!6 lliooon

Turner et nl.. v.,su~~)' refer lo tlre sedimentd~p()sited 'by du: t~MG! ~~urricflnc~ as 11(1\1;;.~dimerHs. in~1[) the ~~HU:;,~" f"\"'1~~hmd i.~g '~ITiY...d "frcun aft~hufi~," R('::;'l~Sp~~lSiu" se d:i menta I iO:~l from H U:I"I" ica nes Karri 11<1 and lI:"'lnspo~;I: of sedimenrs from oflshmrc ~ fm d Ril"'," Repons~ 20 Of.:L 2 U06,.p .•449'). .!nd ddw-pla in sources by storms are <~mo~lg~ Ahhongh this 'lm.€!W stud y adds to tl1,c;: odly b liliu,:!'m.ech!l:un,~smls hy which sedlme]1lts oll'igj~ of knowledge l1ont'~ming the role oftr{''1pi'~ mil]), t-iupp,lied byri'lrcr's tire dlis~ibllt~~d ~ cal stormsin s.edlimen:1 n::di'snibulion. the ac russ the M ississ i'PI)i m.HI ether dehJs ~.

I)h~~i;;ilhU1itl~d:u:l!:I!ierlmtiorl! dm·j.UiIgHurricanes Rila ,~md KI!~l'1l11a, It. E.. HLlli':mif:r ~n1\d ee..llJ..ll1mors ecaeluded Hm~ "riverine sources br1n~I'\C"I[ iv~.iy (wi vil'l~. am.QUrdii ofillorgilni~

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from Sdence illS soon as it is publlshed, Sngn up fm,enlf,e";alert S,~rvi(e5 andlVQu, csn Ikl1O'1'1!' when the lilil'€stiswe of Science or Science ExpreScs has oee{1 pested,

p~n.!!s,ethe t~test ~alMeof ,COrtilenl$ for Science or Sciellce'S Signall Tral'ls.d.LliC~rUrikirnow[edglB' EniVTr()n· rnsnt,and r~d stlnllmarlif:.s of [he tOl!ma~'s re:sea rch, news
:Sl'If.1.ETIOC
We6i1!j't;aMe'

'C1Fcootent5,

cents nt, or Edito:rs' Choice (jolumn, a~l~rom your e"m~i:l ifllOOX. To start rr,e~ejv[ngecmBlill.updaltes, go to:

f:ditQf$"IO!l!o!~ H'~Iii1'1hts·otUIII~·
r~05nt lil~rili~j,j'@

Imttp:/ fV!l'lW!l.scl@ri('@;JiI'lig.orgl@mi!

Thn5~kli!l~·~· Stimlini1.!11H; of re9!\ilfCliI

,COI'llt!:nt

.lETTERS
i(3-6j. Th~~:!samples, m(l\i;~[),1~;a~~~l'Q !llOll!ry k ~10me I ers i '1'111<111 We: re no l ana I y zed in d, a mi!n[!~r thatwould ~H~If~1bI,-, [I[) deterthem ml[)le the source, ie .. offshore or inshore
\!ri~uterbOUIQ]1!;].l;. b~~wr~cl" islands, ar pretRcl'er.eIrl(t:. and N\QI~e:5
1. JlreLlmil'iili'l J5~~lIN!l: or I~(!I Vittllilnd II.c:lm~. aJliI!r Hwrii'Y!~t::i!lrirnOl o:i!lt! M~'!'!'e~~lrell:iIl(l!! 111 t.liie 1,Ji.). ~dg9i~i!I.~r~on:~ f/Jg'l\. 005 2

II

onHH~~t (II' i.lJi!flrg;:i~ic sedi!liiIemsn(wvirlg

over the naturallevees

of an uaeonfieed

e;l!jsling marshes, The (lQm~~ril>Ol~ ofth~ K(dtll(lJU b;:;:!liit:nl~ of ~.lll1f'fic.mes '\Vil~.l the bene f.i H., o:W tile Caernaevuu Fr-esJIlwater Diversion structure

U11(p,:!NJmI;niJjJC.iIJl~~.91l"'.IW!~a~~r05_00 i.ltilli'il. 2:. ~. A, IB.arr;JiJ:., !}. S. G«i~ .s~/lI'. Qpm-fil~ Rep. 1!1,1l·U'1l4.2000'~'OO ~J. ~. E. lImu,pj,. ~n,~ GriM/! 81llin~ and M\11I1IIiru:, VM..J~ ~il'l.il~~Y of 'hi" GrJ.1/ oj .M!!.I;l'..--O (Nj~·(~mb'JNJ.n Sto. A. l t,!. ~(li!'!'\,. r. G. :SteN.~ ~i!I~.(KIi~wlTIl!lei~ ~e"\I '!'aft, '
]~75).

chf~nnel [IUHj rhrolllgh crevasses l:1m, (;(ln~ (l~~ s true lied levees, b u~ not <II the river mouth. They take us. to task for In il1i~nli::d.ng

by Turner

Cl

,rd, \\';)1::5

OUl~ Qf C~lll~e;'I:;t

l'igItCJ;il~j~js·

strucrurewas

des igned iat he IIIid - ~. &0s 9 1{I~on\'>i;ly filitlsh w.,lter «(;lot sediments), to manage s<lUnirrie:s. and [0 benefit oysters.
Whhol!l~ IrIi{!jor 5O~dimcl'l~ CQnlrib~ll~loIlS by ~heriver, ''R!di~el.ns. ~di:sn·.ulmled by stcsms

4. [I.. 1Ii~.lmJllrl!! :1.1,22;! t:jj9tl9~. ~ :I. L.~. Wrigll1\, c, A. ~ilru;oll(,I,.~lWlTfill1 :IS', ·4')4 m9'S,~. ill. ~.l'.'l,COleman. fl. It 1~1l:, G. W. ~~!:.1. (WSl(1r Rrt.
l~,ssa (19~'IIj,

'7. flf:OC,~pOl't'QI'lh

Future ah!!e Gulf (lI!i1sl

TN:nmitllt Gf4L1\P.,. Emm~omiR~ 1M

I

Uui!.lrwrh'!Jll!r(~~tgr9l'l~~n~!r~.pdf)

(~Q6).

arc l1lB domi !KI!'!~~dhll.l,;m !\()M.n;:~f<:frW~~1001m.Gs. Comraryto tl11e eonelusiuns ofTumer ('/ at.. tWO recent ~~i<lmiric panels havl;; l'UI~;estecl th.ll more ~n::s~ive diversion of I,he MiS:l>b.si.I~'Pi Rlverwaier mh:~ ~c(Hrnlcmi>is needed W build .m1.1:l1il<iifitailii ~<lllclif! omlslall Louisiaoa (7. t~)_
VilIRGI N nA ~ijIRK!EiIiT,.1 C, Gi. G'IitOAiI"~~ [I E.NIS.iE RJE EI[I~
Illl!(.~~tte, U\ n~1j9. UI$..tI.2.l~d~oli'l Sdhoo\ of 'Geopc!elf!C!l$, UI~illl!f~i1;y Te(!!~~1 UI1~~II!f 'S~~UOI~ of CflOo. A~im. rx

g. rI:i1il)i'I~1 ~o!i~th (j)i.ii"l~gll DJirl.,.J~ ~oo1s~'~' l\I'J!'JIi' MJ'lPl A'IJitfMUil'lf £lIl'mHO'liIi il'J ('oru;rill' lo.~rgf~~1'1 (J!1aii;lDnilljk~em.l~. ~r~J, ~~~i!il!iioJ1.l.'Ic;,'(ID61,
1lp-l]~'""l[HL

Res.ponSIf!'
BLIIR:KElil HAL ,A.CKMDWILHli(]E TtHA:T OFFshore sediments provide eoasral marshes with iliilor~aliiljJt; ~1l:dimc:~.t1O and ~Iuuour qUlllmific(\t~QI'l ofdn::s:e sediments "addis 1:0 the body of k now h::dJge ooJm,{;erning~:hc role of tropical storms in sedimeta redisrribud nn," They clearly realize ltlmet we made ('om~l<tiiSl(llllliof l~e ql!ll<]lIllhy of hurricanederived inergauic :sed.iI11lCI:lIS \\rw'~h the

the eontributions of river dn\'er$:~i(Jn to III a.:~.Wlt~ln ingwe Itt~ nd ~Q~~B .• wh ic h b; 11u i approach lhey r,)Vor. <l.iliuiWor i.gnOli'i:lm.s: wetI.arul loss c~msedJb)' hurricanes. T~~ey alse meutiouthar P;VO t~t~I;l!il~' panels endorse r.~vcr diversions .. We made ul!llr CO:~1I.1.p'!lri.:S!Jfl5 about sediment de! ivcry because iris part Qn.mHdi~lga sediment bl~dglC[ for this Cfl.l;l<;;;L There am Imblished estimates iJ;\'~ti.. <}b]e Jllld v:U.iOLJlS ~ !1lO'lnrl1,l:~mcl'u drl!l;!um~!nsth~n bighi~.g[llt ~d~·· ment :iint1~oduCli()lls vi;!. divi:Ji"',!;iom; as <Ii positive alnihuu~ UII.\""(~ did nut examine The I'igni.fic:,uu ~·mrric'LI1e·iIldm;li;-d :1Ii.lIOlfll.h-m-open "Wilereonversions, whlch may ~m be perm
;In.elli l

p). be cause

~i;(1.I:t .

\'\."IS

not thqiF ire-

-us, GeolC)gkal 5~ f"I!eY. 70 0 Ciljl.lnd'@m~ flouteward.

Ui$J\. ]

memltai Sder:lce, 1Jni\i1er~li!!I'of Nii!~ O.rleail5, !few Or~~an$,LA 7014:8, liSA

7871l2~.2S4

IDe par~ent o·~(llflli a.ad En\l'~~rli"

search (lbj~c[ivc.. We' o tTellfed, <I hypo t hesis, not <I. cone hll s. ion. 1hal these :n.c se<Bw'nn.e; nrs C <I UiI:U: w from ihe sll!lUoW w.lter ZOJ!l.e immedi~l~dy of~"'sholl'c' of the depositlen site .. The Chenier NOlin in Ib!;!: western half (If The state reeeived abom ;5.0% OfpO!![~HLr.r.i-

IMMUNODE.F~C~IENT O,DELS M A·ND X,I!'NOGRAFT S.TUID'li!ES·

INude Mlice

lambda .OG-4
Hiqh-speed

wavelength switcher
And vE!'rs;atiiitle~~'fhe Lambda DG~4offers rleall·t~me video' and dU<311wd'v!I;'l'englth ratio jlmo;l:giing with Ulr!lif.ormspatiilli iIIIuminat.~on and integl'al r!I.el!J!'Uatl dens,ity fil~.tJer ilng •

iNOi1!J1 ~SCID

IMil~,
ClllslOIi1

Xenoglrafl
Studl:es

We. Oilier 8:Xl.oellent: avai~abmry of nirU'~·lmrrunodefioient !rodent mod\l~Hs. ur Precllinioolt O SSlNioes grOLlip also !provides xenogf8!ft and otiler oncoioQY":based servlces.

._,Up to 4 interference 'filters (5 ava'iJabie ·on CHi-5;· - 1 m5~Cfilter to filter swi't-chi11'g - P'f:f;!·-i)iig'ned 175 W ,xenon
light 50Uf:Ce • Prog{:r'Jmm~b}e .~ttefl't,uatiQ:n'

Felalt!l.llfes:

..Adaptable ro .MQ.U
micr'05'Copes

ro.r ·eac.h filiet

.~
Eilllmpe~ ~nfa@elllw~rI.cOIIIiI iMW•. CRilVUi.ODMI

'S~t"".(lR~!iiI' .. 1

CHIAlRlES RIVER
~."lirdl Mod~,s and StNvitJE$

SUTTIER
EMA.UL,

IINSTR'UME':NT
I FAX;.: .4J~~~"ae3.0~"::ll

LABORAlI':OR~~

,I1'HOI>!IE.: '15.ee3.O~:;i!a "

II!Nf'\CH~S.lJT1II'ER'.COMI U 'llVWW.SUT'lliER.COIM

w'I,iWiI.sde ncern ago org

SC;II~Nelc.

vo L 31 S

9 MAIRCH .2007

136'7

LETTERS

Need career insight?

tet the experts IP ut vou In the pictu re'. Vi siit www.ScieliloeCalr.eerS.Qrg

cane

sed~.mlrn.elUeposition. d sedimem

has no

hl.n'gc
'"lS <l

rivers or b~rge 1:: stuarine

between-hurricane .,1 n d t he

b~}':$ ~,(I

ae l

S;WD"<I~"C site •

ne wl y d epos ited sed in%etl rs oIL( the eeeanie shoreline Welte mostl;y sands, Burlk~u {;i (:II. ,offer no ~~t~rn~,tjvc:hYj'lot:~csis for t~le ne'~'ly deposited C~l.e:ljliier PI<'Iin ~dhn~nt 5;lll~~!,JC~S.Surl,jlyrh~ orher sn%
is P<lf!,'uaUj'

deposited on llln.edeltaic plain frnm (YnS~~nr~ i'i~l(!r~~:.;,.

We d id no '., ,;uHI do not. 11K. kea recomI1lCnd,ll]UOI1J I!lOOl,ll buildlng "iv(!!:I" dlversions.
There are m<JII1Y factors influencing

such

management ehelces, inclm!ing S!ciC]1li Fi:e .:an<l~,yseiS and sociopofirical aspects, We trus t l:I~.~llrepulali:llc se i,enOepIlIUII,f:']:S and ~lil$iShtflll !ldmiw~~'tnuClrs mi~bt\I\·i!).h. t(l 1·~ce.UVC.IiI.Ol CXe]I~ldc. uew~uformalio:~ll. Fo:r example.we O1gree~'I.'il~, Burkeu e/ (II. ~h'll
~;,ii1I:~~,:u!y ontrol <lit the Cae,m'U;'VOIl, diverc sion it> f~ ~,h::"ig~bjl,,'i~~iv{': o nW1HU~(I c;;~h'IP~~~ oyster yields, Would <I scieece panel not cons id~:r !lif;.'i',\,' in form.rt i.QfI ifldk'al i!'l:g I be dilfl~.i:lm~:ihedw:u~h addmdonall 1:liCshwmcli"

oy:ste~· yil:J:ds i:~lhe Gulf of Me, x ico w:UI:I1 t introductions ,~ I'! J

f~.,

for

Bu~ldullg ~ marc mbus:t Slcdimcrll hudget [he-sill coastal wetlands can be part of

llln~ process of uH1J:j~lgmOrt;iI~funl~ed

deeisleus, W~ pW'!,lid~d;1 ~~1~ld·Iil;J!&'lid qt~,;ml ifieatien 0 f the new sedi 1'Ili,e.~u:> J!eposi ted dUI':irig these ~\VO hurricanes. lI~lhe$e d1.\I~1 31;1I:! co.unc:;tructi.ve:l)r c.lfi.dqtl.e the methods, but
CO:I,lC im'liiO~,l~ no~

p lease don 't fear the censequencesa bcml made,

It. EJI!lIG ElU RNIUt}j(ilS Brit

EIPH 11, B1iII!llS'l'ilA.N.:t ERIC!!: NL.SWIlNSON/ ]fiINNIIFg;:R5.•S·p~UIRi!:

l'S;ch,o,~~ lll'll~ (I~ ~~ ali'i : IE!II~lrQ)~II'I~!'It. ,of d

Lou i~hull" 5t.a,te unt\<e,r~.IW, ilatoo Rwg;e. LA 70'S/~), UStl .. 1'Worlh ~fi~·•. wrfll1ah EI<I~' N~!10i1a,1 ~ E~h,i~rli\~ R:6earch R>e'5E!tliie.
fll:i5t Offim Sox 1~~0, (l!mJg~lO~,
R~ri~VOOCi~

5C .294,<l,2, USA.

1L

'U,i

COlEO(!mi'I~i'I'On ,~~ Sh!ll!I. ~~~'JSI)

IJ1ill:p',/~m\i'fi,~~OK~anrr~.m'lll!~ljt(:aoJ!nrn~r\!Ont

Your ca;rleer is too importan~ to I~eav'eto chan!!:e. So to Hlild the right job or get career adviee, turn t@l theexperts, A~

Sc::ienCeC8Jlr'eer5.org w,e know sclence, And w€!'are committed

[.0

crm .~~ Op£tl,JJIt: Rril" 2M'." ::I!2'~ utGIM}, 3. R. E. T!lHler;, BrulNie~ Cr)!1!~ts :!:~:5flOO61. 29',
2.

Gi~nt;li'Io~.Ii~ITii).

J. A.B.!!rr~$,u,s.

help'il1~, lake your csreer r'(lMar,d. Our kl:'iow~edge is r~fm.l~y

rounded on the expertise of SciEln(e, '~he ~u'emliiler ~s;~::j,elntil1i:c. ~ol!lrll'1lall"and the 1.ol'1:Se)lperiell1,ce of MAS. ilili!'ld\fcHlcin,g science (lim und thewlo,rld. 'P ut you Irs'6!llfn the p~du re wh ItI the experts, iI'D i

letters to the Editor

LQttN~ (-,DO w()rd~.) a:i~(u~S mat~rial pubU~I,ed 11l5nenre m the pre\ll!Jl.I~3 mcnrhs or 1~SUC'5 o~ gf.! ner tlil if1t~ reS!. H1ey ({! Ii be su b mine ct l~NrOl.lg h tho Web (~""'1tl...~.ubll1i'll~i(!ll(c.or9) . or bl" r~gu!.ilf mail UZOIl NI:'\'JIYOf I<;. {\YI:'.• NW, Wa,shlrt\jcon. DC 2000S, lJSA). L~l'I~I~ Me no'! ,l(HIOr;!e-09·ed u (lOll rl?{Clpl, nor ar~ ~UI!im5 9cncrall'l' COl'l>.ul1ca: beiore publication. WhNh~r pubh!>h"2'd fulllJf in

se i,ene!:!:. \n~itwW'w.•Scienc;eCaw'e\e
.AlBEiI~ ~~i5'l~ . ~',IJI'"
lMOJj"",ji

I'S.O rg .

~""1fotJ_ MnMI'III'f,oI'l."",.i.JII. ~ Jmj.,Illo ...... 1I'.!!",_J>d. ~ Th.~ IIDII'"

,Ii~"'" lilt., ~rr-.lG>l~riY>i!I.

~lhI.•'''/11 d

in pan, letters ere ,lnO'~ila,~.

~I"il:l]~(~10

edrlinq lor (I''lflt~

COMPUTERS

who~.e~!ltory
\~,\'lek·striip.

fedl of a lOIDlrist ;::;.hl:lring mhnra:11

p¢r0ep~~OJ!i!~ftller re.mlimlg a ,l!uideibo nk ~md <l Fin.10f,dl. giO l!'liu:k 10 allJi;:,'l.'!l~ seme of ~he orlginel SQ~trecs.. ~ fear ym.lnlgcr readers .U'lm.ighl !1ew~r ~~v,~ a Whole Erl,I#" ('cutdng. h &6\~n m<L;rno~ g.e~:W]nl:1iI, the fuss is about just fr'UlnI;l fl;'adinS Tli1m~r: .. di.;;~·ri1:'Ti~'i!l1> ;;lind Ithi,;;b~li]k'$ rUizzy 1-eJ:nudm::t iio.lll.!>flulO j)'OlIges, Ted Nelsm:l S o ompUlt'r Uhti}~~(lm McrdihrJ;:;'i! di ;.;mi~d ( !). by TUlrm::1" in a :;ingle sentence, ,di:e\v the 1;:X:HJlm", ~CI:'CU~,D,lro·rc:ybel\C~dull.'C ("f)mlml.oclion e\re~m1. ore m expli.dl:ly d'm,1Ji jtlholc earI'll, S'teNe:~:l Levy's llc:ldtf:i':!if Cl) is also a must. B,ffind's mVIl short

Im!.;jt~~l~\l"l;" tl~l\VO'rkin whi.ch a~.mru[ anybody (:,m r~II,L p~~Mi<,~"H!fdl~'l;f",~mm ; PMty mach ,.111)'tldng.

e'll,lf:

pr.t:tty

d.' <I~l~,nIm:ky

=. did:il ''Vorldw!!.Ii::

n~y

gO. ·llhe

<1.1OJiI.e sli ee dm:mgh lhii s marvel eus sl;a~)', Umilik¢ lll~mty ol:htT his~t'lri~s ~h1!l fg(.':u:o:~lilrhe

technical

ffinIllO'mliOrS~~~]e

Vi 111 eJ)",k. the Ti:m C

CiQu:ld IlfI~ been domiuni11ll~ by a I~w I\Xlr~1m.'a'tiOIlS,., spoon-feeding junk-lbcd media to the masses, jus;I.li~ t~k;vis;i:on_ 0.1" balkanized cmmnulJJi.(,,;J:tio~lLs providers ,oo~Lldh;we s:oodlt1d ~~l1fS"."ith d~"C!f;:pli'!.f€: chflrgjng sel'M;;m.;"~ O'lOO ~"1ifled li(lchini(',11 ir1lmJli...~lioo.jll!i\·1~l\e l~~pll(a'e~. . ,C

:~td:~dn'1 ~~i1i,ve totaru

Berners-Lees,

t[>g~

A~.wil K,~}'~. Murvin the

omD~:alw:ay.h

Mi nskys---<thi" <ll..CC01IUlIl:focuses Oml, ,Ike)' p.I<'I.}'ill' ,'\i~~.QSCrole w~s ~n~kh~glh~ CQLlmcreu~~[JlIrecyberclJllture OOlm.ectU10Ili: Sle,\'<UI BrmJld. j3,lllml i.;. C'omriblJI[ UOIm.WfIlS,verarDi f1J,~ em ahi!O p~en()me:~.olrn,: tftl.emizilllg <]bmn iI:: '~p~Ll;lrizins u: cih~~r>ll(;,:;lding. for it: aad (l~gfm~ting. mnwnlt-

'1:lIII,d ililS'p~r]llg'·Sp.u::ewar: F.l'Im)tLc l.ifennd Sym'oolic [)e,al:li~, nmmg tlhe COJllpUlif!U' B nm!i;" A

il1~..,a oopnwnding.rum~roll:>

fbit

it Bmnd. 0111 ic-

(3') ~imp~)' U ~II. $..1)1$.

\~'hClleiil:SIBL~ml .is al! i.'I.OOIJt. cm;~lusi~£l1rll. Turaer's ,,!,rFil]mtgis iml!he drY'J[Ud det.,ched slyle ot'a see iology ~he~is.B.rnjrnid IS a t~rrifie '\.vrit\.'r. h~t 'fl.ii.~~~~~r~10Br.and_ Suo. blli.~g yut~r is 0\',1111 enthusiasm to the book. from your own

ulmetl tl.'C~Ul~pDkc:li~ ,oonJSC.~n:l>LJI:!> v'l~lles of llm~ cO'n1~nuirl[!ies, ]ft> 1111.001 to ~ ~x:~lctl.y \vl'iiat he did. b~I.~: everybody knew hi llill •. <Imllhillt sure helped. TlltH!gh~h~bm~k~i1:;9~ .h'lls d personal de~:<Ii]jsof Bm~ul:s Ii:Fe.. tlD5 nUL <l bi.(lgm]Jhy. 111{,3ther. h :fQ(;nses, 0111 ,evelllt;:;; thm S'lvir~around him" It traces his illli,,-oI\lenit.'1U wi,tiill 1960:; ,COlllmlU!bC$. ~f1id ~oill(leprul art ClOllmH!!1IJllities, Tl~,e JVfuJ!(!!:.al'ill Cm(~/(JgOIl1d l1~i!U we ~mt>p.eiledjn ~'ls,!!1I.ch 'M} open net\w:rlk was ~ Min:sc I~, Em il\~l>~)'t mil ace i~~lu. m(l~i!'l:~s wt\l~d~s .~.ldml of primliHvlil ·111n'~~ I~.'t rel],,-"C~allhe ,,-'Oil1The l~e h'llk~ti COiil'l:ii'llilini~y [h~!l b'uiIt tad!!Y'$' c10py \~r~b'j(Iii~~~~ I
digutall inFrastnlclure
::1eI: f o

~~'" p~ti~fl{:l~in 'thl;i cybl:!'~uh ure, d~!I;,C{IIJ!.~~~rc ulture, 0 r bolh., But when you "re .11: <lcly to understand :~~(:i\\' thm ell!thu;ji.;;')'im~O!t u s 10 where '!,Ne~JIie ~.od'1Y,. re.,d Turner, To get you sl~rl;od. r~~~c!lve ~-'OUI with Br.nld'g illtroduC'~ion W ~he ··ftmali.c lire"

pieee

(3):
!lOt. C{llfIljllttC'f.'S ;m!

R~ady O'! Ill!!.:'jJOOp.1!c.

eOluir!g to

dl:Id so around

(I

certam

Q~gltm~1 v<ilm::s.. ~ii'I,lQllg them 'opel!lil1~~S,

~non 'IIaI1uc!':,of eth conununities and led 10 b IJ~nld.The WELL, anearly Irn.l,e:-;::mge board

'Jh11l1·:;, :good [I,l.n.vs. lltUly~1'l Ifi.m bcsi. since

PSJ"dled~'~ics" II'\;. W<lj' Q~Tlhetmck ,o,r'1:11~

·\Cq.llllPIJI[CI1ii- fhn;:,1l

~~l ariQ)g.. perscnal ex pr'e;ssi.o~. a Ild :~nn,{:watrion, These were cere values ohheearly digi~<L1 piuneer~ (the ha eke rs) •. embodi.ed in what we pnmclly rhe •.h<!~:kt'lr ~~fuli~." Today. \\~J;! l<lkie lll.e digil;)~. r~'\!ol,tU io III fo:!" gra1m.~cd ::1:11,(11 l'iidd(nn .ap~~1'C-

FU",oDli1 C:J[jIIUIU1.~eru:::i:life I!I i'l

system. was ,lln, irllh~Clln~ale,,"i;m~lpie .. aumctillig both !;yb~lr~u~tur!:

and ceuntereulnee

or M~JIKLce?'· ghQol

of liberal crluelsm

1'D IC.yIhEm: u Un r~
Stewart Brand, l~le

p<Utidp<lI1:~S:,

c.~n

Whole' Earth Network,

<lnd the Rise oj Digital UlOpi~ nism
by hr:d IumeJ'" Uniwrsilyol ChicililO Pmss, Chqcago. 2D.o6. 3ro PIl- S29:, fHtErO. I'SBN '9J!lCl2268H4ij5,

AJ IIli.allgful. be misled

@C;)s;~I~~1 re[IIJ~rm ig.l1n:

into lhi~]king
in\i(;riI:t'd

~.h~\VE II

wd.a)' :~'fflr-

that

U~ll,wilh the mmarnic faUlt;.!sic.s Qr tlllc rllI"Cf!l!.ll~cr~ ,'he seleace j]9chas of No.roc'.r'i \Vucrn.cr, WlIJITI.::I1McOulkldl, J. C.

bur sLlrp:dshn.gly

ill,

r~.Lkk~hi(."r.
The'
lrcm~

Jnhn

V(ln

NCl!ll~lillm

and

lLJI~l~ c;(Jmm~'b1lilics,. blogs, ~nild00-

'ifJlIlMV'JIF

lBu1in.
O'I.I!,\C.~

cli.1lle to

w11.1.I. exLe:n.t~lese v~d.lm.l$ were l>parih'ti! by t~)t; 1960:-; ceunteU'CILI~~.WI.re,which preceded

.~" • .. -

ealled \Wb 2.0. il \1.':iIIs0(.'rminlya stE'pl:o'Wl'Jrd t:l1esephellOmen'J. BnmdJ's Ghih0.l BtL~,i~l~~:> N~twOlik, a 'C:O 11 suh:ung corm;pal]l¥.

i.1t: h.cl.l~th1:0,[1'1!;l(k!army

g d .gn:al revohuu on: couneercnl~h~~

:z

the

.~ den-ce Ibttll the (QrPl;nu~ .und bl!re~IJI.cr.Hi(;

.~ eSI:.'llbl.i:s111lu,ellls, t~.climc nllrleli"SlOod di.girml of ,!E'1~1cl'!nol~ so pon~y. lhe b~cl"CfS \'N~~ ~blC3' to ~,pHIl on lhe U'e\'lQh.mon Ibe~Ton:: the bUlJ'ea[I.t"ICo:u::y k~t;W ~jVh~l hil ~hen~l, L.ike~l~~. llf ~~)!l.nmrli1fall u1I 1l1~lll, It h3P];lC!.ll1Icd so 1:<lS1~~'n.3t we ~J<I'I,'Cnl yel: t:: == r~ai Iy lo:!lk~;n.l~~ tgffili: lO t,!~~::y ~ellebn~ti,;;it~ \'~.(;l{lD)~ <lI'IId exmnime: :1:1(l~ii.~it h<LPPeiled. :~Fr(:d Tum~r's.rn~:~nati.~g p'mm emmlpI'" :~ ('jduII"I!' to C) 1~~tr"ul;ur!!gi\l'e8 :a diet<lgled look us

bt:g;lt .;:yiberc u h ure,

BeC'ilu~ of the happy cQlnd-

~'liJed make ,emmICl.'Claltlimll and to ,ybeTCU~ll![cl idc,~ ,m~c~si:ble to' hig~rk:\'el (:orporar[epJ!~m:ml.Cil':l"
iSlhlt

ef ifll~,ltIell~\::>: The YOl1ilhfi.l:l, fcirvo·r J!i.I:i,d :Wi.rmdb- st'IMi!i.hm!~n!:al1i.ulJism of •.he :r:Ii'C".flk5 1;\~~Q cli:~;!:l.:tI cmta p~lIlCr SC~'C'Ji'U;:C~ I:I.IJ, >!!'''W!li:;:!'!i!l~!y~I:l!i!gh')~!l~d research p:ro· grdi'UI frmn the very top ~rth;~' ICh::ttlllt'1,;
:[]c-pllr~;n:u:nt; ,Ill IJIlil.~X pm::wd liI.larke'I.·'

The goo~J ibili1g <JbgUi ~hi!sbook

I
i
=

Tur.mI.C'l' fOl'~m::rjOU1:'fllfllliS'l now ~fliite DepOrl= fa ~'~l ofCml1!UUlliC(lliotl. SIl.'111fO!'dUnivG:.r&~ry) tfiie<llly took~e time to swei;1tmhe (jet.ilk The,we 0l!'1<l nl]!ri<ld tOf n.lSCi~l(;ni~gliu~~ ~is~or~{:fd ,a det3ils thal he dJM~ til' that will sUlI:'I~.l'ise'itmd

nanking J.tlqvcm~llt b}' the 1'lunUlf~ctmcrs o:hnmH c;]k'Lliiil[il'l,g IlIlm:::lil ir",;:l'i:and an iii· repr~ssiMe l'irlidnight Ilh.CImIllC:tlOIii. ](110'"111
~ Spuo~\V'''['_
Ridlf;li~I1I()~~

.~ Tlte I'e~ewer Is ai~ tme MliI'MediiialaboJallGr),', Clll!librid~~. .. t

t:l MA 0213'9. USA. ,E·mi:liL; l~el!H~f@ir!~di'Uflit_edlu

i;!

e!'lI~~ht.J,;i1lI;':V"'l1. ~hl;: key plflYi;:n; ~:~ Ih~ I.h,rlil~fl ",'\.'m.o pick lip thi:s hook He doeS;Iii'~, 11\,\"<'1.)15 get 1 tb.ung. .. right, thrn,Jgh. ~.\\''00 -t. q~~i.bb.l: 'iI\~lhV',1:~i. . 011:1 im.l.c:om.lCieslton.~ my J'.le~on<il kliiaw.ledge but o'n I)' $l1Y[hat it i;hou I~!l'tct~~oll~Y lmQk b ),011 I:e,nl 011 dl~5 :SWJ.bject. Saa,m::t:Ume:s TumcT:S <liCQOlunt hillS tI'I31 niO~-wl11iIm;g~but-'nOI-<luite_;I:~u:~ SC;II~Nelc.va L 31 S

::1..

!lI,r..;e~, ,U~~f,tmcl'
1[,

COiiliFUlertil}.;'~ Ca!'l!lllu/.li!~t
(;QtI1pU!~ N~~ill'JMq(_lrjtJ~: ~

tT.lt ~e~, 'ChiraSO. 11:97;(1). 2.S;. ~ H~~: Hel'!},~~riiJe C();I!1pr,IW tIi'~~ri~1J ma~.ed~y, tGardm (~'I': ~'I'. 1~4)'. :l_S_lIirand, R(flJi~9'Sj~'. 1 f!)~mberl W:J;, ~p. S'!)~~,

"e.f,rJfJ~ril1'/ol!(fll C~mp~!w~i:1em'-Alj~fif,ljNily&l'pfJl1

w'I,IWiI.sdenoem ago org

9 MAIRCH ,2007

I
lEN DOC R IINIO lO GY

M,any' ,PI,aYlers Inthe

Cc:nllce rta of Sex

Se;q;l1IardamlOUllm::d. that he had "JeJu vemuccl" hi msel f'wl thunjocl['O]lS of 1~s;~jcU].~lr rraees (he :sde~I~:fk discourse t~£Il underex tm(~s 01" dog:) andgu iaea pigs, nml~;med :S~einach.·s model Tillis episode marks the s;lbghtly of liIIllCl~O]il 11I~y opposed lila! ,l\I]dlIs1 Se·eret sex g~m.uis, suel.l ~IS !Dorothy elll1Jb<lJ'I'lI:f>silligoaaneucemem e of Qunl1lt@)s5i~'Ulcl3ll1f me modern el1dlocri.n~,ology. a begmPrice 21ml CJr'~ Nklo.re:S Sex, G.lands, and ] 932 anncuncemem uf .1] nil1l; lhm l':ilif1ic~~~ l'\J:ldllCri~W:~ll~i~t H (I rm on e-s, Hl501950 Hans USse,L' i:~,,~957£~J~I l:eg3ruooi teedback loop b~I.,...Oen the ' as "c<l~,mnirOlL$..'"IEmbarras."lfl~. pi·tuiHH'Ji .Irld tht: g'l1~ndS,'llld li'Y t:hMdfik S:rm[jIJ()pta' Bcrll~UlI:dZo]1de:k's .~934 b~~IIJ~e' BI,'own-S~iqll,.HIl~1died 9111 UqlPv.ersity a,1Chqcago dis¢t",'~ry of ~i!"(lgil;~njill th~ U~94, O~l~.y.1 f~w YG~iI"~f:"r~r his P rB 5:>, Ch icag{].l:006. 366 lamous se,lf-ell!:peril,ne:mt His, [eju~uine ofa stali~.iO:I1I. j1p. $45, (2H_511 ISB N '9];1l()2261~,g.634, .By thi: ~94il)s. '",n,lm; ri\~mllin~ h~d nm~e!~ f~~SI!lC(:lI,;.."z;;.. lulas claimed. e.,.Ianmitcms, be-

II

1889. the ekCedy ami erainent French

pi~,y::;i(ll~J,gi::;l ChiliJtl~:ii~Ei~m!urd B~.\~-

.•Ilt[lgon~ srn pelfSi~~ed WI'!~~c difdiypnu; Dic.;e f ! (I cliniea] praetice Q]' '3~ues. 'fake sex ;I!IfI.tfl~l)~ Ilc di.ni.c. [Ill.]~e~. '9~0s, aud 19505. eudecrinologJr~ts. studied the~hui()11 be~:li\'t'leni1!1)mH.1~e:;; nism !O:Le:..... np~e.In lheI910:.l,. Ihere~lQ.W!1ed n Vie~nu:scphys.iol.og~5a Eugen St~'illma.ch·s ex~nd 'ca~c\:r" lan;:~sl cancer. fGlu exsmple, \VJS perimems led him '~;obelieve th,;] I. male and !~.mlshl, W be caused by estregeas, If 11;0llfenb<I~:esex ~I<mds were in d keel, OIlP'Osir.ion to. m{llml.escould cause ii, Cit-midi they <l~so cure if? ~lil~ ;moth~r. thli!>.",S;l~lbli~hil)Jg d~!;;1.111ImJ.~ptlf l $t!l;)!;) red by ~mrir~'~~I~ t h~r~poei:,j~ ri;i~~ij~h ie Sex.UOII <l.1111.<II,goa.1US!I.n, The idea, thfll: male and '(guided by di:lm~,ca,1res~IJls. rather thau biofemotl e ~ri;;lilimny~p-jl'\~:!i,~I:~i;;en:iIIi~]y~~I;h~llill il;~it vrp~\r:ysi(l~.lJgi-c;dl·ind]ng~). di nic~.a[l recommended s ~ndmgenlLc a ud o;rmll~:-· m13~.0d with t~LilInlD:-JiII.gender mlQlIl1ns,. SengooPlOi
pofta[!~

o Ib~~l.(:uiwrol I

in Ihiellc~-~were :luore lmthan SC'~~mifj;c Ol(h~nlCe:l.ill dl<:lrl!illg

Nevertheless, the (lId

C(l~lC!f;i:Pt

of sexual

estrogenic rreauncnts, s.CliIgnopta :>~lOWS, il~,o~v Im,1:' reascni 1.£ he11 inei ~hese ;adlli1l!iu.edIy S'UlCres.....l1lil.endocrine Er~(mcnts of bre&'i.l cancer was d r,~\I'elm,by an outl.m]d\ed 'concept1Lmra. th':ll
ass,UI.n.n,edl:~.a.tI:I'n.eepposaehcrmone acted .l!IIlt;l~tff:lliM iC<liIYl)l1tlile- body. Sengoopta·,S e'.'q~,~.or.~l of the relariens ion ''1m(Ji~gt~le i~~I:!i~ectillS fon;e~ uf scieaee, cHnlie. ~nd c;: ulture deepeas 0I1I', unde.rstmuHng

of~iI;: ~:h~v~d(jp~.l~1mt QI·:m~)d~m 'I,.~~~{krt;;:rin()I()gy. lese<1,n;;IiI. on se.x, giam~its was shaped! bjr! h.e d i~ illid<Il!~~'lhe~!PGlBt.k: dPt~mi~~.n,()!ld ,H~interest h1 t1ln.epl:uysiologiil::<I~.englneeri IlJg of Ih.e

cause the OO!U10J1nlP[ ~~ml idi01.!~~ r he aroused near1Jy kUIed the b~ldc.]iug science. )
NUl !>~Jpri:"'[I1,g~y,tbis aspect of cmJocr.h.mlog i~ put 01:1 dle frOOi I'''lges. 0 f dmJ': llIJk,:~~1 annals, II does. however. open '. h~IHI",,];; Sengoopta :s.1n1lgte:rriy new hi:!>wry of £f'XlI<I] endec'ri~ol(I~W. Th~ M.f1.'11 S"en:! QUiflte.I~,wmC'~· ~f t Liji!. Examining ~I ceaurry's scientific <md ~.~QP11lufl~clmn~lon 'with e'I'lNlil:loCrirlegl~[i],ds irncl thci r Cr:ttcis on the 'body" SC'Hgool'la. (il bistorhr!1, ,~:flnG-dici~l~ and scie~c€' ,;It B,lq:lkbe.ck CoUcge. UrtI"u\fers,ity of London 1 conclndes th,)t in the l'flc;llt W'l~ .-~~~ ubOtLII sex _S~:.: \Vo;lS, wen "u the center 0:1' life. V]l:il]~.~y.and energy. and for.~time, gl~~nd~s!,jil;ll'1h;'d~n th~ keys h{lld te ~.~, "li!>foct!~ o:~ se:x allows Sengeopra to fol'~ov.r :t~uuhipk': hL~1.aric2l~:~Ialiorl~ll.ill$.. ~Ir'ti:td~ldythose between eli ill.lic:r;J1J] S and ba sic s:~~i~ijH~ltI;!Ind bI;:EW~!i:$i! bim~1e;:dleii1:~!ind the ,viderpor.m.I<l1' cu ~ture. The::sere:llat&onship.s Vi,1'eI'C dym,3'nm,ic. hll, the'
CII sc:~e]iilCe \\1',JS never

hM'1!,m body ..

'\'!I;;:f'I ~]S ~ie1l!i.dfh: ~,dJ:.I$

were di sproved and corrected, cerra in themes !l1ll.Jil,!!'Cmlrn;: rcm~~ni::dc£lltral to

e;n.docrino~,().gici!1 resem'C,~. The .~9411 s
t::O!iDcx:r~l wW'Q

th~' rd~Ltio~hipbenl'l;).C!l

I.:<tm:.-er,md hormonil!!!\ sounds Sltrilkin£,]y

moderu, cO"~:l;We.~Jng recent ~~igh1y :Jj)Ulb[iei ;t:t;d deba l'I::~,ib C:ilit the c:oh!t1e.c ~icn betwee:~, horrnene replacement dlel1llp)" f!Jrme:[Iop,lm:od ,\iQmen .m~ breast
ciltl1'C~r.The use 01' hermenes t.o oomi:l(lt

tl'n(' .ag i[l1l. preeess d~dU1lo.t di~ with Bmwn~SeqJ[[.,u,jL It \I,!iil$ Ilopwl,lar,h;.!J!d by S;h;:hlf~dll JO )''G'[~rs I@t~r; ~L1]d I!rlday ;lUll!.• ;I g~~,£! hormones. t'I£,<L iu c apture the publi(:!.; <iu~mkl!'!, Se.~,g,O()Pi'~i..~ke~the science ofl~e pf~S:I:~C'ri.QU~[Y :s.mi m~ ill> mVIiIIU!.r.n~,s,
r~fl,1.~inS 1.0 e'v,<II.mtle

its, findim ..;!!!;Oli !

~he mod~1 ~fl ov~rJ;implifi0d: prf!V~U C!l~fOOe[_ h~$ ~~~o profu~lltdly afr'=lC'wd 'J:I.~dl)owells ~md eSll1og_ens VJ.'ere· fOIlII,nl~n both byiits [el:liUted~y 'il\flilJllg. :S1D'all,ge, or ODSC L.ure ~C\'i.Ipc.),.t'l,;:rrIS Ih{l Jf~mh("m!(,flH'lr tlHhc n~~vly \"'OJll~!l ~rld ffiVll, As :S~"~O(1pw.-,ptl~ pUl!> i~c. p.;:!Sl. S(!m~'~im!;;s ··fals~" scientific th(lor~~s ~. "II,~mSl ilIlulhorili~ lrnad.. by the end of the lhir~ l)lIl"ifi.'ed honnQi.~::t1 C~I.rm::'tl>. T~ll.'{l1IgJbom. the' 'pmdutie the' r:ighl tllemments. SOIl1.letiil~le.~ t~.ey 9 li~:s. come ·~.tlrt::g'ird d~e: S.~H,,~!d$ !he' SUitl ;"$ imlspi ro .-~~.'~'i>!fI:~hlradil ifMl lhf!t $,~~lpl,l'ge:rntir~ ~ M.;i~,ee·ri~g Oli!iP~Cl Sidemif~c med!ci~l~ of sh'lped re-,seun:h '(Ill t~lle :lie:xg~'llids and its. inSt1lt!.U~lem~ illU the ,em.lcerto gf Se11'1. essenli,ll di~ipli'Ui.es. rn rh~ Mf}:.'fItS(!Cr,'l fluillfe8SCI.rc,·(' ' ~ d ink:a~ ic,1th:ms.. lIppl but not sulrk:k~&in i:h~m!>f1!lv~", endmM I:h~ (~f ~/ft.,eIliJo~ri.l1o.log y cnmerg.cs .1!> pal,t of ~ ~. to L body \v.ilh virij~i'ty or lWI1IiIinin~.I\y" Oil1,1eT imtru· proc~s.. ofm dYIJMlmic KI;,H ionship alllolli,g c~ll- ;S !n~nl;$ had to work i,~iliHII~lO~yith~'fuiG]1J~ w Il,i!~ L 'c~[ni,,,';lI.I,.~uld fie h):]l,tifCc :rorc(lsr:!1~~l.G'rl~~f! ~ lie re'tlewe-.r ~ at ~ihe' Imtitll!e 01 ~he HJ~l'Dry Mte-d~dml!', of under the b<l~on of a COIll,d~q.cliOr: the' e\I~~wnat'i,c <Jill l1icIS\1!~dit'ill.!;lto be di~c:oveil,';ed.. ~ !oI!fi~ ~>op~lfi£ UIiliIYeiF1iilyd!o>o~ ot Merdil:in~. Ilammo~!e'. S MD212JllS-2:16?, U$.I'I.E~m<iil: stder!@ilnfl'li~u pilWI,itary gland.'· 1O-:rH6I>Ciernce,lll]91J~Hl e;
!lologhl;~ saw

1920!li.t~leg{l~d~~l (Jfth~ =-~N,,g~mHI~, <lg~ m,-lil\~ b.lbor..u:ory ~.~'Q:rk as done by 'o]l~nici.amcS-.ull.d w driven by dil'lic.rl~ 'lgell1l,d9s.l[I rhe 1930 s, the clini!ci:PIn·s hcgclnony wBined <]50 Illu: 5n1r of basic bioch(l~uis~:)"y1"(\&c,t!"d~ l"OS~_ SC!~guopta SI.lOWS, •. h O'!jM-ever. Ihal; the d, in iti :Ul. g;l:irUil.ed

ju~g~its v~iij~ b)l2l;>~-~\;n!1I,lry ~!~ndOl'lJl(kAt f~r:sl &b'I~l:e. t~Jis migh:~ cl~OIppoi:m,l anyone butll:u:stor:ialls . .A n.Cli 311•. ,\'hy :;h{}~~dwe r~adI aoout i'ide:nli fie
theories thiU have been proven wmn.gl

QUlle:

.'jiU'l'ilip~},.~lilodel-,1!1 scienceis

IDill],u-

eneed net oCim by~'lrn.o.'iet~mor es Ihal arc Iy J

9 MARCH 2007

VOL. 31 5

SCII!:.NCtc

www.,s-ciencema9'.o~g

ClllIMATIE.

CHANGE SlriU emiis'Sioo limits ~viUb@ IlIE!CE!'!!;s;ary H

the rise lifl a L!1II{D~pherji( (:a rbon d i(l\l1~~e is

[OJ

b ~ sU~JlIum,id.

required redue ~kl!'! !>ch!;idu~~:; Ail r\,'I,I'l:.' '.lre GV'.~[to ~l~~'e~e,di!l <'ipr.i~~.g .. , C the I:miklup oflhe a~]l~!l6phe~~s:'(,OJ (."(l(l~te'n,t. ,lddilli;oH<l1 element would be neces\'I.'e must mOlt.:" f tlit-c~r~~ changein (hit:: :l..~ry,The S<'Ip (see f~gm:e. rigjHl and allowed emis''Vtl)1 we v,i:~wthe pmbl~m" Most pO:~~lci.e-s~:lun berweenactual II~ilIv~b-ccn discusS1xl~m;:liUdD~gc'~p-al~,~unde slum. \'\iOu'kll hfli\1e 1:0 be Iml.d~ up I:rilher by pWI.r.cliuase ,o:reol a]~:oc:.ned sys.l:eil,llS and the Kyoto lreHly. haveneared the rl!'(~blenm, e.."1.chH;;,ive~,y hlii. u:~rms; <0 r i!lCrClmle!'n:tal to poorer narions or by burial of roductirln!'in cn2~mi~i~~I1!', l1~~.11{}1;.~e\l~r. CO2 Ct'lph!!'l;;'iI from rhe annesT p.h;ere. SH'!Huninu:. the rise in Co., wi~,~aot sl:abi~iu'311nosphe'D",ic CO~ levels; lhey only filow ~hen'lle (~I·i$lcre·~~~.I~:s[e.ml <lC[Uto \,,;olllid !require P1!rt1'cip;nJio:L~of mp: lIIf1y st{I(' the U,'~lCr(~ilIsC'. '!JI,,'C lllms'~, evC'lop the d ~.d!yi:ndWl£I.II"iHlz.ung mltiom; sHell. as ClOllCifolpl 0 f wh.u.migi'lloo c.~!Ied,l"~ ,n'bQn C~~rI<~ and India Under Ihe pie l'l'ie:·Cnlitml~.y. foreach-J gig<tlo:ms (GI) offb~ concept. 't~:1f:re 'would be ani iueentiVl;: fQri'~.I;'nl h~jei n RJ~theY\,V4;l1lld ~i~ ~~ror~!lbl~rn~d\ the 11.im.{*,p~~~ru cnn's, COl tent rises <lOO~I,t IpPI,n: im;;lud~,ng deforesiahavea cOl~s~der<lbljy 1,00l~er pel'iod

iW:l0

l\D~~

20JiJ'

,040

~(}5iO

2060

chase of the eneJgy required to accomplish I:~.C t~l)lp[urc;;n1dl~r~i1I,fthe CD:."Tof Sllmric iE'ul b l ;_(~II1I.~o~p1rnere0 increase, lh~mI. lili sl1.xe.s lire size 1 ~o!\.~i,1rue] to gene'r.lt~ this ~nJe~y is 000 hiJJ;h. IJ1~n Ihjs Slro:lJ.l!:'l,\\,I'HI~dbe in~p~lc'th;:~~I. of the carbon pic .: ~1:101"exa mp~e'.• this ~iIii\~H The ~.,,~esl ohhe costs asscciatedwith \""lilr~ [ll btl doubl,t.;; dl>e rrei!1dl~S~d~~~ ('02 1II.I1OOLnrnlt •• 560 Ilpm),. then t~.le S:ize of the pie ~ie :a~r-C'al)lme willi, be tillose asseciated 'wilhl~e' \vouJd he 711] Cit of earbon [i.e .. 4 x l560release ·ofthe CO~iom the CO;lptuiil;' m'I~~rU.:li:1 l:lllO)].. \\'ere the I ilm:il to be set <1.1450ppm, the .lnd with~11e recycl i:lJ1lg of allY ebem icals used, ~ize of ihe pie- ,,!,rmlld 'be lln~y,21'1.0 Gt, beimplemented, and faces, several ~echnQIO'cl:- A~ ~gJiimn hydro",icle ..• m obvious choice, Once Ihe size of pie :~~::; bec.~n,eSI<lMhihed. ~Ic,d c'h<!l~lenges, [f the COL carried byt~e ~~~ b(l,lds. l)(un,to CO'2 too tCrI!llcUotJ:dy. a bene. r ef~ch ~nh~ 'world ~flinm il1ns 'Ii\ 'fluld he (l11(]c~"II.Ci.¥.t Sl~.funs used m drivl;lwind turblnes wereto 'be op~ion \'i'O~111d. be O,'l ~~~~J;::ri;rd [~unw\ll1Idbe a,bl~ cap~lIIred ~~.ell enan energy-equivalenrbasis, a slice, ~Il an i.de<!l~ world" dUl' size of these ~o pick ~upC'O~ btl! would release it more slices \~'{lu:l~dbe ~uS£"d (.1'1 cpriruk~li.o!'l. llim (his llm);;pl'lly-,"k~~1i!1~e;iIiISi(l!l.j<j af the CO~ c~~ph.mife r~i.u.my.R~gartl]ess of'lvltrf~l m~.neril,1i~s to he d i case, the wU.Ii"Id's:rich countries would.get O/hlly devices would be: oml;! I % of the s\veep of used i.~.is llhso]tne.~ ,e!!se~ni:~llh;.n research on 1,l.b,cmi;,Hl'.4 afliLe pie. :~r[he~:Lmit. agreed lilI~xm cnprure Mel ~e(llleMn~lit"in b~ CO'lfDlI;i1 (Hll ~~) t.11ii.eUlibim::·s H ~,~n other WOilitlLs. in :.I sense, t were Silt) ppm, '~~!n.eil,l r:idl m'u.iom· share the ;llir streams C;J'fwy WO times mon:C02 rh,m de~,~Tm,~ne w~lelher the ,ene~ cu sf:.;c.m be broughl. do\l.~l an!lc>Of:'::pta~J!e It~v{~l t.o, C!lI~nUl~ 'muhl be abolll .1501 A.s these COUIlJII'ic.<> Idnel~!.! nc~. Ot. c u)~rel:her cuntt~l,n]y COI'ISlil me ~,OOL~~Gl of fo~ () In add iiion 'to .1]lo\vi n~ 'the gap betweeu ~~rom (,'O,,~ g<lsini:c~.lion pl<lmLS ~,hOlll.ld'I~£i.O be a,ehl~lalld p~rlni~si.b.i~, ctn~:!:s:i()n~ h) be si~ C:;ll1b[inp~r y~alt". if [[li;;Y ~o:~tjl:'lu(:'l(~ dl~,:; ful i.ri,~.pk:mcllt~d .. Iall the present p o~itical c],ima ~e..• my .,;[email protected];'!. th~if nllutmt;l!H 'Ii\'Quld. b~ o(}¥ilsllm~d iJ1l fi~h~~1.;;!ir~:x~!1J,c~iun hm; ntht;: r O1,Hn.(."i:h~I~tJ.-, just. 2: 5 yea rs.lIFaced w~l:l;l lhis ~,imit. em::hi 0 r lures., (~,) [t. cO~lld be done at !!,ite~ Y.u l'f1mu I.empt t9 achi:eve .m agr:ee:nm,em 0111eil:~,er the' ~h!i;:,';e nw kln5 \;\''Ou~clbIf;Rm;.,ed IO n~pid Iy po:p~.I~uli,O'llc~mer~ .md cI"):51;.'l bJ' d\e !'iite~ of ::;i~of;] Cilfbgn],>je ur it!'! ulku'::<I:tion .!W11:llll,g the rk:h reduce hs eiI,uissiQliliS(see ligu:re. iI'bcrIlc~,Poor cn, stol:<'lg;t::. (iii) Om~e the rise illl, cn, hnd \:vodd's mllinns,wouk'l be diftilcullo HO\?!'CVCli, ~l<:lJion;s wtmlcl: be ,a.ble ~o !iidl poniuEls; of their beell s~eil1,niiled. he ,CO~ cOlne~u of the m;gie5:1' we 'ld\' ..tm.cebey(lndlthink~J1g on~y ]11 ~ ,of,conscrvatuon am~ ill'tCriliiU,C sources p~Jf! ii;1:~ce~o til,e rilch cOi.1ll1tde:s :Jnd sliU ntave ~ lll1l1.0 spher,e COli hI be d~wn hack down to' 1(;!:rl1iili.'i e:m)ttgb ]eft 10 pCnli'JJi[ ~hc~~ [0 indl'M[~i~i:i!:(;l:" alcvd m t~.vh ieh th~ C'~~r.lll:); C!lpS \..re~ Mll~ k~ ~nd bc~i!l ~(l~]njnlk HlrnlS of m. C'!l~oon pic. w~ in H'tlhissceli111111'io \,ven~to he i:l1I~p.~e:lll1eml;~ed. bilizeJ .. ,(iii) ]I '\'I.f()uid 'pmvide:;I m~dUI11~~I~lll h<lV'e lmo ch,m.ce to S'loJ) the I.+s:e iml,<'Itm()lSo .. 1 will Ihlii~horllyisSUi!.f of (,;ef~,p~n~li on ph~ricCO~. n!1di[M~h Iy un:l~ Ut~d'UWt"~"1Inbi~lkm uf b)1 "Iihi ~l~ kl.oJl~ p~~:st ,COl: e'lllis:sio:~!\ by l'icher Il<Ili,o:u~s im::lFeillsed e ffi.ciency in ,en:lerID" lise. 'illllplemell~ &ld~mIilOO!l andl No~1)S .~ nit ion 0 f Iton-ii'o&,>i I flill.~~, energy :[;(lUI."C(!:tl. ,uli.<iJl, ~ol,llld~e l1:t!goli<lted, q i, i<. $,. lMklll~t H.·j. ilOdl:, Po Grlttil~, im Pt«~ding.~ ofrhtt Whi.le lhere is 110 .CIUe:5lon l~,nl CO~ C<1.pi '.Q capture un:02 produced imiemIl gm:!ific3lion ... 24111 lmtl'lffllMool ({}fl:/wmtf ,~1'1Cal'll !j.riNlIl'JiM & Frm h~~r[\o11f'I1~.C' i!llalfl.{JIJ;ph~re.~,doaJblc, theco~t is i .~ p~.[IlliS 'i;\i'ou](ili be capilhlc of mecl.ing the s'YI'le.m~. ~, S;jI!;!!;I:~~d.. ~I (C~.lT~~hml;l~~~.1'\';50Ntiof1, aeallWat9.I~L lW11), lIP, :e95-:996. $!i II uulkncl'\"!'ll!. C'apt~n:e: \!''Q~I,1d, be ~~=ft)iiid'ible iJ ~ 2- ~ ~rnaJl~~. (al1Iid, G. !iI~!, ii!.rndIK, :5. l<!ciro~rb '!l~CJiJ5· it C'~u~d the pri.cc or fos1>U fl,ld '~Il~rgy to ':~ lihif';J!IIlthllr i~, Ihe b<lmont"Doh~lY Earlh Qb~fl'!'G<t~1iYof "" ~11!!1'1~. at ~n;crlL\ase by ]0 ~J() JG%., Bo,:\'Ife\.'€'f. <ll<'lr~~ FnlC0: C(lhJm~iil tlm,i'li'er~['~.y, IPiliH~dIlS, HV 109M-SO(!(), USA. if E-Dl1111D: bro!l{ik@r@ldll'IM01liJl1Ililifllii1ld'u tl.Orl Oflhc::'opermung costwoukllbe Ihr~1la.e IJUIr= to which we
:~I~~O~"" 1~.C1!('Oz CO~UClll

(it u fC~fb(lll p~r y~m'. lFm'thel', lbis rQUIr~(H)ne :I<III;iowill 0:I.1ly c:hflngc slow~I}1in tin: comil1g decades, Hence. ~ ''I.'e se! Ol,desi FJbl.t: upper I iffill~l 01'1,!jheeXl~I'II~. r
~iO!i!•. \1!..1;:PlItlW (;n'ilit about ~

of lim~to 'Hjj~~:s~heir CO., ~mist

or the

sions lh:1llll:idl mllioJ.1s. ],he:-sOOJ.l~J' (ll1IdbUified. such an i1g,mem,elllW<lS ~Ul~hli~O ferce, the bet.ter~]m.e situation would be for these uar ious, Umi I Db/isis done, the size om~c careen pie will ,c,uD1.timu::' W shrililikil' a r.clteof 70 to SOOl perrd~~mj~. B~C<lllli\e CO2 sales would ~~n'~ l1nl)' as a t.emllOliilu)' S~OI)g:"I~',C;<I'~11H1e .oO~I1i,'OliiI,1 the of .'lm~~pliei'i6 \\,'Oillld·b-t: r'i;wess,ny. c6'J c"p~~ite fli"m:tll' the a~'Ii1.ulsphere:is reasiMe. bu! 11<:yet tn ..s

IH.~p'Q~iIiIE!~ca~ s(:el1alri~ :Ellrruise bY' ~ich liI\atfon!i~fth,e:ir 15 (H:illt wedg,e of tbe !Cat~I!i®1l pi'e".1\s "me passes, the ~)lae1:~01 rlo~~i~·ruel tll.lrniln.g over tlh ~ (I~ nishin91P~'lIDliS6ib~~ cmi,s~ron Umilll'liU Ii~~ly mi growl. re1li,uliring'an im:m<lrSI! in lhe arneenr 01 CO2 W, be cOIptmed

ror

w'W\"I.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. a L 31S v

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1371

PHYSICS

Walchling Rlush IHou~r in t,h,s

WOllr'l,d 0'1 Electrons,
lqr1!ig ~l~

Allilimpm'll,eli imag]n:g techniqlle reve ...~s,UHlit ,!ilenr~!Ils hn !l ma~erii31l calli !ltJH~r griidl.or:k tike Gusilli i! dly" 'Vl1i:!i milY help rle1ie,indl!r~ Ii.Irltlerst~!1d~l'Ie' mechalli'S.m by which (11Hrents now \vittllll!J l re~~r;ti3irll~ein slI.!'lermrn,d seters,

ItI:6td~,!dl;,

<'Ifi!::\!(~hli:k~n

I);;\~

Ibeen unrQldi.Bg iw,a our u]jl,derst;;1lld~n£ of I.he b(:l~~viQ:r oj"e~~Uljln~ in sa~,!di1;,

QWU1~ln1l1mechanics rules in, d1is micrescopic \m:rktm:ld researchers assumed lll}iU Ihe smear~
jl1l,£ ..Ud ave:r.lging I efTect:s of the quantum

mu~ioll1s wUlurd reuder this b~h~li'!;'il'u ~,,(:~~d~ 'IliSly ~imrle. ~n S't~ld),'ili1g hi:y,h-tmvasitroll iemp~I'<ltm'"e (I:~) SlIp>t':':li'>t::OIUIHd~V i~y i:~, oppclr c oxides, ~.n'\1I.'ev.l:!lil:; physicisl:S fmmd i11!SK'!ld~1~aB:
!Ili~ cIClC'U'On ::>y1!:tell~5 ~1lIthese ~nHtC'l"i;als were

~x;~-mt~!!)l1!fl:~~yt,:(lmplil;"x,. o.m! p~gil,.~ 1380 ~)fdl~ s issue. KQhs;<1,ka ef ~r.l f ),presem .1:111 exper,im~ffil,~ ~o:~~. b!1ii1)klh~~1J~1~.$t~dJyin,g th~ ~1~;\~troUll !iYl"~'jll on the surface o~:'c::oppcel' ox ide Sllpe~1CO:1n.dLLb~Lli' by means of 5c."lI'miny fu:m~eling Sp.6'"~fOOOI)PY; By cleved)! er>;plo.ili llig~lle e Ir~l1SI(lf the declo i.l"O.[i! lnrcractiens, tll":;Y rII1m.l:!lgt:to probe t!~c 'e~,eclf-O:IIImime di:rectly. TU,1ey d iseover a wtl:rld ofa~n~zil,griehness .. J,htlp(,j bli' [h~ quantum mo Iiens ot ~he elecnon s forlill iug complex
spli[lia~ :p;2IHern.'>.

A main dTt;l;:~gfslitul\g i~'[e!'m;l1,{lilS i~the dm;s[ml,\vol'ld is 'uidlk.nlO\.l;!1}~o3l~ybodly l'iv~ ilmgin ,I mCilm~'l(),~~.I']1l Whenlhe density .Jr;e<l; of cars becemea ~('IO~lig~l d~.:tr.ingrli!1:sh hour, tile u"Ilffic CO I'IW!;. H) a S;~~l!mds;liI, Th.~ S;i'lI'!1!? ph~ ... I
ml:!:UeilOIli slumld I:J.GClU with electrons ,un ~oHds. blul [he ""\:irdbl(1s...,, f ,qt~"'llum phy.~k"s, o interferes, E~ecmrons shcmh:l eNie{;[I~:eoOl]!i~mall (;~t!:i!ml~m:tJlnotinf~:\ ~ml!he~ are $() v i~d!t;;mil!'! .• l"OIwe!lui:tlmll! metals and slJlpertiOm]~Lc:to;n.;~1iaOill Il'Dc c:Aeels of'tlincintc.~r'JelioUil~9r,(! \\c'l'ls,itedllw:!)1. hll~~1'1 roeg;Jrd, the electron !\.ystenls Ibund :illl is

TraUic: IpattE!Ms. Scannilllg nlil'lllu~iings:pe(.t.nm:oIlY 'UiD dilrec:llyp~c)b(1lliil! ~palijal. d~!illiitlillJl'tion:\1 ir~he<e~ed:r,on o lIiI()tion~ ~:f'lI.h~ooPiP~~ 'CJ}:irie~d¥E!rs1:11 hig 11·ftSiU peii'(lOn,rh~(lor. Tile pauerll1is. [am be'I;1iewed as at qlual1llU a mana· l(lgl al :Sl<IJh)mj"go, lr~lfi(. ~~:U-ll!rg'}lli!l:.jl1!g illito (In:~-diim~"$io!l~! hi:ghw~s II"'heril'H\~ elcctrolill,rolHr.c nD'i'II~ r,ei[alti!U!!lyh~el:f, s~pllri!ted by sewfl"ly jalimnedi areas. wG:llians 01 (OIlP~r.~ nd a)!'Ijg!HIi'ltom'5 atreshown belew tnl' imm:ge or elemcm flow.

Kohs;Elk<li etal. claim to ~~mvcs.ccollllP:~ished. HtJ\lli dc, Koh~11.k0\ ~·t(Jt.mOlU1<lgehi r:~b~ these electron SInWt ures? n1!~Y use .l<C<I'Irn'lIirillg hig'~.Tt S'I,.I1~¢rcO.UII.d.I;i~1)on; ~ll(·{'I~Pli()~il'ii, :rhl~ ~U·.,; wmt!tli~,g NI'~t~tlP)', a T~~.1l'iiiqw;: I.h'f[t m~9te the :s~rona pclh::111 rials exerted an, the e leesures the <n LJiml:UlIU mec 1.1:anic.II,'JlI'o'bJabi I ity or ydd~n!1: nr~UQ.~o';ling an ~1C;j:el!'o!~ ~ $pl;ldfi(: !,'it [OOllS by tlllC crystal. lattice of (;OPpcr. oxide I:m:aliolill <It 11given energy. In stro.Mgly :Unl;em.cl~ pl~~Ili~:i"Ih,~qlli!l_mmn motions are hindered w ,~ degme thilt rhe eleenen trd,l:nt'! :n~Jghleven get ing eleemm systems like those oftliu:: hig11-r~ con\lp.~ete~y jamrued. Copper o~",i.dt:s in I:heir (3). There <Ire imLdi:c;.l.Ii(lns.lhfl~~mley occur in :ompeJco:lldw';~{)f$. this wmb"b:i~ily, i::; VC<J)i herd prislinu: Slial.Care d'n.Lj1~ hlSU~:lIWI"5 i:1ndl in orde~r gtlod supercenduerers as I~n:ctmlt:1ng p:fl!ttc:r:n~.,> to inl:tr::rprel, KohSo.'1h et aI, 11~~.vcmmdln "''flY f :.n'OlJl,m:l ttlis dilfjcl.!hy. based on <L clever blJlt ~ to tumthem inro (s.upcrl~ol:1uJil~~IOP>. lfii~s (3, 4,. ,,\....ile in some cup.r~l~es 1:lley :JCfWl<IUy one oom!t to ~ standstill .. likely due l!oil.lllP'Crr[x::~ si.[[~1l1cidea of Anld~J·s.nn and O~g (6) th~l ~ ~"O I,'emove eJectro:ll,~ b~ chemiesl cl.opiJ~g (tlil<!lt L;; x ploi~s the 1;)'f1i;ct:;. ohl~ S'Wofig ~I,,'!l;rmrl·~h:~- Q ~h.'m=-fn nht.;crystal ]:l~~iec t~Ollvin~, I.:;lfl;~lsimi an is.ml~caddition ofimpmHy I,):I~m~m$·l' . ~ The electron motions i:l1I, these dopoed il1311"~o mad\";,'OL"k on oIilLrhigllv.~lys.l"hese :fl"nil.: ueu ilm:e"'''1.1.mm;.1'olIndersl.nlld. dte esseuceef ~. l"UpmHol:S ean bs Vi~t'l'~~l~ qm!llt i;.til,."'t! $'t(lr,""Mm!(.I~ SlfUpl'l!-i. ureclsarly ebservedjn bt)'[h aeurrenlh~ idJi;l,L ene jlQSt n~'(Idt' fflj)~\""!yt'Xll~·~!~~t'~: To ~. __ ' seaueriag 0) '.IIldi rasoaaat X-l"ay-scallel'il1g Int'\l'ge from ~:~.e<!mp o.ll, ~~.rn'ee:VI'-1.jI r \II;,'.ulh S[OP- ~ go, Ira Ific ,. Stop-.ailld-go traffic in our 'illlnr!d tends. 10 d~'VdQiP C'ompk:x ro!Hecl.i~ 1)lIiJt¢m!l, !md,~.~otml"fu!creqt~i.re:~ patuen:ce, whereas it is 21 '!l ~x.pcr,~m<C'ni;l;P), b\lt ll1es~~.:o;iP'~ri.l:Ji1e~ts .only pick up aVel"O\ge properties oflh,e $~Tipe~" relief to "'U)Ol an exir s:i!glIl,. fhe 5<!m,e dl:eCl ; Rlcs~~rdn:;rn\iI.'Ould I]kc to ".iew 't]~~mil1!1i'a1 OCCtI!.'!i !i~Ih~ Sl!op-;lnd~~o·~ fcc~oonsyst~~l; his ~ i1be '~IiI~or ls~n ~he Depa rtm~mt or Phv~'ks, Uni\l'erii~ty sp.ace {m; opposed to' the f~c:u'~)n)c:al ~pac,e nm.ch e<l!:>:Lem:tn [~llIJiO\'eC.h:CI:I1C:mS,th<al1l,to.uld ~ or ltid~fiI" Leidep2~33. Ihe INe'therla!'!d:~. E-iTI1:aU: (}f di ff~c lioUQ). .:I!ld this is e:»t~ct~y \V~oYf them" To ootflin lhe!)ver.;l!~] plI"Obflll:liIiI]' ofeidu~r {) i:ill1@IB,ngmtz,:lfiDe'nutl'liv.l'li
<1.11di

ro:m.elhj rig sil1:~:i.I!:~1i h:appf:'llcS~vil;I~. eleet~~u:: fb~lIldll~<ll elec~TOllilis mov,~n~11[1Q[In,cI illl the eQPper exide planes h;ndm ~rni.jl,g.ot; dl~'!f!i~~dv,~::>~ onei dim.ensianal "h~gTm\""I)"S··~~~;let:e niltYl1'emthet Lhey 1i~1t;,~ly. s~rrut~!tr]~ by i~t.;uhltillg d(l!mtins (.2'). <I ItCI inrecent years e~periffil,1.e'[I~<1~ Sl.IIpJKJU 'I~'3S licumd for I.~.e Cl!::d:stcm:;e ofsuc·h :st:rl,pe l:l~tI.>eI.~lmlS
~ro~l ~.1~.1 ca~t~Uhll~t'Il:-;" rl1y;~h: iSIS

9 MARCH 2007

VOL. 31 5

SCII!:.NCIC

www.,sdencema9.o~9

IPERSPECTIVES
remov~ng ot i:1I!dJd ing an elecuon. one has to glassy panern
(J).

II

$imply hnegmte the ttLI1iI:1e1h,g

CUfJTcm

for a

the srripes.ro diSiO:ruer in rhe C.i'ysti:.] M~ice {Jr.

There is ;acllliany

iIlustrntillmg~liDe sensitivn.ly of

A~ ~\)hn\v~ i~U~~ngijw. the br;l.ghl!lmis art where Ih~ electrons move aroundrelarively freely.al1d the dlll'k.lI"e,gJtonsare W.liIcrc·lhee:l~Cl"'-. nUll tr<'llft·:~; jammed, The i~mlge 11;,t~atemicis scale n;,'S!o:bif)ll.~U:d it is elcsr I:h~t Ilhe lfIIon.ilc;: el:ec~ru~:shH\le a pJ:'ielbre~loe for oxygen ove.r copper. Zeomiag nut to Ihe n~lUometel" scale, (ln~ d~~!rly disC4;;~'[JS the SltriP€'$,. the "rivers uf charge" st::p'll'3tIJd by inSild,ni:lmg regions, wh.ih::' 0111 '111i ew~ j1myerfidd of\,je\v t~&e H!I1m. inl.o 01

mJ,~) IiIIlld lU!"a ~'~llalDiwIyc~~I],,~~d Vlilj~ctinlgL;:k."'llip ~:rn[l$l over <I sizable voltage f"ollligeata :givi;;'1l lue~l!jun,.and by Ulkh~~ther<uio (lihl~~~ q~~rui!i" ~it'ies one obt<llil1:> a Illna~, Ih.e dec ~ml~ .of tll.'l1rfUc..

Po."iili\'1e:~.vc!w2ul'gcd~ip ,~pll!I.~ electrons ..ng i

m~ld'n.fir]Qlr,egoing euin l1'n.cse hlla~f'Dh~Ul~SO)lp~~m:at liI!·i.rst glanee, ~mllhL;: llinill'ion dolhrr qne!l.l:iOirii is \\~1(!'~~er thesesubfM.iGS.rew$1 ~rnylhi!~§fd)(lmlh~ (1rj"gi!1Jof~u(l~rcQm;lnc:tuvi~y .n i:lig,lm Tc' Tlris is s!:iU as [Im.uch:1 ~~y.<lW'ry~!S il\io'".u; 21 Y~~~i,gif._J\i"I~l!;lnit W<l-~ dis-

.m ill'Llsi{m.~n by omnbin~ng the presem tech" ntque w~lh the energy·resolved ~Pt."CtroNC{Jpic i.nWor,mu:tioJl.:~l should be posSJ.ib~.e tngeneraje ha:m l·~'Vid.(:'I1~C' ~ n:OI1ility Of't!lC~ pai;n;, r~:
Ri@f'!Ilirtl1l(!I!S;

covered ,t/. i~~, It i~believed th!!!;:, as in normal sl.Ipe.room:lllCl('u"S. the e~cGtroll:S b:it:l'!l,dl I)~ i ts in ~h~n 8!ib:;;!;1CI!!e,lllllyII [I&'\I:,go Bose con.Jem"lli()~,l 'U
the SU~roOlldHctivily ..~~mJlLgil'[\1I'~11 be thfll ~he:IU1<Iges, obl'1.~f1e:d by KohsakH .:1 al .. are ~]bom electron pai rs omninl;! to a ~)arli ;11 ~tand~~i in!''ll'i1!d (If rhe (l1~t:ln1l'iI$ th""m~1 '!.",s. II, Whe~l .~SA.ill'i;!',I!,rill}, my trained eyes at tile illlil~'1ges I Sllf;; II~se pain>, e\ 'e1}'l",1n:re. This mighl wold~be
dlilll: 'C<:IU":ies

]. 't: ~hl.i'ib .Nrl~'.,ScNMte :li:l.!I. 1:38C11(6007}; ~bli!hed p ,gnLillle(I l~etlrua'1f ~(10t,lUO.'llU6ISctena'113 8!!M~, 2, J. Za.:JI\II!I1', &Jniil~ o, t'hyt, ~ 8 ~!o,1.~91l19a,9j\ :3•• \t.A. ~eli~l'Ie.1g1.,Itf'r. ~.O'd. Ph:~. '5 ...nOil GliOO~~. oil. 1. Z~Iilen. o!i!·~1trfE'lI~!~.ina (lOO6t ~" 1?,.AbbinnDme.~!Il'I..i!tcllllrePhY1. ~1,:]s·5 I(aoo~. . ,. R w. J!!t!dmoJl, IN. ~.IOJ1!i1, f. Ph~ '~em..~ 67', 1 f2006~. ,,~p!irllli fNhlR'dn I1lgli1~.~:ijpi!\I\oo"di!Jrlh<it:l" Na!~ Phy.._ z, '][33 HoIjilEh lOO,~t I. ~pl!'d~1R_r,j: Hi9M~rnJl4!tilUjR'Su PI!KQMudivil!j 1I',urn!l Sd.ef.!fe J14, 10; 2-])0\19 t:!OO6). 20.

BIIOCIHEM A Ne1w 'Ia rig et for An'tibliiotilc DavaIID,pme,nt'

ISTAV

'Tihe' (ryst..al s·~rlll'hJre'of' aJ ba,'terial, m>embr.aJne

IPITml:einIlI18iYg,ui(h~the developl1l1lenl of oil P1tibiCl lies, th~t hit.l~mjpt p'r€'!fi(lli!~l,!!, a lIlegll.@c:tsd ITIol@[ul<'!1' tBif9,l?t .•
mH~~\I

d~..scrn,lcryOl!ldeHnical development. of penid,~lin I. ushered i~l the modern j_ll1i~ubi!ol~eera iii1d St111'ntlhHOO th.e diS;;::;O\I'f:I")I oftlle,mtibiotLcs iI], cur-

'Th~'

trent clinical use, Some

~U

years
P [IIJPlII1iMJ [ 5 jl,i,(l

l'E!)I\on~ pe:l!l'ic:iUims" B<3{.tertl!l U,!ie! 01 pep:~idlog ly(.ai11 Il.aVeo~ pr:Ml!LLM1,em· to Sllll'!l€s11r()1liI [)SmotijOlr~ss~S:i'lfith~is or til~s lay,ell" precee ds inISf:lf,~,roilltile ps, First,llii~idIIl~ ~Yl'llhesT~~d cdl. il'llhe It ils~l1e!l~r.j!n~ll!lf~d ttl lhll' 'ol.l!isldie.

resistance w

aflcr lilL(:ilr dus-cm't'ry. pellf:cillim: and !:Chuled fmt lbi()~ks (CiJ)I~eclive:~}1 ealled ~~act<lli1,ls) rema ill dlinl:m~~y us~fliLNI;;"'ie:n~~iot,;'s;s, 1.1l~f,,,,ma!'k~ able ;lobi:i~ly et'bacteria to develop

where it ~s ildd~dlo the ~eplido91.ycal'l

pO~~il'ne,rb.1If'i1.o9mb~ai'ie~$OCEilI.ed !JrMi~' g~ym~ylas:~ J(!fI,zyme~. finally, ~e pe~~10 me, 15cmw·Ullk~~ !;Iiain'~e.rs~lrill1idpeplid~ bonds'~ta~.~td Il!y lt~nS\i>~p.tiltl~iS~ ~n:il!l'rrnl!ls.love ri1rlg ,~~ ,(il. no~ report
the lhr~e·dlimen~ion,i3l5,muHlfe
i3i

p,·l actam

and ()!~r

.ullliibi.oli:s meOlns~hOl.I. [here is ~II L'JOnli~'II,I(;illlicC1!dl for !.1~\.\i'inllibio[ic t.m:sels. m.~.dne~,v 'J]J:timitrahi,.d a~~!m'ts. 11 ~g~ 1.402 oU~is i~1,Ic. 0 L(lV~fing"'l(~Ll)!1;;pprl'~~ (1)'\,ud ~
~ln:1uctm'e01:'<1 bitllmciiomI bacl>e~H]1

Jilr

biirlilil(Ii:j)naltil"illiIs;91.y.:.ois,y1a"i(Hran~· peptidase. The ~iructlilr~5h!l)utllil iI~d de~!opmlln~. (!if rM:!w anliloiolic5 M~get· ii'i9ti1~ It-afl'i~I~~oos,ylati.(1f'i d()m.;ilil1.

~ll~Ul~bn!!IITL\l p;AA~in. dm~pru\'i.tf~:-iun·~'t sites 11(11 bfl:<!kcl:Qwn I[ fur ~ltml~ple. ) Io:llib:lli: pi!ni~itlll of U OJ,lly fau [).1.~lrt~ms, ut alsofi'ol: 1lit.",\:~1 31Uibi:o!I.(;S, b lUn.C cell w~r~ll during cell d.ivisionl [i1:erel'are

I?elliidJ~~nand o~hef ~ ·~W:::UI L~.~. llllll·ibiol: ics ti1~et" several bacterial enz.y,une:s, collecti\lely termed peuidllin~bindin.~ pm~eim. PBPs). PH Pi> are 'lI1IecesS<l~-y the g rnwth anClI1~3i.n:~ for ~an'l"e t,nh~ pepLid'QoJ~YC<i!lll~y.;r.\:\/I'lic!ll ftIJIViI,~ 1];".1"1of the baeterial ·c:e~,~ alll :~nd I~J!Olec:Jtl> w th:e cdJllrom o.!miiLol.tC stresll. Inhib.ition Orpel'ti®~ giYC,Hl b]os)l1l1~he5is ;Jl:id of its cmltlfolled
I~

'fh~a uthOf 1'5 In

I)@pi!r~IrIl'!1lII

.~~'Il:

A!'ItI~ltl'Qblol1 ,Re$~,a,rch (e mire.

or S1inl;~.emli~~ry IBi:om ~dlrC;Jt S(i~m.t~~. ~Ind DeGroote !idho~'~ of Med~~nlf1ie, Mdlj~~ilrUn~'I'N~iw,

Hai1!~~OOIil, omano, Cill1!ailb. UlN 32'S. E~malll: wlii!lf!.~e@

mrnliaiSlilr.(<I

Syl~Il<lIlSI'a:3S.es: assist i~,gl.nll aug ~.I. C.-ItQ Iy.le the fOflllHl.lkm of peptide km.d~~ between po'Iiy1:uelJ" inh ibilS (;ellgro\'\.'~:~l,Because .~ ~epeptidogly~ ~tl·;iUldl~. tlumhy m8kin.~ dIu:: 'wall more r~.!i!i,d, calli polymer is, lIbiqu~~('ms al1:d.e~...er:u.iilil tebaeThese l<~sks<IX perlanned by hifllnct~mml terial life. its ~lssemM.y .~nd m,Iilliltot:mniLce mit: ~UZY~leslh;ll conHlilil g)yc('l$yll:l1r!lsf~n1~ ~nd 1:~.JnJsJJept~dJse emains: the lilluer;:;]l~' sellsilli;ve'; d t~1[gets l:Orm~"'lY~]ntub~olilcs (2}. The P~Il~jd(lg~YC'f!~l censlsts nf a oockl'loOlJllil 1.0 ~bLC'lams. clh,uin of l:epe3.t~ng t\\'O-smgall' nnli ts (l",II~l:ed P!'fvinu:!i. $.I:l~di~ lfl"the ~·i['J.,~~ep~ orp~pl.iNAG ~~mlNAM)I ;u~d ap~~ll,,~p~plide dl11in Ihios:lic;luhcs.ig lul'l"CtCrlll.h:d to ~iOi(;l~S. bmll'ld ~o cadiil NAM (:see l!l.e ifi,glufle). llu~ 01:1 t1~e trnllspep,ti d;,;;se st,i,g;e of m.semb~y. ~lmll'le'v'Cr, th.e~llh ibilioll of u:a:l1.spep.t id3..;e NACl-NAM-·pcnt'lf.K:lPtidc m.1i"i1! ~·~Ji~,k:d ~.ipid]1) is s}1IiLtll;aesi,~oo ilmdle oe:lil <I1,lJ.Ie'thered to ~1,le\.'e'u .<Iclivily by peDiliciUinsis only halh~,e story. !l1cmbx,mc by tI, lipid! Uilker. Lipid U 1:sIhel1 ~IIUCI tbegb"Co.s,yllram;:femse"ctUv~,ty of the In:m:lsfeJlied :h)J,ll~ilil.e hl::>idle olil'~e cell to the ill fil!m.,;~kmf!1 enz.ym~ ]s ~n ... :(~~lem nl ~e~llxl1' X flll;~ii~d~.wh~Trc nl(;mbrm~ll;':-fussoci,f~wd glyoo· IIm.ede\'el()pl.m::~u. ornew ilntibiotUcs (3.4).
on!I:o [h~ pdJlyml;'l;, T.ru~.I;p1.jp,tida:s~

I.:lli.):gI~'r::[Lrii.

w'I,iWi,i'.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc.va L 31 S

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1373

PERSPECTIVES
Th~ 'bif1;il!lilCtinnril ~m~y:11l~J;1'l> i!1ld~td~PBP'.~'b Esciterichit[ c-o# iQlIldP BPi from Lovering,c:l

~j/, have also determined the

"nle~l~~~'-diin~~nsi(lgl,<l~ srrucmre

(If

PBP2

rl10m

SfrJpiJ),/vc(Jt.',(,WIf ~1Wt".!1."'" Despite

tl1ci.r impor. t,~m::e~o b~lcl~ru~1pllysiolagy;tncl dliLlY disclQ\i~ cry, tlhey have ,[Csis.tcd de'Wtih,;d s~1Jcl:y,y.lil'llinly I

because lhefle ~"lr~ membrane ~J:rtut'ins <Iredif .. ricu~1 lO IH:JJ~fy.~~s.r~y. anti erysw'l~.i".1;: Lnv~rj i\g 1:1 ~l. 'h<l\!~not\!' evereume [h~-~e ahstm::les and ~,·epoil,1 the: :r.;~";. lhree-dinlelml,~ s~ ~i(lnill :titI\Pi;;l1~N QfPBP2, A7;jthe ",\~t~l(jr$ ojrll p out,t'his stmc~,ll!reisreg~:dled as the hall}' gran,1

(.;n

Im.er,ero:re In()v:~des <U15U'ers 10 long~:snU'ii.ding (W.csli.o]ls ,o:Fbacrcri ~IIb~odlC'ID].isl.ry. physio~~ ~nhilJiwt Hla~ is mostlyusedin ,anim,,~ heOlld,l ogy. i!][!l.d 'lrnt~bjmiC' aC'liVli,ty.Wh,d'sll1flXI:! (4). jViOCIlOIl'l)lci[l h. one or~ \'C'r)1 feW!l~litub~.~ \VC:lIre clC';I~y n~n(~)~ .orne\\! 1lllililliottcs w otnoi..".'i du!itovered~:lim:s Ulr th.n tm:gell:he y;~yoo~ evereome the j]l.l)hte~nof anribimic resisranee d syh rn~}l r~'~l~' reaet ifl[! in ~.I~ I.idugJ'yt:~U1 m'iid th~ ("IUL::,!;.CIl'\}C of ItCW infcCIJi.ol~s, i~m>('S

3M·~I.CrUre f PBP2 tun omllplex with meenco mydn .~Il :lI.l1Jtufu.acter]alg~ycosy.ltnn~.sfcrm.~

Ih:~<lnlibilJ'lic dinlg di~:;iCOveJ";ens ml(J bacterial

IJhy.sioICl~is>~. As plb':(lieood the structure is d,uvidlCd inlo t\\'O $e,lXU-Jte. lobes conaeeeed by a linker.,J"he C-~e:im~ml] IT'J!1!$pe:pl'h:l'1S~d;[li!Ii!~ain ~$ po .. !;iHgn~-d O~ [he Q~~~J!;,id~'lite eel l.where h '~0li1J of ,~'{e:CIt.~ijve~nl.eu<IC~ ion~ W[LbJ auumber Q,f"~U'liil,il'O find ilS sub~nItc (the ]:lCIlMlpepl.i.'Ltc dl<"1.in:il.J. ro:r a Th is is 'I~ \,!,Iilere t~1;l ~lyclropl1 ilit: ~-Iat::l'lm ru::iu.'l.mel .~c!':OtUli~illg i~:-;~igDl[ ffinity for so !!illilih(ioIIeS call1l~llil.crnN 'with the ,enzynm,e and the enzymes. The lipid tail of the 3Jnl.ib.uo~.~t' block its lilllct~ml. ,hm, cnlllrnst 'tlhe N-\~rmilli1j!J,1 ~.i kely directs t~e\li,,..Hhet1Jd of I.heallll~,bi.o~ic U) the membrane for imera!:l;iolll with the target tmnsglyQosylase domain imern'cts with the ~u~!"rib.mf!!1;i \';hof;:!1:.~~lfllirl'idll~lbti1r.Jt~i,"" ~o(,;o;m:d, g~,ycllSyltW'."!f!sfern.~4;i..ll!:~ nrill>i!llf~ti(ln U!rl'~~ inThe S~IIFUt'~mre orlhi S OOJ,nOl in does notre-semble hihimr ~n~in.ee.rlzyme active SiH: <II~so ans ...ers o~~erk ~O'!i,\~n g~~!~iy~tr.m5fuoo~".S. R;nh~f. it is, the imp(lll1,am 'lil~e$tiu!1ol·'I,,\·h~dH~r lipid II is relsredto bm;:~criop.bflge i lysozyme. which, the donor OJ the acceptor in ,glycosyl bond eleaves the pCf)lidlogl.ycnn glyoosy~ balld~lm form."Ition" "[1\14:;structure ic5o]!lIJl oonsl;Slcm II,iI!Ve~ereaetian of sym:l:u~sis(5), ..VULt! the laner,

bkl~y!Uhe:>l~ Th6 new~~b~~ri,i!uju!~spft"lvidt; ,t} 'IIi). A !'rmj~f !;;h,.~l~!lge the de\!d.{)pm~nl of jill sl<lirtillg pain! to engineer lill,is "mlibiotVc: fil,r new .'Inli.bi.O'~ic agents :~sthe <I.bility ~o icl.enl.ii}' use in l!r~iJdng~lqin~,m if]f~'t,;tkm.The gIYI."()~)I~- n~\I!i tm:~~;o; <ll1id t~~ cPt.."'<iI!i"'~ly i;,'vlffitil1ltQe '~if;_) e';oq:)~lbit transferase ICilcl:uml is iElpl1omig:ung<llldbiotlc ~heC'>oll~eClionflll.\OVCn enes, ~fui,e S~mC~lll'e of o I;'~~l". Llh i.nQel1.o!L~,~ydnI (lOO' lil!il1Le~as pote~n w fBP2 provides .m {)prorl~~nily ~o :we\'i!i<i~; .~n "ol.d" targe~ wirhnew ilClol::..Thisis a br~lk'IS· v;;m(.."Omycin, .u £~yc'ollep!~.de "'Dli~ib.ioli.c thar also mrg(:cs peptido~~yc.mii~ymnthesbL IfuimuMfui. ill 11n!~'I!dIJ1:3>t has been b0rclIli: of I.~.a b~los.Y,Im~ The structare of the il:O:l1iilP~,exreveals ~h'lt means to fllJly exptorepep!idog~yca[l lh~ glycosyh~Ln~f~r;l:s;e j1l'w closes dn'W!l on ~~I:;~i~ !n'[)d~,.!'1! with S'tiPi~[Gg~~"in d!iug, d~sc{1Ii.'Gry. rhe SlUScc1r "warhead" >llf[h~ ~1imiLa.iotic.lbrnmlill:;
R!~r~rl'l1lC~, :1. A. t, ILc\!oi!iflmg, L ID~ (!SilO., ~. 'llm, N. v...~J)'d\'lI!lilfl:a. ) SaM(f 3:.1.51 MOl f2007t .2• .(. T" 1liIilt~h"AIn.lib;"!'c:r;A!rl1o~ Or;~~ ~~JleM(!' (ASM. I?r~~. W3:!ii1ingtclII. 2003)" II)C., 3. J. HaUid~~. Mi;:~!i!~:f, ![ MAili.dOo!1'. ~ 1I:~!!rat!l[!!lI,. \11. MeiJ!~i\!j;i!nl~ B~ P'hllf_L '1, 9):1 t~illOM, ,~. ~. 10s!a5t!, ;5,. WiI'I~~f. 0piI;!. (frem. 8M. '9. ¢~9 ClI/f.
5.

.c. 'iffi'~rd,] ..~a~lm.l,

(1:.998).

~,OO)},

IP.II)~iltl,~J MtI1.B;~~~:j!6.,:n!l,1
~I"

it G. HI. i~ll!Joi£j'al.. {Iii.!.

Illi:t !lit. ,657 t::!(it't61.

ClcL,'l LHOLQGY

Whl,at a Cell ,Sho'uilid Kln,ow (Bult Ma'y Nlo,t)

Nl1lr:mai yeas.t. -HlUS may net kl1IO\'M 'Mlh;~th,er DNA

repl,Ic.1!ltio'f11 is CQmphHe bEfrore 'S.ta.JtJlog' mlh.os.is,

How does. t he {j~H (yde II1~Oglress,in iii n III rde-rly
litiaBllt~r?

t~<ll mitos;is'jl\,1i'1Iy~lbll()\.vs

uring the normal Qt':.11 cycle,. DNA rer'lic<Ltlo.ru is comp~e·t6dbertlte t~eceH divides. ,(m~[osb; l,~ow tl1~eell en."~lrt',S

dlCd.poillt •.\',vh~d], roqll~re\il: or pro~1i chrois f moscme .)1e'~r~~:~iorl, detects l:nrollH)S(l\lm~:e

[h:~'Hlc:hm~l~U lroma 'c;:ellul~r
llU'UCHIrc

(>4tt)O ~fI ,I lmddilll~ yt' .. lien) . ~~.

called

DNAreplic-.niam

ill
~nd

the 5~1,lJjecl of

<I

~'SImly by Torres-Rosell

~'nIE~ugUlil:l<~}~ D'~!g,,;: l ~)f~hi=-ii~~!~ (I). ~4~ I:l'IVestig.ahl'l's have :~ong k:nmAfl] that cellu lar

c~.mlrol~ C'tll!i.ldcl1~ikpoi ms ~Lt:tas ij,m:veilbl!illCl: nU'lcha:nls,mm; m guar.'tllil:et::' I:h,,][ ~.,d'D.cvt:'nl dtl,r~ ing the: reU cyde is oomplct(;dheriQrel~.c 1lC:::~1 mle beg:~ns U-n. But dle tillldi~lgs()i1·To.lr,res~ Ro~1I {;'J (II $~l!m~_"[ ~l'U I:~ds;is; ~Ujt al~,~~ys~l~ C<I:se, 31lld pose ~h..e her~li(.<tlptl1j.sib:il~ Ihal the ity cd! !T!;):!J,I b~ bUml to \"'h'Cd~~~ i~ .real.ly dom.)' is

the mi t~tic ~):und~,e. DNA.. &~m<lge checkp'Oilli~s de~ec~br-oken cil;mmOSO~lles.Wh.en 3cl.iva'led ~ith1;r !1;~~d"''IVirublQcks mitu~i:-;,,!li.~nt'ing lime for errors to be eerreeted. Thus, these c~1eckpO!in ts ~Jl :i.l~r~ lh~ll mi't1J,~i~ to! kespl aee
ml~Y \\illil.cll (ll~womQoolfii]ii;!i <lfC' h~I~Cl ilUil.dPJ)()P~ erly a£''>Clllb~.ed Orill lfui.c $p:~mlilc..:"

repl.icailiortl Ibrk. of the manly tll131 lire formed ( 6). :11l.~ighl IIIis!'" Il:lk.cn~y ~len;i;f;~hl~c i.~111L11~ cell ,cycle. liP to 1~\: lime o:fmim:~i.s [DNA lrei)llicOl~liJjll oCC'illrs.d~lr.~nS S, phase, but l3tel:'ep]_ic.'1t~.on IlJIlught occur at tiil.c
1

end ofthe
!tIre'}],
SlillCh

a. "[)iNA «:'plic<ltiOl.l--(;01lfiipleL~on ch~t'kpoim'" ,is,l;.iOIl:-5ide'Jfl::d urli'1.L!~ bectl~Q:-;~it \¥OuM. dl::le(;1 '''Illorm.,1 stnlctUl'oC p~~lmt al t!iLe \vrt:1ngtim~" iml(!C(L -r:orrcs~Ro5Clll et ell" (I iscm'~

2, ph(l~";: d"ll

f()I1~]/\:\1'~ th~ fiSl~!j:

normal rcp]±c~~i(ln fovk~ at [h~ wrong Um.;-_ ooordirtirucs Ih~C<}!mpI(~ljml of DNA ~'cpli~Jtjon \.\Juth t he onset of m i~m;i·s. Tllm.ewel~4;1U:J\~IUl Despite~J,l.e prli::Sel1ce ofll1e forb. celllsprooeed DNA~pli~tiotH:~~ckpoifU tril;::lgCfS '-Ilr.~h~yin i!i!~o,n~imsls...wilh CUll"~qH'I;!lUi.rd c~wflmC):;;f)m~ mi ~o!l:is llP[)11 del~ct~"g d"II1!'l.<:\~ed or St1l n.ed 1:GJ~~k.at,LOnli1!oc"DNA l'egUom,. \'i,.'here rcp.ti.<-"<l:~ ( lioll ]S I.a:ki~'ig pllilct') (5) (see lhe figuwe). I-~o~\'· ~veJ. ~.t l:Jta.y b~ qll~liC ~I di fl"ert,'iJlt ta,k lor tlte cell 1 ~Q deteHliI!ine ifllii,QIDmaln::pl ic.nio:lU, lQrkti h,iv'e
CO:I,llP leted~he.ir~l:l:sk8

A similar but d.iMillic:tp:~h~m is hO\\' <'I oell

ered

<Q.

~],lJUlm'llI;ye'dS~;cellmrll:

!hey argu.e ,oo,mtains

wi~]] rep~~C4.~I,i(ln before milt~i:; begiL'!lS.

A key po~m is: IJm"It:Thi.cckpr").iltlts: tmordi.llDte cd~ cyt:le €Wetll:s by d,et i:Cla IliDge.rro~ ~11 ehro~~UHlO:~]C ~lI'UCWI'(:.For ex~un;pl~. ~h(;'!>pindl~ t
k [ieparun~mt oUi\o!E'~ul.arand (~Iu'lar IBitl)~!I~, iJl'!llve~~~1't1IA'rizDna"TucsOlil" AZ (15721. IUSA.
T~ aUloor qS iJ1l IE-mail: ~'I'l@inlll't@~Il!Ii!llILilriron,u!llu

mis~gr~~.lJi~n.
c~lude

llie mllhQr~ re~!:<orulbly liOI!!ltlllll~ol1nil[]YCiiSI.ccll~ do !lot C():Ilti!.iIMi aJ

DNA. n,"p;,iicatimk:(lmple riom c I,~eckpnunl.

T:orr,~s-Ro!>cI] r;i t~/. les:tocl l~~e i~l:ef~of ~ DNA replic;ltion-comp~el~QIli checkpoil1t by :snldyun,g tfl~~r::riho:ronUlI DNA ~~;DNA}locm;. : '1,vhi;l~.~n ...bmldi ~ y-e.;!~tC(;U con:;;i;;;~ or -15U repC-dl's of rUNAgcm.es ~none u,'!!gion of chro--

1lJoeforc III itDS~S" One

\v(fli1~d

p~dicl

be[<Il1~e

or the

~~f~f S'ln.;h "

('o~nrnll mus.t t)x.is.r likelihood lhilt ~n ooctlsiomll SCII!:NCIC

9 MARCH 2007 VOL.315

www ..s-ciencema9'.o~g

IPERSPECTIVES
Their test '!WI),;'I1Irmde p![)6sffib~e by virtue Qfs]X.-'Ci<1if!::i~tlUres ~lf NA repl ication D
m05!:mu: XU.

II

al tlia.is locus, l[ach of Dfue 3SS genes ill the rDNf\~octu; ~u!il,tamm, rep:ilij.cat UO!il lodi;. ba:rrijcr a ~in:l,I(~ ''I.lli!Ch billdsa :~'lI.mlf'Un ,r.':!I~led Fob I ~7).

This $.il~ nf~!lI;",~e~inu is :~Qco:lru~d dnWllSI~]!U of the 11 ighJbt tnM1SJCribed 35S !'ON A gene <l~d I1':l)JforC~:!!ipoli!:ri t)1~~I'\~pbc~.,~io!:iJ ri\ movei ft'i 3mdooplk~llitnt ]~ thb 1'iIlt'icld. ac..;[:! e~1Iexits , me:~,t.;thm is, ~eplic'lti,tm forks r~plic<'l~ Qnly G I ~ gtt'l\lI.¥lh r'l~<l5e ofi~e cell cyd~,. ,~l the comi:l'Q, din::'ClUOIl l1!1'J5~);tTIll1cSier:ipli,0'1:I bm 11:01.ll d'n.c i IUilS 10 a specific limtHl: ~;or replicat~QfIi iUll S. ~h.e Opp05,~l;e dir:e:c~im~, IJhaM: .Ul.! for Ihe begiuJ:lil,l£, (Jif mitosis. ByI8~g~ng chr'OI'I'105tl'lmle XU with a. gvcen Evidem::c i~,budd,ing811d .I1.ssion yellSI:!; :undliI,' ~~(ne,Sl'e~t [ulei n,.~:h.e <.IlLlthors ohser\'edl!l~a~ p cates du:exi!'>tenoo ora tinr:li~.l£mec~,l.Hlis'llil th,il' ~he rDNA locus missegreg ... es in cells [ha~. S.I1I:I.<.l5 nd .'l11~ntelrll{;li n~~ protein, R3dl60, have r is independent of DNA repl icat iou, M m:lllI.l a ~)ill;.!'i!l ropliC;)J,~irm fQlmf' .~~.drepllc<ll~~ln-.;;~~'\(]:y~~~tcells th.u C.fnl~l(llini~i;u~ DNA replicaexpress mutanr formsef plrn~~j!l~ fbI uorl

conaern sterns I,n:ulill the usc onlle l'ep~lcali()Jl l'orll:bt~rmier ;i;]oc (lom~li:nirlig lecusendereie to ..... the rDNA regien, Because of ~.1\tCbarrier site, th~ 1fn1,i1:mlbc;:'r.a~l.J S1.~lJCn.lro ol'!'norm~] furksilllhL;: IwDNA fe!;io:n ,UI'I ~,uc6 IH'lm.mts,:lllhe lime of ~,iltlS~r:;. b: a~~o tlndl;aT. St"eo!ld. t~~B ()fMJ~,('6 U~L;l IIUnl<lntsto gencr<lte life repl i~<Itiolill is also of C\(ll11C'tlw.Wl~y '[l~ r~gili n ~pl~c:u~~ late ln i$ smro ]]liJl)tHJus.i~mlknml\,fl1. ami '~he[eis the :I!!i~ggillg possibility dU:1la DNA r,e:plic~lioUil-CfJxalp~:etion du:o;;:kpoint n:q:u ire~ Smd: mul SJIiI1\OO pmtclm,. R~c::m evud~1f!0C .in rhe nSS,10n yeast Sdlb()sacdu!~'Jmr.ry()t~S lJombe ::\uggc51:SI1mar

beeausethete ~ no DNA I:Clplic<!liOl~-CQi[I.~pies lion (:h0~'kp[)!~t lf'there is .~.oDNA ['ep]i!b'<Lli.o:~-cOlup1:er~('m cl~(;~cIt1?'Oin~. n~i~~ll eell ~n!lkL:; ~~irly ,~](¥~,~I a S1J1I:'!C. wuthom beil,1~ oel1<liiJl. thm mitosis [oUov.'slhe e01!ii.1.pl.cti.orl ef DNA r~:plkgljliu~'!Ol~l: id~3is th,U the oeU relies on innate rilling of mimsis

SB~~ailli!!i'1 ii'lto ~ugl~tl!r c~L1s

~I

~0iI,fIl1lflii!d
~'l~~

.!rtllt.,~ ,([J!i!dt{iOiJII

H!pI,i!tat,~ rilliik
~!l[~~q

-+

ullle-:!s da !ii~~ ijs l1p,aited

~mLi.~

[)iliA

REPtICATlON-COf.ltll'lHIONI CH EO<II' 0 IMT

. Cl1r~~~~ ml~S'Peg~!Km If'hl:~~ is no (~lldI~)D'il1t me(lhli!ll;~!i1J

I
G.l.

- - -- -'-_._.;:

- - - - - - - - - --)!o'

1140 rog~f!':!slon p

~1l1 milri~~

,"
\ •.• =. _ ~ _
~"I"

~1101'~~1!!i ,dmMkjiojn!

o rdel",. o!ro'e t ,@rci,e.li" (TOil'" I~en)flh~' d M~iol1 'Ycle aU.Q,w1i repUcaUoll of DNA befo re its ~gregati®fI (,en ~nw daILlg~1ile; cells. (11'£1111. right) The Se<iluemUI or (fli'enl5 is en$IUl~edIh~ d1>t~(ikp(liln,lS~hat sefil~~ IDN.Ain:te!mriity arnd' $tan~lI ~ r ~~lIIla9r&ll r'¢~ic~ti(),n $tr!!l(~u Iie~. {BOIUJORiI') ()I'(IN rnlay also IJ,e. elllSi1lrM by ~ D>rt4#i IrepUtiiltil)n,~ ·Th¢ cDlliiPle'tnoii ,t;l1ll'dkpoili!t (dashe~ Une). m>1liI}' c:om,1en:~I<l~e at the :ifDNA locus 1.'1').Those

pn:)B~ii1!L~__:Snl!~5 :SmC(l--OO~.aUlg m aclt1~ and of molecules c~'lm,edc::ohe''sii1's :nm.d condensins

~I'u,uO'~~.fll1i"J;: miilil~rl~;ml1'l€: :'i~rWlCllLrlL:: The d (91ki..'Y{]h .;eM~liml by lbrres·,Rm;.\;l~It,'1 a}, ~~dl>i:ltin yeast 0Cn~,:I!acki~.g, :IT'lIIllClli.ol'Qa~ Smc6, DNA r,f;.l~Ik:atii"t:ln forb in Ibe :rDNA lotus pe'lfl1li:';l 0iI.$, (;cll~el1ilcr ~nitoSi~s..A:lHl~[ is T;iICre:"I.ic~Hm!l,. I.tOl ~h~ 2>W,ldi :11I,mt<ltn!onper se, 'thin causes the ob~n'ed cllllfiOmmmme mitiSe~reg<llioml. Vlf1Jn::n

ci''IItedc~,leckpoiLn
F;;o.<;sel
f:1

SigIilHlia:J@.

al do show

va, ,I 1). Torres-

lhfl( .'fme6 lfl:lUtfi!llS ;;JJr~

pf'Ol]d:elll far DNA dalll!Elge al1drep~.i,calion cltL;'C'kpgint~, BUllheg.,,;:nen'll!ily ()1·'~;I~l;.'ilrC(mdusl:gn~mllls~ be rempl;ired with their O'I:rml)'siii'i{If the' 100000li 9Jlildlmiln:~lIllS. dmt were needed to ask the qlle:stion. TJlcrc' isalse ~i~flm I suggcsrt.i ng LhiSi!a DNArep~iL(;,nioil-C{):.1111p,~et'ion l"heckpo~1li1 does
e.:dsl: (./,n, \fan: B.f'ah<llll et

lion 'e~ it G l' but do ,1iI.{Yt subl\e(~~Lellldy g:epHc::al:e ... I)NA~Uld still t1U~r rnito\S[s Ill>iril'1i."¢m a :r'e~ normal (en cyde i( 14 . .I 5). "f~.eceli~. thus r'f'I~,e:s en Ibe'~ im iu~g orONA ~'Pllk,lHmii ~nd milx]['.;!s IU ge:t ~'~job cl<~I~e. ~.nJrnif; is HrneCii~~. hm.lhe w cell c!oCSlffi'lknm'lllU~y nat hurl CIlOllgh I.or i.l to have emlvtld .1 meehanism that, <I!'~he present \\!f1l'k II rgue~, in :if9,cl dees not {!1(J~t
Rdl~Il!()fl'5

,(II .. constructeda

.~.~ ~.~~~h,lJi~if'~ht~d th~ •'sud li1mg" activH.h,,;~af d

such ll'lilll repl ication fork:\. were lln~mped.:d iflth~ g·DNAregkm. elm .. lIoosolntl segJeg<ll.ioll '1'1.'<15Dl.e"<u1:y nOfil.md in 11li.c smdi mUi~ IllS, Ownlll then" becaw.e a :'i/:m_ti .mlltfllllt oel] cOnL~.il1is DNA~l'if:p]ic;[lti.O:I]Jslruc" ~tt~d~udo~ot block !l1i'~()liik it W~l~~Onr;:~ldGd that <I DNA repl ~cati()a1-cmnpl:etiaH ,ch.t'!Ukpo~ 1lI~
~I'n.en:iP:.~iil:at'io.l1ml;lil.diliuery
I1rl!El)l Ol e::.;i'Sl. n

IHroJ~~rlifjcil.1J~ y~Oil~~'ChnltilH:I)iolnl.'llh,iit took longer t» replicate lha11l [he duration of S

phase. CeU cycle k~net'ul;.~~i~~dic01ted I~I,U ~hi::; d.elayed entr}'imolnmiw:Ms .. B(II:h Tt~ITes-Roiseil
(!.~

mnio:lls w£!l!nerzne lat!:o-replicariool

mrL1;~]llIS!i:Ql'Is.

t1r 3.1'11('11 Bro.l:mm 'it.:1n

l:l

t~r >C[l~!t~!tl: special~ ~it.S(""eINlriOS,

n't~si~1,gIU1;S~[~)!~~ the g(;n~I.~llhy of Illdr q ?Ib!i:1Ul

"fhe d(!lxtl{~ ove~:~ [H'4J.\ :J!iep:lie,~t;ion-eQJ,nIs dli.s [he~'lKt \.\I'l)rd un I~e:if;;X~$tenc;e Il pk;ti.(1iL~ checkpoint of \"'i~1l'OIniml~., .nma umU DNA. IlCpl ~~21I.i IH:u.u:Jmlplel iO:lm, c hOC~!l()il1il?' O we~olved!. one ,C.lUll specu hue on the cons;eProb<lbly not T\~fOdel~]ils "utmut the elegouu. qlU~:Iit:eS of !tiOI ~!1Eu\ri['igsuch .. oo:t1ltrol, There is sy.'>1em ~lS!l~, TOl~OO,i;-R(MC~,i~I (fl. Inay ca~l~e the Cat.c nl.·~1~!Imlllillu1[l:!1 by fmgi~.~ sll~s.., ;!;pec'if:i,c ("(l!1!,~~rn ~,lmulllw ~~n~r,fl.~hy ofl~dr~()!lC'lI,ll- regitl,ns i:~G~uomu;;,()Ili11;;iS~'~'t f4;,l'J.~k..~L1ii mld I;;Lt~ s ion s. F.~r:st [t :LS lmcl.e,n: wlmt 1iii.·_',cti<:UlI of lhe tII,fiepl,une to bn:<lk in mitm.is 03). 'Pe~~,a])s DNA-rep~ iC'.uk]f~fbV'ks.~h;u p~~i~imo!'!,limsi~, Ir..-.,i Ie si~~s boc"ak b0C;;~UsedlSy (lom:rd~~oo['Una I re.semble "'~lOXl1lllI<lI"JreiPlii:atioll StlucuII:es.. llfh[s foik:s hlu,: ~11i G2, Cd.ls e.i1,~er ~lliltDt!>fs i:1nyw3y
w'I,IWiI.sde noem ago org

J.]:~n5·~m~ll e'!' ,~1" S(~,el;lS'lloliJU (:l;Ol!ln • t H. Hi'!1l1fe!l,T. A. Wel~ei!1l"Saen(1l 246..629 0. 9.8?). M, 6, t(I51i11l, J, Elii!m:~;I' N(J~~ 4:!lZ,~ll6 ~200>!t !D. ],. lew.. J:I.~, 8v.rt~e,APIW. ~. IGetlfl. ~7. as '1 ~2003~. :S" 11). llr:dfl.l4ri, M. iliDi!an'i, lapin. Cdl i51JQl. 17, S 6a ~:20a!l)" 6. M. K. FlII!ilIi!~ri!fI!~ el ai, SOIWCce' 2:914. lIS. '(20011. '.!t. bf1l,'b,erl, A. M.. ,C:'arl'. 8f«hil'l7if 87., 59'1 (~i~), 8. J. rtfrey,~me~.a N{1I. CrlltJi(J{, 7. ~n ~2001.5)" ,rill., 9. A, lG!iMlI,'T!. Hilfllno. G'fn~£Ie\!'. '19, 1:lM'12(105;I. 11.0. n. i!IIfril!M, 11.'lkllii~ml~OIIT( 1'!1~liIiID. i l{ontl, I'i, ~n[It~'!ililW~\ Mill. til!tl. 00l1. :26, 3o\1l(:![UJ6~ n. Ii:. AIIII,ilal2ii!ou, .,tllmmirot lilt J. Q'(tll!Jn,i!I~ ]. M• .Mmr!f, Mol Cgl. 8W1. 2',9~e7 ~.:i!OO6ll 1!L" A.!_ Blraban1. 'C ()_Ilu~h~a~ IL Ctl~rOOliei!UI 'I\t L f(lI1>!J!I1~!I, IB,J. !l1r,~~ .,tIlat Cdl7 705~200ln. U- M, f;, Mil.. Ii. I'll. C.a.1~~~,T_ w; fjllo~ ...(ylqSlEW~':" GeMme li'es. 1000.'2:~200,]L :M,. ].1'1, 1I'oyn, A. L.lohn~D!'I,l. H.l!!i!ll~~t~!'I, fie'!!. aWL MoL iI:5. 5,U2 ~U9s,), :115,. 11'. J. ~~. fl r.!L. C'f.:rJ:l'4, 3 n U99!ll),

:I., 2. 3. .:I.

Cit".

"'~~I

SC;II~Nelc. a L 31 S v

9 MAIRCH

,2007

1375

PERSPECT~V:ES
IMMUNOLOGY

Delectkm oil: replicating \lim~ il1v(lh,r~5.i3I (,~llLJIlf!,r p ro:J(~SS that In(l~ma Hy iliIa~f'!tail'l:l
bal.al'lIr:!!i behwie!n IJf!Ddll!cbllrl .Illndl·~:unli~\I!!r 0,1 ll:eUIUI[alf S[fV r:tur~:l>.

ir<liJ. invasion elicns

<I.

~rrU~~miUl~mil;l OO~poil~tl

qrl,ick .'lIld pcw.r~ by Ilb~ hoiSt

(].~:"IiI.ii:iUillde,'jigned~n ..

Iimul p<!dmgt:n

spread. lite rnnlf.!~~cular

Inet':~!:IIl]s.rnc~I'illilitsease

viral ~ne~I14;,'C: n:c.:Icoup'~e it to the p;~i(!dm;li.on a of ,cywk~ncs-n}(:tnrn I[~alcoo rd~mnehmm,l~

l1IilY-''IIif: bein.£ mpidily unraveled, 0111 ])3ge ] :3 98 of tIl,i:sisswu!, Lee e/ {J'I. IJ~ cover an ilf!l.lrig,l~i~gr1!~~Vijmt;m;.kllll\n"'ir.;'!~ s~,:l~si!'!g d Ih,~l i:llwl)]vesi!lu~opl'nagy, the 1):J:ioc:es.~.by \"'~1icJin. s celm n.orlli1i1l~tyd ispase elfi.'lte !)r.;<lIlelleH amI prowim; to ffiilinLa:iIJ1. hOIHDO!lmS~I!> (n Tbreugh i~lIrophagy, llh!(1; !O!pot;rnti.o~} of tWO classes 0 r viral-:sell,S,ung receptors o\'eih.l:p and are :1lI.ol

.,r

E~o9 en Ij.i.! S P'~I ~*<i ~

- -- - - -- - --- -- ---

--------- -----------

IE'n 9~ni;lu:5 d'.¢

j;i0i1 hloo.i<ilY

distinct ~s p~1t.iuutily dl(lll~.~t.

tWfl

Ol.'.g<:mli.sms senseuawanted virus lhlffillgh b<lsk' !>1.lr.lt1;lg:i~'Sth'll ~r.dyQ!'I d~1i~c'~h)Jg f~)f~lf"dregjl'. Sh[Uif;;'d b:}· a!~;

e~gn necleic acids, Oae

'Uilittde<iJI'ed cells, i;nlvol ves ~m~t receptors inl.llllc (.)'ilOpJ!~'~Jrill hm recognize RNA l<1lliclpmoo.bly t

DN!A, from\~n~ses (2)" \~rh~n iilCllv.ll'ed these rol~rh)fS pron~tl~!..! tll~ exp~S$ion of m!U1lY genes. illdlld:ull.g lYIJe I. illlterfe~{.oJ1is,(.IF.N-W~i), (,~tlk ines th ..tare criti.i;<il f():j" vi r:fl I rosis';;;Jim:e. T',~.e othe.r ~f"'.llegy is II."eslr,ic:ted to fe\!!.!C::rcd: ~:ii. fno~lt liilu'tiJbly of I.he ]mm~li'ie$y~~..,m. U relies QiFI .1 sl~b:let 'of receptors of thii! Toll-l ike lY'Cepl.or l rt R I r:al~l:it)'.iVi!cl udiun.grt 1t1. 1 LR7. n.RS. and l"LR 9. These rec.. "epliQl'$C<11l access. 11~ endQ"flnmaU co~mll)f~l'tnle'IliI'[L'ild ~UiIS(lllt~IL:l1c acids. Or\~mses.~h;J~ ~l<li\iebeen eu.1WiII:rt:d by the h.OSlcell. thll!ULgh tiliD:ep.rocess of ~ndocytMis,~ 2'). The emlo)lomal sy~wm can ~ftt,'CTh"(.3:ly 00 00Ilsid.e.red 3. topologi!l."f111 cmHirllllHl:ion Orl~llC extraeellu klll~Jl'<1,ct:.~ n fhi,~ sense, TL Rs. presL

:b '-t=:LSigl'1i1Un!J ro.r ,..; cyl!CIldneproduction

l-

Au~Q;pha.g:Gs.ome De~e(tinIQi 1Iiral inifel1:t'iD:Iil.Ih ro.l!Jglh ~~g(,!f:lOIJS PJ!IIlilWlllY, RNIiliwiUlin inlte-rIiIalJil&l virnons is detf('teci an
I'D)"

TolHike ,roo~llllQr 7 in endesemes after dig:es~iQn 01 the '!o'i~<!l en'ielo;p~ and capsid ~roteilil::; ib1J hOSlt (eil efl:il.ymes. Inlil~~ le.ilflO1gel1()US Ilalhwa~ illlItop'llag¥ performs. an 11l1atogffil:li fllll'LclioFl to' ~mdm;)iilo~l5. lJ;aFl$~~rrinlg vi~a! RN'A fmmlih.e C)'itolpiaSim ttl, irilracelll!.dar C0i1'1llp,animenls (lJntahlii19 TotHi~ ll!i3Snm<1t"yLOI~d d.en,di'r:j,lic cell~s, Sipe!l:i<lll~.lfldells c flf the iili~.ml~mtt': !'>y.~~~m. ~Ik:hsmlnll;;' ~.FN~a ~eCepl\!)r '7.

CIU. i~'l (':nd01>Olncsll:1iC lho'l,lgln

vi[i,!~~prl.;'~!U

~() recognize
elm·al;.,~nl;Jj.la!i

i!lt:~~ ~U's:

mjlil.eu. This means that, nn~i.lkelh.erecOgilmilli!Oll "':f.'~~m th;,!:~rei ies (JH .ci't·oP la5liil1k.~ roc~r~~}r~. l'lme endmo~.n~]TLR system can detect virus
i~.d~~nde!~I,~y 'llf,lt'lmd cellular infe>etionan "e."'O:!:l~nmi5·;recogllJition P,n~\'''ray (~e!w.e figure], IIIll.d:GClCll aelhlat~(lIlofemk,somIDIi TUb by nO[li[f;feCl~lou:S i;Ulr<l:(;ti~Lted viruses :h'~\S been

pUld.llctio:n lht'ln~re<lHb1en] of the same c:e]h: with i~;;U;:liv;rt",d nmm;;plkat~ng viru ... s, Ye'!.. e the response depend!' en fUR? in hn~' \vi~h I~:rcvious obSlel"\';u ions. lhm Il!lmm, ~yl.i()id d(!n~ dritic cells ndy heav~l:y on lhisiJJ<rr~i,cular ~C"l~~or to n;~p~mdlei RNA V~i'il,I~e.'t s l>uc~m. A TLR7like~y [ecGgliiizes "iml RNA iliep]~:C:<'IIlilil>S ill~ ful.eC'y~Qiplasm,m~h.erl:I~",n the' viral geamOlmll::

OM.l~~Qi~~d[ut.ll!gh t:;ndoc)ltYI'lI~.BmlillU'w [ ~.11icim I R.NA,~.'! v

COlI:! ~n cndlosol1m~ rC!iJepJJ(lrga[n access 10 cYlnp~a$-

Auwph~g;y ~Hrn\is.a cell to enlgJLdf'pru:ts of observed(Jl'\7ilh.u Le~el' (II. de!n{):~l.1>~r~!l~i~. own (:~('llp[a$.tn to I"Gcyc!~ cm~li'm]k prodil~ ~lm.3tlimis exo~encms p3thw.aylism.ol~he' oll~.y uets an:UIsupp~y anabolic ueeds. Th:ils en!illl~f~ m.echi<lllism l~y 'i'I\~.ich eells C'Ull lUSC TLR:s ~tl ~u~mg~n(;nHe$vesicles {lliIJ[opht'l,~o~m~(;;s) arnnems ~tecr vur,ll presi(;,m:~"The ,mthot::; iIlol)l;ld l.h~~l that mature imo degl'<!I!CIi<lliveCOiml~.p for :m:IIll~'t' viruses, sueh as \'esicu~ar s:romat:ilis (alltO:lyw~lnes) 3).lh~ :p.mce~!>is ~1b1;cQSi.nlg virus: or Sendai virus .. ~mLfect,uQIlI o~~ mliri,~e as iill iq,'!!lPOfilmllil p:&i.yer i iii muhilJle filoets of,eeH
I~

com pi f:% ~:MlliC') class U molecules J). Add i'~ il131fil ~y_ .~utfiPh;).~y cnn 11C1 as an iml~"Ul<e effector pa~]m7lY fur ptl~:lli.ogenel.i:~null~lt.nonby p",nnin~·ng clllgjl~~n.l'lt(Jf~ of kL('~l;JfiO!!~:i.'ll\~(fl~ III t od'qefwi~.I:perNi~t withjn 1~IIa.tlgQ.~orllie~ the or {~Ylol'lm;l~ll ofinJcrl~cl cells (3). Hn\veven·;. the ~1ii"'QhiCn1emOrmlilUplm.1..SY im.lhe :inlli'l] st"J:1s:ing {~:fpal:l\i.tJgem;h~dHot '~!rn f~pOfl!~d prcv.[lJu=>JY, ;um Ihat is what Lee {f( al. setout m deLenni ne, The mJt~.o.rs ~nalyred <Luwplm.gy i1lpb.~mi\~ cywid de'~diilk'~~dl:slilk1;l!lirom a tr.Hl..sge!~ic mClfI.SC~n whic~,lhc all[Op'~~£Ooolne-1li~oc:ial:Cd pw~~in LC3< was fused io green fluorescear protela. Tell UJ 15% of the dendrltie cells dus~ p~~'C;;'d,1plmCUIW n~lO!X'~oom p""lu~mindiCfi[i\r~ of lal'ge"'sc;d.e amephagoseme fm:m<Llion. fu;r(l&l!tr~~u virus did !lOT Olher the overal I IfG'-' que.nc,·y nn~1I0~l1t c::e1m s,~iI.lth.Olllgh i~ poss~:· is ble·thm. ~}al:l!5e..<;nthe f~"qll~ncy ofau~apl\i~gy i WCJilliM be seen I]mQrlSH~e S~l~ ~mi.lIIl1l.'i1ber f eells o

p~.1Yl!:iol(Jgy.
1mlHuI101biDlogi~'1.~'btl!rmOJ)', (i!in~~ ~~rch

UK, IJOIl.dOilll LYn~(]<ll1I'!i ~ields Lilooranulfs, IInil M Ulllc~~n'5Inlil Jilidd~, LM,dcn W(VI 3lPN,m:" E·It!1~;l; (;a;e:~illtD@(am]~~.ory. uk R@jeardhi innitute.

devd.QllJlmeilt. <lnd g.elresce'~e . ./'\.mophagy a.lso regu.hu(:S im[ill~l!dly by pl.'oW.di.mI,g cyl\Jp.~aSli~~.k: mo~~.iml ucan 00 pJil)c€C'li~d fllr prc.'i'~cll~;lliiU':.lI!t [h.. ~Il"ssooj,ui:on \?!.'ithmajor hi!;tocompmihi]lhy VOL. 31 5

th~ i.l1chldin~progliiu·~.~nm(l t:'ell dea·~I~. that ~lC:UtLaUyg{;1 .ill~~cted}.To.~u;icln;:~i; ~hncliQnalimporl<lm;e (If l~i!) obselrv;uion .. the author.;;; ~lalyzed IlIie drOOl of .illhib~lifllg elM,s IU plm:sph.flddY]i'!ltlSUlol 3-ki~](l:Sl:;S;e·~yrnes th.u are (;~i~~C<1~m:ex.eollllllg a~ltophilID" Tlmey f SCII!:.NCIC www,.sdencema9'.o~g

9 MARCH 2007

IPERSPECTIVES
alse checked the' functionilJ (:,IPfiCity of~)I<Lsmru" cy~oid clenddtk: (dls~lhu lack Alg5. <1 necesS<lf)' compo.m:nrr of~he mIl:op11.agic .machim::;ry. r'l both eases, (~I.iIlli.!mti1l1iga~Uophflgy ab!llM.flWd eytekine [-esporl~e~ ~o imfectim,1 with vesculas i;l\lm~lilL~\I irus, Alt1!lg tlll~S3!U~ Ihti.;l. !llk'C~,~~l an AlgS~el1ci,em illmmll'le systeml f<~ii,i.ed to mo~mn ~.rJpid in~~rl~'fOill j'ii;-;spult~~~dC'~dGf.i1 on phlSn1J<lIc;f!oid d~nl\llrilic <;~II~~ he~.ilmht~d w 'wi.llm, vieus, "fiitlll,S;, <luwpilagy bylh'IIS inmnl".~lc' cell type isesseutia I for d elu~'eri1J:,g t:"ylitl~,1as1'I:111l" vl:rni II utelecules, \\,~licl'n, simIMm·:ty survey those srm'le ~'I."'(_I regi(;l~ where pa!hqgJ.::1'i!S em1JlJI]iJ·' are tcredHewever, just as the divisicu of labor ]Ql !nasI cell types, atlloph,jIJgy inlC1rU:~U;;~ hl b~IWOO!l MHC d~s.~1 and class Il is :~]Ol IieSjmnse 110 cellular stresses sucl~.as !l<t;l:iNIniull 'lbw,I!ill.~e. the c)'~oplasm:tc <JimJ endesomal or~r!I~ctifl!l. [n(:luc~h.ln of autt1phflgy ~.po~ ilnmt~ i!l1nl!ml!l~rc(:(lpto:n>m_~.}i be ~~i!1g ov~rinfection. either <'II'S ,,. bO:ii1 l1espO,lrt~e or ;<IS lappil~g \\'OiMs. AlI~(Jph~g_v calli :pmvid:e endea ri;l!rhog~im-drivi.'f! rmoo~" (5)1,.M~y ~hiJ!~ ~dkl1.'r g,~MI!fllL~"~lig"il~ lor MHC (:h~$[I pre~!1i!r.ilat:kli:'i 01;1b. Qther~~1.,n pla:iirhii~cyIQid ~k:g'JdJr~ljceel b to I J) '~luLas lee ",I' al. sho\v. \''.~nli Rl\v\':1· Iilr make use arT:U~.:s for dl;:~ecl.. ng pathogens u oocogfil,itiom 'by ~ "fUR • .com eil"Se~y. Cm'>S~J!lfC.S~ in the ':y'I:op!a::-;;ml. H{Jweye~;. it also raises entatian p<.Q:~~w<Jiy:sa~low ~,il(' class l moleM 1>\ pmb!cm .. TL R7 ;1"C'~f)Qn.dsto slre~c~,,~l'i of culm, mprcsem emgc'l'ftons al~~iMel'L';. much like polylQ rielyl ic acid fouml in both host (seU) and cyl:opl<lSrnic reeeptors C"dDl. sometimes med.ion:e ~,~iF.lI, RNA (6). Discriminat ion bel ween Ihe l'\'\I'O reSllOl'I!,es tosln.lmlll.i 3ppl~ed lomhe owside of <I is ~~lll~mbly li);;~Mld~mth~ f'L('g thm viral .RNA ~.J~I 1"1). ~rh;ip~ tile m"'CIl<ll1Ji,,tll;S lmd~ruying (7, is 'pm~:et:ted \1I,'.ilhi:Jm :pro~ei aceous ('ilp.~ il n id. pathegen S!e~$oi 111g, y the' .illlla~e ;I:Ild 3.d!i:JJplive b inlm~iIiJ.'":,,)'slt"ln~ ~ru lI10t,'ill tli (r~rum <lf~~.rd I. , \"'~.('\re'-'~ r RNA. !i~ :;el 1!lJnprot!!l~ed 1Jndsuseeprible [0 dt!g,rad"'~.iQn b:y exuaceltular RNA~e;!>

II

place; Tb~l;S.the i~~e of alJl~crph,,"1!Y TLR slgill1l ~aU!l!,gIn,My extend be}'tl~ld H,g;ll1cldel i\ie~y and .im::~udJeiuu';)ccU(JI:m: receprer Irnffid:.illg.

RNA lo~h~ elldos.omfllplllllm.'l,l\,r~~y.

~he,reby .d,~ow,ung l:ecogni.tiO:IiI of some RNA viruses byTLR7 (f). Oneunexpeeied Ob~~~""'iUitl'!l~nhe study t eeuid 3 (feet thiscenelusiou TL Rlam:!. TLR '9 ....iyul!.di IDlgin ~~(.l!\u;ell typ€$!<:.iicit:> prodacrion
OfC)1ICddlle!l

su('11. &~ .imcr.le~,k~n~t240 qll-r2: p iFN-p:. The db;tin0ti\~t:~le:ll~of pl<lSln1q[oid clell1ld 1fi,IU!C cell slies (}OIl rt~y il1l beilii~ p4U).b~u
l'ijC!t

b~fQ!.~ h C!li!rl access ~nd\;.'I"~OIrt{:'s_[r :M!l!ophagy

d.el~"efScytlgpimmllit:

RNA directly

tQ

TlR-

~bbtc ~~) I!:'e'~l.'ii!~ m~d~k: at.:ids. i fl ,1111~ndbcytic

b~~~.r]n~ iI;.·Ofnp;;l.!"~~~~~t'i~~, RNA

di:;cri~~i'l~~d{)n

comp<"Ixtment"~iheJe TIL R7' and 'fLR9 signalm lISt be aooo:nmplu~hec.l by add ililOllOlmeass. l ing is I;l~Hlpl~diJ) FN ·q~N;"p~:;;~i{J'fI!,t4)- S~II:1 Umil ml'l ...tbe T.LR sy~l;l!U~~ml . f.:ytnt'.ulk: pris ing~y.the iUI,U1m,Orsi nd Ith,lt p~mil],KL~~)~l)]cl itt'CCpt(lft) were t'~Ullgilin!t l{l~rl:brm ~!n[llog:UlJl;'i f d'el'ldt'lll.ic ,ccHs~clill~g AIg5 produce Il~ ~121~. I.hnc[ ions b:u in d:istinct regiof1s or the C~~ I, [fi'or bm IlOtlfN·o:.. in ]ie~puJ'l\;e to r;;:~",og,emousTLR i!} ii.nnmmilog;i~"'lsbmllgJn up 011l;,t diet: orud!p'~\'1i! agoni;f;[S_ Atg5 may oo.!wchrnv be illNo]v'cd i~n .h.lununily-I:!mt is" ~mWl~1,.ufU:: c.sllo.~~~~b¥ :~!rl~~~ r plmi:yres-[h[$'~.lS iIJ11en:SI.ilmg p~J"dnelj'\ wi.tl:! soni~ 11.R.g to the '<Ippropri,t~1!: ~QI1I,1Jl:Irf1ments. where sii,gm,1 imrg:lbl" IFN"ct l'.lmdm::lion C<l1l~<lke' the dlil.:llO~D\lrn,lY between Mile elass I <u~dclass

ril. Miru5hima., Ji. I..... ,a$ilk'i, Sr~Gl' ~!IS,:m8t,GtJ'7Ji, :2. If•.~'W1lii, S,A!cifa.IWJ; !mm!i!fjQ1.,', HI j:.l~l. 3. V.Derf1:i(, CUff; Oprn,.lrmmuool. :11. ~7!i ~OOt 4. lie Hooda J!'loJ•• 1II1:liWt!4.~<l,lOO~ (200I~ .. s, ]f,I!'!IH!i!'f!ii!l" xiem'I1.;!,'l2:, :illS (~~~'. 6.S.5.,Dltbotd iN DJ.. ttl" J, IlIJ\AWoo1..::16., 3:1156(~006}, "7. H. t::il1D 1:'1or" Na/jJR: ·H:1.• rol(.;l\OO6'~. 8" L GILllii!'i ~ ~N(m. Al(d. Set USA ]l)1ll,84,5' ~2(106).
]I..

R!elieilil!m~e<j Itl. t<. ~.J ..M,.lund, B, litllm~ n~lha'it

APPUED

PHYSIIICS

MfcrQe~dnmks

.aJr~blJitt 'hom rnalt~ria~s ,,,hose e~e(tmn:5il1iterad s~rongjtv .anti (an 'l;1xmrbit PfQperties es iii grQI1I p tlil~til re not. seen ~n ailily 'Ol'lleIhIllrtkile,

OiSt co:mldC::rJ!Sedl.lll!<1Uer I)I1Y:!>~C::S: researehers either pursue 'oot;ic lJlIe:i>~

tiiO:I1~of c!olll~plex plrenemena

il~1

13:ugeml:u.~1~:bcr£II Ill::) ofl';:l:rl.k~!cs. or seek om I

emergent slilte' G'J,Ued the' q~IJi\lJ:nmn:HaU. ,cl'ftlCl. Thesppearance of~lr'n.c~ t \.~,'fll 1:C31~JfCS ~,:~~nl exide ~.2' a[Jm~le~~:(Jirrn,e ourabill,il), to ('llUlIt1i.'ol ill materlals. MQr-~()vC'r, l~,iilIe'il'cl of OOml,twt)l ] $110W$.<Idet~rerp'llhl:O '!illsi'lmgs~LCli1. r1ll<:t~e~~<~ls i~l 3pplk:'ldollS as \'OIlIiied as, advanced co~m~pulillg ..ud ,d~-lm il;JllI:rgypr~;ldli.H;:linrt IEmerg,efll phemmlclulI'I2' •. 'illl condensed
lh"Ul~J 1;.~'-n:iJ:lIlgit lLllid~LOSIOlJd :~n l~U~S gf ~il'al'~ hoe

1['De\V Ih,ne~ia~sj)()r

Witelil. these p.lths

tedmol,ogica i .111plicmiltm~,. intersect UI1I,a Si~1glf:'e.x per.i~

liiIl~11It~~I1,~u~b;·th~t f

the fUlvru ~,mll\:l.~ <1. liHI~

be'~t,eil:'into focns" E1'Im.ergem p.h!ii:'nQrne~<'I•. iln, \'I.r~k'l'ImL.ew prypenies .~rJ~·frum dl'!;linlemcdons of 1rn'lll)f p~lrlk:h::'s ilJ1l . ." l(;omplt.'X s:ys~.cm., g~neL'me specIal ~nl:coc"St In the expc~:in.~cnts, f o Ts~ik<lz.akJiel Clf. repom:d on page 1.388 of this i&"'lle; ,{ J), 111~ !)l.Qt[mn;; ~hc)\1;' l~f]il;:\I' nov~ dc\~c~ eml be rlili~.de from 3 dOlls!s of m;,ner,ia~!>~the tnmSh~OIH~l~~1 t)~id\;.;..,._tI~l·oft~n ~~~O!i~>i~!IiLc~ $ of emer~e:n:t p~:H:n{)meml \\,'hel:l illl bun\: ~:Clnn, nJC dJ~vioe.~~nHcl.c by T ~ul<3Z~ki (Jill!. exMbh bi~ di~IItg;!e C<I'Ii'riJi!i"mobility. ne:e.h:d lOt ~ligh~
pcrf(,mnmwe :t;'iivit.dl:~ng.
iI'S 'we~lI. :usan cx,otk: :

ple iareractions bet ween 1),lin> of panieles. E.xmnph:s ofsniChplc~o.]1m,eil:la llIrc nUlgnclic exe iI~~l s fn Inw-di men sien ..~ material s, i(lT1 llUlXreUllduet ivil~ l!fQ '''~,C!)v)lel~'Cll!':!nii"111I;agnel~.'lnd fh.l~l io I'mII )' ch.ugedp<uti I eles in ,I 1'i,,!r(H~imensiomd electron gas. A lU'3d~liOll<i:l1 !Ut!~ ~{l t'IHl\;lrl'>i~ndt~g th'i;;li5<~ k~mt1l1f I,)'m\:l:igent slates is to C~iJi~e t~u::;m,illl neVI!' mm>eriills. ' [11~hi5 w'~y.,IJII1~ emil stllldiy :;t~lt!:."'\lith diI11\:~!l::nl-

1Ihe .il1lI~hllri~,rwith Bell Ldb~ A1GllM-ll!lluf1It, 600 MDUI~!:ain !I~enue. Murray Hill, NJ 07974. IUJ'51l E"F11a~l: alpr@
Ilil!'iI-il1Ib5,'oom

O:~dm!lt@;ri'i!i~ MIiIi! lnl~~ p'rQ~@wti~,~.(1L,~mS'h~m~li( (iiagra m of wide I~ycr S:1J!"\lI(II!.!t~ l~ill Tsywl:>:!,ki ef ol IlIsBd ttl OOSAi'Plie"ti1@ q 1I!<lIJ'!/llilIll HaU efha{t (Right) MkliOg raph ,of 1il e .a d.ua I. d'~l!,i'kes UI§ed. 'I'lIh@Je f'll is 'nil Q< 9 roilf~h temper:clti lie, ,PIs;F1glede1;'ic:ewilih dkneflsio;M 22 I) ~~ x 60 pm i,slilig Illig tilted. [Adaptt'd rrom U}~ m

w'I,IWiI.sdenoem ago org

SC;II~Nelc,va L 31 S

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1371

PERSPECT~V:ES
characteristics and either tesl; theoretical de~rip(io!\:~ ofsu~h S(~~J;:~, (:JfIire~lize~mvr~ly uew stares of mauer ..Searches fur e,mi,n(l~'.b"eln. phenomena are .,lfl~nperf(lr~~ed in blll'k or (hiJ:l~fil[Jl fill,alelrijl~!\'. either e f}1MOJI line or
IIl;llJlOIllC!LCiIi "f.iC'a~cill size. The cQII'I1me.,c,~,,1 development of <I new lu~u!~~i~1 :i(~~bi,'Lin~mcrg~Im,[bchfivioritu ~, ¢ c p~'rti,cll]!'lr device <lpplicati,on Pl'eSflIII:S.1differ~ ent selt of,eh.dlenges" J-\,ltbDlJgh Ihlis res.earClrn, ~s !1iI~m;~all be "'~lered to transport holes as well c

en]:(;~ IS, preci scly related

to

HIt'UOS

or fUI1I.GOII

as ~lecmms,

l1(l~ h

essential ann:ibtm.l$ Ibr~

~ight;",eN:LI:~lligdiode (I

To c-refiteh igh:-Ilerror]fl.~o nee devices, hewever, ~JliN neccssmy to el,imi 1l~L1e l.lefuct'!i. Ihm tijl~
Canll"i~p

n.

I1!l;cn'iyl C(J!llStani~S: th~ electron k ch ....§1ii C' O,'Jjrld r 1PI<I:nlck's,'COil~st(!llli~ . The e,,,,u'CmeprecisiQiI1l (w h
] purl in Ual m il~ k~l1) (] II [he; ~KpeJtUlm.C;:~M.a1 resis,tanu.ce pbv:,ms \",.~sexp;I<'I~'Iled theoreti('?}J~}I by Laugh] iltl U 6) ,;1m;!since 199.0 has been the i~t-enm!~m'mI.sI.unlawc;1 (lfre,,,i~l .. nee, "['.he ql~I~Elflt~11U ~n ~1.f~!I2l been o'bE'1''l.lc~d H h~... ol'lly illl 01.few m<lter.i~lIls;;lII.u! never bd:l:re iB 3i d!evi.oe made 1i,'01n oxide mal.e'r:i<llL~. In <I re~aled de~,;eI'op.:L'n~IDIt. N(}\'l)!ioel(/v ~t di. n:p~nl~)rlp<l,g~ .1379 of this: issue II i) 111:1o~~c'rv<llio[;Q or lill.c e "~~I.mwm H,dl ~'IWedill: rmll.lll'e"ml1er.mm::: :in one of the :si~~P~~IpL"IS:Siblc d~v!c:(:s,-a Sl.1,lg~e~ al:mn-lfullick sheet [) f ,\:IC'lmlell'~fllcm;oo~'lI, CBl~ 10d graphene.Ue'roe 11iD.e ebservanon ,(I r <'11'1 etteer
1~i1!lt ad h

,ellcetIDnilS

~lldlllllUS

reduce

1Il1~' switching

speed. ],[I<}dd:itiOl~.the presence of sueh defecl:!li cau~lm p:~Wl~T [1\01; ~um~~t.im'1lofd~~kat~ (~ncr~ !;elllll,states, The absence ,of clmm-ge ll'".1,ppi~.g is measured by l11.en13te'ri<1~"s IlilllObil it y. 'U seful .,im~ <llI;':IlMw~ng iubi liwmld cvn.lp<l~ibli~Hy Im1biUtY\'<1Iw:,-; Q1;J;;Uf n\t\,'( ;,:Jjn~I'\J~l~.tely\,\iidlil rei V d with ,exisling materiala, ~nd<lt, dru.v,ullg dOVl':f11 rnl'l~e,.fN:ll1 I Cl~;l:l: -I rl (:iInCOITlrpLllt-er isplay,'i;~ to :l(J\JO crrt V-I :...-1 {iu ~iHcll'JI used i~l ~hq:OO:5t 'OJ ;1Il,~.'lJi~l.r'I1;I;~lr,in,g • .'i'lu;himi\,~ligo~tim~5 ean also IC~(~~Q qu:a~hll1liycly nco\\' I1;liltlcrJ'a~:s. IUiCIiOpl\:)ce_'iSor:sl ~o more dum 1,0i!'GIU:!V-I S-II (illl:~~.ehighen..q,~lality gallium ar~nk~c ImtFor ~dlS;l"lJIlOC"as pan Qnh~pro1iln'lln 10 s:ynlhc~ size ever-purer :5.eIH iconductor :S'tl!'UCUl res ~n erorslmotu£eS cocled down to ~,IOO mK). Reeeat th~~ 970~. Cho ~.ml/\:r[~l~!r d~vdt)p~ the ad ~r.ri!lC~in the g ~Yw~h '(If ",i !~gl e-crysw] .[!!ld (1'1), technique of m.oIWLII<IU'redrnl epit.'l.7!:.Y. \~i,1midn, OIidel.m nhnsol' ZI'IO demonstr.ned 1ll0bi]lil~le:; il~ hiShly ordered atomic hl).JQfS1!fe ~J'WV!'li oJind ~1I1~,'"c-e$$(lf2J)f:r~I,m 5(1'K ~12). [h~!$aren~ng dl~ hrr[io~~m~whe~ to t hel.:mder.I)I~.ll1g subst I'lUlll. dO!JIrw hi;]n-ql.l<di~y o..x ide <.!tl\im, Molecular 1:tC1I.~ (~pita:..y 'Wa~lfill1Jmcrn:fi!rned 10 iFtlr Iii II~ igh-'lXI.dbnuaIm,ee qU::llltuLu \\'e.~~it. is create '~;be I.wo~diUi.~elifsi.otl!oI~, s~mc[ures lea.dimiS e;<:;5eml:li<lllh'il [he defect density in the :im:erto thlil Irn(!:tiomd q'JiI.~1:tJl,l~l H~JI elI·Cd. a (:;Q.f!!l~ fsee ~g i01m b(tlow. Sbrp i nte rfaces h~ld already been achieved illm a dn,fr~r>e1H p3i~: of p.!etdy mte1'ipeded emerg-ent ~mu:eof'e!ec~rOl1ls. d il:;c(lvl:red by TSH ieu'J, (j: ),. 0.,,,, ide:'Hl'i'llerials. sl:ronti ~111~, tit3111ate/]l,mduU'mmtl The iienlilfcond~!c~jl,gbt;;h~vi(;lrJ! ~dJ;,\r~fil,g: lh!J~are ('/3). and o~dnmions, in ,t:~0c~dca,1 I ~ modem micme[ectllro:l!n~cs is fO'Lm.d.uD1, comresistance as a ~hncdon or:IJil.~OII,gneluc fj.e]d ( N). r(l~[lJiU:sor s.:i~icon or cl!Jmbint~l']~JgTh (lfm;lre::ri",~ s mHrn<d~.y auU'ibl!wd to low-defect metals, from colllnm;, HI. and V oftlinc peri.odi.cllfl.b~e, \f\Jcr,cebsereed, Tsukazaki t'l el. were able to SI.IcliD(1$ g1lmWlJl'il ~ud ~rs~'~j.c. E~ul.,;rgiCnt pheac:hi~w slmllarly ~O\V defectlevels i!i! ~hi:!!: II~m.nem<L.lrnoul'ever. oceur i~:l~. wide \',m:iel:y of \\o'cn1.:to form ZJ[lOfM.~n ~~O qJ lI<Lnl;!i:I '!ic\o't1~ nil Is m()bilili~sg:~a:Il;lr d~~~, (l~~f !f!i,~~~~a~s ~uchasc.trbPll':~l~d fl~~miC". w~lh IO;:.\I'-te'mp~r~U!re 50!JOcm2V-! s-!. . in~ennel;i'I]:~ics.'lnd trmro:llituOiNnet<.ll. 0:,,,, ides.Jt i fu; ~he ni'\id~s, I:lotvever.tlull p~t,.-m[' dl~ rich~"';1 l'h~ !f!!!t.,rii!L~9;1t! '00 iOO~ ij~~~t'1·~ft_lKtfl~O~ U ~~rh:~ {If eltl;-er~'nYtst~.'~~s. ;~ncludililg mel.~l~ lt~ru:i! sJ!w" Id ,,15cOr.1Cg I~~"ne'~h,e lr,ml ~fil:lr (l·f y Wil:~,cl(l~tmll ]1l~as!>Cs s(\':~11 hllflClred ·~inle-stht e.h;:el!l"OO;S fh1!mlll:hc buU{ hno the i.l:Iil.erface .• blue m<ts>s. !:lP;~1l :L~~;Jgnl.eti~;m l'l'ith 7~i:{l-po:im; T:i.uk<l2dil-d (it ai. n~~~d that wln:n-;I!:; lht: ZnO C:1~lmpy. a~d S:l~r~reondllclhd~y ~H n;:oc):rt1i 1il.)"ii:'l"SilaveiS~£ilbl~ 1l1:,Il,si~!C' l>lrai~,which~lld~~ high ~~:i'i!]rGmhlr,*,-M(.ioori~ls pll)lsicisJ$lhi<Ilv~ ch~rg~ S('gr'L;;g~l iOil i.hn.n~ghlhe pit'z(ie'10clrie drc<lmed of cre:~'Ltingun.ew cl:m;ses. of de\r.ices. dlect. the uffitd:erlying ~1~g;,(ZIlI"",p 1''Lyers ~l~.\'\e (~~Ll h.U"!1e55 ~w;h lin'1;l'lfJ~~~l~~t(I~~~ {rfl'!ll1]I~(lr"rH. n",gl igibllOistr.dn. nus. O'I!'l1>lT eh.ny"" dcn:-;i~y i::;; LI1~cd. \!II jllh tile'end ofMoo.re-!j la~r in s~.glu as. ~ndm:ed~1.cc~Msnatli,O<Illy lron[fuie Zn(] ~.'egion . ~Fdins.i5'roB il1l:i1liC'ropI!lJce:.;sO'~ OiIflpro;_ldl hl'l,.... - ~rll{ltile imevf~lCtl.lUle .m.hQn;~~urlher de"''I;li. 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mkiiogralp4'lOI~'OI1~"O~ t~e ~i~e$ u~ed'i!i!rn~m~~lI~e!'l'lelilts,1be sea!! ~iSgi~llJby the HaU oo(~ width ~1'12~Iflt D@vic@'raMcalt1lWl pmiLetluJe':'l ,velie des:crihed'irl (5), (I,~ ff).-y ~ed) and P;o;t fullue)! ;lisa r'll~liI:l'ir,m~r 'i}1!,OOvoltages; (VJ ilna m~U]liie~(: of 2'9 T, field Pesitive v~llles OIr Y~lind!!l(e ,~le~J'QJI5,ilnllil negaltive VII! li!!f~ oJr

6 Movem!iet aOO6; i!~cep'ed n )~~.!.IOIr)' 2001 'Pti~IJ~llied 001111 :I!S f.etJiWi)' ~oOO'; ~ 10"lKl!!li!i!:i~~~,.lH'i.rol 11~'~l!!!!:!hil' l!lf!!lffi1~~Q!l1 wM!:R ~~lmllh~~ ~per.

M13 9Pl UK. ~'D~~rlllOOlII~ IliI'f!r-;~i[S. (olwn!:iiil Ulliwm· 0'1 ~il1t. NI~lIl'lI'Q)lI:. m'l!CtO'2:7. USJi.. ilN\:i~ional High fl&,glfltti(

1Dep~m~ of fitI~~

li'!11W~~y

qf ~il!(~~W,

~1iIC~SWI'

'~1.d llaborat~iY, TalbHi>iiSsee,R lUlOJ· U:5A,'~Hlgll Field

M!ignet LIoo,ra~~fj'., R<ldOOu:I UmLvBPsilyNijlllegiln,

,t< ~.O (:!hri'l~) o.l1ib-

ilkig, an

8et~~~II:it)M t::ili~~

AE :::::000 K

(5" 6~', '(II'r!s.el~The I.JL'Q~.:!!"Itf".atJlQV'II Dir~cr(lrJ1JiJ~QVl~.{C) 11",,n f'or rl"£lsl:.:lIlCle, it,.,hlr ,~1ernll:n!i(redJ' a nd ho~e;>cs. ('gr'ee'J1)snillM the! acrJur-aiL)i'~rthe alhSeML1 qU<i,nlilliti~1'I at4,s T.

€!52~ IIiJD E~lffii~

Nijmeqe~ N~l"'~I1!!'!d:S,

p'kliThiiPfflrs.mlwmli'lud'-lil! jP.IK~: g~lm@~Ui.u.u'k U\.!{G.~

"Ie

I'/oom ~flmlij)On.dfme slOO!II,1i;I bit ,~d'~"

'!I"'~~'f~:;~:iii'h~I.ip·s~\lrl:iB;;:~'"!1Qnl1i[llcoon,li~~W', . i"

An lntnnsic IB,olnd~CIB'ntBr8d1 E!lleclronic IGIII,BSS.willhUnidiii rectional Do,ma ins iin U'ndBlr'd,o'lpad 'Culpr,B'les
cr. K(lhsaka~ I. c..
Tilyt~IIr,1 K. MI.1Ira~,a1li1ll,'5 Iii. E~sakij' Hl.ial~itliQfi, ~4

il'1 ~hlJ~!!;It~ve ~1I~~lrll?!ip •. ,l:m;11\10':. .1f) ~.~ !l~~<[;

nh~ ~:;tL11pl!!'s, l~d-dc:n: ...tY~DI::;,t'lI~s (LDOS) :It i l~iern.~~oc.1L~i~liJl~ rallcl!:rrh:rgy E. tJ H!llli.;a~~m:ajld,:,

efleets d~!c!()the ~lur!!"u;.rins '"ll1!i~1ixderm::nl~. the hmll~~.utier h~ight., 'l11d: y.a~i1'luon, (torn ck"lC's 11tl'!i!ic IlCICi'tlgi.';lIficil), ;In:- CMtaHrl~'d iJ!i J( 1', :;) {~~ ~~,pfi1.1Ii:'Iilil!l'. ol]:~iltc loxl l ~F(Ii' ilH. sim'ipJ~ Ui~(;'[!I~IJie
~)'sl"::l'i'I, '1i'~le~

l(j1 ;:-~i~ e

ru ~(:~I!lirdl,:;~ OOi'il>nrtll'll.,

Fujitl,1.:Z tL S(hm]d~~ 1, c.. blllpi,elrl, a T. Hillrn:aglllri,.4,M. Azlllmil,.lS :5. Uchi'd!a, 0l.7 ]. C DiI!j!ffisl.b

Riem01ilng e ~edmns Ilrl(ml~he (;Uo.2 ,p'LEme cd (llIp[.i3itesaitt:e rs th,e ele'clmfllk ,cQ)ne lalliorn fllIni (il!ntlly' to pmd:u(;e hig hl't.emper,<IIil! re su pe rt:oindudivily. Ali{50r1la~E1d! lll'itl'l Ul'e!'lled~i3illig{Hj;.arE!5pe(tlra ~·w.eligM translers hom the higl'N!nel"'~Y s~.t!t@',!>of tlil,eilll:liu'l,Htlf' to Il(lflll @n@rgi@:s.. In tileory. ~@S!! sho!!!hil be Icll~OCli!b~l'! as (I'!limbtJili!(f!()e l:u?twl?!l'n'Dth!! b.mn@~]IIII~ Ir.ilt@ 1,0If'e~@df(llflill.l@iCtiol1l, "'!lid' e-xtril!cliIlJl=~ tUll'!ln@!U~a5:trJ1l m@l1fy. W@' 1rU:fiod'u(@'oOOmi(,~n~s~~liJtiQ!fI~lm!l.~lijnQ-asyrlfufL@lryiriIi'.il ~ inlg" n~di 'i!!] \I'in.uiJ~ly fcl~ot~(al p,l1ef!l)ml~g i,n lW~ ~i'!Jhti¥ h61€'"d~lle~1 (!li!pral~5t (~~~Il:8Naa12C!JO;~iC.b:i1!~ld Bii2Sr!?J)Y'Q..z(go.,~,(lI~O~~ .. li!it~fI~ spo::!litla~ i.I'~l'i~itlL',llns~il1ltUilh1!tiilil!) aSyiflllm.e't~v ()·i:!C~U ~rim~rily ~n 'the p'~i;ln1ilr oXY'!J,e,nsites; their $Pcatjia1lan allge'lII'1 elil ~f,orrlilS a (,U-Q-(III' 11:10 1'iI(j-(I~nte re.d d&~jro IiII~ p~U~iI'liI withoillt 10 1ii!;)I-r l'iI!1!If or,delr Iblilt w~1h ,!lo!J~\~ d~ lInidireuiona a I. e l,ec:trQlilk ®mliil~m;, d~~pe,rs.e,d tl1irQ)uglillol!l,t (Go: tlil,e (11-0-(11 lIisM Iilil:,e). The- emergin'g I~klure ~S liil,enef a. llar1.iiail hDI~eII(lci!lll~iZ:ati®n withiin .arnrintr~lniSic eleetrenie glal~'S' ewlviing, <lit h~gh,er ~o~e ,d,em,ilies, inte mrllptete de!I(l( .. lll~:atiel'l ,~nldl biig,he'st1eIM pe riJturre$'llperoon dllll(thri ly.

Eq. .~ ~htl\.~ II\!![ ~1imii! ~ i'IImp'piin~ of ~U': di f· Ili!rcnl:i.'li1 tlJlfmc:iill1':; roadllctll~lC~dJ/d~" Jll' (i". y~cMs'''''(1.£ = It!'), Ilewever, Im'1I1e ~I.rollgly rolTCb~ccl ,clee'tl\onic stmc5\. ia a m:::;hlJly hokGOI'ca CUpLctll~ .~hC' si~ !Jalt~tln is nUtCh~nlire complex. ~'n!hl!'(_Il;" (41'., lhi~ 'e(lrreh.tio~'I.~ cause ~h~~ lio Z( 11 m Ihc~~\'>t;;I<Lg~L;'!lS.~~),-or-[':l'~~C.'l d ~hl'L· 'r!lpi~)':.!:(Ik~;s, lV(E = ~ ~o lh,~1 Wdkid of !'im~!.!~'F1'(E = I,d'" to become .iI~)'nml!cliit· hy

or

.!!n

all arnmum

imC!';JClimliO the qkgCI~~r.If,;y ![If li!J.;! Itcl~v,~ru cl-orblj~LI. pmd.~!t:iUlglrl~!I't~ :mm:Iilc!Plll\;'f d-"'I~I~ "'l;f".'~

'C~JlhCilY

Ihe (uprntc C!lIO,l: planes derives I~ J) nom l1l(}f~!lD..xygcn 2r mm cr'!lppe.r 3~ orilit:."ll!\ r F~g ~ ('Oll!l!o.Jl1ih .. A)..

or

jlJi."~ ;100\''1::~hc ('hcrnic~II)Ol!C'mi;a1 ~. t Fig. m )1, .BU:l ,]re('i~l~y IIDW~h~ .$p(,'lC'tml-'wci:ghtH'OIn:-lrl;~

r~ull in cuprn!lC" higlH~m:p'~r.u~re d uc!.lvi.l·y «-'IIn,1 in:;: I."fJ!liLl'mrQl!':)1j.ul. supercon-

SJPl!C't1f';[l.wci!ilI~I. tUn rut~ (5) I!~SO ~l'Idk!l1C lh31. s mhc ii'fLlta R(?) on he cm:~Ill:Y"111:1li.!W~cd N(r. E) fON~li1il~~lys~i1les,E> to Ilnm offiiUea.:::;t:uLtcs E<O (li is R:i~mcd HJ ~~ by

1m

ReI')

_ _ 1~ JV{r •.f) dE
= ~,
] _N(r.

r'.!1td by the MQll-rnll:!bb;J!ID!.:~!clW' U (Fi,g.

m),

The- k)\\ elf d.·slm~'l'i, <lind

I

O:>;;}lJ,lQI1I ~;IIl.: p

ht'(om~lC

!lyhridi7.~~ yk:Mi!!lg ;l at'lr11l;I,1~OO in'''l!.Ihnm \\'ii11il c1111fJ~c-'~!'".IIn s ~hWlp .6.. Wi1¥ ·1B), UI..; 'l'lr)]~-clopjllig"

R~"c~IlI]Y. il h,l1': b(J(.~!lp:ropo:,.;("iII~"ulthese dQpiIl,g-ind~!iCed oonch~~ dml,ges m igh~ 'be inIDI O~'D."'CL,,"l<JliJ.k: i rcCI~ya!>l ~1J1I d .U~ mI1l1c,~r or ckl;Rfon ttulll'I:H:li!!lM, (:LUrll;nls wil.1l bims \'nll!l~~ t4. :'n cI~iX.u'm'l ~x:~mC'ltrHIII negative :smllplc fuia."bcil1g !
sU·OI1igly lin'Mt'1i over dO:I((JI] l[ljt1C'lio.UI lit jXlsi-

EjM;;

21.~{f ,

~- Il{fl

+OU

(III )
r

(3)

prooess, \71'hic-h gt.~'irlcml:CShig:l'a~-lt~liI1Ipei!lllmc :sIIl1pctr.Oirn[ll.ICI~viIY, Il1:K'11 removcs elcelrom~ iml'l1l, the CuO~ 'P~ml.e. milti:n,t new h.ole·like d'cctronic :>~fIi[C:S \:vi~l IlfCdomin~ill.lttl~ o..xYb'C'ill2p c1m~ctcr I( 2), This is a rn.dically dini::llC.l1u pJ.'OC\.'SS~hlln lu:ill;:~ dOJ~il1g a oon\,ICnlla~l;ll .scl11tcO:lfld~!iCwrbl'Cm&:. \"'~'l'C1Il an declroJl lis ~;umm"CXi linnl <1 'OOJ,wlJloo
iw~!.!lrr~Of.~lc $W1!.Cll, \'\,l~th \I"hkh il \;\'\1IS crord""o;J arc ~Ibo ahcrcd nlradaHII'.:lHt'llly. NUlll~rictd ~11NIc:~iulg of 111Is p;tlJiCeSll. j J ~ indicale5. Ihat\",1~etl n holes IJoCJ' cell m'Culll rod!!iCec~ Ihe cQt1:c~alio:n llrail
c1hm:I,1gl:s f,!,cn~!lll1,l; ~lm;I",~··wl;ig~u. 1:r.:I1l!S~b!'l;; imm both I~'I,I~ ,IUd. ciI!Jny hi,!,;IN,;ll"'~Y bmldl.'i

tive sample bias, SuC'h ~~Teots,siHnuM be deteetahlc !;\'ith .'L Sl'lllllrl h~! liAm'MCli i,g: l1rl~'eroSCo;pc CiTM}. The STM' t~smnpJ~ utr1lldihlg, cum:1H
Dj;gh,tCiIl by

!kl(" , i:;; hlJ-p~fniC hr}W~Jl!;l rme <lind! :r~ srn.tis'l~e$i ~)IU~O~'i~~i'CrgysC'tlk,,··<:: ~~ <: V. As fiI ~C::;lof SHeil iderLo;;" W~ show .im Fig.. I C
Ihe
1, [)

predicted we
~lOW

cvolu[iotl

a.'.ymmcuy
l'I:\l'CI~,ed

(TI\,) with r.r

room

or

I~IC l.ilIlmcllng, ,r.fl.diiild ill Fig.

the

InL"a:mn."J:i CV olmf:o,n

Tl\, ill ,1 sequence

of sIKl~ia~Iy of I.ghtly holC"dojXld

/1 ) IFi !!I., ill" (Iij Rereva rrt e~ed:r'Gnrlic ofb!i~L$ ,@Uhe <~,d)~ plan:~ (iI,I3d or~it!ls .tire slilll:Il.'1nin l[)ri3ililgE! I'la a
o::q!'g,en 2:p Ilrb1'U!~ilI~e slhi,ow~ ~fl billie. A s:ili!gl~ pl~~ ,"ume (If r'OlJlf (IJ al®m!S~is ~hm.",n wilhitilm the d1asliied $q,LJare Ibo:l':, an~ a s]nlgl@ CIN'J-Cl! unit ~.:;\:fltM~ the ,(jash 00 'O\l\lIt I~B~S..:lh@nTOItlil::
I;:P1I'~rgy

~,.N1I!KC(~O:!C!:2 samples wil'h diffcLf\;m.Y. 'l,Ve see dun II~c <11\ cmge TA is lndeed large m low N
I

'02j:1~ '

n~ID "E

rt'l'iuhin,g, U!Il t~l~

lliibolilt!J1I}I" of

cn:m:la{'!ll

of

-2rl ~11";Wi.;mlplY
:SLil~

S!1lh."l'i

IIMIIJlK ami Solid

Physks, Dt!piIritl'llfm

Co~lnel~ Uiin.eJ1U~, 1'lIil.Wi.. filiY 1485J. USA. ~O!liPar:iJiiIlent 01 M!l,anced Malllri~1s Sderlce.\ U'nk~.ml)i !!If i~k:ro, K!I~hil'i'<!, QlIIibii 217-365,1. J~pan.li:1~~fII~mel!tde ,2ItJl" (an>ilda,

of PltpiQl.

PllySiqwe,. Unlw!;f~t~ d'e5ne.rb.ro~.SI1e.rb~ooke • .0'

~Morgll1~[(

J']!,f(

alild~he'
IUIP0rl

~H<!l1Dm!ill IrnilitlUIt4! a'~ A~I1()fI!I ~rndU!itriili S4]~m,{@ <lrKi J!iltlhno1,ogy. nuk!llhit, Ibilraki 301ii-3568.Ji!I!}1I1fI:. 7DeiP3r.t·

Wa~o. :~aITalilili 351Hll9!1., J!iI!pan'l. SWnstHlJtf: fi1mital. R.Hea!'(1i" ~~O' UI1!I~~~sil!l'. Ujl, K)\O~~ 601.-OQU, Japan.

Mal~fia Is lflbDJ"iI:l)ali)l'. RIKEH,

rllf

l'I~lililgl aSyii'liimetJF)!'lciailleen,

o:r h'IlLed(llp~lrl91 it. ~(~n,~ '!lxpe~ted tlllrneMec1l$

I~ve

~~!l

the C!J:D.z plillf1il'

trn:rr eoc~ ~dQ):rr (n~lIlil;l@ bia~~ .. a I1ldiiO'jE!'!lioiil (po~Ii'lle bias) fmrn

(4) \!ilnlfr€ h:l~'Il va~OO$ (lrZI(lIlCUf at Ilo~7i' hili.!.! d'elilsltle;s R. (D~ Ml?a-

el.eC'-

me~lto:~ 1"l~1!tS, lJ_nL'o'eii$UII af J.o~o" B!Jro.:yo"k'u. To~yo in·lOon, lilp~l1. lI(ord~l1tlE!clI tl.bt~l)r Pb~~5 1Iml ,tltiiit~n· il15 S!rel1!:i!' D~<lr!lTIenD. IlrMkhi:lvetm HilIlnmul lliI:bo:r<lIDry,

suredl d!i;llP~ngd~Pr~d~!loe
1I.llil"

!.lilplO:i1\, NiY 11973,

!.liSA.

·Vo \~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1k:n~e iIIl1OuI_dIbe addlre~. jIOO.ll.~IlCII1LWrtl1@ll!.~u

IE',rnait

C!wfi!ge;H.!!ill'leUlng iil1 (oljl.}bJ:UJD.2C1b;. tra ry lin~ts,

@'S.vmm~try

(lr

arbi-

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

S:CII~NCI!

·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

RESEARCH AR1ICLE
mpidly wsh i~C~;!iSillg x.. as PIl.1Iic!~,] (.~ J}, :Ifl:~ab!Xi!~I~~t[\:h ~rrQ;'!:\. arc (,iIJt,,~lllb~~ ":Ill,'lt!"]!YI1.~{)!vl?d i~~hn!qllll~ {6, hy and di~llini:ilhC's

n,

the Tt\ flrop~l~ l4. J), also Wcmir~i ~lC~~t i1~om~.scglle Pl\~ Qftlilc ,~p:~I~g-i;m,!I~~O(.>d cerrehl!~onch~n~'l_

Etl!i(l~f!l)iilk"'dt!iS,~~~ gil.i!!S~·~~~t~

hQle-do:p~d IliJlprafbil's.

fig\l!'l;;

.!;i~ lightiiy U\. :iihow~ sche-

~mr!.ir,;;I~.!y!:h;;ul. 1l;:t!!ll,,,1;I;';!:m!!brn:l~~.1"g1l1(,,~.i~~I~i!f;..; d
:;!Iillpt;,~lrs<l'i ;l ~lpt.,o~':ho!~ d!;.'Ill;~i·ryp~r C~iOl1·'~.J. it) 3%, The :.;~r:rt1~}ndiJC;:1 iv ity ~i£i,iJ~llly docs nooi aH]pc,u' lnlllU I~ - :5 to 11m, TIl~ref{lrc, ~uuluh~t Inl\,,,.~tC~.l~Ol~I,I~'t;; $Iu!", int~~rVt;fl(:5; i~ ~L~W!"~ i~ Iy

I:
'II Cli Ci!'1II!!I

'.1'0

a
",z4

'II"

0;5-10 ',," I~.~~ioi;)ij

..

1! ''II!

dk,a,tw beneath nn~ dashoo ~in~, m: Iemi C) E:!i8lFl1lplies Qr~he ·~ng spatia:l V'alnattnm. f n Ihe-UJri 11e:~03 !l~rnel;ry

Wiig. 2. (AJ Scl1~malic phas>e,di:a!Jlrallil ICif h(i~dope~ 'cup~ates:.l~e regkiiii$ ICifal1l:if~lroma.~IfI~I:iit:in,5u~to~ iiJ-\\'I;'3'1[e S!lIp'E!fUlllalJ)(ler (d50, .mdl !l~d~!ap 'OlGI' 1Phll'i'!li)m@ft!I)!\Jgy ar~ indk<!ted, Th!! e~!!(tronk ~·dl!sler Iglas5'~ I~E:CG)extl:!nm over.i!I regjm~ in-

mhoU!!l~lof:;!ls O)I!IlC l~ll(Ui~t: "cl U!;l~L:'It~~~I~" ~E('(I) 2n. At lilignltli dop'ing:.,. d'le En:.1 ~.ii!!\coe;t iSi \.viil.lil diimil11shi nl~ inllClt:;; II)' w ilht lit!! ),,1:i\~I'i~t~l!."'fI illlS :>iiifi,c'it:ondliCE ivill.y. bIi r:l1.illIhl!~ dl S;[Ip~ar ::;on~ewhcrelfle.mr Ii -~ 5%. A~Lh(iu~h. Ihe ECG l>t3le ~.hibil" 110 k~R.'M,I:~1 -rnll~e ~nrl~ sr:in or ~hJl~.c order, SCkI.1lC cloctronicom.-eli' (If !im'krlOwn :;'I',.n~,,~ lorm is mlways dctoc[Cd at n m
slii![(; (8 ~l!jl.iJf\',t'l

"Aim,

-ao!I

(!

3QO

rl(iUi1!d jn Na"CCOC an<l D1H3ii2212~ BIK.a~!!Si!i!xperimefltJ'l rUJmmlilo'ltiolilikee-;jiiS m:l@gIF1!too clIld 1I.i3i~poiSltllw biases !::omti3Jlilt, lihe la.rge-ll'oirialiom are- seen ~nl!legal~~ bias and di~edly I'dect Slll~ti<l[Vgri~t~Q!ill)lr~lle· TI!; (~llPi!flel~;!!!i1r:tiOil SFi1~. 200 pA. at 6100 rnV}. As carl 00· !jJe@·IIl. 1~1,e[U(lne·:dri!diJIIlli~ stwlIlg Lv r~on.ldl ~'IIlIr llil.i@C:li~n and \l'1~fi@~ slN!liatlly. llhesoE1 phsnemena a re 'quile· simi ~ r ~n the hvo, malt@rials, maiildl B~ (oo!>iant-' top~9rill phkima:ge-s. I~f N\a-OCOCand [ly-Bi22:U
'CllJrreflt

~e

bi<u. (mi\r)i

d:l~!-lile (14 ]tJ) hcnee !h~ "cluster" des:ign"tlinn, And. lJil"("~i~ltiJ!.;"11i~[!'flm ~lllil>BeG iit:;I~~ liml hl.~h~t~n~ll~rmm'C :'i~Ip;ilroondW!ct it)' eme fgl:lS ~v with holt' ~~I~ing,(22)1 il !!\ crinic'.lll(l d!!!!iI.'lll~~m: ~"lhOlilt it is, ]H]·W it is ~j.,mcr'M()d lli}' hol;c ci01ling. ,:3)]0 110\\' ilL;\.lti~W,~ ~Ilm Olud ()pc"X!6il~ \\Iilh Ihl/;: sW!poc['Ctmdut"lin!:l S,!UltC'_ .Mut"h lISiikniO\VIIi~oollll.l_hc ,t"UPr'.UI;!EC'G l'I!lDll;!.

:>'CJI~ by IDe<!1 Iwobl'$ of [he ~Pl n UI L'il'~U.1c1

Di~,cc[evidence lor.hQJ.c ~ocailZl!.tiO[l ~OIlles

fJlOilll

'ti)ilft'-pllmlc de res~s,~i.'\!iil)'. hid! C'~xh.ibits.og.'I.w l ritlm~ici1.~]IY im:n.--asiflg lemperattu:c dependence

Pilfb IX

In:r 123. 24b~ and

,m) U01M-~lumbCf mc.a-

Fiig.3.

·inl 112"!Ilm rneW'<s, of ~e~. Ilmagklg oondilions ~r,@ (A} 50 ptA. ;i31t 600 mV and (B) 50 IflA".atl:50 m\l, Th@(lr:Q.f10@ ~(I~SIn (A) <I nd ~B)ind'ictlte

!'i~m:!mcm!\. shnwinglha! the ,uckJCrllilo.cd hole dens ily "ppll~a~h~~ C:h~~l!cod doped \"I~lH,;·~ the ~}' only\\'ilcil n ~ Hl% (15). Mlu:m-S~Jn l'()tiTI.]toll IUC'Il.S'!!.reIll1.i!llbl Illl' .IJ) findg~asS}' dYH<!JllllOCS. !IfIins tnl~ C.xh!b:~l~ng some UrI_ulown rarm. of l!«¥.:l," li;~1 or'dcf ill the mn :i'ic<d~: til...: <>llll~ill (:!llIT!ll£llltm or Ihe HTi "ci~~tL,.\t'· S;ml1i~a~I)!, mlltlli,aC,11\;)1~;n\,. ... fOlll.I:Il:ir ~mLld ies show Uti:~ :;;u[m;~m'll:iilll 11'~'t:-:'iPill. ~irnmflgllcl.i:\mll" NlIckm" mUlgllctklquadll'upo!e

or

deruibed ih ~~g. , B 4 ,~nd c'i1!!lfId ~9, 4,. I[ aad F.

ilJr&:I·S

IIC:;m~f1llrenm;aS.m't'ilnCI'IIS

(14-2m reveal

:'I'I3lbC

re:lpl\ctiwly, i'lliidi lihe (lJ~Q i:irl.l1d direclio~~ aIe ~nL')j,lff'I as PIMFS (!f of1!hi(l!g()!fqa1 blac ~ Qlrro~';IS,. (C and Il:I)R DI1:aps.

take·fiI at 150 mV [L~ .• R(F, 1S.!) !lI!\i') 1[,; +11501 1Il'IVl/{{r; - :1l5tO ~Vninl tine
!::

:sam(:· Jiil1wl Iilf vi:err¥shown in

I,

Ft~. 3~ A end D r~pedii1l~I¥. Lar~le'III tb:riglnt. lim ~i5 l(!Olor

:s(etm~ IIIllNlrl.5 thatlBile cerre~Jl'll.l1d~Iil'£iruliln~tlllg ~~!!,Ctru m is more· -symlilil~ui.c..
Whil'f~S

The b'lui!! oox::e$ ~il{(I, and ([}}

i!ldi(;~le lI\he ~dl :C!lrl:a~of f:f:~. 4•. A. and 1:),. respedllfeJ~. (Ii "n;d IF)' Imag@s '~f 'iJ R {n,aJl~a:cillll1~computedlhim Ff:£I. 3:, .c; and [l,. ,rl'sped.iill'eily, rQr bder vi~utJililjjJtiilJJ1 rtiflll Q i3it®l1I1k-slCalle arral1g:eme'J1b;. I()f ltIe spatial piiitlP.ms;..

~hat itis IiIiIme' asYnilmemc,

kMiR

Cda'rk) m~!'IiS

ell rrrgc h(!~ct'ogcj}C'ilY f~D the tum scoJ.c: Ihe holedellsityoomlPcmcfll oflhc ECG "dUSlC':" [i'myd(.'r ~elll1l1O\l1di IImction reveals rebtcd 1Of..'llJI lattice (bl:o:Lili(m:J 1(2 n and ~pl.ic-all SIJlCtll'Osoopy" Ihc ruJOll18~OH:> i1f1j~'_ropic ~o:ndbliGI:l \~hyilInd ck:clit'()j1J.. phmmn rourl~ngs {lh fll1iil:l ~~, :nlcutrolN'iiCattenng mea.'iUrC'lFl,.:n1.<; il1dic-J~l:l (Iilm d'lC hO:Il:s are d!llslCi.\w ill nm-sized n;:g[olls, will1. semc IOnlll orl.nll,gnetw :sll{lfI~I'lI1gc {If{.!er U.~~, ~ummliny. Ih~o~}:I.'!ll: In EC I :5n.'lLIC its ll!CrV'al'iiv~. ·c,;:hibit~t:1,g ,lolHJt1l i~ole lool~.icG;.~on :<1 ~!"IIf:w:il;hrl\u~ IOIl,g-I!',mg.r; ol.l1t.'f l~~l ill mh~ 1](1111~1hd\;~i$" iSl,IPP<lrhi 1iitl!1iI(; Ul1lkm)\lI'll tOl!illl of d"-!ClDOn.k: .doJml,iul$, A IUJlg-s.!,mding flJ:Obk:n1 .h.... t; been wh.cthcu- rhesc ·dl~ls are an iUlirillsic dC'J,rR."I. Q~' h(l~~.,doped (JLla~ ~~OC!.rolilt' ilruClllre or are· : c;;:u:,insic ('ICrl1ilfl'S uiggC':l.'Cdi by randem dopm~l ;:rnd{or i:nln1rhy d~:i!.aat!cil'. )i!j'u~'1:me r lhe ClJpmie ECG ,..lillie iuc:l'udC'. for (I c..v.!Lll1plc:.O:i:s of electronic lml'li:ilalitQna~ iin. I

Thcoreticnl h.ypotI1'l.:sc:,; 1i:u the cause

i) <!lUIdcdronir

[UTld

.... ar:i:ancc bcc,<Iu!'eoF!

.I)y mn.cloln

gl1a.~

C<!iIilSlOO

C,v"dKIIJSC

cOllll'l.~illg. ~19i, W~ ...

..

dop:ml di'8on.!cr~nduc·ed

rnm]om d~clr-o:n ic g.l1!SS ~}()~, n~·~)1 $piJnIOJ!lll;'Ou.~ (3 j ~ (II" Clo";ln~<II. induced (30. }l ~£h~\i8 I1f sc]r:..o~'I,HL~i.r;<;d;!i;"(:!I!"on( i~ 11!1Il,{I-clDl1igi~~. !!lid (IV II Ibil"tiiJU!c 1I,,~~"c!t{1!bic: liqllllid t:O:Y~~I.~ of :such lii!IJiockIHil1!i li~ JU). Bul 11
~I I

RESEARCH ARTICLE
d il,'f;cl[~"S~ s.m:'!l ideas has 1l00t been l~o.'<Sih!J:c \~!i~'h pro~ll~~, in ],i~I1tly d9jJ\...,g C~~llrnJ~C:ii" f (If e;>;<In~rk:.. >1 f>1;;l:iulrnrd dlAiU ' im;Lg~. ;1~tlrolilgh \\'C~! 'b«;IW!5:C nci~her t~c ~a~·llp..aec eleeuenic slrue~\In:of Uli: IKG :;;'m~" nOr!!il<ilt nf ~n ~I].d~\'idlll\,!! d~boo.!*, 11m ,[I dir&lt;;'ii!I~~ l;)ri:heU.::ms ('''IN
1b~ ~kh;. .n~1iflgcl; (I kl:,lt;:II'y~~'l lID, ...uitaMI;: iI11llllg~IVgaL"Chrliqlll.(_-:.; !';xis:k;d.,
'.~ I~I~kr:'t"![Jl!IIld

or

roWi.troP.;;I,! :<YJ1U1l1~~1I)' br-c;]kin,g i~~~hc mime! ing

]!J"11C'lTI~ (J J).

Th~

I~~\"r

~1fOiPQ.ll1ll~ ,4. 5) !Qr

Ujlllll':;~ i:!Ilg

I[)es,ign QffA~tudii>es ilil (~uIIN~DI'[o!CUO:Z(!ii! ,:;IIilid i!lr~s:~~DY'O\zta~6(U,~Oia*,a.-' ST~\I·b.~'>{;-J il'I'Qa ;)I.g,ifilg .~ligh.t ,,~ppc<ir 1U~,1ti:'ipmrJ.ri;Jr~too~ iOHd~ diC!>ll 5i,J~~~ .,....,Wi(<;S" BLHt dUd!' ilililg;nl:ig is rrdi.lgha

I~,M~V~l:t !c11~ro !I~ th.ctlllt.~iiC~I~ t1[)I1~l'nlti tlrl1ut. ill (·a2._.t\l~1:"c~IO~ t::!,

SL\Ppr)(nilm~
0I]li~1~ [~1d

:;ls.ym!~l~~1!)'U'1t;;"':-'~I~twn~'" pmi~'~!~'~ a

~hC'wpm{1l~'~OLI02, IlI~n~rn;,1iybc~n
clil'l';u)'''s!~tI..'

,m ·'e.~~wor·

~'1ot:B.ldli,; :mll,ltiml to plf(j1J.k,-m:-.with :;.j,mtd:rrd dNl! r !m~!g!ng because Eqs . .2 ..m,d 3 h;lv~ .0Il erucial
WI;

(J.J) or'lh,u~ i'l~J;rrl;i!X'!l~ 1J(1"k;~'U1 1[.,,\"0 ll!lmaC'~il1g ~r.~~~tl!ri~,,~ tlwrl'ugHi 111C Jpi.(_'! orbii!!'!!> 1tdj 1Ltcl'il. 10 a dopmm N ~~+ ionrn!lye~~lsc

pf'o.Ir.;:!.i~.d.<ld'!r'OInw,g~.1 f Z{.P', '" <1110, .J\!{ 1'. i''") in C;1,I!TtiH

Icrun~,or

,dk4i Ul;: th~r,I!iL'}.~ I.he [l~I.1Ih::-I~lTIg

mr

~,

tt) ~

Iff.~. +1')
1(r.:. 1")

~~,'C sec inum~d!m,,!y rrom E¢I,I I~m li~1.:l un· k~~m"'n dfcc~s ill tep.;:} .are ..u ('~un(:\.':k:d Olul IJy 1.lm di\jjz,;u!il!ll PIAA'"IJ.'ii!i, 'Jh~~. Z(F. r)[l!Ild 1?P';, f,') not ollly cmllrnin ilID!poO[i1.~llil phy~caJ

illrorrn:n.iml

(4, 5) hut, tu:dikJl.: iV(f. E).•ere also

exprc:;-sible in temrs ofnnc'llsumb:J:c qHllm~l~es only. \I\1c .~mvc 'COflfi[l1neti l.hm,IJle unkmrwll, ~a.cI!(}I'S f(F. :) JI,'C ~f'l(kx:d C"l:1:IC:C~'OOQUi iJ~ Eq . .4
, see
£l1!jllfIoCJ.I1'!m:lg

ol~~iln~ leX.l. arid. figlll.!CS 2~

To address Ihl~ matcriel-speeillc theorctical eoncerns ,J4. JS). we h:wc d,es..~gll£\d a sequence of idc]r~l,cal TA-iul<lllling experinmC-llts ill~\\Jo rod iCllHy dHTcrcn:l ,cuprmcs:
Filg.4. {A Ollila D'" III mllp1i of IfilJal·C(CH:am:ll)y·IB1ll!2:12. rlespe~thl',ely (takeon atn$O mV fmm lIreas~11 Ute blue [1:iI0'.x~$ Qlr Fig. 3, <: and 11ll}.il'lu~ fietds. of l;Ol:eW (A,) 5 ..0 nm Iby 5.3 f1mand '~Ii!.) 5.0 f1m by are 5.0 nlilil. n,~ bllL.le! bl»:lls ln (!!I.) i'H1~ (D) ]ndic;ate ,alrCI,U of f:igi, 4, IB arrd C, a~dl fig. ~, ElIliId F. respectlrve!ly ...UI: nd E) Higherr·re~ol!utnlln R map '~';Iiitlhlne!qUlii'i!'[I~li!f1td,omanlil$ hmn Na-cmc and [ly. , 81!22]2, r~5I,PeCliv.ely(bIDe l~uEls ,o~ ~ii!!l~ ,i!1,A al'ldl [)). Th oocatiol'ls (If the (III ,aiiomsare s:hil)'i,'1l'!l as ~~a(k crosses. ((alld IF) (o~s;taln't:<!!!rr~W!t:wlJ~glrapllic ciffiol!,g@:i 5]li1IIult"!l.~I(lUi~~Y tak$l with f~g+ 4.• B <llfldl ~ r:eSiP~[~ij'i!'ely•. Imi3igliln!1l untDiUOlll'S ilue ~O 50 pA. at M}O mV .a,J'ld (f~ 5>[)pA .alt 150m". Ihe iIl'I ~Ir't«lr$ S~rJltIi aOOmk i()CClt1(1I1! r;, !.iIS~dJ ,als(lin Fig. 4. IE! ,glnd IE. llhef~(lld~ (!If \ii.~y (If tlte'Si~~malges are ~holWl1Iill Fig. 3., Po and IB,. as oran9.!i! bOii(lls. iFhiig• 5. d(A) Wr:I]~50 re~~e to l· e o ,ilIDI. IW m'lIll'laI:l),1l'!IIIiI@(IlIO;Z ~[(!newhere ea(h ,dlt~'V :SIfledtnu'!'! <1,1tI1:~~mral(~ ,of Fig .. 4,. (and F" : ,a nd51hOllWll nln~n!1l, S!B, is mea·
~!romgl'f U ndeljdr)l~cd C~" I.SSN<lll12('lI 02C~2! ,(N,I'CCOC: cri~iclll [C'!llIl'11C'r;;l~!..Ire Ie ... 1'~ K)

(D),'.,B i22 ~2~ ~ As indliclII,,"'d ~dK~llIl;Jl.i~lIlllyi'l'I A g. 2. B <lind r:,lht"y l~fU\'C compk:ldy dilT~relil cl'ySlat. lo.gmphk SirmC~lIre, chcmkfll cO~"~lil.lle~u.s..,fLlild dO;Piillt species and sites h~ Ihc tcf:in~nmtol!, I~u)\!;;p.\ .y]ng OOHV1.J(,'ll the CuO::! pl!ml~ ilnd I.h~ ~ stM. lip. N;}~('C'OcI~,m~ :sing~c nLO::! lay~r II mld
Bi~Sr2;[)Yo2(:\ID~r;:CU1:G!i+g. ~:j K)l

A,
if
-

'! ,s.

:2
"
,
"

.. 'I

"

"
II
-

I
,

l, ,,
,

o~

:$ur"€d. Spoctra ~r@ mfH!s,l!rOO along l'quhlal.ent lines laliel.ed I. 2, 3. end 4 'iJil ba~h domai!illi lof FiJg.,4, EI end IE, ana Fig, SA (8) Difi',erenlial~UfIne~ing (On·
dliH::lant~~pe{ra ta~i;!nl;;I:l>01'19 p:8ll<1llel ~il'll!:; li1 r(I<I.:I~hi eqUliiv· ,al(oe;nt dolmain~ ]n Na·CCO( and

I,
I I

,,

, ,

, ,

1
-

-t

, ,

I' I,

II
I

...

r:

:1

Dy·~~2:212. A~l :s:p~mtrg:

\l,!!W~

1i.l~1'I l!nrnrid~nIiGjt jll!!1Qlikm w:ndlaiofli5 (200 pA,. 200 m\(lt Nl!fIiIDm (l'l'o 4) 'OOfi'€sp!i):nd 1'(1 trali~(tl)'rie~ wh~~ lhes:e~q,l.I~n~l!~ 'o~' ~~{',(tra \:toere UI kenl. L(lc~tion~ of th~ tr'.:ljecUJ'ri!l!s, reL~tweOO (he dClt!lai'I'ls..aue's,h!!J~m ~'lwe~!l F~g. 4B (0 II IIId 4 IE. by anOWli.

1382

" MARCf-1 2007

voi

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

RESEARCH AR1ICLE
capped b}' ailcr:rc~!

Iy ~t!1!!N -.tCII 11<l)~"I" mKl with N:;;Itd(l'r·>L~n,>l!,{JJn~~!,!l;i;;.t:ilwc(i :at 1D1~t·<l~il~. s

P)'~~i~.212.h,~'l C'~~O~ bil;l)'(J'!', ~1;J.o'ii~whi~h ~ ir:!{lihl3iO !ll~~ SJO ~,IY~'fI\\\'ho~ ~'lit c~Us uu~d~QJ;o t~li; il1cmtnllCil ~u,ruR!~ ,C'r}'l'i¥i.1 :~U,p~irrllodlJl~:~li[lo!l~ non!':~oochlGlTIc:!:l'ic oxyg~1m ,onp<lnl OJ!to~u~ <I~ IOCOl~~~d inb.'r:.;~.~t.~'llIy !1L;<,!!t ~hc ElLO

,I

and D'j, !:leN Ihe R the Cf)'SI,;I!mm:: ~t~'JoCiITI~Qdl.!l'!Jion • .figmt' 2. C and ~illc blue loa.x es of fig,;;:. D, liP;: i,n<!g\~s R(r~. f" = t;'{iI' mV)~~t;i!_~\I~d ~n;Lp~,,~ r~,<!!~cdm pu~ a C\IQ<ll'l~;;l, .m"~hliJl:'llhe ~111!~~ id~J~~~e~,1 f~!'d", (l:r'J;,~\,9!- .r-~g.~,A .,t~~~~ ~O:!ll.. i!] .!,1Xi~o;;" ~,n~i~~~. P<'-~n;. ofd\h~ lin~ .13:, Th.\l ~,~pt.,".{;'Li\·I,;:ly+ These R nltlps i1n.;: !.1lll1rlccl~ silHi~ar {r!Jpn.:~t;mi~lg Il!.gh 'fA) i~l lli!ap~ illdi~..ru,xl by l? in tl,~X~U!'G mdti.bi'~.rat iil~~'r Sf1'1uiial tk'I[~i Il> IIElIIl 'lh~ arrows are pDL"'Ci'5dy 4a.o aparii mt~~ocP~"'L'Ul :inK! ~hcir l~lat1.:'d surfaee [O.l:mg!'ilr~);';i: th~ ~l;;~"0l1 is ~·.at ~hc perimeter of <II sin,glt<: Glnnmin. ln F ~g, 4, j\ ,nut'll o:t' Ihi;ir (;'Jllt1:;.:o;;~ ~~~"H rOO:!"l fC'lllIll1.;"S amI! D. ~~lul.'ip:t~, p,u.II!'d. "lao-wid!;; dor:m~i!1~ rUIl

9"

layer. TIi~n;lhrc,."'H ..~scrt [h1U TA- hrn>'!,gil'l.!!l ph(.':i:iOiil.'CIlU [hill H re ide!]1 irn I~I] t]l(:'5C n'o'o miuucr.i.. J s lli1.O'li III be 3!iiCR'ibt~,1.0 I.h,cir ,onli)' conD· ~noi1, larne'llCfi:::l~C -Ihe ~Illii.in~ie cl;~clroili;e smi:e~ d
.~ of dtc' C~O,\liJ'i~al1e. i.Ire Aiool1lllic"r,@sQLutiol1 'mll,j lti'agill1lg. ~n F'~g, :2, B and C. \~' sho., s:~nd<iI1d ,r:;LI'AWsllCCIIi3 :me3.a ,~urod under :ld(nlOC,al jnclion oondili(ll~tl O!:~ mndom !OC,M iouls on the sl!ufm;t"£ 111~i'~"H:'CO'' 0tJ1d D}'·Bi.n 12~; mlll~~ (,~nd''!'tOl \,\'CIiC "~w!~!li.;'d .. a :)It 4.2 KJ. \1\liuh,in E < 1O{l! 11f!~·V.,I]I~)I beth C'xhibillhc C'XI)l't,':~cd V~slm'~ dllell' t,':!\;'"n<C'!'oo ~m {£ = tn 16. ft U!W';'i.pctwdly. m hi~l!ci' cnl.:'r;W(lti,. ~h(l :';!~TU.,~ i~~'ul)l]~ :;'Imaia ~ \'mill ion ... ~Ulhe [1iJ !~~ t .fI,d,iJIg ~~}' !l!trn~uy u r ilpoI.:C \1!(;l!"C !}b:;;~[\',\,;'d i~l! Ita b{]IU~ um:m::1i ~lI~S~1i'Ul~'C C m! be seen V i\l.udly m the .I!e:ll-.l:nlnd p(:rimCh .. ~r Fi!!',. 2:. Brund C

t)~(;:~lI!ri!lg

w~tlli~

1."Ileh

C'r.d ~jl<lqU~lh: (FiM-

1./q,

from Iht' llIli'Lli'ni'i ~o Li~e ~OiIl of ~acf;:h ifl'iI!I.!li~-

or

A~ lUOl:ni;c seale .. we rhcn 'sec an clcc~'ronic snncrure C{lll."'~~ting of a~I~!lg.h clcmCl~~z;. i~o d strucmre, in To 'i,!"'P~oro]~lC ~~ .. ~u:1i mT1,1allll~~~li:!li~S. or ~h~,~C' [rib,~~~1d [I diMl:rdcrcd I~!\.hio!l a!io.!1g.bo~h ('m"J() p;hcllomcn:!,wc' USlOOan a~o:mk: .l"C'so.~uli{ln H'R d·ircctiolls.With in this I'IIL::!Irix. arc eml'll..'ddcrl4ull'mIUlI'!' spatia II~}I ]m<lging 1?(.f. I..~ Eq. ,..Jib, r wide tlll OCI iroc~i()m~1 regimlS or ''dom;l!i~ls:' 'FllCSC 1'i!\."C·OllISC !.hC'}'m:tt: Ill'ft(xilic ~lIO]~g the F~Jil'llre 3, A m~d B. :iiho~'" ,ypic>!il ~(III]11J".gI'l~')h~c domajns. ilnmgcs. or~hl,.;'OI('IOInld BiO~'I)'cl'l\. ohr:."L:illC'cI by Io:!~g axi)'i, aPJ~e;lr 1$1be ()rdC'~oo- RC'if'l!C'iL1.in~ 4f1U" wid~ do:r'Ili.!~m .of lhis t.Ypc :II.IL' ZI,h,\I'ay~ Urrl~d(;,f~\,'~W;. un cl)I'nJil.~nk lIl:tI.,~hi.~h vutun:r,. of d~ltt'litmal. (;):I!Llld:un~ nloll!;!; one or ,[]lhcrClI..O Nn·C( 'OC ;)IHd By-Bi211 ~. rt:,il;peCE i\,,,I),, niL\' dil'OOtiAI't 11~~1l'i" the mn scnlc~ tllie c:lt~coroillic :n it!<righIL';SllfC,1J,1O\I'IS in Fi~, 3A inc!k'3t~ t~le locHSIirILK'IHOC ofl]~('S\!: Iighl.~)1 hO\I:~-(klpt'lielllpr.fu!c:;, I iQ,ns .0 f Clm~)I1i1s, lhm mire d ireel~Yflb{J,vc I.he eu .'IL10rn1lSnn Nn·CeOC 'WhCl\.ilS thos.c in Fig. JB Il:rea.ks bOI.h e" s,ym.mctU)' fLltd lrnn:sJfloim~.'IiJ ilildicatclhc Bi a~om~~tluu 1lireobov,e the !L'u S\}Ilmn:n:y oftb.c id~,~ $qlmre crysla~ lattice. J:n Fig, 4. A ;!Ind D. \\'C: 5iI0\\' hi,ghc-raliOlns ill IDy-Bi2::! I !, The dark cl,'Q£HI'Wpt.iJ ,uc'" giom, ill 'Fiig, 3A lttl! the mni,'<sinS n m.OllJS and. iu [lCOO!ltJllioll s~udies of ~'qllliv:llc:tn.dom'lins II,rom. f'~ 58, ,a'Ire di~~m;..::d l3i flll:milS alo~~gnnruo;hnaof' Na,.C(,,[)C iLifld .Dy-l3i2:2 I 2. rcspccllvc~y (at d'LC
1')1,

procedures nonualise [~Ie lmegrmed dOd!' OiU1!h~ pesitive sklc}, The: eorre,~pom:ljl1£\'arimiolls ill Ti\. iI~djcaW' the: cxlstence of inIClto;:C' atom ir"'.'>C:'d~C varimiom, in c'lI!CtlXll:lk
{because eur

or

dli:ib.ul.UI'ig vi !'IilIal ~y idcnl:ic~11 i uuC'mliii. :>.tn.ICllir,~ illl ~Lh mli~cr.iillJs.. \~Ie- next C-X!imin~~. in, :ritl. 4, B Ilind E. ~u: intennlli ~~1.ruClure0 nile dmn~,ii1i!l; {a!tth.e boxes of d~;;~I:tICC, The moS! obv[:o~s:l!IlJ In'll~bl)' n~O'.i>t Fi~. 3, .1-\ ,muJ B. and Fi,g. "I, ,A mad [)) wid11 ill1l~rt2lnI ab~rv<l~imlin Fi;, 3, C and D. f s 8, loss iCicm.i.fi1;;.nion of :alma tc si~C$ 11\.1111 :;hnul'.Lthe 'Iopo:grnph~'~ Fig, 4, Cmld F.I)(.~I,':ICrtthely). (I r ~d~~lmm:l,niol1a~ and 'C)fJl-ro.,m,tiol1<11 lC'.~I ~1~'{'Il~S Wi;! sl;"Cimlltf.'{li'!l,~Jy [11lo.1l the Pl'ilNlj' ~Pil!ll,,1. i!'l\1!JI',i,mocC' Ithc~I""~i,d "lIi'''L~g,;,:mcn'_~ [lof clecin [11m Lt' ~fUlC!UJ1C' ,;;r~ the' lIan ~("dl,; tht"$;¢ CITI.1(i!ii '\mrIDtiO!l.';; ill thi!' nlOlgl.-l ,,~nt'COll(:~!larr~t(ld !lO~ {lit bC~jl~ \'.in.i!II~I~~Y i!1d;i!~l.iJlgi!lli~.1[L1.d{,un N;J~ TOe 'lhJi.l('~ 5:u'~fi, bUl rather ou ~le' 0 ~~h;: \'" ij[hin ~..u;h and Dy~Bi22l2.h is atse evidcnt Fv~. 3. ('U-'Od u l!om~. Here! the (j@JniJ!~n'l>!l,)'1nml.:!H), 011.'.;.1:> ih ,,~t'IJ~g~,'cl'l~!:.d i~~C' a I :>naf1 ing .n ~hc..rnl\h1 C mld D. ~hii!lIh,(.~ ill~~~'Jn,yl h'UClW!fC S ~h~\'lC IH'b!.:;~d L A long lhir- <b:.i~... aro a li~l~ of U,XY Mi.:n "dOll111~11:;::' a" \'Ii'L,;'11 ~.II': Q\, ~.r..l.nn1~ul'!'h in 'i'\<h~'Ch ,'~~ sil(..">, 1L;!lcl~ \'\.'V~l~!] a hf.!.:ri-.!lnll~1 C'u-O-CI,ii blJVld dlC)' omJ t;llnhr;:ddcd, r~1<11U!!1S rl!llrfht~r l;iI('llf(lt$ of :lind [In (~~h:ubil.ing, higi~ R" nu~'vertical Iline dl'ClJfm:li(; COlfup1c..>:il}' 111Lh~ ~tQ;rn,ic ~C8iIt.:; .. CU,-O·CtLl b®n!rll·ce,!il1!elrre<dl el.ectmlil~:(. gl~as:ll !abe.red::!: Is. the llne ohocnical CU:-JO"·CllOOUids: Inng-.rHl1:J3IC :~piil~[11 ell'det of lilt)' kind, N,:vc'i:'il:h.~.I~:!:,::iijLOOOfIii.:Jillio:tl mml,~!\il;:'; .. :ihu\!f.:,;,nht'it th~y do :lUi\ c :il~orl-rnllg~ - 4fin >: .;kIt! pcriQdl1e:cmreh.llion.'>, w&aerc (~I!I i~ Ilt~ t'u·O-Cu

T.~lc R 11li1lp"t:Xhibia. liO

~ro.~n

.or

with (iisp!i!"rlilil 41'1o'"wid:e dOlilllilli DIS. TO. \' isu~li_ze d'LCSe: SPf~lial ~k'llllCJ1~Smore clearly •.wi:'mkc the Lill) IlIldl'm~R of Filg, :;. C ~Ltldn ,~Fig.3, E ~md

Ih,cSCOXygOl1

dincrenl

sites exhibit law.R. Tbus, R is very For the h.Qr~ZOI1HiI Cu,;Q·Cu bonds
~ end l~leVCrl.ic<l1 ('uA)-t'u

IMI1S'\ erse hJ line

li){lJld~ a~ont .liil1c 2, even thOL\gh IheM!' bond s share a Cu m:Dln tm the' lDl"'lrner of the ssme I1J;qIJl;lU.~. ·n~ !WM W.~r!~C<!I lim: .of ClU ~1:O~t.. aW:Jiy ]rolill (ile: ;[1L.xi:sil" .i~bekd J. and Hille <I , ~I'Im~Cnli5:lhc:line ,pr Q(li.ygcn Sttes IlIm. i~lalll Kl the right of n.xi:s I. Th~ :iiOqwm:;c or hor~"'onw']
I

y,,,O,,C'u bond~~ ,Oll[)n~ linc 4· cxlrnib'j,hl a 1I11~· tOCl'.Iml'yffJ'w ft Th,,'S~ p.tIIU.c[11S ,t'xn!ihul. lim~rmi.

Filg.

,,_

6" A. 2:59n1ilil- R ma~; nil ~GngF

Imlsllilaa, rr.:~

_2

;]1:u:DI!II.~lllC' n iC'a I .Ixis I rtlt'~1J1Uirl~ w ohm.the vd"mh: t!U,llMUI'i L~predsdy ol;(~owick \lIie U~IIld.dle.~~ lunimxilll.~ drJill,KuinsnnriJll R nnl'l,p 1IIInool1ml)' disper:\odwil.h cqlm~ IProoohilit), of orh::JlWi,t:ioll aiong Ihcl'>\'O Cu..{) axes (I:jg. 3, E and F] and wh'lll v~I1IL1<1l1y idenlic:::d snru'C UUI:e in. ooth n1iili!terr..Is.. .t\ 110tCWOro],IY obser\'adon :hon;; is Lhal d1<: 0, shes wilhin (\l~..(·'ll hom"". even nhotlgh symm:cq.ry

~S~! randi!J~ly m$triiJ1.dro el.eCilrel'iK: variations oUhe (iltO·Gu Ibond slate \lliith e~llal prob .. il~lily of ,orr;elit:a~ion ~kln9 '~!h!!tJ.\II:l' ClIl"O.axe~. File eu·l) bom! dir@ctions iI,r!:! ~hm'llmas pairs I(II~ (lrtllog,onal black oil nr-o~~. lih~

riill'l{lll ,on:i:er ~sapparelilt

uyskll1ogl1'Iph iicall>' cq;u iV.Jlcllt.mt:'i!t;l ,elco.;::U1OJlrrcally ineq,l.liv;:dcnt SlalC$ {F~gs. ,J: ruKi 4}, In,gcncml. Ihe ~ura~. ila1'JIJ1;,Tcn1C'Jl~Sof Ih~ ·y·~a.1 oond
I.

~~,utl;.\"ic1>I1111.1i. o ~.~)J,l·a-,mgc n ordC'~~ Nm~"'I.h~l~ss.

nh(;'fl,\" ;>l'li'", >!;~COlr :shOI1,.;.U';Hl3ilC Jl1;kr:~.kll)." '1~lw~~n ol11,:m;S!;"qlll~mt~,11 \'~r! t'C.d !l:r~mri7.'~!II ..~ C'1II.-0~['1I bol1&~!lbJlg ~II\'crtit~~1 [I:>ii~ can ;"B~I:bii: in the

The f)redomilliant pe-ak~ ,ocmr <lit W~'E!' !fIl:(~g:r~ if - (314.0} and ~O'.3'(4) the pe<li6at
in i!lnlits: 2:r.mo' fO,li!liIg:~ .alilr(IiI~~, ,itl!nilil

ins~ '5h:(n~J15

Foor:i~( U.anSif~~Iill,

,if _, tIil4,O) and {:O,U1l,) (ll\Iue ,:u-rO'i-~~)ar@ WIN~~r. Atomic peall!;[; ij ." (ll,;O) and (0.1) tll'@YI!owni by ~ad;arlrmlJS,

~::LfnC slntoc,. \.vhCir~af;the (_'tl·O"'t~bOJld~, m. 'Ii)W 10 eilc!l. ol.hi::Ii and Shilrin!!,l a C~lmCf Cu iltOill ,:lfC cl~clrollikalliy :illcqtifv.dcrll. Mo:>!. lliCIlably. these 1"1\. imag~8 illclicme dtM the CLlpr.ite e~c(:lroll ic ·'cIu.,>Dcr glllls"," 1~~-.11) :i1";ltiS from ~p.il~,r..JI\lnri'-

:JIi.iC!m~n
bQ:llQ.

~lt!

e~ectronic s~ai.e'or each ('iII,-O~Clil;

A~;O fi;ili(-Soca ti! IIf!Le,(~'rQ Die sllrluchlilreiilimln mrli ~he4a~'wld:il' dOlvIililihws:. NCi'\t •. we cOllsi.ck'r the t'flCI'gY diC'J~cmk'ncC' {'I f cicci ron Ie !ttn!ch.!I'C of ~1~ dklm,li r18,in fig. "I. f\~I]lp~l.gh d.lJd ,v i.u!l<l:,ges <U'lC mll ~~~n"i1' th~~d ~. 1'Ip'lli .. 1 ;tmlif.l_,gC'!11~I~l\; r or LIDOS, i!lcl~ '\I idll',ul dlld r'~Pt'iC'lir.t sliU [;L:'~llill mrnl.,tlilp,h:y~ie3~ iiil,fmrii;mtt ~t>i'K,d~lIy ill the

RESEARCH ARTICLE
cn~rgy value at w!lkJ~ tl:ldl' h"C}'1i:;m~r!Cl> (IiC'C"1H", To d,Hily the 1[H;;''''I~Q!l)l, ~~!,,~~'rc the O>J.n,g to C~I (l!"hi~,I~Si~~ C~O~ rhmc, nf the ~.ftdJ' sr';:!i;:~IfI[llI~l ~n~a!\tLmd C!~ till!;: SiLlrr~~~ll of .r~g-.iI,. C :lIldP. w~ ~htliw II :.;dWllr!;m,til;:' ill Pug, SA, The dHd r sji(;cl ra .u"(; !nc'Ii.~In."d ;dOl~ cq~li\ '~!~!"Ill!nc;s. !.!bited 1,:2.), and '" i~! dOI'll,lill& of fi£ .•l, B boll) <!I:l'idEo .md Fig. S:A.lli~ Illili~i!oiif!o;;tm la In iJ 1dnn,g

iJ',t~r~

(Ir c:iQl;"lmnk :liin~U!rc N" ~n~[l,gi~~g lfit:ll, J,4, 6).. tr.m~~:r ~1bW!1.. ~bj~.i~g..ro~~l'Q~llp;ud~y 1;:(I~~~g~lr.~ii~n ~- h . . ..~. ~"pt;:c,(~. if d~p;[]J]~di~m,tI,,~r 1~n;;do;unil1~lk'=". ~~Ir bCe1LlI~~ of variaiions il~ t~!~cJ!ootruni~ :'~3k 2iI

s,~~!~1 ,;J;Vra!lgcmcllt$

v!C,,!oo by TA

mw

lq'iCl'icnt:i! an ~:l\"i.ti~l,gQllp.oJ:lt!H.Ul)'10 deteemine !he il1ll,."Imli dcC'~nmk' :iit!1!!Cl~!'C ef' a 1;;1!Pr.J!.tc ·~Ifi~~i.(' {Fi~. 4J flJ.!r~~i;'lmlfliro, ~~~,ni!fo!,l; tlr dit;l o
~m~iisit;nl \.... idl,lht; "ch~I!o;'r"ph~llOI~.W· t ! J. '::)'-2S~,.[he 4(1(1.'\I~dc d'L't:ut.'!lilic dO!n,jl!~n.<; ~d~Ofqlrr.~~.'Jll c",cdk'!~1 !;~!"Id1idaile's,'to. be ~hc ~bkIU~IPUS ··(:hl~[L,.'!"8.·' of'!hg; !ECG ~!.1~!e. F:illillJ~y.out ~~I'I1pl~1~I!jp .¢:>\hil'l~1'~~W b;:ltU(1'U~
~pt;,~[f
b~O~{1gy

cm:h Cu·iJl.!('1i.! t)[l!ncl Shieh a ~mnd·OC'4!'L;'n.:·dell;l;';·

s-

lint~rlilbc~ed 1 ,~lJibd4 ~ItC l1ik.cn ~fl ~ ~{-qIllL,"iioc tW,'oi': fil.lnfillli'OKyg~':Jil s.i!Q;w~~1'i IOllll"empty s.ir,,""";i; .iul !tii0lWQenl. \\Iho;;:i\.'a. l.ho.'>C.aIDi~~ lines 2 and 1 are !ak.Ci11 II s~~,lleH~ or ri\'~p!lallar at cower sites wilil four lI,,'\;.ygc~l ShiCS in be~w,eell. In oo1Ji~

or

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W!i,dI n(lflt~ g:rry ~,~.Qtl;£\lh ,octhlr!n ...tiG!l ~o ~~~8C gJt!lst!D(lhi~ r!!li I~n,; ,(if'), H)·~;,ut;rl!I!~~1;:!i~r1 of their com~,u[i(m"" ~'t:ral J3MCis ~lm,"'¢ bt;:t:I~ ~hu:tli:J, in cxhibut :;,~b:>nmlliia! Iy l noC'iJ1c~ls~d:l!.IIJ~ii;t._ j ily ~", 60,'9), Uffi'I,lcvcr, l~C: l~yp[ldl.!C:tiI.~ have nOl. I:n m!1ltrri!lst 'to, the peer Ipl,a,stli(nty'~fla,t is u~llIaUy o~servl!d 'ilill bulk metaUic glasses, sllJpe,r plastkilly is been lill ~y'!;'~rir.cd. m~tImctheds fur cO:i'ltiiia;l.~ irrlg <IIdllie'Vedl all morn ~empl\ra~lJue'in ZI"ClllNiiAl~'Yflthe5ized t'ilImu~gh '~he .i!pp:rloprilll~e dmi!:e of 11!!i Ihe fo:1TI1!lliorl. ami evalutkm or shedili Il~ilnds in, UIIllJlo:~ition iJ~ (~.Iltr<lnilligle~a~tij~' nm(J:lJii. MinQ5t rudur'5 "1m.alysisindk.i3J~es tlhat '~!!l! super 'P li3i~'~ii{ B.MGs It'] iitiJj"o!"~ dil~irr~a."lic iE~ is an::i:i'~~ui:lbulk liIl@talik ~!.sses are 'Ciom~miedl cd ma:rt(iJ regi,on!S sl1lntlll!lIId'@d by s;oU r'@!Qr]on'.i, which '~n'<lb~!!(h@ ill~ ehaHe.i1ge. . Ig ~asses to 1II1l1dl!l'igCl~rlUe' nl '0 f mo re than 160%\, This~; ndiing lis suggesl~'II'e Q~ a so ~lIItjOIll to slra~ It w,m$~tt'I~ly 'u1ildllml 1.&1e h)li!!;)lmc.~ the prolble:m oir briiUl.elnesc5, ~n, and he ~impliG3ltiom for ul1ci,e15ti3lmliililg the defol1l1'i!lt,l0n rnaehanism B!M.G~ool·It:'liine,~ wilh p(ii.~:5Q.'i1'!i. ml i!.'i \' {J l~.t'\.. ,of, metaUlc glas,ses. I<l.uye v is oogm'dcd :I). <til Lnclica:tor 'orthe r:iastic

S:upIB'lr' Plastlc Bulk Mle:tB,II'ic 'GI,B:S,Se:s. at Beem lampslr,atura

~bml!<ltt'{)n {I rrllm

11;111'11£: SiJ.C1Ifbands t~lm\.gl1\)lJ1.

~llIllllc is needed rul' ~mproving i~ pia:,ticit}'. bt,.,"C<l'~ ~C~ oond ~on~T'jhlJl~ to Ihe p~;'IL~I~~i.'IY

or

f!i,ldurc:~:iO!1f yaiu!. ~i~ Vl Hn\\'¢~ ,~r. wi:~b iI~o ereasi ~!g s~l\:lID!!\Itlll. r!:IlsJ i~ic)' i~ IIr:nmfIH)'redllo..'ti.

Vgl1 )llU'C~I§th Jla.~ been

;1IlJd ~,~,IS

<I ~Ol'!;!. .5~'~~ldin~ -

ohjL,;'A;lli~'eIlumHl."tI in 1!~1h; ,U1d ,~Ik'lj"i'o

oft{;ln

"L:OJ! i(;,\ I;iJ

cllfOIi.l£~,h

niL:!

Thi. tre.td hrlS IlICc;:iKt~cln, 11aJtoe:rysr.\'ilinlelj;lel'~L~ i lli.ltd !I!to)'li., which dli;sp~!llY hi~hly Ii n~pi't}\~~'>d ~~:~rugJ.~!fu!ul \'~ry liulil!l,_~ rllai~cDc d'cf(lml(U~ iCll] ,~l h
and IJ'Ibu~k 1~'I~ll:lllic gJllS:;e.~ '~BMGs.) w~lh eemplc~dy diwr(Lcl"Cd. 9lm'll1li.c s.hctures. HMOs. ~'l~I,'VC:strollglhs .f[ppflOi'['1d~h~1llt~IC IheoM.icJl limil. ,t - YOMi'lg.'s 1'II~Od-lIllUS Ell 0, (3 )', but tblcir plmsticity at morn tetnpcrnllwc is VCI;,I Im\', In I.mia'<.i:.Il ~en..lon, Ihe Illfl."t.lk ,o;!min is :nCiJu" zero' I E'o~n ~! ~Kl'croomPJ.'!<'ssiO~l. ~hcrl;!i,';,!k ~lu~i1!!i~l p.1Il1!iJl.~m; ~till "1.11)' limih.xi , _%,1, 'i~lIl~tun.!!l~ium :i<h\;'.tJ·~oc;da i;t:,lIlon ,utd w(Jrn:'i()Ih:~liH:!il.lui:k of pl.a."'i[icity .~l1nkC:i,HMG~~ pmn~ w t'~m:\Jtmp:V!i~ jf;:LitLlru in~ lond.lx:;:ulillg ,("(lndli~ioll,," <l!1di ~.j;I[it"~ Ut~.ir wide .. _~pR,;'1KlIJlilllpJk,m l'olL lll! r,~ ,llso h il1del':.p,ro1;:i.'ie ,,"cilldy 0111,'iiOnt", rilll~m{;'iJlUnl iSl;lIt;i\. ill :!;l1,1:ic~ ~lI1Ich oN dte d(~lhllolllmlior.Jrmx1lmli~m rIIncii Ilw dym:ulltcs of plili:stic ,dc(omlfL'[Llm. h~.wllk:h Iilrwc plf15lichy is l1£lId0d, for tk13ikd m:mIIY:'>Il> (5), .P:lrllSlic dcflJ)fI1~fllim~ of lt1cmHk: .£Imsscs [II room lCmllCrntlll'C' 00;; LlI"S, htrlougl~ tile fo.IiI11illio:n I

b<l!V~Cband is lcealieed ~n hUl )Oh!"',~r b;uKi.;::. "]lhC'roclbre~ bri~tl~!1(l:;ti: i~ ro· !;l."!'l.l~dl,,1::0. ,nt il!Qrill~k::d~lbe! t~f ~~llfrallC' gla,,~!l.'M. i EntU1~"hl(a\'~~(:n 1J1:l1ik U) ~llh'llt~X~ Ihe pJ~~tDC'ily BMG!i. but :~nt1lll 1(~C!];:o;OIl~lk~ fuhri~u~i{!n!.I:l' 11MG {'om!liQSlk"il (6 9).11. it': ~~PC'ClOOII11m ~l'lc

ami

C\'O~I.!Iion

or Sh,~1'

ehm'3c~cr {I Fil BMG and cmJ~d 11'~fCratiC be tq,~d

as ~Ilnea!l:'; or

id\:'m~r)rtr!g kl~i~ p

Bj\i[l!'

(9).1iI ls

id!.".lt \V,1L1,1\'Cr~II(;-dif~;•.du(:~ik'

f~.(;l;~\:«1

and ill hriui!;! Mg·bnll~~dllMG~ U 21.

or

ill. f'(~~ba'<Ct:I B~IG!> nlw'[di&:llilay !i;'ruS&fl\ (;1: from brilL~"; 1.0 du(G~il: b~'h:JIvior viII tbe ,"lI:H]I(O.1 of ~' ,II J). F'u~'chcil'lYl.o:r'L!. il 'MrS also rOim utlll19l clast ie

,I~ \¥~II

13M(i (91
.l:ll

tn.

Tio:

I,

t
.t

Cl
.r-

fig
600 1,0(, 750'
81))

TOO1pem:tulfe (K)
IFig. ll. (A) A.ff,~tfmily o~ 'C!lIJ~r:t.em1!rv .ZJr{IlINiiAIBMGs h (I\b~ilil~ilil the oolil'lpO~itD,en range! (green gifeallrn thf'(l~ 'Ciomp!)~ili~lls t(cird6 lal:l~led nw 53,), \.i5O large'if l1~lgtwe' t(!l tl1a~ olf otl1,eil' ~(lmr IPo~ili'llniS h~e 1jI'a!I,gf!'~ vOir theZr(uNiAl BMGiS '~vithpoor pla:slidty (Jlr,e lfI~rm"~ly around 0.3.65.). 1~(Jr mhie rtlpresenltati'll'l' Irml1le'~ BiMGii~ iind!ud·oo~or ,oompalrh,cm. {B:} x~ilJ p\ilIUems o(tlri,e BilAGi5.~nl the r~riif! of '$dIilm rotis ~h(Jw 'flO (lFf:n~b. ,t:]I, XRD s!l;aulNin~ ,,,flg:le: aJ.I.! •• ~lI'bj,W:!1lY 1lj1l11l'S, (C)~SC~!i!fV~S; eixhi bit. ,distind. '9laS15 tra Dlsoit:ioll alii d II:fys:l:alllilifl;i;Qnt, mnfli rmingl ~he ,~las,1>~'lIa.ture- Oil the ill s-,clIsl sup er l pila,~tk BMG:!l ~UIt] ng ralte 'i~,20 KlIiTii~n). ..

InMil.ute of PhpiE~. Orini!se J!u!ll@my lOOQ0,6!i)." CJiiil~.

,~r (iem:~~ 5

,~i~lI1g

"'1'0 ~~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1fen~e illlIOuI_dI be addlre5.'Sie(il, IE',rnait wlilw@<!pilyJpt.y.aCA:D

nne

REPORTS
(If metallic glasses SCJII: 'Ij,\'~ah!h,e S3. figll!~ lA .~hO"\ll, dv: uue stress t~!C' ~Im'ifl curve Q rs~:;:md~h.Qfi(il Q{" S·I and SJ <Ill: ShrlWl'l in \",'c~ght1X! ;J\'crngqs ![Irt~o8~ QFUwir 'CQm]~~~l~~ {14,1 ll!\''l.·,~'h~,lh~ d~s.tk:m{~~1!ipriOl\.'Lde ~1s;~Ii\J! ~11'!;in.",,"!, SiQ11ibr [0 tl'~hlt,;riypij.~<lI a.M'w..., S:]., S:2., !lnd S] '\,'.Xh~bil iltB~ti(: ~tr~ci.ll ~ lirnils of -~%bdbn; ~Iill~ddill~ Ib:rD:h~ d~"\\~lorJl!J;:nt [)fIP1m;:i.t~BM.(is y.Lddinmg Di :1';13.3, l{j90, ,tl~lcl I~S.~ MPa. Itl'$pt:t'. W]~'i :~~ \! by 11~~ ~:]lipt'jl}I'illDC choice or iht:~r ~tvd}'. 1iO\'!I\C\Di:!'. '11l.c<ryvdd~ng.!;h~Il1llllcfiaL~ .dis.· Con'f'lm.il Kl!l. ill IhiJ... qll,d}l,.. Iillvaij.~y o~'Bi\l1G~ cf.llr!!i:;l'i~.ing or ~ rlay slltaii: ow.l'B!l1oot,. ~~ i.~ Oa('H obt:i('rv[;-d ~n ~Upttrp]h~1 i~ clL'J:OIfJ:illill ion il! 1J1e' 8l1!P.'I!t~t:M.lk-cl ~iql,llid cm'l':~l1t~n!l1:11.11 nl¢~allir: OO~llPOI:ll,'Ui'Il,~ Clh. Nit Zr. Slrnin. ...8~ la~,1li> -i,(i~/fI! were l!Irid .AI ~j1~obl:l!l.i~lL'tI. TIlmi!Jjgh c(}I,np{l,,:ilio~~lf~1 :O::r.:Ht~ (15, .Ill). Toi;i~ gehi.cv,,'(L A,,, !} re_.,.U~l of :.iJehr LmC'n~~ dcforitilmioll'i. l.:.h8i:ll;l~, \,'11<: eUCllll~ Blv]G:;: 't~m. have relative I~ 'It 'II:iLllIc,:,; nd di~~b}i lin ~lJIil~hy 10 lii1lIDtt'O' a d'LC'UMG rods were 'OOj1~'PI"l'S.'iCd il1lfi flHh:s.lfd~
COJl~Ol_n1;S

1imi~hJ,msh~r

'bmK~:il. lHcl!!,tding

flf1Cl1llli\ml: :'l~e.1r

Mlpc1'P,lrLstk:ity-likc

:;;udl J.lS AI OJ!ald("l~. nm.:;,;,imlUTI! ~'l!C:lldi!lg ,1U~lill~ 1110 \v:inqg.~ik~b;~lW: ~n ~ l!."'I~'i!ldOO The und lUI~k;!i.~ (krt1rn1,~in!l. "'PJ'!m~ht.,.'>'i '90'" in btllhlUidli ~'iIJ rb1.(...., SWl~h 1~~~l'!cr'~D li~~r:.:,iin~\'(;r·in(;!f(,.'<Hsil1!il un !I!~.!:ll t_k!-J;:It'C.\1 ,l:;Irpli!!."iIici!y .<JJld fk.."X.ib~1 w~\re Aft~ true p!'l!."IUC ,.;lfilin ·of -I(~" lit)' a high i.:k'l""ily (;fr l'1l!~"<!Fbands I." fO~TlliCd tFig, 3B)o, 1i1l!!.':BMG~ 'lfC~'aW!::'iI~'obll."li ~~~'(i BM'Gs in. u jR!~x''l'CC!Clk'd i lor h,~w~','ol\',~"d inll:! 'P~~yc~~I·likJ..:l :pwu.'l1'1l' WiDh l:iqllDid .n :hi.!lJlh.iI!lWK"r.ll~llJt-"'~I n s!lK'.U!lb~,~di\. $~n.' ill_g,:1('l "gj[j,iulbolJ,ndnri~!:-;.'· As. shnwu i'L~ F~!!l. 2A. Ihe 1l('I'\,~'SIDl,'SSof S1 ~n1(lf:~~(l ,[!!'diBks ,,\'!:fi::' also tbund, hlll.UQllC of Gflerca&cswiil.iI inere....:-;in'lg suain ,~n~rucss s mhli!i1ln~.Jink-d ~IttlilghdcroJ']mu~i!ln to e::tLIS(,! speeO\CJNillt'!OI. I{[lYwc\l~r, iitc' D-~upidinen.'fu.~ of now il1m~11 rrn~lLiiC. n(! SMG::; seem m dclQrm iI~ I) stress ('!\I!ten stlranl:l. is ::>~O%} is not due 1.0 tlile microscopy ITEM). and :Ilig~l~rcsollution T.EM 01 RTEMl. Elm,tk:modtrlJ:i or Ihe- BM'(js 'WI;!i'I(!' SIl:aidl.1ll9fflening.Wc eondueted com~~i"Csslioll rllo:railored by me'.1IJIS or an lI~l,rm;J('flliiC;method tCSI$, lm S2 ;l]ru.! ul1itom:lcd .[t di lTerent l'Il'i~~k l$.-0-1). The llamr~c:swi!h ,J ,~1!lIgcaspect rauo or sn::linrs, J\sshm';'ll in Fig. :2 D. !hc ~1~p'1C'S' h;lI'J\cl, ",S:~:I!:x1o-'1.s,-' 2:~. were cW Otlll of [Ire as-cast 1~mm I)nlils, lor like Sh:II:lC'im:pliCl': th::llJ fric'lion occur:-; a~ the CO!~[;;!!tl ~urfW;;~OOl\,\'l."CI~ d'le' !.'i<'H~p.~ ,md ~hc ~! iaxiul COOnl)res."mm.~c~a:o;. n u.mgstcn carbide platens (lKI. The ni'tction \'\lo~:ld Aramil)' or qururt:cm my Z'I,'CuNiAl BMJ]s was obtained with ~hc (iaJHIJ;O~ilions shewn in increase Ibw s!ress. ,c;spccimJly inlhc law Sf!1lgc of ~l green a.!W H~' f,il@" l A .l\OO1I:s,tiC measureU: dcfomml!(m because of thc:la!l!.C iacrease of tmllj;.\'l)T:'i:al 'iro<!. of th~~[X;'tJm~~!l:;mil [hllS n,u; ~lC1l1~S~how~h~t some (;o:]llf/!l'lsil[iOl1S. such as decl(."1lscd :l'L'iiptlCI. II":11Iio (J 9), iI1!~ hlllrdll.el\l'i of tile lrililll:!l.ClIls:r"'l i~1t12AII~ Z~'M, IlCu~5,.'f:'lN~ 11l.~~!UI~ ~ hctlv;iliy di:lomKid, nalkci!S onl)l ~ligh~ly MUL'ulJ;:'r and LJ:tl:lCu:13oJNitl.SAIIIO ijlmlhcled as S.~" S2, an'!:! than Ilm~.of Ill.'; ~1S-Cfi$[s1lmple. liilliggcSl in!!l 1i11~1 SJ.. re:S~"':Cl~\I'e~.Yt (~"'hibil.llargt\r Vtl,luc;';,or' v rc~mh:e 1.0 Ihm or Olht'r 131\i'iGs in ~nl~:$COl1lli only IjJ~lngilNC' slmi:n.hardelli:ng Ot'CilI~. GOIiSIru.· Sll 90 120'1501 eo P'OlliliODD mll~e (rab~e I,. Imowever. litcjlr (tcnsilie,s cnl w~lh prev[)ous. W\Ofk lJ~h?2'J\lh~' dcforl'l'nal.ioll Ir!I!E! SIrn;!!'I (%) (I r the: .BM:Gs; also c;",hibils Slm.in~l.c ooJiCUling arc very slmih~!T (Tob.k: 11)"Figure ~B simo\lI'S thm ~heseHMOs Oln be (:<lstjuw cl.lIkdy eilassy !'Ods amI ~mlltcd Ik!iW bellm/kill's. Un ~ik.c ill crys;tldlinc metals, d~sloc[ltiollwllih d i1l1'l1C'tCi':S Up to .:5 UlIml wilhmn the o~ Il'LCiltal~d de: rOl1!natiofJ is, 11m. ilvlliiilabk: In fi'l'viiGs, scn'mionl or ony O1I;pp.fLre~ncrys.1.'.\1IJiuc ,Bragg. The Imm<'llt:i,on I1ml C'\'d I:l~.ionof s,hear bands, are ~ks" Clear gilIlSS, tn.nl1sc~Lonis IlItd sh:rup Cl)'stll~~hemOlin P,ifOC>C'S:S\."S :<lCiCO~1 thai nl,for' 1,h.erl:JisticI iZiltion C'\"cms <lJ:1i: ~,,\lcd En the DSC~i1lOC'S it)' of B~II(j~, C'Spt::\ci;(!iI)!,m h}\\ICml~el<l,run;;s. O",i:g, I 1 col1,lil1lnill~ dlC gl",,,:,,>' H;)JHl!I'\:' ofillc CTCClOCl!ll:l!Hi~Qpc ,SEM,1 Ol1z;;~'V,~" BMGs. 'fhe tllCJ!l1l;l~ 1~;:r;mnlCI!t.'fSare 01100 Sl!n~~ Sc;tllning dQPl~"on Ihe .spcl;'.imen f>urlln;1; aa:cgh'l."ll in fig. 3, IIl;;llrJ;":~-d in T~b~cL Multiple I;{lmpf~.l5:;:i(m. I~~;;; \'!l·'I.;'I:l:)p'1.TJ.Qm1Il~x! .figll:~'C 3,A slmw:'i I WQ !n~l)tl~ant 1~·<ltWlf\;'l> hhc,~r n bund" O1ItU11!.;" p~Mi(:: slr .. ill Qf :;:!,7'y.... Firl'i~. tl:l.,; .1L!~'!Imnu'DClnp~I1It~II'¢ un COmIJ!l.lIS:i.l.itj,.IfI:O; 10' 'S I

ddQml!1l.io:n behm,\'iol' fill The ,1!,;"'00J1I1i(}m}~ Jclb.m!~:lbillhy is ,;]Scribed ·~o[he Imll1oge~loo~::: and OOnClIln':lll ul!il!cI~ti(IJfl lli~dl.woO!l,utiml of h~gll~Cfl~1ty ~heolr bi.U10t'l Ihmllght~llH Ihr<: ·S<lIT!I~~,whiQh <l!\': (O!~~ IPo!lyd ofh,lr-d .",,~gi(ln.<: ~\I!'WLn~cl~ld:«,rt r~gjol1i'. 'lEI)' -.m~ BMGs W~re rfCP'lh;d b~' ,~~!t m~~!in.!:lmh~ 'PlU1i.!' c]!C~f!e-nl~lI!mfc~' a !llui nloo AI' atmGspllt.':I.'c OlUld iJl sill!! S'i,ICI!,VJl1 aJ!,St"!lg i'l a Cl!~n[}ld.TIl(.; <1I~:rnlrfll1(DWI$n~~u~ of I.hc· m1-ca~1 m.n'o~'$ wa,..; :!IM;:('!~!Iim;d lJy ...·r,IY diJfl1lctioH "XRBl. diffi1:reUlial :;;e~uuDl ing e,lhJrD mL!1.ITy I DSn with a ~I.c:iling r.:LI{~or20Klun iUi, 1I1l1.bsm h,su(m ch:~I.ronl
rool1r~ lii::llll)C;f'3t!J.llfC.

2B} w.i.thcilIt nilC!~lfil1~. ,,;J l;an1.1!ler,~rhe nakes UI;! I is, InmlC' Ihan ;; III In ,md ooutJ be r!;',;~lirLllad~cl 10 ia:rgCl' );i~. rlfif'i~yiuSiliS~1 l1{1w!!h:inW of (iIe BMOi>. MOf'OO\ er, Ill!.! BMGs ceuld be Ix'~n imo dl;,'i'irod :Jmpc)1 tPig. 10 s~mili1r III Ik,xih1c !ncI:.~i;t

'I1mu~."I~ Ihrm~d in di I~i;!ren!i!\:'4;l~QI1S IJ\ en at d mh~i!lilii:!1 ~'"1.i'I.g."~ or U~l(lp~t'i~i~ d~!:OrH'l,: .. ig)ll.lti!i:ii n,.":iu~i:;. fton~ !lIw. illh;;rn~~iml of dw s!I.'1(larb"tL1d:;; lhll~ ;l~kr~urrol,mdl~ngstn.",,:-:; liL~ld~miid ~ril1f'! !II~ i!1Cn'"lS~"d Toc,1I sLrel'it,l, ~V~~ (J3l 1.0 onmpCal:s.[te ~hc sh(l;lr ~n[~dil1dllL;«i !\(l.rku!illg UI) .. :lPn..'n_lllltt~lids wouM 1,;~1ITy 1~liJt]i(.V pl::isuiC' slr.iin. a\ioiclii ng IIj~ OOC~ilf("J1t~a.f c[~ra.'ilIDphiC' liJltC'. SL-COitd. dt~ snU:"ill' balld::;,fliIJplL'f1r wa,,,..y, The jXi'iookny ofth~ wa\'~ h i1bmJlllte 3 I1iln;w~lkh i~ ool1s1~tci1t w.rtl~ the s,~ olflhchrucl remtm1;" in Ille

nc

r1~

tla:;.'iC~. In addiliof], "villi£:likc shear band.'i. were ~bl'lllcd!lICin,g nbc ,'rim1!!1)1 ~~~C<lr ands (b~:tr.;,k. b
mo\~~
ill

rig. 31\1

011111e\'CH

W3'1,~~'~~",.;r:1T bands ~\\Ihi!~ <l1'ro\'I.'l'in

alImg dlC p:!X'llImll!.!fC fig,. 31'\, il1)1~'l).

~,~'L;

I1ILand @hilstn, conilI! Ilt:s (E, ,til? shl?!t!w m:Cld'uh!l.iS G, 'th~ bllilk rIIodiu'llls K, <! nd v) ~~a~l!Ir~d by afl l!Ittr,asQ~k I'I'Ill!tho,dl(i(,rrlihe Sl.lp~~ lrl~aS'tkBMGs, ~nd a fe;PII'I~'€'(IM'~~ve I3MG Uf'l~!ij;~'~ :ZrC,uNiAIIBMGr) 111 lh'e< ~!I1~tlil IEUM.G-rorming ((Il11lll;loS'itl'Clnr l',arl1geil'ldica'led ill fi'li. lA tln~ soown. 1,h~ range or wIwes ~or v o~ lili,e ZrCd'iA.l BMG~ with poo, Of ~.]I!I1IHedl j)~.alitii~ity hll~he (O;mp®,sii~iO"'1 range
~'I?!t!l~f19 toe lJirZ~)i Kilrni roll

1iall!! l'!l:1. G ~i1!ss~lI'aJl'lsitij(l~'~~~ lleraU:!r!: T5i, (]ry:sta~li!i:;a.ri!!'l!'! temlP~~aUllre r:o: ~(lbt~rn~dlb¥ 0

1)(

at: ,a

is fm!ill, 0 ..3 50

~(D

rOr.H5. I~ den1\.ii~)t
'f~
(10

IBM/G, :ZrtiJ.,w(u uNi1liD,lZtll:1.O (51) :Zr6ou:~,Clin,,,~Ni:1C""JI~tltII'I (StU (S3) lr 6~(ir,il:5;5"Ji~1Z,~.~l.ho Ilnolile':5,.Zf:,s(tl:uNlilJ1~~O

l~ .elK)

IgJ

E
((l,P'<lI)

Iroom 'l~n1;f'er.aIUlr~. The ilii$e~ sho~~s lhQSi~ of 51 and S3.Th@ S!I:rall1l fart6!imlpoiS'Ildis
;2 >i: l.O-4!l:-~

t~tedat

figl. ,2:. (A} Trulll .S'tre!is-ilnl~ .S'lralil'l mrve of 52 ~Qr 51. iHl,d 52 .and S xl0-4s-1

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(gj(Cim'l)

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653

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74~S 74$

6,649 6.604

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2.8.,46 2$.·f39'

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106.6~

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53, r,~sp«,ti\lielly, (B:) ((lmp.r~SiOO ~L1IIf.es!(l'f S,l" 52; al1dl S,],. () 52 bent ]l1l0 diU,e!'rEnt shapes.. shOM.rii1n9 eil:QepiITIllClil dt11'~o-rm," Dl Ut:y. I~ID) $:2 d,e-o (I(lfmed '~I;! '\I'~r~©Y:s, fll(lm~i~l, :Strt!~fi1$. A bl~r~1 mil,pe Cii'Hl be ~Jl\\ern', wl1k~imp!lies thi'lt hidf:on Ibel~~~nl th~ sarn~le and the p,t~t~nl~ocnlrredl.

1386

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
IDIl~)jC<lny ~r"h{lfl1lqgQllO\1'Jlll1!!lru

profllS~ amll;ol~CWlfl1l,':r!I-llhe;If~.lal.ld rrnnm!~O~ 'l~'l}, ~~!lthPl,~~h !hlil p]~~tf.t; ,'l\Inlijl~I" !~<lili~o. Th~ ~~I~ R~:,l'ilnM~ ... ~l~i of ~}'::l[{LL'i, \\ih!,):n;: pliik"liic sic.ti~1 is loealiZl,1cl: ~ll slip ir}' of lh!,; g1,1L'1L<;(:'~ i!h their ~~n.I~!U!t'. TE!I.~~ w iL'i"'¢~lig>il~Oil!i! We're P'(rlOnn{;d io OC~iI] lh~iF mI'ii.c:i['Oj;,[tllletl,lmJ, rc'~l:lmC;:o;... figlij'L:: 01",\. :l\llOW:;. lh~ !g.ng,hl-I'icklilinlige Dr '~je a:;,.-C2il>l S2. The itlo:S! nl.(.'IJj}bllc,ei~l!I_mctC'risik j:. illlHt tit\: BMG ill CtiiW~ p~ed or isolated ~iar.k znnes, rnn!l,i~1~ ffi~(,}I1~2. iD' :$ ~Im ill size. Ih,u, are :>1J1"II:(!!un.dccli ,ool1timmu:l; by brig hi, m~C's. whiCh are abmn O.s 1,0 '~ ~ml iu ~'\,I dLh ~ volume liTIct L\!!11 of dlC' bir.igln ~(lJles·is est ~m!.'t1XldW be -I ~;(," The s~r(u!g 05nlll';~l ind i~OlJlI.:~ lhm Ihebri,gill 1;.01101 are thi nJ1(V lh.~~!~h~ d.ut O!1i(;"i'i..ilfIJ).~yill1~ flhignet ~liJUlinjjllt,~,co~~l[h~ 'lC'lri,ghl ..;om,~ ~mdcr Ihe- ig!tl be,ulli. which OO',nll!:' fr-Ol~l d~\.!: ,d iflc-wJlc!(l ~n m;'li,\l)1-IO-'lllic:km.~$ can-

t~'m:01Wl

4C' ;mdl:ig. SI) bu! oC<lnnO:l be lo(mc in a conv~n1i(l!!m~B MCi ~F 4D'j.. in~Hcluing Ihat III~ is
nQ! "I~ ~~ijlht'~ rT1;l~n "r~
rm.~l1J!:.

v~-

A possible c:q~I"'lf!mit;ln 1'('11' the ovi,g:in ef Ihc

OOrlCl.llfNn~ imcl hOlnQg~llcq~~ r~;I:lll,l<!!~in!l
Q!;Il'ii

(If !i;iOjl~

lIlamp:~~ '~rt;;I~!'<II1 im~,

in otder

rumu&

T]!", ~L:k~kO(~~t~,1 ,dc<;:ilun

cli ffrm::i;on
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~l~af rnu1d&. "'m~ '~!L;'!lpq ~l~~ i;'."~tr;:I~1g d~l;nm. mili.ly.ir5 bl.1~d ~m ~1~ di~,in~li ..'I; :;,tn.i(,'!JlI~ ol'lh~

lo c(H'R"hllc

Ihe e,"'IX,LOrdi!1il!,), plastj:c~

.illborh bright. and dnrk :;!O:il~'S~ut':huJo rins;;.. oonlTInuing the gla..~"'}'m.l\lrr;;in oo!h zones,
N n.~!O!o~"S of pli1<l1~ !lcpaF.it wh~)c:I~ O\,."l;:U~ did
M!

BMG,," fh:l2' ~,ihich llC'gill

0!I10!llic:

~l~ur as

:sm"n

I!I:lnbJot!ln,iliull ?lml.t~:. 1.?7). l1cgjnn,'l where 'th~ kl!c·.d

u~u~lIy on lh~
Cl'i,.:~~j~tl;ho\t: lilly

1~lJiG~t:'a,!~

V), \,"'1,.~rc obt;t;rvlld. The

!1Iii3tyai;.;

:'i;.-m)'

~hC!w

sLib~Hii1tililCMlrp!)~iliO.i1v.tl:riI!11inOll

id1h~lh

r the OI.;'CtII'fCI'aCC (j rphnsc ~ep<iilibliUI~(3) (ra.~. Sol). The demi 1t.'<I ~.rnClure uf the brilllhl, mH:.I milk :!ioilll l\.."Siolls,~n Il M(l~ and cvolv e into :;i!c<J;, Zf!l1.C$ was slso exml1~I1c,d ~ mc;ms or:~ IRTIS~. bml(ns upon l'Qadi nl:!" COr.IScqllI:!Ht ~)<.. lum.lcro~ s (Fi,g. 48). lIhe lt~l:nilOll' 1I.lrn'£l.i'ke 1~;:U.lerml w ~tilQlLt .ne :JlCi1lr-b'.uld nuclei att! fOmloo cmlcMI'rcl~t.~)1 ill dl!.': regi.ti'Hs. H(~\:veN'l'q:, ~h!.':)1he<lr~b.jJ!!ld l1L'lJllilg..'l~ an,' !CryslaUine In!1g:~ which aJ:\.'! typ:uc.<"ll fcaturt!{1, £1r ~!<l"":.C.till 00 ~~~,clc~y (~hi'I,!'r..~ctLI",,;:;'!!lum.cml.id !io,l1wo!JM 00 im,I~l)d1,'d ti:!e ha~'d ro~on!s'ni:ll b}1 In;Jn{li:u!d~Il:!;I1:itu~ '[01,;'-"1}; nn I~lf; 'I~-!,.;l~l S11,11X~r Ill(!lMi(: in~~wn~"C .d!~nl U1.(:1,11it}!Jo;lgll!.il1g dirot:'uimlNwlcl. BMG:.1 ~hQW ]h.u ,I ]';W,.!;C' nlK:n!<uion or ~oml~!l. :l!.';;sil1~~· ~nlC"'U"'~l~Wlda!ltiph(C'O!!~ L'OI1., n re,-.ll:!it~n~ in Ihe liI."Qt!j!iJ.>d. Wi· !~nl,;'l!rm~ idc>:Jnicod d~pth (50n nm, ~\I.. vel ike O'!I~I'C'~!RUll(:~of ~hC:8h!.':l"!.I"liNand:;; ,md b (iO~1~!ldingl(l an i~~~I~nl:i)Jlio~~ of -4 "'!IH~ ~h~ tb:nrnl(l.tiau of ,,~'ij!~g!lnd:s, f~w irn(lU'JlI..cl~'mll ~i;<:~ U'l."il pffidll{;oo by dl~ ~ml!'ocdbl]~ily or!l;II;llbri~h~ Ix-lwl){lI1r UW S~K<.:JU; lJOJlll(!S m10 Iwro If!;:giQn,~would ;t:Qm,.~. hcut) ~d,C'S iL,~,~" OC~!,I:rw W.ig. 4A). Sjimrilur (t'il;l. SJ ~ whi~h ~mliC'''ll(,\~ !;it~l!gth 'ilri.J1!.io~~ in cmnp\1mmH~ i.h.\: soil'irt"lliflg il1d'lI(:',,-~d b~, their !llkr:osntuCl.u~i; are O!QSl"Wlc'd S I ;Jnd S3 f!"~,. tilt' ~a.~s~ ~'11~ 5Irucl'UI<'I1 slw:liL,.'S Ol)llrl1rnD the rer
(I

b:d.~li.m~[j,dark ::IQjl~:..exdMtlil1!i, IhC'p~t'!ihl'lily

~allabk 0" re·mT:,~n.gC:li~~.nl ~W.~i~d ;!O;~~~llIl1' ~i1:t1;,';!oj~ ~~!~\lC.~ Ihe nlic1l:MnL1l1~nl~ [or IItlC' :;;ht~r~E~nd~. TIlt :ibilii.y 3 regi.orn to uml,,;~o ~, ~h~'..>;jrr tm.u~l>~Oml1t~ton. depend.. on d'lt: It'tC.III~l'irlicilt~i'ilClMi'C ~l'(v~The ~ihCi:lr Ira~'l.~jhlml'ltl~im~ Z(i~ occ!1!Ir 111:'Cc~'Cr~li!l~~Yin. [
!ttn.I.clun;;i~ undi;:r
!lUI

or

!iOn

ChCI11~Cful .O;HldtjO:lnpos~lif!oi'l3Jlhoi'il0g.Cih,:iIY and sil'l_gl,e gla'>:S~'1.11I1ureC!lr ~K' BNKis.. .1ioW'Cv.£:r. tlilc rre:fcr,e~u:ilr~llhiilllii1g i~dIe br.igh~ zones jru.!uca~.~, dUA t~ll! bright zoacs are !'<oncr t&~;m Ihe Wi:rk. zones or th:l~ Ihere a1)C mueh .nlOrc 1l1C'ml:l~!ly mt,,!~b1lc nlonlic-~~,e open VOllVilIDi cxiSli~lg in [h~ m~~rW!lc:;;, (:4.15), A !'O~m~Jr i'1lru.cwml R:,~· .. uee ~llL";;also been found in Pd-bascd IBMGs (.?6). \iVc sU@g,;."5.~ :lniC'rostl1!..lCl~Irc.co'.nlposcd or hanl a ["C.giOll!S sufltHl!!ldcd b}1 81"111 rcgto,ru;.(wi~hIO!rg.cr V,I]\tI."5 or v], iu jhe ~\I~f pb...;;,ic IlMCJ!ii,. '1111; :;.1 ii.!ilIU i~~C'nt"I~L' nlC ffhu::~D(:m nfttik~ :!ioli l\.';!;lin.lls i:ll wO~lrd ;]U~~lIIDI1EV SIQ;l)~Y "'I~ihGI!lII. Mlb:i:l:tII,mim.l chrmgc.....In ~)¥emll dlL."ri.';;ily l)6), The rchni,,,'Cly

~bI1i11~lto (,'fl. The cOlUi!>'lc!~e,Y1Jc1WILICUi LI'K:\'!9\1~ ui pcrio-a:id Iy of she;,'lIr hands ~n.1P~g,3Amu:1 ~131 of hml! rega'DfL~ in Pig, II 'SuJ'IJOrts the IISSLlilllllti.Oil.

!3ccJlI$c~hc son :region:s c.mnlo:t CJ!lTy ~nore' plJ:t'iI.i;c ~m<lill. IU11hcr pl;t;<::llc d:cforU1;u~ ion h[l."!o 11R1(lccr.! in hmrlrcgim~s, SO·~h"H more ~~I:l!ll'1 is ic-i~y ~iH :!It;!!i!l,,bl~. These ftlc~OIN i~,:!ht~ Ihe- Bi'vIGs ~'VilJjl ~pcr plkl::lilidty. lIRTEJ~: o.h~f."\'3Ijoa~ do
IKlt re\'CllI nmlOCrys!iiJ!.b, veum ]u;:t[vi~y dcliol1l1cc:I c ~b:kl.~" Thi!'i im.lic.rb IT~m d'tC Sl!!pcr p]a~li(~ly is ~ot '~~\.In rmr;ll~hC' ;5:rlfC.~illdl!.Dttd mI!lOCI.}ISl<ll~· li:t-'.'luicm f~1J Ili'l'lllld in mli!l;'r' BMGt; (29): ill~IC1i1cl, il i~ .lil1irirtliiC' r:mp<:Dty- AIU~·.liLli!lgoHllL' BM(~)); an

IJcIO"i d~c ~fL~:;;

1ll'tI.l1$iliion

T{,;lnpemUiilC'

liImn11Lti:-

I!li~e

\1

v81ruc of Illese BMGs." which

\\'1li>

drncr:-

mined 1:1;0 till ililu'&'i!.)l'ilk me~clOd, ~~.[u1'l~ndicruor of the ~~j£honccntrmiol1l of SLId'! open vo:iltnncs, ~n c the!' ,g;!:iliSSCS.1I:I1e (jIucstiolil 0 g~ves rise ~o Ihis, d ~~~iflcliveSlmCll!I3~ 1ic1:lU!l'C <l clmitlcngi Ilg subis: jcm ~nr~lC' rlillme,

r'''''~lat

mUy dk-:erefL..es dte fllilS~tci~y.llCC3li~C tlrlC fLnr-lcll~· iil£ C1Ltl i'CilmVC' ~hcm1illmy till1st!iblcflloi'llj.c.sc~.Ie !.1f-,..;::n hlrn.es~hm exist :in lite soil iiCg,ion.~. vo docreasing lhe rrnclDon orllle son .rcglOhlS, ;and redm:il~g v l3~~",J I). alii tire o~her han.eL. he inuodll~do:n of~, h(gh fl'OPIll.i:m,jQll of puccxustnlflg

IFi~..t.

(A) l'EM,i m'd~1! 'c~ 52

f1~~~i!)lnSS;lAm)lJIM~

Ily b rigllil't IregiCim (co nr@'sp'(md~n9

to h.al~d a IiIcd soH rregi ons.. n!sIlElIL~ Uv,~lyl.ilnlo'iihkh ~Iome SiOn re" gl:!ln~ were thilnl'leo!1i into lholes. Uij HIR.'l'I~ ~ma~ws. :!itUll~'iI mllZ,f-' l~k,~ patlemslhat
glLa,~S]f .flartur~
jin~et5 in (IE!) .alnd ,(1m sht:l\1I StlEili] p~t~m:;. II'nbOllhdi!~k aln~ briQilt regIiom5, HIFt.TEMal'ild SJ!!EI[I pat:~emsare ldllllfUiu[, hn,,~lyiF!g U1I1:It: rw 1Ph:il!se' 5<e'pillr.flUorl ~)(!!:lm> 5jimi.l[lf simcwr,es ar,e ,1I!:sOrCiUllild ]n 51 (el'. IH(lwe!ie~. till'e mu-' tines iUIl IiHlI ,obseli"!l\ed im ~'Ol'l~ 'ioI"~I'IH(mllilly briilU,e 1~,M.G5,mc:h a~: ZIi'~9.~.~C!J!~'~.nN~;!!i'III~~Al~l;). (El').

shOl!i!i!1gd~rk

or

(~i'1'rinlnl

'llll,e'

BM~:s,VhI!'

me'

Piig_ 3. l~@ SEMi 1111tlg,e'.s;orf ~h :!ililll''f,acl! of 'alle 5~ :~p@[im~fII def~riilll~d'oo~rlQe 'p!astiC:st!1'3 ifll:li -2.70/(1 {AJ' 'iillfld~15,9'It(o(B), U!SP@il:tiv:!!I.y.ih@ snMr b.a nd~, in, (AI app€'~r ~1,!a'!i~.aJi!~ tliie ~~iIIgti1l ~I the \!Iav~ lis umpla r(!bll! to !hat orr Uu~ dark regions, 111 fig. 4, (All arid (l~n. Black ilIrrrnlli!! ~l'Idkal'l1'\lI'ilil[llj~e Sne[lf !b'~_r!(i~, NlI!(/&i, :sh~"'r"!il~od !lIu;c;m. TI1i~in~l ~hQ\lfS wingiikl!!5Jheaw 00 nd5: tI ~on9 1~1! pr,e,maimE! WilVY
,Cllilies; (ilI~m\~).

REPORTS
,~h\Z,;wIbml~S ~,"'n drnmmktdly inerease plil£i.tlChji rnem or ~I])CI" 1)I~tic BI\.IIO", as h V.!!lll"li'x.'r(nmwmce of!3MCis {J2')', These g\,.'%\!lt~ ~l1t1l1n d~ill <! MI1I.IL;tll!!ro! m~.lcri~l" in Q~ her 'li:;nm'Vn Of tI!!!~h~;I'''\ln "tftl:!!;Mill 1~~tll!1';l ~",,~h~ ~~Itl~ Qf llil~ ,~~q]l;)r BMO-I'g<nniI1g {IUny~ ru~do~n an area of[~c~~ pkt.jli~i'h}.~f iiJrl~BMG~ mld !hi; 11Om~~(;nmJ~IS o1'l.md1 fi.Jnlt;i11,~lI,~11ia~ ~ppllk"d il~lPOruulCC_ ,md :JI:lld O~}].lclUID;.;.nrtmlrl~~ii!Onof n~~uh irl.e ~ht:lIr mlfidi... ~hlTOlughou:~ 111:(;'samples is c!'uci,d rar the Rer;erei!lce~ .uull, INotes: i'!l'llim.Ji\, ~1'Il~Il~of i"'1a,~!.~cilY BMGK.. in 11. I, S!:h'iSt!. tL w. J~t.t!UI., ..~f,r,~~ 3fil, 0'll'1' ~:i!OO:3)r. ni~ UflUSI!II,;;L1 pl ... "ULl,;,ilt)i~ml 5~I(;"d~i.ghL o~ tI.O~'IC 2. lit S. ~~rnilr:"H. V. 'Swjg;fn'lMwel1, s, SlJiffilil, Alta t.~am;
li>l'il,it~ M lhe I:kfGllrlllllliOn anW BMCh. stich fiJ;, uh~ d~ nlllt~iel> ~Ia."~icd!!lurnlllalkm (5~ We itiiCfL.~llm;.-d 'llr~e c\'Cil~~ !Km or sh.em·~baltd ~"Paeilfl.~ d winl:i il1.c~asin.:l 19. M. ,f.!. O!1ilr'al<lmbi'*s.. S,M. iGo~. t, ll'II.afl~SDO~, l· G. WiJliiffi~,. 'i\t ~~'11<, I, o!il!lr~":>6.. !l(l, 3:375

~lJl ¥. I!Aub'i,. f. G. it.llf!Ii,Y. yO:!tlirn[~. It tMu~, ~. Hi~:l!!~t

Rl)OSl

Inr.~mMl.tif1 :10.. 1911 (M02), 21. V. 1(;, Hvrll<!g~!. l, ]i~, Y. u, !('l. fii!f;fl~:5h, J. Maler, Ref. :I,}, 144112002), ,22. 1i'!I" J" 1!'!'ri!D,1n.. 1!Ii.5il11'i1l.lN, I), tlli~ Mbll'f. rf'Qn~ ~:il. 1M2

fllllclillti,.;:nl111
fi'!I.t'llit\:

or

or

3- Ilc L G~~; Sd'M~ 261', :1'1<1" (U'.'>II ~. It. 'Q'. l'iiimgl Y. u K. T. Ralrrlil!in,. ], U. t C. IfiiJ!OOg~l

~5:a..5143 {200:ll.

~1('IIn'i

mIl

~1I;1 11 .1';. r.Ii

II. was: ft1!i11nli111M'll It 'oo~t'ii:lalC'S

\,>,:idl E via a po\';\~r-I<lw ,r!'.:~11lI.km I d A!1'-~) whoJiC' /,1 i~a rol1~"lnl, and !J - ~.45, \\ h ich is d itfcqx":Ill, Ir'O~l the \"~ll~ m~m~ncd: by d!:;'cleoM~n,g Ih~ ~ml!ll~'ja."fI~'CIr'daii) (hc:igtiujdlii<lmc~l..;'r) 11;&"; ~o nl~l~ 1,0 SlIUib,!l'I I he glil..,;:'H:bmling !lbil i~)'of BM:G~ jblo'mi~~g illloy.~ dlC WpC'l:ll~,ls!ic~~y nhc of BMG~~ .ii<; V('~ ~'n. ..tiHl In 1!11~i, oomp{l~ilion. .i MilloI' devi,~iCi'Jl." in COI'lk'IIl «I1l!!tl-mic %) ea!l! iO'W!botarllnaUy clmll~rc t]ll: plm;;~ieil.}' of Ihl: BMGs,. 111l!' r,r:.:;ulio;indiealcUJml, C"'l'li.'I in [I~ct\~pm'loo

un.

~.m"

BMG "'~'Sl~t." ~'C]rnordinmily plrn51l.C BMGs Ilm~i be ootain~cdI !by d~e:iPlMopri:li.tc cholicc' of 'their
COnlP!G."il:iml wnhlhc' IilSC or lite ft)iiltSl:JJ1"SU;nto ,<;lmK'gy, ThC' f]~'SC'nl ilw'CSIi,g<l1.h:mhas iOcusoo on Zr=hm.,'1.ldBM(t... We c.x~c~ th;;n ~hc !1!lm~y wo~dd provid~ lIs~Hd f,!J.:!i.dC."lill~~S, tbr !he d'cvelop-

B 64.18020'1 ~200U, HI, Diml'du'l:. (. lHoodwlIrci. 1ft lillSar. IW. O. ilI,hk:, Sa'Mff 31l. UB8 ,121006). 6. ]1, ~~ E\!'.{l\\.. l"hft. Iilev. £,m 911, .:ro.~s.o {:.!OO5.}, 1 1. L F.• :1;Mng,. HI. 2ha'i1l!i,. x. F. Pan, j. [)~ ~ Ed;~ A'li~l. ~ .~iil. iI~,~~n {200S~, s. It ~'i. s, ,iije, £. il'.ue-orge. fII'Ir.;. Rcw: tell:. 96, lO:SalO~ £;:1!006'. ~I. J. Sc!~ W,.llOO_~ ~. RftI: ~ 93, ~1l55ct612004~, III IE. ~.~Il~, Mtlil't.;!., 1 f2'OOJ}, 1l1L. Il ]~, L!!Wali'ldooi;i', W. H. wang. :Il L (,ft~rr, Milat ,~_ l~Ii~a:.$. 17 l,HKI51 ::1!2. Q. ~~ng, H. 1M!iI,. E. M1I, 1LXu. ,S{l(p.ra Mctli'l'. ~~~.~41 (2'006). Jl3~ X. ]. 'Guo ,4, G. HiI:IOemC!it., $, J. Foro. G" .i. 'limirle!, ~PJj'f. U!t :e8"lll9tlS, (z,o~l ll-4. \'1. jij. waFil~, I. AppJ.. PrItt ~'}, O'.lJ~6 1(200~)' :liS. !, ~IJ!.G, (:;. !!a~l\aOO~n, W. L ~~I\n~cn Mia Mam. S:l!.
iIIJ_yf, ~, 1[1.

S.

23. ].. £t1U!1'I. tlr' iii, tnr.t.r'ml!hTlI1t:!lli1,8:l',6 ~2!OOIiJ. 24. C. HilgIl~ Iii. MIl~ E, s..nrnidll:i~, F. F~u,pe~ 'IN" UJftri. ~,..., ~e... ,1j: 6<0. 9212 ~l!999)'. .25. O. Silh, It 1:1. [lamikatdl. P. A. KumM. P. A.SU!rn@, !l !'I. ~~~~ 1.· ~.r,e'f; 11'.5;, 19:, Ol'OiH j;2QOO)·. ;16- ll&t1I~~ gt 1#,. Mft Rel'- Wl- 9~,. '14:s.5~n,
(200~).

ROO:U,

27. It So ,!!;r.gDn, Arta ~Ilm.2:7.47 {U791. .213, It F. 1~I!Fnl'lgo, S, (. I~~d~. 11'. A. Kum~r • .It .M. IF~ Il'ItJtlm~llJ{/icI 1l, lOB (~04), 29. M. W.(f1'e!1. ,I!i.. !r!t!u~. W.Z~~~ l Si!!Wl.. i~PIl~" R'i!!!': ~"'. "1l,~4~)0l ~<tOO6Jo. ~O'. L fit Yhiig.; VI. Ii, W~n.y.R, l~ W~ng. AppI. {!1l~•. ~j. 77, 11.14'1 (2:_J', 3L P. IlM,a1~ '1iI" llamamllrl!l', Acr!! l.lal<"t. ss•.U6r
f}OO5)"

12. '1', Z~eflg, ~.

RlliIl~}"

1'1;, Wi!!f!~. #!. L

Gre~;Hal, ,MWer; 5. &:5iil

B. 0, W\lrIg. Ii. T,!In, V. M, AiM:! Mi!N'N. iS~, 2:911!/I!~20OS}. 3>'1- l1~amri~l, ~~JI!!lii1i ~~fJ\Qm!he i\!!$f ~d Ori~~ ~gr~nlll~ir S&2 ]D1'i:Jil' ,lilld :til!!! ilJhii'ii!':!@ ~d!!i'iI}o' o!. ~~ii!Iri'~.
e

SrwPiPoiitin!:j1 QI1I'I1.IfI~ Ma~eln'ial.

~.5C~~rtJi!:9,a!'9!c!lil'c~.enWI.!!!W:15l5:Bl MaI~n~15 .ilIiId Mieililild~ ',l'I1!]S5roCI

.~¢29 '!200l).

:l!Jl... ¥. t:""\:lmUfil,, ,A, Ihil!l~'; t Ma:!UIII!II'O, An./, 1'iIy;, H'rt. ':l'lL. 7lI'9 (1::9911],- IF_ 5;paepen,. ,1Iw t.iO!~; ~5. 'H17 n.91n 11& f. E1-Agulqr,. l. $. I'!:imlf;, A. H. Slocum" J. K. VQ~lYI, Rt!1(. SCI. Inrill'tlm. 16.. 1D7~lnQ8 GlOOS],

'F~l. 53. w ~.3:

lter~reno~

2§i OtlDbi!lI l006: a~l)!!IiiIMi 4 ,1:!jjjjjMy ,~IJ01 10"lUtil1J[i~m~~ IH,6726

IQuan'tUlml HSllll lEffele't in Po II,B IF' IOxidle Heterosmrctures

'We 'obselV~.d Sh!lllln;k~lijl'"-de Haas ~:sd~llalti{manti t:h~ ,qlllall'lUilmIHalJl>eUIe(t ina M~h-lifiob'il:ily b~o-di me 1Iii:510ni'lll el,e-c:trmu:!1 Igal~i iii pola r In W,M.g#: 1'11"".1:0 h!t'l'e'rn~trl!lc:t!lll'\~~g row,l'I by laser molecuiar ile.am '~pitaxy·. The eLectroli! dlm~ity I!:ollki 1be1(Q.IltrIClUt'd~n ill range o~ OJ' x 1!012 to 3.. x lO~'~ per 1 ~qlJla rEo (enlti liI1IetIlr by 'llIIliIirn.g~hil1' rnI<igf1es:ilUm ,(Il)nte,n~in th~ DlilniiE1fS:and: the 'growth pola r~t)i'. FII"Clm 'thE! tl!!rnperi!~ulre d'l!p~ndellicE err 'the< 'Clsdll1atiOIn i!liIiIpl1.tudE1,~he E!neiCti\l~ llilillSS o~ the hlKlidimlll~ms.io:na~ e~ecU'rOnl~ was deriveml .1'1: 0.32 .~ 11.03: til'nel theftree ele'~lmlli nll"~~. D'l'IiIiI(lInImalthm ,or till,!!!' qlll.u~um H1IIm l'~We(1I!in illIU Qli:(~dll! :heh~\N)SbU~~Ure p.rEl~ellil5 the ~iIl~l.h1i~ily' of u.mbiflnll9 'C!UiilIlUllrriInaH phV~ks \'l1i1:bfh~ v"Ht<lli~e IUIn(tionamy of rnetlll oxide!;. ill C;ollillll~ex in~temslnnt!.He~.
.'L wicl~ lm.ll.d .gu. p :-;"".11.j~ {~{mdlJ~[O[, of grow.iing inllip(lrt:ln~ji: .in u:> ildHU]cro dcctn:tll1ics,. an~ ~L" .PO:liCGllifil a'p~1j{';UnoOn:. :i!lel ~dcl LIlI1£i,rr.a~'CfII. CQI1(hiliC~ i~g, (I:>;~ id~ layers ~i1:,nm"l}ane~ c1~spl!ays aOOlrnfilSpilNi1I.

P'Y 1~5), Eal']~' ~~!.S \,'I'C:I,iC (DIht"ill()d in Ih~ n1alCrl:d:'1),SliC!IlS< or SiISiO~ or G~AslAKiM\.,. 116, il HQiwcv(;r:" 'illerdi:!iOD\,~'iI.y ,,)rlh~; .fl'lI!:~i(lIllill
QI-m: (8" 9), the fI:'lcWI~. Im~ been ~'NIl"n~kdW a

~~u \"~l}l

.inc: o;.;.idr:- (2:,1.10)1

lic[ld-e'nbcl u·..,.n,~ilOlnr.;;

~I!I:!lijtuler.o~Materials ~a!W~h.Jcho~u U'nliloersity, iendi1i S 9'80'8577, !iI~~. ~P,RlE51()r. ]0Ipi111 ~5(ien~e allHi Vei:M~.ogy Agi!;rnty. Kaw.iI!JIdn13;~2';[!Oll. ~lIpari,J[RA.m Sermri,ooridlK!Dr ~~pMro_mies: ProJect J!lp1!!1 Sl;:ijenoe .aooT~cIli!lilolClg!1f 1!,~~!fKY. ~S:~!'!d"&9M{lOn }'<!Il'!'n. ~~OO~I:w:r'r~ r.!¥!OO~li'Q]1I~$ and '5pil1lJCIiI~3,R5,eardlllll'!ltihilre !ZIf Eliearic.alComnklnXa, tfoo. iGholl:Ul UJill\ie\r:>il)i. Se!'ld!ai 980-i8iS ]~p;v!. ~SCRESl, 'OII!I'!I'I:~i!fIOI! alild T~mnc~ l\genq', £G<iwa;guu:hi332,10012,

)iI~I'I,

"To WIliDflI f.!ll:lN!~I:IOOidl!n~~ ~uldi

olOl1~mO@Nmr ,0000t!i;L~Cjip(/l,!OJ, itt:Jp (IU.)

mil!! <lddm~. 1r;~5at1@rlll

E"rn~iL:

til'(; .. pin[~ .. ialgnl,w'Uh (I rZno, p;IIn:bi.Cl,IIiuriy in '~~'I,US of i!l> novel cNCilclflic pmp;;rla"-;,,. hili :1~dI1.0 ~hc ~... "{x:nl rea:ll,lll1\11l, hOIl'l'O::-;truC~LlmiligJ.lt~l'I'ili.uill~ dio<l!:s tl~ Slttd!es ofd1.e ifllrnllsi,.; POOll~''ill0C:s of ZnO h",w Y~'l:dcd p;;:cil:Kl rOf ~le prq~Mnlml hi&:hM,llmlily t:p:~Iu.}'\:11> ~I1INin!!;j tligll rnobility mId excib.'l1i:c ~mnjllcS{lcllt.:'C·witlil hng]1 Cijlloltli.LlIln d:i· dene)' (3,.01). I('crlaiul aSfK.'CIS of l.wo-dimen.~I:Of:lJIck"~mn gm;; (::mEGj b~h,l',,'ior in s~lniconlclltcWr helcro!<!.fllUCH!fClll. h,we I:wJen ~t!ild~ed by oh\'\.Cll'Vlli£ the (11U.u1tunl I i,;;J.1Icm.. ~QHE) "Cl 1~ ,vu.m~ iz:cd m ...g· I'Ic~Ol!<L~s.port ao;nmp.anicd by Sh!JIbr!il-;('Iv de

U). R~,,-,n:dll f(M;'I~l,ld

vmil:!), of ulh~r l'I'iI!ileri:a.l1 SyM.cI'I'I1',. sudl as HI,1'I~lITidc:;tUn 31lbd!lJ'3phc!lC (J!).. n.c ob1ii~i'V.mklll, of Sd U os.cfilhnio.l'l requi n;:s; cond idem::; suchas ()~l' > ~:md I~ :> /")31; when:: t~ ~s the 'Cyc~ol.ron ~roqLIt:nc)' equal to eBlm· (where I? is the diUlJ.,£C ()nlhc electnm, lJ is 111:.1£11C!1c: ndd ..,ru1.dm* ls Ihc cl~ffill e~rcclivc lnilfiS). '1:' is dll: rnmcr rcJlin.:atocm lim!l:. h is Plrnnc:k's CClnIslmn divided b~' 21O,A:~ is ~~lZmrnm~~ oonst3nt, mid f5 aboo~.!lIItt tf."l.n:pcr::IH.!I1C', A.luhmlgh ;:','C\'crnl C'J)imld,!!J, (lJddci~ClCI"(lSU:II!CI1!.1-es haw sm~s I],ed t~IC'<C wlldU iOI1.~ 1[I'J~, dlC rQlJEh~, nO'~l)CC!~(lh:;,:c<J:vcd: in,!li!o@ m,~acri,d~. 1.1 ~ow(,~\'t.;'~. QI-I E-f~kc~1;;llCW<l!"l .. ~c,,;n in ,I

rill

1;!I~11,IL~i-]1)cry:in<l.~ ,~}rhuUkIlrMoil,OI'"

UJI.11

II] otlr:>llL'dy.

(000 I ).ori,,;ulk,d:.ZnO/Mg)j]j~

or

<11,

or

IK'h.wiiilru.clmc:;; 'm~ grown by It!;s,,;r ll'Iok"C~daL" beam cpi;mNY wii(h lite l~ of a scm&<:ol~iCIlLcto.rI~r ~le.U~rlg S),:>l!Ciffi1(1), 11lc 1'I11~Zf,lI_iO b.~lCr IJi:C1.S ;j]:> ;j] pot-em ial hrm1.Cl' ~or!l1;C :!DEG in the

LUO I~r. {J.;~}, '~Vc UN";;-d Ii tt.'1I1ipr.:ru~lIre gm.dh,:ut tm;tliloJ i.lmt a~Jowoo us.to grrrw the J:i hm: 0\'<:1' ~ wide range OfICIl,lp;:m~lII::e5 on ,"' !>i~~gic :iuhsln1i~e I~J).ULe 1~111ee' smmples (~lmpl~ A. B. :md C~· d~u$scd here WCL'!! o:,r ::l'l!ch ~ligh ,qu[diW Ihal we w~,'C'.!hle tQ lodk at ~~e cfreclls or gmwlh
adj"l<Xlli.
I,I.;nlll~LIIlC !crIl;\" i1.1l

the

I Til' of Ihe 2XlO I<l}'C'I~ aIl~d Mg OlmbOillii"T ]1I)'C'" (l'ahtc I ~~~~ U5~In,

r:lohoku;

Ila;ll;l

fSdU),

~"-':si~l:i; p"", ...r.ty

o~¢ill~lion." irrm Ihe ~or1giludi!l.~.1 iUuI lmidai.l, plil1C.UlI~ in 11ll:' ~ 1:3.111

Sll!lIlpk: r!1;'P~lioJ'i alla. dl!,Inltil:~iZl)lI KllliS.ji, 'SoJmph~AWalll M:::l,~I..::d IJtllll I:~i..:: hii!!jht~!iI~T~ .~~i(;n

13813

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL 31 5

S:CII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
of a IHm with eu .\" = OdS t:t.:J.fficr, whereas ~~<lm~~.~~'" (' \\'cr~ selected ~ro~n :B 1)I~~d ,~ow~r"<J.n,g i!~t~'n!Jl~ im1,;-..TlI !{:gio~s, ru,;"'f1~ti\~~.~y. ~!'!1IflOII1lJr fli~n~ ,.v~th ,11:1 ;~- = 0_2 b!1rri~r_ Fmrn .he ~m1i."".~dd 1.~!i~1 ,'m,:'llfIc:icntRu, catlJh:rdt:Ih."iiii(.\';.u = I/(R'1~~) c
5300
\\~R;

on ,\' >Ind. r~fClif Ihe ZIl10~"y~~, O!i!fprevi{l~~il,

\10~ r:b\!lu!lhm

,1

s:y~tcm;ujc"J~y dC~lw~d
\'!{<liS

!i.l\ldy "h{lw~dih@.~

and 1]lL'lb,jii'!ics ~~- R.,.'Pu <Ii't I K were cl.'<I!I· 1;!.11~d~o'b;;.~ (]i,M~x~OI~ 10 ),1 l<i OIl ~m-:I: ,~~l'iJ
2100(0 Cgt)/lv-I )0-1, tt'~ti\'t'tt

n,,'.!..(:

i~ldqK~~Ki,.;!u n.f l,;:-m'illoi)j'~111tl:'1.: below I K. bLdwith increa""il1!:l ~cI1~I'l~raJ~JlIre .•I.~ i1flcre~~ed wh~lc jJI dceU'e1~s,.:d, e\'~11[ll!}ll!)'rcach.
Valli~:;i
I;i.~irl)'

corurol d~~ fi-~~~,LITi(;~I;knlt;,uLy~ t~w;intl!'iu!sil;: dOllqr ~UllCC111irMioJl il~cn:~~~;; w iill illil,'N;m,illg T~(3 J. To ""1 \"~~Hg;.nC' !:.heclcpencleP1cc' on .'1(. it ~:ii, ~lCCCs".",~ry~o {."Cl.!l1!il idL.!f :Sp(lll!'t~I]O("l~~ .n'ld picZ>L'lo ~ IceLric 1P(i.Q;H.riz~~~ cITi:dJ;1 :1 ~on~ ih~ pc~ar iQI! (0(101 ) ofit'O'li3,'luOn or \i!'urtzih: ZltO P 6,17~. Thii.:;S;~po.~~lfjl~L~Oi,b iJidiJl'l~ SiLlt,~8eC chr~~~ li~1 itldii'!i'idLi9~ layers. ~s\.llt~n~ in accumulatlon Of

T"

!11 gOQ~ pn!1l:'~~L;'h~r!O

(fif,;- .~A.). f~'Om highdiifrn~li9Il[U~.aI}'~~~ Wg. S],). th~ ~ij~?lQd~~i.ri,(; ~nb::1'\nil1b;hc'S iMI !;i'll",tn~,in~\d Mg.,lni_Jr0 layers, ~ hereas UP'o',I,l:ro 'pic:r:o... d~~~:ri!C'lJlollll:iz~I.iCln ~hould arise :il'l 2:00 la)l~~rs frrll'll~.cl'i~ill~ :.I[l;IQllV 4"). Thu~" the ~owI rol:ill'iZ<11I.[}:I] ddilt~~ b~' ij~
'il...

~al!Illllc'S,W<l5 identified rub-Clhe O-WX:~ (!). the d~ icm 'n<f ~,p.um"P1Cf>!\lSpog.l!lr~?~~ was tLP~ reci ion

nrd

]ow.ru!11 ~h~ "llIr~u~~

ru~~QhUl~ml ;torny

il~~~h~l'(lo()n'b-I~llmpel':itlure~lm:s T... le '~,~~~li~. MI. b

aliso lis,liCd in

dCI)leDiOIil of :fiib'C ~lclC'trons, !II. the hc~!!roil'I.~;'I~tces (18). Becalllse the ~row~h dirocliml ofo~r

G = [P5plO]> j ,Pi~.t·l~
;JlP",,(xl
IPii"'~,II,'j

P~(.\·l

1iitlllil l<e1., Growl:!li an d ,eledron1lc: para 1mIl'i.e ~s Qlir :~f10~M9xZIil!lJ..P he~er(l~tru;du res. 'E~edroril demUies we~e Qbt~ined incle"e!'dellt~h(N'!iI the t~~\lIo:fnelld (!(Dd~idell~RHIPIlld the k~i!\I~and Mgh;-,fiekl H~l~ , ~~fi'Pfl:!i 5~,and 5,.,.. Rlspect1lvl1!,ly (5<~ :~ig. ,2C).
IE:t~(mrol'l! iIiIlIiliVI5ity t1.01:2 ~m~O!~ i'llhlbillity I.! {()nn~ ~";1:)

where P~T'~1() i:: !).lm!nlm.n~o!IJ:-O ro:~:lrit:alion In !h~ M~Zll!-.tl h')'~I"; and Pp.!~\")1 is picz(~~ eleetrle lm~iflri:i::alioll ~n Ibeslrnill,CtI ZnO layer on lllus~u~."ill1oo NI;.Z~~I_JrO. NOlc lh:ltro$.i]i\'C'
(I

v-i~

[lneO!n,~thm tree 1:1oi::'clroml,mJC <lCClIIlUllli,utcd

at ~hcll!(!~\O'rovm~fraoo.O!!~d !lcg<lJi'~""" m fI1e<l!Hl

~H~~

lhkilh'l€$$ of Zi!flCl (pim~'

Gr!)MIIl 'l'e'IllI:P.
("Ie)

IMg
OOll!lt~,ifl'~

rro~1,;1(~~w!lI',U\l;;.u;:c,umlll"~(ld <I' I:hil)ZII10

o

Sl!llrf~lu;:,\.

:x
4.5 mit\: (A».

1 K (B, 0 '1.:il 0..4 0...4

1,Q)I2)O

1K 0.~6

~"'mC]l It::
3'9

I(

30(1 K

10'.15
'().2!CiI

900 1000

1()',:2!0

10.2: 1(),4j 10',9

0.16

SSOO

1.2
1.8

1.S
3.7

S •.O
U

~9Q:(I
2700

150 :Il60 :Il60

Wi.! c!llel.1:1I~~l!d cr ;I5 . .(u IlmCQiU<r!or x ,Fig. .1B). Wh~Ii._'I(·11;; h~g&K~rI~rlnl.. OJ ,PL1'1I1fwltilOil ilidti:<:(1d: [ pOS'i,U;'llC' ch:ll'gcs all!] (bh,l~ shading) are fml'.md: :itlhc' ht!lcroillltcrr.1c~s, iHlcl Iheir tlcm.ity ill", C1'C3!1.CS ;IS x II1C1)Ca:;cs' There is 2,00[1 3\!!i"OOllC Ill, Li)ctW'C'CB C'xll'Crimentiilil II (SO~ id ei rc:lcs) and csl.in~~~oo iDle, Jcs;p.itc~]~c Mnblguhy in P;1,...!(.1{), :lL rnJlJJlc of d1Cnllc()J.'Ctic:a~'\I8h~i!Srel)1'CSClnitiJl! all orlJ~c sllilldoo rogiOllS.,~Uld nile lack (I,f eenslderm it'll] 0.1' chrn~'C cmnpell siniO'JI willI free C~I~~~tons. l.isim,g die atMCi!l'lcnlio!1cci 'pol<lri~toc:m ChilXg.C." O)!Jld b'lInd orlkcl (!9'1, \\11'.;' Qln (:Q~j!I.fljICIIhc p;i? tL;'nll:i (ul d i;)~I:;:um !1(,,',(ur 'tlbl,; hO'L'C'J1[J(i m,-TIi!Cl::.$ tFig.

EF' 614
Ea 70

30
1'1'8, 1193
1

!E1
dEc

95, 169 258

~10 ,.t'IOI)400
(~.nmeV)

1C)l UK: SiLlbOOlld ~Il(:r~[cs ~tiJt1;ilocd u~in!!!; <11. me iri.:lal!!l.u~'lr.-pm(;luifil tliPjllroxijm~nU~)Ji am [hUlai me lisl.cdiDn the up'pcr panel. The l~u~cD]Y scp,1nltiluns 1Xtwt.'C~1Ihcc\\:o ~01!'\'C'St subhand r.cvcls f.U-egMttcr
limn

the Fcrmi

CltCfg.~. wli.ichsumJ)~.sIS,

tha~ itl Ihe

!c~llrcmtutt: mll!!.c or~h~ ,e;o:.perintcm., described below, ~flilI'licr OCCl:lfl~ltiicUl in I.he SC'Cfir.ld Stlh'bitm:l

'~"" "
'!II
I W
e:·

t
,E'c.......

~OO nm

. II

is I~cglligibl!c, We measured the m mgndmmnlspon properlies Wig. 2:, A and :13»lIIsJnSfl sl.m(]"rn lack-ln teochlliqm;o: w idl a.c cJ...dwJ~·on 0 U ~lA, 19 1~1i!:~. ,At IO"'\' field. ,d~I'tlc :'iO!:rnpolr.'l'l e.",hibin~t1 ncg:lIij", C
nlag!l~l(l!'!;;',i~!mwc. ~1;1iK:l'iUfm~hly . because ot\vl".·;Jk!y IQCOlI~i~dC;,JIlTi(;n, A1>o,,'1; -:2 T. d~'...u: p"" (Jolo;ci~l;lI.i{lflJ; ltl,~[ \'\'lI,"PI;:~'IC[irJ~ icill II h' ~LI'lJM;;'I.~);_\J. llU1cl 'Dhcir al1mpl.i III des il1cn;:fL~(;d Will:1 iIIC[(,I!1;illlg ./J. A Ihhollil~h tlre zcro-seaistauec :>!31.>C \\'~!> ~lb::K:'nn bcca LIse Q:t"I~lC' na 1]."': S(;;[l!tcrilig. [lMI::. each ~nir~!ill~IlII'IiI, p~ l;:o.ul1£:i{k~J w~ih ih(." q~u~lIui:lJ;;,\d, of
P.(jI' p~Hicall~' "'qml~lo trl(w)}.\vhcoc v i~ the lmidimj fiUill~ hide;.;;.. Tbcsc 'OOti~rvtli~OIlI> C01'Illirmcd th.;: existence o~'i]~c'Q~ IEin om:'[l.Il1(pI'c:;

-----(m'

.~.'.
1!Ii.""..,"

[~OOI]l]]
•
="

Mg~_;!n, p _

0.1
Fiig. 1. {A) S(iheol'lia!tk

MOl (!ol'll1eJllt )':

0.2

0.3

I!V

l1elli!lreiStn.!ic;tllir'~grown 0111 :5CA!lMgIO~, :Sl!i~b:ShjUES. Dellelndin!m. ,on!lh~sngln elr ~p~!;!(x)l - IP~~)III, an iUi(llImU~tI~ill>n la~r r,ellr~'Bnt.l!!~ ill)' Ibro~en llnas i'5 Jonrl'l.ecleii~er at th'~~lIlr:~a:Oe! l(luii"l~l'Ie hi!terf .. '(IB)(ak~lalt!·~ (gray al!1d b~!Seshaded rerJ1liOM) Qlnicl ;uc~. U!'I ~a,~!!i r~ ('SIOUdd rcles:) {j as a h.!PlIct~an (If Mg Wifll:Cfll x 'ilil~he b.1! ~nl~F. "h!d~h~i~,oorfg~~flml Pil(x}tell] P ,8il1idl~otid ,orange (Uli'l.l'e [,IM~(dli!~l\li't!'re [ak:llIlatt!1li by 1151'ng tliiiemeti~al va.lues ltsletl lli!. t.a11l~~Sm ,ali1ldl5,2. ~C) Ilflotel'l'l'I'al di,'l!.gra ii!iI iilear t~e 11€'~f1o~l'It'i.l'~faces" (iilktilkiOOd enea-,g'f~ar~m€'~~rs~ue ltS:ledil'l the upper IPafll~l, where .fFisthe lFenfJllf,ene"QY. foalnd E'lare til:efirst ~nd SC((Ind sllIblland cl'aelFgie~ \'I'ith IN~~PIKtto the botto!Jm of~heo iUllilldlul.:tl01Fl hand ,'n tlll'e1: ~~IIlU!]., Ir'i;?lI,pe(~.ijlllel.y. allld ,['!J£c' is the ,cQmjllil~liiQ!lIb@~,c! onset Th 'Q~tl~ Q~ th~' I)otenli~t profile (s:otiC! n!1~ ,!l!!n~~Q~l'iQFI of f" (brQ~>m ~iIiUlS) i~ th~ mi:dd Ie palll!!L cll>rrii!!Sp'Dnd to 'tihO:51! of [he llIPIle!1r p\illne!~ rre,pre'5enrtin9 ~ m.pWIiA, E, iI nd C,

~Irthe

.ZrlOJIMg\o:Zlll-,{fO

and al:I'cnl,lcd flirecl deb:: U1li1iil1i1lkm or dtc 21DEG densi~y {j\j1;O." N{)~enlml i~s,nnr'l~ A.~hc odd s!.1H!s, 5.\lch as v :3 and S.~13d mm:h wider illal:l. plJa!cm.!s amI I,luger <!Implil,~!,-b, of' PM' minima n::lalive~o tllO~C 01' lite even !)t."lt1;.'l\ ~Fig. 2A~ , '1J!1"'~qLIL.!!ll!.ly. ~IH:;;iI,"\<~~~ tt~.lol1U;:h ,IL~\' = 4, w~n.: M ..
11~1n;~)' l11I~~r'i;'ab,lL': C in

fJf~:"Jik.lB ("'(lG Cltck;~U];k'r-

r@spectiwly.

iriiiro~'t!firi oc-d hrok.en !:iliC'_ 11],~t:: I:t'3lAlot;.'lw!<:rc

REPORTS
wen prc,'),"'C'l'\'e~ elcvmOO~eli1il~rnIUfl:.s {::;Ie'C .rig, .M 21\ O1m! IPp~ Il"n~1of f.~g, 2D'~ ~ :-;"<u~d,~f(1;1I!<dYl"-~' ,,\!(,~~~~~ror.!~1I;'d lJSiifl~r1t:~~ ~i~gml~1~(Fig_lC). wbere ilil~ij~-s, cl.kxtr¢un a in Px.; m1diClii dF"'J/dJJ :Il1'C p,IOlk"t! :1:<: iii. i'UlTu::t:iun 1/8. Taking 1M",.· ;)I~:II:;lhigh~ficM .~Ipjles (51:..mK! Su) •. WI; .il1d~p"'nd.o11Iy "vOll~ui!.lIH,id Un) .. ~e:SL/h <1IJld ('5;&11/11. rT;,~P«'1 ~"rClly, ~~!1d COrl1pfUrnL;i dte~~ vahJ~ \v uuh fI ~Tflb:~c:: I). wlt'i,~IC~, ... )'t.11i g\,,~1cnuny C'o:rrespo.ndl.\ hllhc .:m.EG d~ll~i'Ly CO:l.'ie~bllting ev ~h~ QUE. The t1Ib'l!lii.i~10!i1di"tli \!!IILi'~ \!,,'i,.'i),,; ~ystC<J1t9.li~J.lI)' smallc-r Ihml i,!~ji 'g%lo .S! l%,
I. as C\.~tl]pp<)f(I;ntli}, indi>Cal~ Ilg!ha~ 2[) c91lli ll1:m>Cl11 be" ]'ICIfIClldiCl~ ~<lr!J 'QmJ)Q~CTlI {lJ cos comes w~.;;ik~"wi~h!n~J\Q4iI$in~. lo ~~lVc1'\ligmc deuced 'by IllC ,dm<l at (~- ;~Q"l (llil'c'.f.lc!l)ck's in n caHi~ d i!~li;:!:t~i(l!l<U! w~ t\InhJ[':f sw~!$;I ~Iwfj i~y, 2C), .it- ~ll;;;!~";IL;!}1 ith .. ~lD dw.~~~(~r nhc w o O:ri!Jul~;l,tinll dqll;nd~ll~~ of l:h~ s,J~I(dll'ct"I.llIr~1;iI~~r ';~L;'nrml g1I~. In Ihi~I"I;Elari:!, IH~\\'l;;·vcr.w~~ li.lulf!d, th(,': t'lt:I'Il.figq!l rnlion slJu(!!,,,,n itl Lh~inl$L~t F~g. 2: [l, of ill:l"(J.trI~i:;i~rurc:,~~uht'o·I:Ii::h",c"~11"~::!D c..c'I;lrm:h::d th.m'l S.~n.rp~t'A c:lIh ib!wd w~ak esei I~tioJ1, CW!1 \\'id', ~iln d!<lgrnn).;'1.<'Im! COlmer dimcJlsin'n<'!lil\}' C'~'iI· B p;L",~lIcl o 'h~il~'!;;rt;,"lC~ 1~1l= 9Wl. ,uid 5~lInlil!,lr ~ dl.ln!~llb}' ,~~gll~~lr dl,:'P~nd"'nci~ nr~h~ nsSdH c'iliati:mj~ (~ bdC!~",). l:h;:h11\. ier ~Ii'a~ (liH~liIIK-dfor &."Ifi'illr.; B ~ rl~.S6~. h'i Um:ilig G'..,tzibli:.,.J:i~\d the: plit".tit'iiCc of Slirn I nscOI~lr.;l~l. ~amrlc C• which 'wal> Ccxfh.'ctcd In have eil !liJtkM1.~... re C'X111l;ct(-d the value of m" li.'~'j<I~~ ih~ more lilteOjll~ li,cd Ire..: cml'icfl.!;, she!w~dI"".1Ltl ish· di!pCiIldcr!ec: of i.l1it: Sd! losclll-m ion in~ ·MdU9~iob will~ 0 1lippro~ehrin!! 90~. The t~n~lj)ei'ilhJl~ lact thm the OSCl [fI'~lpcriloo~ clcpc'tu:!ed oalllc !11,~t amplitude ..The ~~ulti~~!l Dintl~ ~)10l.for saa111~Ie (' is sho\\tl ill Ihe If] ~~I.of F i£. 3. We s,l.ilburLd~d

Or

n~-

or

2.51iF'1 --~--~---9'~5
45 ffiK

B
~~~~_.-:....
~

Ihe

,ClJicl in !!ir)'

m<l,~1~.C'IlOIIfI:'$b!.,~lO!·

lrorn the

I<JI'W

t.S~--"__ -...,- --.....,...--...,!§ , .... .......... .

; Sample B
- 3,

1K

Ie;

Sample A

Ip~(i:l') p~OWp,I!,!;IO'1 tH). Thl.~slope of a 1~!l(,;'.!I!' I!'r'lo ~h~~ <Ill !1 - J',9 Tg1i'.'~ m * = 0.32 + '0,03 m{l ~~10l 6"'.'1~~·f(lmo~~.nile ,1:h;~(;'k:c;illJon 11.\i.'I~~). ~illnihtr ~1I~d \/<11ues Wot;!'l)l;,;'(l"'IOlI~lled lor lJF.lng.i.ng frem 2.6 to

p~i:l) dm., mul noml<l~iz.e(j~I.lbro~gh

§'
.t"

4.5 T. Th~ m'" v~llu~is :>O!b1I\JWh'Ui heavicr limn ~h~ blu~1k ]jlt;!l<hW!] l1la."'" Ol2:~mo ~ ~~li!l1I.,n",d b~
Cy.c'IDtmn f~'::o.'C!J]an{,'cQ' gi\ il1g ri~ to Ih~' p~ (22). sibi I~I)' a rmU5~ tlll:l1!1ll1ocunu:nt \!\f~lh 21Jp.!:lJ :1irnllae
cerrcctien

'2 ~
'1

(2'3.24.1. Wi! I~e)(.i di.iscllSS anoJnZllm.1l>p.:rim:lidlics

or

~~~~~~~~~o

-b

mhc SdU osdllmtiio:rls. The S••/Sl, ranes were fo~nd ~obe ~3 lor 'S~mph~s ~ml B. 3.11d~2 lor. A !'<a[n~~iJ,!.': These I'Ii!SLl~~S ,~uggcst Ih::u ml iDl~C'n1..i1:1 C'. ekel ric lid,d 1111ing !min rhe :ls.ynn1l.CU'i( Ir~= s ru,gul<!r well f;Wlh"mn1.~lUy removed !lpill (k;gcn1",['3Cj~,CVell~J1 zcm ' ~lOrn'llhujm!S

11il3gm;:lir:: field III I his case. I1lc nn to or the slopes d iroc~I}I gives Ihc cmncr
in two spj !1~I']lil slubbOi.JDdls,,~,. and

8m
[D
.301
1F1

IL, "~,, l~ '.:)'[. = .~ IlJIl_ S

\1!.'1~lla]jlflIiL..Od ·~o s.;H~lplc

~~F"""~~~T9IF~~._F"""~9

25, I.

I I I

Sample:

1.4,.-- .................. , ..................... -.."..... ......."';j " sam,ple A

1.3 iMagfilEi 'e 'lield

.6'
~Cl1.2 -

....

,1:1 1.1
1..0i"'"~~~_~

A. ·this 'lI.I1<Jly;",!s ~iH1ol .. <C'.ilTrI(;r d!!'n:;;i~y U!I ,on~ rofmd h"..k\~!fl!.i 1:tI!¥~ Ii); li!,u~ in the othct b:lI1d i'Il. low fudd:l; and ~Oitll carrier dem,.ilY Il:!D = Ii.. + U l IL=6 x W em- (2S. 26). As !Orimmp:~cc.,we OOHii ned dear C\' ldenec of [he 2:[) .nm.IHI:'C, arid. hCllcC' \\'C c~pcc!cd nml 1rmWoOtild be equal IOn. but ln fa{;t \'\IC rOll;lld th"l/~:2.[lwas albo!lu' hllllrof,ll . Ta£,l!'lherw:ilh tilt 31l'1l1'lJJIi. imalel.)' HllC<lr ,'S ropes. tlliis. rirrulingimpllic's dlm IJll~ miiS.'>Cd IP:u ex.lR::iiUB

0.9

V11----i----+--ii--""'I

occurred ill <I s.ystcnmi.ic: ~:·ashiml. In th is, sil:mllion, I he values or r'l~ and ~~IS;(_ are Itollonger
rc·.lliab~c.BecalQSC of ~11C ~~rol!1ger p{l~~riza~tol1J

~h.::ldsin

~<l!npll~,

B and

spJh~irlg\,,'O~dd hoe C'x.pcc:!cd ...~md..r!lY i~ dimCl!~l !O n,.1>{~h"C',.'11 bnd'UII ..~ ..~~;:;I~,,;JI, Rc!~t:~vl;ly 1~}W(;r~~ 'Indi high~r \Y 1[1,~y ~'lrmh\.·T rt,\d.1II~1; [he
llIb.lil)"I,(} .u.i~cLiminm.c t~uz landi.l!LI 1C'\;'i,:k In ~a:C'I, even :;:imcl'I 'wiih v -c I (I tendedto di~;}PPC~LL"
ill
IlL~OVC

'r.

rn~u~r

~<lrg~ 8~~in

0.:2:

10.4 0.6 (1.013 1.1)1 '1~fk}CSI9 (T'l)

sfllmpk: 1\.. which has I:he ~ligh~t ~I.1111 the d lseusslon, VI.''; ignoR:d thcposslb iII~ly I,) r
b<l;.'!C4JLUs(: lhi,!~1: WiIS 110

Y<lllc:y

Piig. 2.• (Ao) I~!ll!'lgitll,.ldin~~. fes~stMty p;;oo Hal[ resnstirvU;')I f'l:")\, a:nd dHrle'renl(ial[ Ha~t r~jjsl~'I,1ity dp~d8 \i@'rs~s S' liti~ai~ur,~dI all 4~SmK far !sample .A. 1~!lit~IJ'~~ t~,~IhiJn2:O!ll!taJlt~di. milir~ ar,~ Ul@ landall! on ~.e\i'el'~;iU1ngfa ctors defined illS v :: hf(P:7"'~}' Ol:} :P~ il mUDp~.y~e;r!>us .8' Ime'a:sIIJre~i!lt ]1 II( for :!Ia'llfllpl.'~ B (to;p} .!:Ifld I( (hoMom). (C) Stanl~a~dI fan d~a,grams e)!:~r"(tt:d fr(Jlm Ithe d~ta sh.(l\mifl (A) ~~jd '(IB~. '~ymb(l'l:s, SL andl 5!!t re$l~r to~hc ~OI~ tl mid :hig n,l1iel.d1slopes, .re:spocli'lle~lJ'· COl(l,FS ar:e (:OIil~i$lel1l .. !lith " th.(l:S~1;I~~dlou P.!jJ!'U:n (A) a IiId ((1)•.'OiP~n :s::iilli! bo,b iI're r'l: e¥iii~l;Ia'tedri!"@m dalt~1Qr sample C iiit2 K a,n d il'l I[]= 30~' S!h~l{;fl lP1 {ID}. N'li!It~ tihi!!l e!ld'l ~rl'reme!ill Ilr l~'ci'~ Qlr edrelflllr:l! ~iS· :set.t·o (I, s. (IP) Pill ~ I!!~ r d,etpend~n!'::e,of liulnnaUjjedi lTrnagnetJJ:r.esi:sttlll'lC!1! measmed lIt 2: K [orr :5alR1ip~E! (~op) ilna sample ( A

In~

evidence :indireci. baad structu 1\1.:.. \:l;/hC'i~H::ror not the spin~pl,il~i~~g. scc.~JdQ ~~likely in our s amp~cs. it iii: an i~~II~.estillg problClln 10 iJc s~lILdicd ill rullJlI'C

sp~,ill.ing nhm.~ith..::r .litO

0:, M~Zfll

......P

illl;saU

C''>:.lllCri

mcnilS. D~pi~c ti~~~. OJl!Ctlques~io:n ..~h~l'lllSel''''!"lml (If !he v = 1: ~ .. Ic ~5~i:;:!1markoib]e.p~lf! k:ll~Nty when

(bottom}. ~nset a:I:elliiclsthe

mNSlilr11!·m.~Hlit.

(cmfigmallfilil.
VoOl

c.m.1:1?~In:;d w it~~~os~tl!I L;~II,ml~ A 1.~G~l!.~ G1aN ... . N ht,~~~ru!\!~rtlclurt."&, It i~ tUinici!JI It In oh1;;ai~ ;JI:1l l,r.afJ "!lIi.ic l(i~...t~tl.hlSiul ml~ CI11!,-l iti IlitridC5 l'Ui\'iiii.~

" MARCf--12007

31 5

SICII~NCI!

·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
IFig•.. . NQ!~li~d oog~ 3
IilltQres.isli\n1~'I!\ml.lli5 1).8 r~Jrled ai~ valiottJ:s Lem.~ peRllUi1!'~ ~or ~mp!!! C
1;0'. M. A. K!l.m.! .. H. Kumiil. ]. M. ·\t0ll HDIf(. N, P'I!l. ~~C~IiI~r. Jlj:lpt ~,,~ ~""J,r_ .MD, ~~1 f!.~~n u. K. ~ It.101.C!er!l'l~·~~, SriMriO' ~;~i!l,666 '(ioo~,. 12. Ii.. 'OIilIOlTll't. ii, 't'. lilwalng. ~tlJ~<I,2:7. II!H i(2'Ot)l), U. M. ~<lk~ et ~i.,5tJIifJ Sttl~ "grmflU!l!. ::!.!!I~'. ~51

rl~pen~MC!e o~ Ih:e· I.o!:i:ai" rilhlilil~<: ilmptihlde Oif j},.;., peak at 3,86 11(Iiunlii\raled b<y !'!~,;)'.

~mllt epklli tem.p~ri!tuJre· d

0 .005
1

~1. J!!IjJ1. ~flt 72. 2466 (U900. ~!~~I ~X~~ ()rI1i[1l~111i. I.. Ii!!. IKdbil!ka~,. <jdid ~r,~ (Mm~rl.,il:~, l[)'~ ~1~'800, 17. ~,,~erpf1agnm. , 'IN, ~~'M:r.lik. A!P.P1, FNJ'li, £tott; 1a. 2:45, H

u- ~~ ~1J~rl;ing
fl97n

U999}.. 1.~. 4. ,o!t!.~o

ff aL.

18. 0" ArIl:bad:l~r NO',.}. ~. PJJj8. 8:1. 334 ~1!_)\ l~. 4. iQh'~Q f,t qJ, .$pl. PfJy>..'f'l'~7S, $1;&1) ~19\l9)" i!()l F. Sl!e11t1, Ph)1_ Kl1!Ii a :"I. 4.8511 ~:lc91i!~" .21. It.), 5I'.1d~FJ:,f'tjys. .~~ :n.o,iH7 {1'9Sro, 22. K.:I. IBII1:IQIII it a.:. PIIff. Rfff. '~ll 28. 1,6117 U~? 2.1. .2~. 11. AD!lD, .Pi_ S, fiIWl~r. ~. 511~,rn, .MDi!!, Phys.. .li~~:H' ~'" b9.62~, ~4. S, I)'. 5:iim!.a,. ~ ~. i!\! 2:]', 259·0 '(1l9831. ~~_ H_ t, S,onner ~[ ~L l'hys_ :«~. t~t.~\l. ~:!,6 ,],Si3I, .26, ~. 1". ~is@'Mlt~!, Iii. t, Si,(jntl@ll;\I.N!Ii'~~~1iulfl:~, (!" i(, G!lIlI~i!ld,llit W.iegm·aM, n.~ Rf'r. tflt. 53:. 257'9 (l9t~~ . .2'. W~ iIlia nk !j, f. Cl'iKhilim. tK. Ue~D,., anCi '[ Ful:unura
d~o!i1~.~'!J!I'IIiKI"~el!l !lit .iII Japi!fI SOdely for !hI! Pmjj)a~iJii ~~ S:cieiflce f~~l\i:lh 1~lli)'Wlhl~, ~iUJ; wtlli!!lle

ror

All,/.iIlI-.J'>.I

bmke

U 8). A p~ di[:CCliDn

'cmiSlmn~l;S )l;nl1f1I.k:r ~lam (iaN OPPOS,iIC' to ll13L in 2nO

.rei\ilL~ts if! pilinlg tip of dmr.g!O!s .irtduoo:l by both po~.miz.'li~ ThlJS. (lur reslhll.~ hUp'~}'I~IC1:1(Iollis. dl~18, poss.lbili~:1 orrca~izing dre rmcli!0J1.d. QUE i'n~]~c:,~rescnl PQ1~1]" hctcro:,!]1!,!Cl~I['C ir the' carrier ~nQh~lil)' elm lhl.~~rnpfiiove~l]111 ;'Iddi'ti.on. gj \ll;'n~ chemical ,C'.ompal ibuHly Wi~lOO11<1illether classes of o.N ldes, the: q 1LII~IJ"Jzed I ~<lnstare ~n;.Iybe combinoo \Yllh .. brood "mge 01" phy.:iiic<ll,nol'lC'flk~ i!l! OJ" eomplex ox idC'~C'lC1'Q!'; 1!'I.IC'Hm::.

:l!. lIt N:omUl~.1N at, Sdt!ij~ 1I0tl, i2M ~(lI'Il), Z. A.. 1c!iiJ'koY.!iki~I' t!Il., .~m"M'~w, A, ~.~ 1&2'00s;~• ~_ !!i" T~ul:Mat~ fl.. IO!i1tI!lIlllO, 1;'1" ~iW~~;IH. App'_ ~ ,~~ 00. [~21A;16 '(i!~6~_ 4. S. r, OlDlfliliu tlr!i/,. ,r.. AfJP. ,'PJj~ 99, 0931)00 ROO6)'. 5. K "'~ t1tiwn!ll, IG, ~~tI, ,f!\. I~!l~~; ~ .JIiI~I1.Lm .,,51 4~~ (19&0, 6. ]lW~~'5.. ~~ $~ :S~"JW_.~A, '~3i~U,9l'8l 7. 10. C~T~~ A. C. '~d! A:PPf, ~. t:e'lt n. ~~s,e (USl}' 8. 111(, 'fl!lIi\ It 1L>'LCiimr, Pi. C. !O!:!1'!;ml 1nJys. ~" .l(![t. 48, 15~S19(ll'9811 .. ~'. I!I. :vi'illet~ fl ,~1•• Ptl,ys. ~ ~fl[; 5,11. 1776n:![lm.

lIeren~~u:e~O!nliliN@l@~

CIt~iJv.'!' :Sl:,II!,mHIic1Iie!ll!I1Ircihgrant 1'!G50Ilfl!'! 'rromllil@ Mifll~u)' of ;,dIKalill!P., 'Cl;!lt"'r.~. :Sp:im;. Si:ieJ1(e, .~m:l 1I'~nmo!I!!j'i' oll~iiia~;:li~d:h~Fn~~fijffil;\t!l~ily I (.a~~rMIw. PI&!II<lIfI GI:t~~ 1~s;tilli!le Jor Jilaleriiiii:!;, iRt,!t,arch, l:J!~an, :SIIl!P'POITt"!rlgl Cn'Utille Mat~i!lO!I.
~.iI:~~!'!I;!g,argr~!lLrl:gn.e!1~rU!1l111:~.743Ml(1 "'l:iI!ri~ls.aDiI MI!'Ililod~

'Fig!;. S1. t>m s.6 l;!bl!;:~ 5>1.and 52 .Rt!rerM~~. 11'u~IJ~li1ed ~ 25 ]ll rn~iI!'~ 200:1'; oollil'l 10,U261$[i~~~~.H;HJ1!~O Im~tJldl:lni5 fnfQ[m:J~~OO '1'f!1I!:r] "fling U'!i~ ~per.

:w r4"",gmD~

lJ]~

~.~~Ied

l>Q Oi!!(BlI1be" :110.06

K. !.. W(!l'!if.g~~' P~Wiq'i;~ K-Y. KWI'JI!l.l. X., Un,l ",i, Ji.;lJ~.l U. SI'JILa!'iki,~' Fl, !t J" tr~w~nt,l G. L. !:'I~n.eb~ iT ~, S:'tQlbQ\I/' 'T,~. R:~h~l1'l1i!IZ
'We 'rm,md ·[h.at !I IlUuaquil1Jame' diHl!I:'!:l1!$ .a11nrr.g.a ">traligM ~.iml,e~OfIOs."i[l [,lali, hi91Il1l!~symrnetric (IlI(UJ) :5urfa(e .. It ciln also IN~VIHSiM.y .~Uil(h ene Q,r t~\!O (02; motemLe'!> <:IS ",(argo'" OIlIldada~a ~'tmole(llIle ea erier," ther.eby hi! "s~ornninJgl the diUm;i'l!\!il beh a vloJ oUhe {:O~IIIl otJE!l!:ulesholll!lioobiIJpiic to lir~,e.u. Oi1IH.i~:y llUlmdionall thoory (alll:ll.l~i'lt:iemj imiiclIb!d ']!iubs~rate~edillll;ed ;a~trril(n!lnJef -0.'12:

'i!'ledrolfl \taU ~~V). Sil:tlinniill9 hll1ni~l~ rnJi:~ros:(c·~y re'1fW~!!dlil1d~lIielLiill. steps ,of till!! mole!CI.il.u IiIQ1 lcomp[ex. 0111its: difim:iofl ~altrnway,. ~'I!i~hinJueaSie-!i oif ~O.03: al'ldi -{t02 eVilll tne d~~hn,io:n barrri~r !lIpon aU[lcllll'ffUant or fn~lkst. iimcil£~mnd (0<1 mol~~~u'le., res:p~di\ll!ly .. and ITIitc'lrlOlS (IU. In. 17:01 any renli:alliol1 0:[ hl,;.'. d. C.Vcl. OP'1.1.1.Cnl 0. f ~~lQ:leCUIII'c.:.: ~.13.t,. W.l1~n.~ acloo.ihcd unto a sU!r~a(;c. ·eJ\,I!n:II:nt dyrmrmc W1m,k,-{ulilf-'SCa I~c'f1iIac.hhn.~I)'. control led tr.lf:lSDXl'rl 01: d~rronlo{;' plUpo.;rtM.,':>n·:;t,'l~Ming 1l1O.l>J.J r"rn~6" rnolL'ClIl~ i~ k~J .~inl'lcliorl:JI.li[J". II, IlilU~h uflmLc«~~opiC' o~jccb; or mflchlll£S.lla'O anracted as Irili1:ipnrlmiQll orll;meru~oric o~jl~b>ici iJilc collo;id'crabk: iUi~tij:Gn {1 .;}. Ell:.3f11pk-sill'C:[:[ldlc j,;~y j;JliltJiW•se ofbmU:lY nnachincs. (e.g,. Cflnl'l'cyor mtoU)i. t ,,). 111InOC313 allclnmm:Yw~l!.:ci:S (5 71, yar~ b.;;::iI.,>.nf1tKks}. {'.cmbml of :>urJ"acclmj .... on by p iOllis. kiu~ds, f ·ch:'(;triic.u:1 !>!.:vitdc and !cads (~, 9}. m~ans or adsol'l'!lt;."\1 m,o;l:eclIlc.o; 1tlJ}' ;ldditk!lla~:ly o G ITcrum'l'!!il O1\!Ct1ll1lC'S ror ~le 'OlJ!thlli:l3li:on or MII'Ib.,~ prnre~lliCS ~.ch .'!J1; growll';Cllila~"}I .. rem;li~:,i.ly' lPi~(E! H~U, UIIN~I!ilfmr (~mOOlia." Rw~r~d~. (1\ 9:2'521, ';!Ialrsi!':,. ,md IUic~ jnnltuoriC<llkm. U:SA. ~:DE.'~rlrm.I!IIl,t of IP!rrsi13, UIIL'I'~r:siI!l' '01 CelllJ'al Ftoridil, )\~~1~L;;i1 ~l:fuCL;~. ·dirr~~i{mi:;: ~~lC'!:a~I}' the N OJl~p'ldol H 3:t'iSi.6. wsA. 8U·tl1t~ p:rmJ~~WiEh Ih(:~OWl"Sl mL;~~ric bntri'l;iI'~ ·Vo \~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1fen~e illlIOuI_dI e addlre~. b IE',rnait
(I

niil5iionl is, random illl'lmWli'C om! i:rolrop1c surlrtocs unlessthe surtace hself l'i 31'1'ismrOj)ic U 2. !J I~ step edges H -n. an i'Kllffll)ic :SUI'IR<:l!S (lJ). and surface lCmpla.res /(i 17j em :r:e;Ulcl d ii'rt:lS,Lr.1l 10 specific ImtlnVllys or ru"Cm.... The use sueh surtacc I(;m.u~ is, hcwo'ever. a vei)' ill He.... e al'!Jnoa.ch for glJl i.cllnng ib\1 :lur.f~c~rnllspor~. l~rc'Vlm~:i\siltdics have SIlO'WIlI 111:11.he iSlJ~110j}ic dil1~lsion of ml$oul:l<ltes on t S\lrlaces call. be turned h~1fI Ih~ca_a: g~lidJcd and nmJ:k~rl by~m~a!~"f hlro!JlOl:'I~im or ci!her ~wn o :'1i,'lt]uq,~miall~' ull(wh.m !hi'ol S~Ib.:'i!'~~~~li:(.'lk<;n-; 1(,6) O:~~h'],~L't)ll~ '\11'11",,:;1:,'" l5. H} ~Itl'nIDle ';:i.d!'i~lr~lll.'!. 0111 ~fLI

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melccules.
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;n;~.Hz'b"tl, 21.~d~mi.gh CMccrlctl mot~on ofri.dsorooJte:: ha'> been observed ill. unrelated ~Y"'1cnls tNt HI). ~:ere l;.\'C' :i11(DW l til al an~.In·aq!JllO'llC (t\Q}~lOlcctq les (Fig. I A) i can lr<lI'L~I'Kl'1Iiom:: or two CO2 mG~eculesin a hear ,lItel ~l! idcclr<lSih ion iJcro~~iJin i~ll'OJ~ ie 'ul i :~ $urlh~. I) Thi~ !iiwdy u~{jd 'I;!J~~or!l-buihV' ..ri..bk'"
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ol:'sighl, Ill!~hiou f.mm <lgillss, c.~~p:HI~I!Y 1I!Unil'Qoo '~I] the ~illl!r,lhigl~·'~<1¢lm!.n sySh .. D~U"~Dlg u, d~(lQl'l;~ 'liQll. U~1;dlm'ni!~f rR~""'l.U"'c in:["n.: a~I~-dby <] '>: , 1Cil-HI tOIii'. Ahh(il'li~Jl 'uht; c'O:: C(Wi~CIUOr the

1:t.\l~.;kgroLilldpR.~i re dm rill,_g d~lOiILi:O:ll i~Mdld~

ool! Ies;[PI~;Ir .<!is "[iq1l'1:,'l;<;ioJlS til Sl'M im<lg~:. !he}, <1rCml)bil~ in the ~111..c l~mllCl'atli!w !1'm~c (]intlL~ i~l 111] i~o~!W~'}k I~...;i~~~trig. ~). IlOS!!~ 004 onto d~~ s~:mp~~ !~r~ltlgfu! ~ :~~"4,..>d!i; :;;m~ ~h,,:;y '!t:Jl:~(l., M(l~ aha,!!! ! 0 :;.:]mpa(;;;:WI..;'11;: ·pIC·palJl"4;! 10 OUI su!"fit~ \I!I'ilhtilhtakl~Y~:m'lJi,ugc;_" AQ ~cl. of (."O.h w(; lilld lii.i:a'l;hl!IiC'lll of 0(',0;1 ~llI]o1e~ilIl,~ to oOl]f~nlll tb~ ,~n~~!:s :rcP9rrJ.,.'lBI~t:rc. each side fir f\.Q by I<U"!oom dim.lsio!l or ei~h~r I\Q m"! C'lll i ] ! I is~~nill~~'"d by SlM .1iS an ~~inng,~~(;d Ilmt!1.l!S.inn !hOll i~ ~.Iig!lcd ",.~i!fh (he st"lil;'"C;~"S o.r·~1I.e'r~~ .!'ll'IIl.i("lldo.1lin.~~.I..~y!.ll~ STM ~ir .. ~r'I U'k~ ~..\illll!U'~L ~L1IIlipkK. AQ J~'iai~"1Li~i~ itl; ~i~~~r~ui1l8r~t~~~ higHi.• \,)'ll~I1I~l!) diilt.."\CtilJln"Til"l'k~-I.. p:;.c I dHlll,:-.iob1 and i~;;;doljo!¥1ll'tl 5h~IPC~ illiagi~g re.\ ~";;16rnp.id fll:lJ ~rietljl liuaC.t'I:i.dli 11m,· ~rcti~B:i.c li.i1C'lIl1' I'!ow'" ....er; ils ec.nDer l'iil:!;lb:, ~itl'l!:i.goo as lil>lS Ilrusim~ 9.l tl.11~prrnIUDL.'" I(~wIt" 20 IK.. COl ,Iutll· as, Il'1iidk~. A. S!."liLje~~re demdun~m lind 1\.... of ~i'tFL.cI~menl. one of two ,rn~ of molccu!es rro<m AQ i.~~hQwli1 in fil::. 2..A to (' ~lo~. U!lloacll~~~
arn ocelli"
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clenl, Ih>ll, ill\Hvid\J!i!~ ~o;:i,e:Sc..1lJl 'be I«!nd ,oa die "llJffIT~. fuif qmI!l~i~ ati\'c m~ln~'Hlt:n!!t; we de"

'by ~neru~:sOJf Ihe STNl lip

aI ~empcrnturt'S

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iucn...n,(: in ~Ili;:~ u;lm~di!~~ I,;U~~~l I'dOll!ti",-,l(l im~

~.'tg iiA",,, "L flJw riA) ~IL h>ia,41~, 00 ''l11V. DC~lSiW 1\!TIi:~ion..1 lhco:L')' c<!kM:i<nions show !l1m l!.he ~!nc<u-dim'~ioll1of AQwil.h ,!!ld "~'!!Imlll![ O1IlI~!:cl~\"-d 02 P~(;d..; 0 by ;:dl(.'IT!wi~w.,....\,;'Jll'i- ,of it-l ' Cltixmyl grotlps::~lorlg 3. ~U~f' ...I.t,; ~ligh •.!\)llnJn~!I)' line (~.g. .n h]roillmh,~l to a p:ruviol;ll>rrcp{lJL Oil, Ilmllim:ilr d1m;i.Js~JJil of dithiOfllllthrnoon(! in !I si Il'IIiilar fils~liQll (6), the mtlJ:llClLIlriili Ortcitt8lilon<; ~sscd3l.cd wi~:lII~ c individus! step of the •. !iub"'UIlJitC .~inl;;ers can be observed in ST[\II as

or - :~

Fiig. I.. tA, i!md I) The dirimlion or :A;Q (llw~u!j;iOO'!i,w~il'ei) and GO~ <~ru::lenti1tiom;" faU mO~&lII'l>E!1iIffil'lWE!l1 two STMima:ges i(rIJoUage' III == -1.5 V, mnrent. J == 11m pA, '~BmJ!!@1ra!ure T == ,26 II!:"alr~1 A == 95 :0; BO AJ taken ,2; l1~tI rs I'Ipi!rLilihe difh.!riion palliw<lfS ('!Wlte li.n:es) were obtained h'om ~ll!tl?1iifIl8dia1)1' l'ml'lges:..

ultc AQ-CIO;l complex ~tcr:" across lilt ,'lll'ril1;"(l:: F~illltcmiyllre !\Q mOl!;!!}, j,$ l:CXnnd to be ;jla~~d l~y ...lW wil~~ r~'p!.. ~o~he ~ul1slr.'lXC l1iglli".(:t SY.lmillcH:y di't'OC!i.OIl" l\ ~lllellcc of tln-ec :SlC-p.S
of<iLll AQ CruryUl2 I\IJ()(,O~I~lOlc:cuk'i! is SilOWIt in Fig.. 2. C 1.0 FThe c~,h:;ul'lt K.1Ill'i' i~~dicr~ti: IlmriWJ1!.d trd Ii»' 0lI 8i,lliml I:x:nh lbl'iMl~m:l\Ct1 CO2 11~~.~ctlllk~ ,nl'd 0,11,,'\1 <1IJt.. C"d co 1'\:0 ~ Fig ..3 ~ \vhich i:;;ul] agrc('Ii~C!ll "LCIl.' wit1i~ spt."'ClIt}$OU1:lic fi,·h.ll:1:>urcn~.cnl" on is.olm.ad

Fiig. 2. (Ao to 'CJ' 11i)@!adllil1:entand rll'aUa;{hrmmt {II a (OO! I'lmlecllIle(depre.Miolm, roo) on tim!! le'fi ~ilfEl Oi[ an AQ (pmM'u:Siolil, blue-\\lhffili1!')' (C tD' In DiUusl::m ofAQ \vijtll 'l\'I,I'(I' (0:2. mlo'[@cJlles, bV m,-e'aI'!S ariildijvi::l!.iI,aL S~~~ ,(!fits ~~~i1 gt~!iliiS(~ Flig. :3). ln a~limaglB, v= -35 iiliiV"I '" &0'pA,r =50 K" (and A = 20 x 40 it Note :th~ ed'ge Of:.ill ~l!llst.etrof AO l1lIol.ecu~s 'in the' botwm Il>efi,5l'I'Villi gl :n a marker, and Ihe Cu.{U ..:U s'ida~estartE: OOCi&i,tJiOOIS,

spcci.cs PI), A.l11c9ku~mliQlt." used (he \lASP rode (11) w.idl the ~~i1Iernl~~ed"£rrJdi(;i1~ fL"PpJ'ox~ im1lllioll (13) rOO'" dlt' cl'!:.Clml1ge.-oolTC~3Iiofi funcliollil~ find tbc' Illrurne-\\llVC ILo;;ctldop!~jeutim.1me~h[!(l ,t~4) \""It~lu~u:a~.tl rseml'opolcntiah, (25),. Our calcu:IiMim:ns, used .'1 iSli,pcoccll ·001"5, x 6 SUb5ir.lltC rooms" and l'ICSL1hso'blai~lcd Willl tWO and t~In;:C !iuhslI'm~e layer:;:;; \~I:e slmlilar. 11]cmlr.l.Ol..irw Interac1ioll between CO:;! and AQ W"'t,vJ wrn.s ,c-allC1.I!h.llcC:l oon1p.;)IJ~ng Ihe 1*1 encrgii.'S nt'ooppcr by
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F~!J. 3.lMorle~ of Hue diHwlQIl 'D'f an ItO' Mu\ccule wi!Jll OFle C02 atta:dud~ resu:llS ror rem C!nildiMO C02 !iflQt~liItes a ~ vrtry sJmilalr. NJ dir~li$es· aklli!g]t~e S'::l'b~!;aile lhigliii·~ymmi€tlY dir'edi~1'I l¥ ~e~ulialll.Y IiIilQvl!ll!l Iilqlth~F qn~ «;1>' liJ 'or~h~ (II~~r ~IO' Olr ~~ Q,~ien !lilc!I»Ir@w ~!1~rs.b~), Sl"I.lp;s, la @~dl ~!;I ar~ im/ersion'SYlllilm~tJ;k an~ ollitlm Otl:rnrirn direct sliIuesMoo solihi1ll1lilie mole(jul.l!1ipp~af"s to ril~p IHllw~ ,clol1lfi!!lmaHcllii:'ii ,anuli 3 (f~£I. 2). 2:

fr'ig!. ~,. Anlileml~m plo!. ,cd [the- diffl.l!llol'l of AQ I'I'II)lewh~$ ~\iilI!h~f'(I, M~, ail~~w~' O~ iIn(ll€'(l,jl~rtS ( aJt:lil.cn,oo. The r~'ttaJnt d:tftmiolFl barri~~,an~ indtCQI!ed.The ~r !la'rs;af~ ~fl'laU.er tha:iil I.he s:ym.cw~s.,~rll1il tl1~s~$itll~t ~nr,qFof N(ih Q~ th~ Ib~nrien; i£ b!.'&o~\I' meV. TiU! p:ref.adiIlf5 !1re LO\'i U;!~lz 10
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CO~ W~Ih):: F"lI:!;lr= F"",~! I- Po FCO,l! 0,12 ii;V, n~i h'lI~"'I1'tr.ljon .ils m.l,;~i;;l.i.l.-dbylh!ii s
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diffll!s.llOll. At; such, (HU ob::ief'\mi"ns ~-e Ilroohf rri.114;:illlc 11:1':1" ;)!a)pli~l~n of nllolc~'tulcs ;)\t the 1Il1@~m· Frq -::;; !lil)~1!r~ ~z;, moll()~u~,lr-~qllL;: ;uml!~.!il>"'
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r~dl.:w.~nined !b~hion.
J1.!j, 1Wi!ll~, Alrt. Crfll!I1t ,Ii.'t~,. itij)• .,j(j2 U.9~i]'1. 2.. G. S. ~l)1l:al,L. I, (!~lte.D. !j00n1l~~.1. MidlL £1I.tom. Iilfyo. l!!Hi.• JZ.I!1 (£00,)..

17. H. IlnJ!1(, M. GolL'iwnninT. [ft B!rL'miJ~n. 1ft Kern. N1Jtw"e 3?4. 45!!' U~'Jro, lit $, H~~h £t !Jl.. ,~Ul~ .:li9B, 1.30'1(19~oj). [9. G. ~ lIk(;"j.rliI',' p .. S. Wl!i~~l, Am, (JIM.. S~l. ~,26" t2004~, :lo. A (!r:t"lf!'I:p!lt1,d]ng f'I1iiM~ ~PP~1IB Ilill Stl~nu OI!1~I1f!., ,21. K. 1'1.h~1'". [I), 5'hliillf_rtJec~ K. C.liirrn!ll1!i!n~, iFl'l,~, ,CnM)l

un,

s~'F"a'<lti{l!~3l ;::10 K,

.. Qe'il.)' of AQ d\;erG!k.i'L"'~ whb':i:i il. ClImc'S d ,Ioliid. f'utfiil1 ~t;mJli'X'r<'IlUrclodejX'il(k:il[ mea:.iIl£Ciil';Citl:.~ hUild n.'tl~ :f!le:pi> ,or AQ ('W il~1 zero, ml~. OJ two mok"ClIk."S IMtached)., VI'C
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inclicalC!l: I~ml lIre din'ilsim~ bar,n'Cu.'for .AQ of' ~O,.U:! cV inc~ by -OJ£1: cV ~pan anm::h~K'~nof' th~ li~! CO;l nKI~I,;\t:ld~ !!!1dbJ' a~~ O'Iddilimlal -0,02 cV f~r !!he *,1"tl;O~ltllnlH!~'ClIlfJ.
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A]dlQ'l!,~! ~h!: dim!!lkm barriers or 4 are Vell1' !o\~,tn o'!!al:-<~rl!!C M·m~ .. 'l~~C!l '~"{~~!'il!(md"v,~11

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ii.lr~!, 5if;~fIU' ;!;8:t5~1 0:998), 5. ':f. ~hifjjL A•.~. O:!igood" '11'. 11'1" ~f), K. f. Kf[I!t s .1. M, TOUf. fIon~, It'tt: ~"lJ~ {200~. ~. K~. K~n (Of aL. thy:!. ~ m;,9\5. 1,661.01 (l!005). f. III O;i~FO'~.r; ~L, Ar.!9ew, ~\\, ~; E~ 43., ~Z (Z(lO~). ~c "- Qm,~ f~'(It, ffI~ i!i\~. urI:. 9~, '1J56,TI{IB ~:i!OIJ~J_ ~. II, iIlIluil'l~ A CrOl!di. f. M. Ita)mC, J. F,. St'lXld'ait ~ CIrl.m. tfilt Ed, 3'91, U49 (€OOO). 'm lit A. wflli)~r:!IM !!'t ~!. lI!'QQIn' ~~j!!. :H37 ~200~l, Ill. T. R. Kelly, Ii. Dt $1I1f<1, ~. /!" :!mVo"l,~ilf:fJ«!4Ul, :1:50 U;999t 12~ I, 'II. B!I~h.. fj, (~an"imi IK_!(oerm,. lIr~1ute~~:j!; 611

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:!i lam~3r,.2007 !\!~Ii~!ilel!! 00l1~t' 'HI ~nUiU)I' :C:OOl; :UlU2(i1sci~m[el1!:3S:302 11~~tlJl!!1~i~ T!]oi!!lf!l'!~iioo 'Wi'!!1nc'ilil1~ih~s ~F.
19 SeptIlfTlDer 20&,; <I «<pled

[M[u 1[t:ii'f:UIDI'C:tiil'Dln,B EII,coded I Partleles for IHiglh ..,Thr'o'Ug!hp,U'1 [8ieme [IIec ul e An a [Ilysiii:s
IiUglh·t~ rIQl!Ighrpl,lt :SCri'!rl:i'itnl,"i 'f('ilf ~ue'tk a !'I a tY5:i~, C(l!mbj[i'I~t(!lria I chem'i~tj[y" a md dbillk.al di,a9i'1~$'tij!l:!!: be.ne'fit5 homr [mlllt:i~te..'df'lg, wh'kh .all~ws. 'rOl~ jj~ ~~mLllt.ai"leli!JI:!:aS'~ayof .~Mra[l an~iililytes but n 11'jt!~(e$~tatf!S, Iii, E!1"![cod]ng sciile,mero'r a mrl!ilec:u lair iide:ntm~atnon. CI!I:rrl!!l'1It a pprna[che~r.,u m uLtil1tex.ed <llnallysi:s im'Olve (omplll(at~~1 or ,explmsivt' pmlLes!>t's;flll:r !llli1mdlift9. ~limdk)f1al:izirl{l~. ,or dilC!~ding ,aJdiw stlbslrat,es (p,arlides ,(lrmrr.,u::es) tll'ld often yi,~ld a 'r.II~ry tlmit:erm m.llll'lberr of a,flalyl~',l;pl!!dric: ,~o!les~ We preS:1!1I11 [l'lu!thod based! 011'1 (olmtilill.!ulLJs·low ~it.ho!llwi3Jp:hy'th!1l'~CIl<liTiIb3ne,s: i! pllrt'id~SjliI'Ithe~is .aln[dll'rundilil(l .[I[f1[rrii PMD@'if1l(Q,rpor.[l,t:irl!ir"l irl~~ .[I[ sin'gle pmlLe~!> ttl !!leilil,!!'rat~ ml!l't~ifl!l'n{tkma[ IP.anide.~ Dell rii 1'11£1 Ilv.eor <I milllion[ lnriq!Hl rn!l,l's:. By [usi mlgi !I'lIe1h parlide1i, we ,d'~miOl'I'fitra[te a FIiIIJItt.ipiex.ed, ~;il1,gleflru:(Hes,"eDil'GI!det:ecliom Vir DNA ,o~iglomer~ \¥ith encodie<d jlillr[iide' ~iibli'iH~e!'i that '~8JfI be scarmed r.ll"idty ilfl 11 HOI'J4i"uoughi mkro~llllidk {hiJ[l1rneL fllr~he'rmOl·'~., \'Ie dlelfl[o:rJst~1Im '~"i'ill high 'spedHd11l' the ~m@' I'JIIlILtipl.el«!iliI dei@'oCtiolfl llIiSiDl'~ ~lI'Idi!,!'idllla!t m'UllHlpl'obe l!lart~de!i.

:;;JppliQIIJ1ro!l'" p:"(jtl!lri!1,1il ul~m."i11i,gh-d:''',IlSil}' :mJ'il~ys.is. ~Il 'OO:Jll:prU'lOOCl!l!, ~1~I1lS~'o!I~ ,111'1);'_" bene~! (mm
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or .,:v.._..y modilIi\clniIHl,

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usoo lilr hngh.den ...hy

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fUPlllie'M!.oll6l lJJ). t.hcy ore ~l'1iOSI.fa-

\lornbll":: O\'c;unic.roanys rnpicl probe-set

or~m:yet." over ~fII"8.cpoJ)ull'1I111nS when. ,0:1'

I1H.ldHicruion is dcsll1."'d.\V.lu!reas

piJanml' marnys. rely Mric:tly on po.-;ilum~;~1 cncodin~. ~I);<,;t}c!lrs~!] ,Uf'dYl' hblN~' used II gre;,ll~~lImbt;;'r of cn~ocxlln!ll :;d~~'i!t1(~. Ihm (,<m be clOl....~vnoo <IS "ll!lX''''' Irom.ClJlc UI m. grnpilk .•11 U 1 Nn. e:lec~rol1iic I j' 7 In fl1' rlhy~ic-a~(1~~. J J), SiJlJti,>,C,trmm'uric: .,l'lrcooing Lli;.'l'I.~ "'f"'1,\cir.c w,wo(,... 1:~11~llL;,;; (If l.i,li;ill or~,ldia1i(m lintl\'~~nIl nUO~lphrml,_'lS 7)\ ctUllH!{Jpht.'!I:'i.,ii\(NhIfJh{I!1.on1:i(,':~lnH;;tun_'!; {4 H',. and Rflli~,uU.I<lg,:o; (Ie. U)j ~l .idcrlli(v 11
~1}cci,\."'S..r-~~J;(m;'~OCI!ll)C-";IlCooctlunicrobi::Jd .. [,4'-7, C1.l1i1 ~

he. a~nh)' to q;~~~ljrY.. nn.lI.II'il}~.· 1'~~cill::1.. c)'tok ~nC'll.or ]l!.i"I!rlc add ~qllc~~C\:'S :In l'lali:a~~cl ~)sii!lg <l :;;ingl,c sarnrlc <lHows m;:~ s'c-archers and c'~i~lk;i<llJS to ,)blil~'Il 'liliSh"(ki~si.ty
~llieiPdflUl!I1~nt 0'1 CIilelPical. Eno,ml':r!leElrlng, 1'lIa~-s;amU~!l'tI5. ~rtI· sm~~e of 'il'e~hll!oI.og~, (a!l1Mdge. MA 0,139'. [UiSA. '!B~cMEMS llescllJ~(~ Q!flI!.I!t JllId (ir!rut(!I' 101' EfIIgrnl!)~ri[1lIIj in Ml!dKilil~. Mi!i~I<I:d;II ..I!)!1!UJi, G~nEf;3I. liOSiPi~.. l il:lild filalll<lJ-d ~dk!!1 :k~t BO$~, MA Oil:U.4, uSA, "'1'0 \~hol'll oo~~e~p(!lfnl1fen~e iIIl1OuI_dI 'be addlre5.'Sie(iJ.
IPoo:flI!@l1lIil:J~d'LJ

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mr'lidly rlr:oo~cdl by Ili:-iJl1<gOJ'lvcnlioflfl:1 c cyl.Omc!i"1' lor on U ~r"oplj,c arrn.y.; (l4, I. inltml~,tion '\' it~ mina~m31 &.'\8il)' Lim.c,. S1l.l11J11e mrIk.ifl@. I!~cm a poPl~lar r:llarl~)ml rar l'IT!.I~,I~I)lbivl,')l~llnc. mN oCO&I. Sl!Ich nmllipk'.'\Cd rul;1l~y~i~i:i! ing. I :~o"'",c\!cr.~hcn;'arc' ~\'(rnl di~fL-d'!'<ln~<lg'C::> 1" 0 uSJngmtihiple I1mll'C:lICl;nl sigvmb >lS me;('"Ils 01" ;]CCQIli1\p.aI'lICQ l'l}' ~vcml ch,,~'lcngc:;;,ill!:;;~~!dingIIlWlmrooding. illduditlg, I il lhelimi,tccl barcode!': Iccul!ar ellcoding m'ld dte 1'tC'C(1 10 rel.:''Lirl assay scu'k.~i Invi!y, ~?-"'Cifidty,.,mCln!f\l!I!dllcjlbil~ly 'with Ihe m:hic\,.,lble (1},p'icaU.);, -11(11) because o.f spcctrJ'I LISe: of oOOl'II~;l~ mi.... u!re:3. TllCIlC are two bJ100i:! ovcrllillp, I(l,i~ lhe lack of p(lNbil~ly 1:'01' olill'k}' c]m,~'So.~·lccl:l4n{)logk~lI~d Ibr mJJI~ifiJ~c"'~1g: P~'!" !low cytomclcJcs. (ii~)added COS I widl c<lch Uuore:>.ClI! nl L;:~!cin~.r ~nd d~~¢C!Of Illced~>d. ,I'~d n.1t,u!rdY5 a .1) ;l!ld sU~prc!!!si{l1i1(I~alilick.~lilfol;"'d ~ (iv ~ ~~L;~I i..1.~.irl~k."fr(;n;m;;c of e.~~oora_g nuni "ITII¥-~ (.;I .1!).bonh elf ~Ii'~!ich~iav~"lljJ~ic.~!iolln;:s(':t.mt;~ \'!I' i[h"Ii~~~)'t~-dCHXI.im] Ouu~\_';s,oC!~t~" z\,~"'Cifi.~ )JI.d\!!Ll1I~;I~b';S. Pl.l·.IIW:iim'~jll\ :.ilL;;1l ~lh'lDNA Fat 'I]rh::"t: rc!~",olilii,. ~,illiglc.11 umi\I,:l'1cot.."i'iCC: lli.cll:i!}d~ 31]cl ~LciUfi i'iiricroalTa:,Yll. :.I£C b~";ld ~ui't1.'tI!(;'r

now

REPORTS
illO\~'d ~h~IKe bQt~ i'1f~l rnci~,ymK! \"ClIlsh u\ it}, of m~~}ft~ d~wti(ll~, \~!~1l!8~ fl· :'linllp~c dQ.Hl,1\ling ~A;;~l~lC !n J~I]1,'fnll:; r;I!i!,~k:"'.1pt ~~,!,~~'lr ! '~\~f ;1. ~udhoJl I(~ I ~(I~ tr!g. lq,PtImc;:~c.s \\I(':n1; 1;iI~. si!l~1.cc;lto 00 "R;mcl'i 11Irn1ig~"''C 1'3I1C.~. k:m'I~ their { i!;,'ill!,llh. wi ~h.diggn~llO'lll ind~t[l"{I!1l ·~halwere used 10 • Th~ I:;hcll1li~~tri:L,'s ~~'l~d Ihbr~Ci~l~ ~llIclia p1iJP"~ 'to ~doni~' >OOtlJi.: PO!\lil~gll!i"~~~he d:iL.:: fC<l!d''di[o;iCiPB'' '~i[:k~'t~i~a:Uic;: ,~- ~]lio~trft;si~lJ rr\qlllurn;~ .. dd il i[H~111 lk"f'iilP;: Ihl; ll!!lt:Dd~ 01i.CI1:I::i[~riJ (f'ii!} If: J. The I.hit, rn'lplili~ '~~iL;~ilii;h'iti~ 1.00 ,('JL~.nj u~[J;:: 1:J,ir.llti,Q~O~li~c:;. hjimg ~hapc IIt1;: ~>ilIl'll:dJ.~ l.~lpt\ !lligua llli!i..'1l11 lor 'Iv the ~tBrf~.cc. ;H:id, il~ lh.c ease (if s,lril~dl rod... s.eaml~I1!fl. irl !I fl\:rlw-l!1uQlIIgh dev:iJ::e..l]tc:>JJ[ri1~ ~"-'1I'i. Ilr.llio:nl of \~m'itlu;". cltcmi::·.In:c::...en the partid{'$ each ~11'1!..'<!al palh::m i1,cedl~ tn 'be ~n~rn.k'ti He one baAe~n!.II!! ~im~ Typicm.II)!, IJilc~~at~mt>otl a:II'O\\'5 doeod ing ,li.ndm~t ,uclcctiou tDOc acl~i.;:\-cd ~hC'~ 1.,m1i:c:1C'1' ml·ly l'IC di;;;lin£ll~IH.ld if Ihe by us~n~ Iii sil.l.l:.ie fluoropl1.-o:rc. can ~]\ICiP!Sccnce of IlI1c tilyci .~!gll<lll i~Stl Ilk ~'11li)1 TO. dcmm~Slf'itile the m'$:1I1~in.>,of 1}':11tL'CI~ synthesls, wre &C1ccH~~dyllm1'iCloo mOJlOn~Cr !l.tre:U'l:l)1. il i~l, nO'lil'-'f sr-aphflCa~~wt~INJ IN' ~nicrocal'l"i.cr A encoding ~l1. I:hc seloetivo phouob~ca eh~n~ Wilh a 111!flIii."Jflhorc ,lItd 'll'100 .<1 '\,'1I1~'of dm!mei (:(ldi.~il]1,O nU~:IITt,~t,:ntoc ...L& (/6).. In Ihi",~.li".~~~oo. dl;.'Sign..... !lltlil'O'm.i;; lo 1~~'Cr...~ oo.uin~ u ~ingk\ pJtIb¢ mll~:IP'lnidi; ~ynnh";Joi~~\l <an),d dlJl"t!dil~I:l "It;' lijal1.C~'~~O:rl. rll!,ll~ti,p~J.:: pmhc ~gi(l!'I.,'" ;,Il~d: l]mb(~·n;~iol1 cQn"lJImiv~:g_!. I~mking il an IlmHke~~ ,~.uldli,dm~ror gnidienn; Wv.:;:. tE to G~ M~!I~i!~mhe !}lII~:tli;I'cl1 i!i!!h .. ~lIDllghpLlt a:n!i!b'si~. A n~g,~dlOd Ih,~1~hmi~ trIg.· I F:k. mad~ wi!111 nJ!~ llVC' of" ch<!!ml):L~ wid! ~xi~tthm
~Q:iiIC SlM.p:h iC<lII,ci;hnique~~o ~l};'llgl!I!:y ~mbod t:lS):P'Ct1<dC;\ microen m'j,}f:)1. mI· O!1l~*!C~! lNrpl;'m;!~ rdy !D!~~h~P'lt~r!1~~!.lil of op!iqll d~Il1!!~~I~~ OJl ". lInk:mt;:nrr.i~-r; ?l!1111'~ ~x;itrn!)k~iirlchIElll s~:rip.,;tl [lid.. (/1. JJ't ridg.c-d P~!'1;:~~ ~U~. ,Iud dOl4~(~~~emr.>d palr!icl~ U 4, J 5).

A ,,~~ fe;:nIiJ~· m~r !lIlClihod is jhe dim::l inrorpGmtiml 0fl'lJ)o1lC8 into IiIw cncodcdD<l!'!iC!~~. '1l1i.~i~ oconll~~ .. i~ll;-d by ~i!np:~ ;Igl;lirl::l ~.~}'!>ft'\,~
~llOi;!iti~-cllJiomokx:~
AH ..!f ppIYI~lerilm:i:mJ, '

or

I~ il~to

th~~ ItlOn!lOlIl;;'!"~ml~liO:Il,

or

an; om":iili:.;mly OOl~p~cdto~1C; polymer' n~r\"'·mk lll~~. p~ll is ~W!iC<1!.b!C' r¢foo~h (ll:i:goI1Ul;;k;"Olidl; and rmh;ill pH~ t.M-32~ \lI;t' d~nl'irn~le II1!nlhl~ ~~DJt btirSl::. ofUV 1lI~ d ttl :'Y!l1lht~,i:H: ~rObb"'OOI~~I~~~!0d, ... ~ifli~l~ areirno1: dru.iinCi'lllll IIi Ihe IlUi'Ie'!itJi'lality of iilt\Ofj}Dmh::d ,L'}.II~~ti.~i..id.;;.'(]lid~Pre\l~rnis~y,. we ihe~"S

~rowoo sh~li~ar~l1Itl;S wil.h bcatl·oolmd mlllibddie~

Ihm '" ere ~llOOl1:k1mtcd int{'lpclYl1llCf ~ruc!tlre$ nt.ldb room n'C<lrbidcflli"<l~ m~:jI,mmcr (lOlt'il.iIAl'Cun:;: aN.3J). To dt;~IlI(1II~"!:mlJ:: mU!I~.pIC:'!li~lgc,q'!<l!hiliIUC$,WC l,I~d tli;:~.yhllJi.)·.~m.'ld~lied 'O!;goLll1!~kl~~d~ proix\il

or

6"'lhL:C~1

:Ul(:

~\Omtl1!L;'f~i1lUy .w~ik~Ib:J(l" for DNA

a!Ol!.llt".,;\11lcc~1\~L;'a!~ O'I.lI,O~i('[h~r u."L,.~ m!d,vo fk'\! ~!.;'!~.~ ey nii;ltiory mg,-,'l J '1-19<). lflhil> ;lppw!ilch ~~.'1..11)' \ W'iJ~,'\,:J'riJl 1ll;e~iIl11;~.CI.LI rows; .hbr !i!"~rl)l' !J l:t~imi[~-d ,

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tbr

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barcodes

,~>IO':l:1 lind dcco1up11es tit!!.: baroodliHl,!!l

scheme frorln 31li.l1~1!C: tlUrullHlc!ition (,I:l:iJQrcs~ eeneel, bUl the :~YI1.11~C'S1.11" rlny appreci:iibk' iL~ ~nmdJICr (1hous[l;m~d,.. or mi ~.loo.ns.}1or these decrate), mnagnelic mH1Ol)arlk.l~:;:;lre lllco:epomkd ~Tonlc mh:;fOC:h~p-Il;I$OOCaLTk:r.l. l'I1IaYr1'O\'C· 1.0 be in a g'r<!dicl'll. il maybe pQ.'<Sihk:m rm{]JJ;OC a. ("x~'lClrasivc "mci !\l4Jlw.'f~~C' :md S'C'\olC'rJloiber ~l~~hCid~dC\.'\.':~o;pcrlthrmu!lip~~~~'clm~(l!~ysi~lm\,"~ [(;nnpC'nlwlw '\·;)lri~Himlak!,~g I)~·~ide,~\\ hen st~lllullutoo i~ ~'CiIiUlil1igml1lg11c'1~.C fI.clcI (1'9}. illl b~'CI1tl10Wll:£hly re\l iewed elsewhere (25. 261.
Weullltro(h.llJC'Ca technique d~m OVCl'OOilm.'S ~mrly ihese m,.dti~~lcxil1g !iInit[!j~!o!1S. B:}' C~~ pk~~ljll:!il blllmi'I1<1r (lows dl<II'!l;:lt.~risJ.ic of mitltnnllidi~-ll, Wi; dt:nl{mSI~'a'[~ the :lilil iW 10 gCJlLll'{lW

p:;lrilicie C(1'.li1prui'lD.!i ofs~"\'l.1;n~1 Ulrg!.;'~ FUrn.li~r.. mere, probe grmLlk,tlii; (Fig .. ~G 1.~n('JdL:1J.y $untpJJy 31.l'uw~ng di.~:lL'>10nlofthe p.ro'be ::l:Cru~ S:tn::il11i1lS if! 3. IOiilg channel, rule useful for brortd,e:rrling flrl':: th:::I1:Clion runge or~llmmlyll:\";~IC~l ~s~l1g fixed a dcl"ec~iQll sc"~l.",il.i\' {'when !'IlC SigJ13~ CJ!I1 :s.mu~ly

~qur:iI'to; dCl!:)~~io-n 2. A ro C). \~'c·~'nl!h~~ ,~Fig. ~~oo !l!it'(!c b<urhCli. O'rlil<~f!idc:;;: OI1i.: ol·\.\'hich ,~.,'mJ !~'t1 ... ~~vtti~ 1b"~\;~Ill~cir Itbp~'O:JigiUll1(:.I(~).id~ 20 1Pmbt; I W-t\.'fA GCA GAT CAG CAG CCA GA.,)'ll :Ilalmh.::r with pmoo· 2: C,'·CAC "fA1i'fiCG CAli GTI eTC AT~J'~\and ::i.UIIDOO. w.iith Illl) probe, EO SCL'r"C HS a cmllool. l'~LI'g~S \!i'C['C "li.Oit'S{"£ll~ly labeled ollig.o.nuJ:clooticies Willi (om;picm.emlll"l!' roqucm::cs to Ih~l\vO Ilmhl...""S. w~ mi;o::oo ti1~ IWIkles. ruld.um;Lltmtcd Ihem Ibr .~ mill .>11 .l'OOlll 0 fClJlllCmlure in mimlw~~ils conl<!ini~lg ~ilher 1:lI"ACI
:11.

1 (;~~ 1 .~MI.~aI'g'l1 05 OJ.' .IlO

~tNn.

{at ~.~ ~II}. 1(IIh ',~!],~)lIOOlh 1 l3I].'!l

'l2'o1:l).

i\

posilh'C' l:JIg.d.

or

n1rl~lhil~unCllionl.l1 pauieles

win!]

di",uirac<r:n::gimn:\. lo:r

<lu'IHlyre CltCOOil~!!lllndf...'i[rg(1[ CfipHl:rc Wig. I} [ni n Iyp:ili:"al CXp1!rl't1h.""'l1t, we likw,cd~wlI) monomer slUC9ms ~one: ~.OOd0d with ~ ll]il~"II't djfC anI£! Ibc ather with ;fln acrylal.c=l11nodifkd probe) ~1Ldjace~a~y down a, micl:ollu ~dicChrulllld and used a \;,ffi"~3.io.n (o~linllolll~'-.no"l\'Ii~hogrn!lh'y(27) of 1.0 polyf:m!rizc l);lniol~ ~willh jJo,.um burstS or ~lluuviQlel. fUV)I~£~111.;J;Cl'OS.l> tihe slI'Cm'l'ns ~JB) UllQ\lh! Sll. ,lin dl'i:s manner. pMilich:s wil~~ II 11~1\}fe-seem. gmphicailly CHl;oocd rcgl(l.ll and 01pl"OLlCIQ;:Ww I~,giollem be s.yl!lthe.~iz,cd un ...si'lfIgle Mell, E;L1;:hfl'Hilid~ i:ii au ~,\;,ln"I~d1IwO"dhm:lb~i(l~ml 1(2DJI -~11<,Ipc'tFi.g..IB) .,'hose morp:.ho[0£l.Y i:-; dl,'" ~.;:nl1l:im;;dhy a ph,{~lmli"~'I.'i'kth{lt is il1M.,;'i:t~tdinto 'iht,; ~T!i;4d'fi!:Op ~)U,r~~LLm:1 the 111:i.cml'ioop:: OllIad wl'iuS(i (If !.:llcm:i!S:tr'y u:; dCk'nuinoo, b.y 'tthc ClOJlt'Call ol'nhe

uv
", ..... ii,.". ..
CO ... ::1

c:: ii

n:o~'il1ig IUOllOHil.Cr :i'tii~ill1~. Til...: cr.~1ti:;;;Hni~cd p11~,y,uncrpmtides lh,;:n, no'l" ,C]'ownd1,c ,hafllincl [Wiihoul sticking d,tl;;w oxygen il1hilJ ~iol1 ncar ih~ dll11'l1:"I.;;I:;urtla(j~li pm, \\lh'Cil!; dn,.;y ~utc oo~~ Icci~d: ill. i!t n_'sc!,',toili.TIlt: r~~lI1j:ch.':.'i c.mb..:rin~oo of CKcessn~IDK'Imer and 1iIK.".i I u.'>Cd l.or biological <1I~YS. We ~df""Ol)'l,c~hylctIC glyoo~~ !pEG) {well kno~..n Ol!:'l <! bi~~fI!m f"Il1Yll1crl OlS ther<!rlid.c th!.fl'lda.ion 10 d~111imni;lhe ~ml'~ !!block~ 10 :<.~rtlu;~ aOJ;'f p.~J:]br:'lXil1j,ug"lio~ <Illd ~I=- 'llr.1~1."P'Ilt~ eiil. 11I"iIalqi~~lo ,111110\" .mUi~l1iis.~~O:ITi ITIltQl1I:,~tt111 or 8oigu'ia.1ltorn 1:~."HhpmI1.tcJCl~iOl~" n~(: pm,I~Tl:i~
co

IFig. :ill.. {:A) S(h~matk d~(l~r~:rn of clClt~Dd~etl Ililf'tide ~1{iiiI~n~ls~1'I!i)~~in:g po~.)im~rizadon aO'o~ t!li\(l C!ld.~~I!:~t lami!lii!r 'sn:f'li'amSW ~kll! si!l9~~P.['(I~i!_·if!{!U~~h~llrli':;l:!li'iU ~ar~d~s [shol!m tn (9)], «() .liliagraJmllllhllU( n~p.re~e~tEl'ti:!l1"l parlider~i!Itur,e1) for ellmding .and <lInalyle d~~:e~~ol1, Encodil:l.g ~d1.eme iJlf sh~~\ln g~I"(J\~~iI1~ gertera~iM Oif221J' t:tM8,S,76) ulilliqu~ I;ll:lms. ([ill' [J!irt€r~nti1al ]i'lt~ff.li'n~~(€c!!):ntrgst (101'0 1ml1l'QI!!'Ilf paltides generared by lIl:sing~he5()nem'~ 5~(I\mifl (A). (E to 6), O;i'erla,jl of nll.UJrt)(CI1i!!:e a iIi!(1 D~C ftilllage:5 o,f sili!9Jte"'Pir1l)!b~ ~~), mutUpiiObe (IF, b~tt!()nrd, i1m,d p.fQbeilrad~e;]1i ~G,l.:::,ft), ucoded IPilftides. ShQ!\i1l1 @l$(! lis, @ :Sl:hJ!lPllliltil: If(!prE!'Stlilitali(!lf1 'gf !llli!ttfp!Qb~ Pi! rt!d~-s (F, ~t;)p) ,~rl~ @ IPwt ·gf !l1Ll()re-£~emti~!.eIil:s~t.y OJilong th~ ,!:jen~e<r ~ill!e of OJI'gradil'nt pa rtide (G. ~'h'!)" S~ai[e hars m.!lJfcate 1100 ~Lmr 1r1'l ~EI)~ (IF), and (GJarnl~O pilm 1n (lH.
1

1394

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

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REPORTS
d~'i;,">C1ion \"":5,inclll;;ai~d ~'C!K:~, which \\'<IS!1:1f,11I:l;! 'by Im~bol:-w~i(IJl Il!l!(lre.t:~
Pfl~lt;lUl'KOO

~icB~ OOgl;~~llli~p,."'lih :iil,l,~~ t;;l1~>iS~"''l','t'c liI.MC in dill.i,t'il;: mld hybridize ,~v(,'lF<l1 "",m ~ll(nih!ii pHl'i DeIC' h4:;x1y (].'l')" In 1L~i£'&~iIJ~tutt::c. illl:" pmtic-b

"~t

!'!C<ij" ~~

par-

illmll~ unifmmiw (~.'!:) \)j,li.d~ high ~pt.i'l;Hich.)" 1.0 the Qli,gpr.n~ ~;~hlhilijng nl!O~"~nce m1~}'wben ~Iw i.l)I~'li rf~~rl't (f~:g.:Jq, "'[:no fitlnh~~ d~!liIlOlh r"'[\1" t~\,": ~,V<t,)<t 0" ,1tLf mul..... t~)k,dng :.d~L'Ill~, ~ fl!cTfot1ttt:1;!uh.::: ~n~l!;l SI..~.

qlfCflCC

detection

1!S,<:a)lwi!l~ d11e ~IS~

w..,~

'iMilh m\llIqpl~ <ildj<!'~m f"mct i~;m"httif.~(fi,g, 2. D~p

or 1-gI1~ch:s

F l.h~~hitoil~ll!l!bf,'1';\\'~ \,'l;;;rt;: .. b~ ~1)simtll~t.,'tI'il~~1L~ly liL"'~Y Ibr uill/;:~'!NO ' rn'h~~ S~l1!J!~'lI'IL-';:~ 'lwhlrlmJ D1~!¥.;"'~ tt.'Il~trol) on ~I "i:rlgl~rlirlock_ A.!:l,!ri.Il"lht.: ~Ih"~ly ""ia~ hi;g~~~)' ~ci~c ,Wig. 2F~ ;,uu;l '!r'C~' uniform
1X1\\oiL;'1;;ti~hc:.

P""U""!id~ 101f!~Ir!id~ IFig. 2D~' U8l 1l1ei"tJCrfocl;'~

oJfi Ih~ PllrI~tk$
(up; OC't)' sJ:l~fIli,

rrom

Fi ![II" 2:. M:uU.ip If!',Xild '~fl~ly5is usl If!g sirl91!~

M tQ '0 ,1lilild muttnpr,obe (D to IF) moo(je:d par~eadedl Wil1h DNA olligo'" mier' ~fO~-$ (Oll,5'-AlA

lides.Th~ ~rtk~~ w~~

'GCAGAT CA.G CAG ern 'GI\-3', er 02', §''{AC 'TAI 'G,CGICAG GIl ere 1\'1'=.31 er uno prolile [1!I1!~t1lw ,oelll!Jr'ol (()] as :\!h e~~111 :S(hW!~t'Kol!my if] (AJ' cC!!l~ {E~. ShlWlll- a!N~ rep;r~ ~entalive UlJlme5!1:eme imagi£!S r'OFl5<fi'ig~~oOO (8) d mi ml!lltiiprll be {D)

IDjd (!:iilillt:r 5!ltiIJk';S. ool,lkl be I,I~~-dUll' c~tC'.i1!l\it::t[<C't ~~'nlliiplc1I:in_g p;.h~lili~. ~ Ii' uirlei' lO j'!rov~ ~UlTlhiJ::; m:e;tI'~oo of mLi~l~· ~1~ mm~ysls i.~~mcl.1:c8~ loli' hi~ll,,:tin:otl!lhpul ~pf'liCJ.urol1ii;, \\'C developed a ~in~'PlcsChe~'le io :;e·m~ 11"lJ:'lich:osh~ a flow-lJnuu~h device (.Fi£. 3i). MLVI~ip:l"ilhc 1):!.l'I.icicl' l!,;~d ~Il ~I!!!h>'blidilalion 1:';<1'~x'fi n'ttln't jW!S! dlJ.tlcrilxlCi (.Fig. i.. D'lnfl \VCfl(l [kl\'~I.'<I ~~!tI\I1:h a Ilmicmnuidit' ehrumc1 ud ul).~.",~~ 011, <In lillv~nit;;'tI nIilO:fIi:~('nee mil;I1~~~lf!(: (2il'~ PMicl~'l \\cre ,!ligll!il~ l!!>illg Uow=~OCL!~~~lg ould1~ro.!; eled dO\\\n a cl!<'I'l!1t·~ oni~' 5-ligI~~ly~-cr ..

dmn

~lI;

p.antil;:I~ widlh

~ii\lD1(!~Y ~rr...;:~'l:!n

(2,~n n~t'~UiI,lI\:1!1.m1 thi,; p3l1llcks

\f(!1e

lFi~. 3A). \~rcW!fo(;d,1 llio-

"anid~ a'iter a l&mili! i!FI(I!!~altiQIiI mth b~tlli fll!lo,re~~elilt:·liliJe:led ~:ar~

~b:vcd$lrlool.hl.y SII.iekill!ig.lm:Jy~

down ihc' c1'llllUK~5 wi~ht1lill 'iai:(.'.n m =:I (k-sigllilICd: dctcctiio.1fI regjun in~i~~ ~11ffiJ111~1 Oil eXfl.QSltl'l! \\Ii~h ofl t ~25 S as Gile'Iliuticlcs jl<1Ssctlll:c flCk! or \'~

'~€IS.fworesc~ii!ooi!1l thepr~he 1f'~IWliS ilu::li~t!~ Uitl.e:5 ,.. file!' illlCillhal:iOO i~

target. dlelediol1i. Al~e 5M'IIIi!, ar~indMdIll~d IPgJr'"

'(us~ug I), 2U" o'bjeclhc~ ~X1lJ8C SQ1]UCI'lCl:':> were bier :lIla~yzcd 10 :(ktcmlioo!hc p<l!f!'!id~ code :md
qtl;il;rll~r~' tl~,!$,

(~TtO\l.i.c' S1).

~:lI;J:llion~ ~oillitainin:g Ino 1:a1l!J~ts. ta.l!let 10"J![y, t~~~ '!Jel,2 ooly, '01" ooliill<lrgeh ~(Oam:! mJ. Sca!le b.;il'$, 1.00

A rcpr'C'O(laf~;lli\f(:)P'I~i.c lc imilgc 1s)lhow!l (Fig. 3B.} 'W.it~1 oID.c--sponrung :b]!ct~sutyp~OLsa~mlg o I1lc fWlC I"lr:li,ck ''iLt';!It:.iing .!!rubeS." Tile eedc a~OJrlg each lane !I;.1IJI! be 1.1otc~minod, by an:;:d)'zUlgI1JC !'il!lilap dips ,mel P~'I!L;,.all~ iu~hc iu~l~ilhiily pJUl"i. By
~~'fTIiI.

lJ:iii!1g the E)o:rulI[)I·~i[}l'I Illu{m~:sctn>OO..

\'Io\~~

dc:I~'II!J(I;

Filg. B. FllO'"~Hhr~tigh ii1art!l" de: lr~adilil!!i' (A) Schemiiltk

re~N'M!f1l!.'ltiofl ,of ill 'Haw·

IA]

p!!~id~ mlihlllm!!f

a pQ",ilivc laIfJJ,~'u (to1.ccl!iorrbas Ihe conlml ;}\I"(,i'!lgc ili~nL"ity ~JlliS l~afitt SUH.l'ILlnrd irninl1'" uhr cfleh dc\ pMlid~Wc \VCIlC :l'ilhi:c [0 tlCOlII'n1CJy id.cl1Xi~.Y~he ~C:ilCC ofoolh oH!,~.mu,l.dCO'!kle uq;cts 3.1kr only
a shon I {l=mil1i :~ncuL"ujGIl.

rQ(lIlsing m~crorhi!~di!!:d!evio@o lI~d to idigtn and rel1d pa tides aftew hybridil,Oitionl '!l'xpe;rime'~t5i. IFiilrtTI~!~el'S ,Hoe directed dowm <I f1anm'l 'ch~IFlli!e l ,al'ldare iD'!a'ged by ~~liii'~fliL!ortSi:enoo miC:r'o~
~M

'lllctlmJu,ghpilu' of

OUI'

systcrt]

is luimilrily

dC!I;!r.linh~oo by the dcteeuon schene and 'lilep<!ir-

....
1m

lid.:: size. 11'L(; panicles .:symhC$iZl..~ for this ::i'ltd]' are n;ro!lve~' t~.lI'g.t (X)rnllrul."'IdwhJ:l (hQS~ in 01111;1:"
H()w_;~I,lrolllgh mC'lhods. mC<l;,~ur.ing YU ~un i~l wid~h.-30 um in.lh r:cknc;~ and ll'lO l~ 170 ~I II I

d~l«tiOImI

,o~py. ~B).A typlc~li!ma!1le ,~f

aJ

r~km

in, l!l:l1glll. Lm'g'C" si>llc

~~L~

~hrol!lg'h dmC!~ as; s!h1l1U1iIilli W ..The ]1ln:ageIO'li1lI, [,'lp!lU red b~' I!!:s.ilflga micr,oscilJpeIiIl@UlliJ~ed !!:illll'Lef~ 'MI~ ilni ,expo~'lIrre of 1I:1L2~ SCi5~'l'e pa ritJ1de f!OIwdllll til 'vel«lty ,CIIf ~12,ao 1lif1t'1i5 th~ou§lh Ute

~did!

~~IliF!

ill'! ~ no~=

-: - - - - - - - - - - E: ':'"-:J._ - '

- .---.... ,--------

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:vell~'F -~

CI ArnJlyte D.eU!cilllW1' CI GafCio~h~'

-12l1XJpmls:,

,cha;r1li!el 5(:11;11$iO~ nUiOfes'cern inlten~illi' 'W@!I1! ti3!lrorli aJO'os~[i1e rive laliie~ o:ftlte lPail'ilijd~ I:() ~I, tlih~ au:fll'
,1JInd elE!d o~~omerl<lr'g~1s d

O;ff

:::i ~Je.
~ O~

CitJ~ Ayg: ,0,;066...... .A:vg ... :3iS!D~0.1 O'l ~ ~ ~

01: '0.329

(.y,.~l

0(2. tIlI.2lD (+~l

(01 <I nd l:m.w~th p.a~. the :iilOO ~ &!C' lid,~ 1111lhi~(I'Filmt(!liorl~ '~h~ t pi~el ,Qod!E1isread from riight to ~ehan:d ttI~to bo'ttl'lI'i1" \lfh~~e I, (lI,an:dx rEp~s:ental ho~!!, no hole" ali'id an aligiiiment~ m>a~kE!~, rt'.5pe(:tiwlll'. ParitJ1de ~ho~~llis '90~m !by ;270 pan. A.U., arbitralry un~~.

\'oll,llm,::. rn.lo\ll\lw~r. ~hc gll;:,n[.!XIr!ick'"I(I"1I~m:L'tk:~(,; n;prnG\I:I;; ibi li~}' "''''' hm ..~ d~'!.ll(IPl~!~·'l~CtI;l (2N~ wi~t ~1ilbJ-d 0IU1111,l!;.'h~{)wt.:r Iii.'itlundmu.:y dl,m i:. l)rpDLo:d, in nf.IW.,;:hr,o'LIg~ :;YSI!';ms..,lflilproving ,eme~ ICy. By uing cOI1SJCf'vMivc eSli:mrlfl:[cs. we :1~'liI1.dthilt !':'i!J'r~"Vs~cm should be cillpilbh:: oj'provl.d'~fIIg mpid. I'l~gh~cnsit), ,m.;lllys us 'willh a m;jm.;lls~alb~csemTr~'()volmnc: ,t28), despitethe ::i'!..",·miulgly ~f~C: prnrlidc~j,...,.e. In <JiddTtim to be~ng vccy t"'"1Irooliciblc'.wc h:wc' a:lw shown II13l OI1!lI' :Sys!e~n is ve.r.y sem;lti\!C'. With 3U=lnh~ inclJlb<Jlions,we call dctiocl DNA o'H~rnnCiS co!n~Grn.'1llh' a~ 500 <It!Olm~les wid1.m.l!l l'1111!in .... ': idin aicl~':d.~igmill an1Jl'~ik:~~io:n(2~), lhis I IL;:iLd~u,~ '~L' bdic~ [ll,U! our !'1y~lJ;.'In \,viU be .n ~C;;L"'!
;,t<,;

or

lilot

.gnly Iim~lS, 11"lC"hroughr I

dl'C" s."Imrl~

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<1~S!l) illt:rc,",~

stll1i.iliw 1UiC\I:m,';il ~'OI1"!ifi'iL;l'tjn:l:l:y aHuil1wk: ml'iullipkil:mn.~Icehi.l01!ogi~, \",il.h ~le fumed, adv"dl]·

REPORTS
~~s QI'~n"in"(lI1r,: 'f)>l!l1idc :SYl1Ihl;l;ii:is. inOOI1:x'1J<lli{[n ol'muhipJc probes, 1~lw ~i1I~t l;~l, v-irlt!!;J!lb
l

liA. ~ L'oIiIM. C" Sewher; E. I"n.~A1i~tly ~ 4125 112003). 1!.~ lIt !llr,a\ilt;~!i!!iI~ ~ ~£.•. ~; :lll. IE. l~ MDrali ,N lJl..}' .. Am',
U99j)"
'l!lj" (hMl.

ml.irl~iroo ~~. PlW in"llk~lW'mmion ~1~~!m~i!!l~ !!.1On;:than lI~hilldm:l n\I~K~VI~ 11liC'rosoop'\,,,,

I. .

DeiII: Jec/ma1. 199 (i!:'O~))_ 115, 2. L ~lll,.Y. M~llit~ Q. 1H\:Ii~n', liL ''1\lg'j')iy'll, AM! GlI,Il'IIfi, MIter; ,~ l6·9' j200:n. ~«. 't'll:;!, 1078'7

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75:.

Re~e(l'1!Iii(:es .Uilltll N!OI~e:5 gliGer~~ !IWf#~ ~,a5 ~~OO;1t ,Z,. S. 1". IFQIliOl' Il!' al. NMum 36'1, S'5S fl9'93]r.

l.

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s ,G. ~Ele<!lIn" S, t, Sl:!hrel!oe!f, SC!'~ae"!!69. l.7,~(11 t2Qil!ID. 4, ~ j. FrUI.Im, It L. ,Mcillace. 11'. L ~itl:1, L F.IKi~k~!, lit ~1lIii11~I1I~r." Clfn.C"tm.,4'~. 11.149 r:l.997~'. S;, ~]. ~!liby't'f~~.J".4m. CI!em. 5Q(. :J!,2;::.21:!J3 {,2:00I0:1. &. ",Xu tI (11,. M.IdtiCAl;~ ~',. ~1. ,~a {,gOO}. I. lit. Han" X. Gaa, j, L; SUo S. I'fji~, Mar. iIlrJt£clrf'IDf.. l'jl, 6H 8., .'!:.., \'I" hlii~o ~l£It,

t2:00U.

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;t_ ~u itl "),,, NqI'IfJ te't 5, o!9 f1OO~). U.. ~; rennin,S, OUIl; 14.l)ilig. 'II'. Zl'lIIanQIr,. ~~ !iI<In~g,,-, 1. Am. C1!em .. Sa•• :iI.:U. 1!.Ci.'5~6, ~200~l U,s.. lit ~lOew.Jm~r'~~ ,~ @t, 5fitnf'e~~!'!, H7 (;wo,n. 11, Itl, y, St12l, ~ Al!nQ,I, .1jJ0'aJt6/, ,000I!'iIl:, 31M. cps:e (~OOf,j.

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l. ~9~2oo::l'~.

0'.,

IK c:. 1~1{~ag!J', ;r.:, Y. :t(Iii1iQoZ. ~lf~~'99~hi A,5~~, 1!o!I.. P. NOIla. ,M~i!W. CMm.. .lJlt fJ1. ~11, llll'g, U99S<}, 11.9.IR, f. :)tMre. 5i::iffla' ,21~ '571 U99~}, 20. T. M. Mdh!9h, !'t t(, Miiner" l Iii. L~~, II)" P. ~~Ie5, J. (Un. 4li(l'·mifli!: 26.. H'lii U983), 21, A, It. \I',a.in~., I!;. l\i~I1~, Pror..~rl. A\wd. S"Q". U.s:A 97. 1~~2'(~OQ(J,). 22, II 11'. N:iI'IAIlI.. L. A. ~Mar, lfi!'MS lJi&I:l!etlll(Jl .. :l!!iI" '1 (2D1ll2~, ::1:3. I, B:. 'Fan. iIo'.I. S. G!iB1~.~. L IGwld~r~oo\ Ntfl. b, rGen~. ". 6n 1[2M6l. 2~. II A, fergu5(!m, F. jl" SiI:!l'nierl. D, lit ~1,AAtI', G!~ n. sna ,(,iI!IOO~, ~S, 1M.H. fiIDiel, K.I»~, C '!,!l'~ng,. L H~ "Mill'. O':le.!l'47,6. ~~2A '1200~). il~.lit ilrJe;~a_I1I~ $, C. O. Sml'dl. N1. lrel!~n~ IR. i!rl!iIme15.. II Ill'!!rn~er. 1It,j~ ,I'iltv.. Ot!:u~ Obr.o ... 1, ~<11 (mo2'),

c.. IF'lnegiboo. J. ,CoIJlifn, t A. "'aU~!l1. P. 5. I[n~re-, N~r, ll!Qtr.r: 5. 3:6'5, QOO61 219, Matml'ltl. ntd 1ifi~lho!k ~'re- ~ai~m~ as ~~poiilnnQ malEna'l on S{lfm:1!' Onlim~, 29. R. '~J9~ ,f'( gr", rfEE fl~ns. M~51i'!.~, 3745 f199i~ l .~O\. A.~. Itou-'blm ltili. Bl{Jt«~~ 3:11. 1008 i::lOO3], si. A.. V,,\I'a~ri~~ll'".~ rGlr., 8i~tKh~;[rj~e'f ~9.2 f~~99l ,no n, F,. ~l. f;l~"~n ~t!!J.. 1!Ir,rdti( ,1lf!;M$1I1t/.. n, 61l'~
27" 0" De~du~!.iI1ii. I)"

B .. 0, c Fregioo!l, M. f.2006),
~~.

(l99~).

1[1l1n~,

P. S" ,DO'jit;

'tfll'gIlJW

22. $12 2

1j\I~ gra~@\rillLly ;'!(knowl.ed!i~

05·0~(IiIU8 :5IliPlPfirtingl

~WI1lp9:FIImmllr4SF gf,llnl. Ili!'~ ID!I!!1I!.'b!'U1~Fell~'!\I5ItiJl.

(hil~fi'l~Matelfl'ial. "'Mt.il:jM!Jlmi!~,a~!l~(IIll!I •.enWllllll3151S~e:l'1111391fDCl Mlilt,F'~1!I:wi ~lI!1liiadl! :F;g~ S1 ~" ss Tilbl'!;:~ S:llQ sa

:ede.retlOe$

mM~, 51 Md

;,2~

n ~el!lt!er

ZOOQ,;O!·C«P!i?d 4 ~m~¥l'

;;!OO7

10,1l!2Us;::iel'l~~.lH4'9<!9

IIDI'verse R,ellatiiions Betw'e,e!n A.mounts 'Oil .Air' Po~luti'oDiand 10rlogl ria Pih i,e: IP rec:ipiitat:i 10 111
1

1, 20 kill east r Xi'un .., Ch i~l:l tOOL! I~OC':llio!! ill. F i~. l} poov ides a complere rceord ,of foulL IrlC9StlrcrncIUs per dll.Y of all m~lcorolo£ie:l:1
(I

Oi!1niel [email protected].:h ]ll'IiI [ltd,.::!! Xi JIg l{1il1.:~ ,Zililrllillll¥1i!I Ya()I,~ Xii~ollilollilg XU',2: Xirlg ¥arl!iJl.:~ (11il1!l!oi'!ilill~m Diu:2 _. P,]rHIC:U~ilIte ak poUlllti®1l ful,al$been slIIggested as the (a'LlSe Qf the I"ecel'lny ,()b~e:rved decreasing U~l"!ds, {If 10 t~~5% Qliltne ~aUiiO bl';lllll'!{llI;:'Il!. MH.y ~1[1d ~Ip\'ii.f!d IgW~aJnd p"idml;atf'Q!1!" dOW,fhl,fil1!d I)f I!.uballl ~!i1dl~dl!l$~r!llt r!l1~eaS, ~,ql,lal'l~ij~ijoo th~ dle~~,nden(~ Qlr lhi~ 1",;;Ilti~1 ~he !I),roglr~pnici W Qf p~edp,it~ti()n~ifnhan~arlii~liilt f~(,t:or (I!iil ~h~ am.OILlmf~of ae(I(j5JD'ls i';(lilI1Ipo$~d' mosH.y Q~ polklti(ln in UU~ free tropo!splrier,e,. bi!l:sed 101'1 me.a~r'E!im~,nts at. Mt. IIHLla lIi,ear Xi'aln\in (ill Dlb'a i Chnin(ll. nil:) Ihi~lly predpJtllition ~ill1 be d'e(rea~eld by 30~®, 50~/o d~H~ng hazy (®lldill011l~ \\!iilfulViisi~ility®f le'~ [hal1r S klLome'lers at t.he m®Ull'Il!li Iiltop, Th:is tren.d' SOO\'lSthe ,role ~If d~r p oUlui[iicmirn fhe ~OS:!ior sigl1~li(,mt wlIter U~:W'lilr(eSin hiUy iHetlIS, wh~cih~s:a liI'IlI~,or prQ!ble;min C~imllam;:i I'I1;H1Yother illr'eiil!i,lDi[

clements. ,e:ric'ef;l~ [o',r OIllC' measuremenrper !Jl~y of IllfCC:i.pil;m h:m dIC,plh., The 'i~ibility (V IS I LlJelhre IQRQwm;,n..'JCorued as. I (I classes, ;lIld !IH! values ;lIICT I QSO were '[!;"'I im,lIcd d irec'tl)' ill ki~nm~t~'fl\"wi!h respect ~o 1,IIU~!lI;H'k~,of

~C1lrc.. lui

.lknOW~l

d lstance

iD1 the

mOlm~a'i.ItOl!

lanrl-

nrdcrto ro(lm:cl]~c eBcct oJ relativc hWl.midi'~y{RH} on '!;i~jbihl.y. RU V;!!irlu;::-; grc,>I!~cr~han40 .auld less d~an 99%\'''C'JiC (OI~A n.;rl.1,;'(1 In the cqIU!V:[II.h.'lill ,,'i,~ihi~:il)'in dry condil.im:ls (iJt., R~il<40%)" \l\lb(;'iJ] [IUri <40%" the ,,~sibillhJl did :nm. need to 'be corrcetesl for

RIJ. The eerrceilen

r61f1li1

Wi

la ~s expressed as

th~ Wo'r~d.
arge CYUlQCIfI1m~nm~s Qf SIiJII.mliCl'Oll pan..i.c.,.. l!liltt;!!ir p7JlllU!lkUlIlOl\"C been dDC!.m1'C1lncd Wi SUllp~PI\ccii"hmiou"tbrmiJlg ~~ by se!'ving a:-; clklucl.·dmp oond!;lI!~,~~io~1 n~aclci ~h,~t uhrm dou'~t;; with "~~lnn {.kop;> Il¥t~ 01X\~ !ilmll'(.'IJ· In <l'l.l;Ukl'iCl.; iuto r~~illdJ:{lPl' nd W !li;.u;:i'lK: a i:1'l1O icl~h~ldTI:lln~I~~}J:£ (J -41. 1111si~ IlIiIillli re:;,!C!.i i k,~ prt"C~pitafL{m {lJ'l tho; ~roll]ltl wl](.'ilnhe

a,"

I ifctnme or. lite 'CIOMd ~.sshorter I.hilnd1.~lhnc

~l~e CQ.i;l'¥ciiSID.n of
2l. . .

lor
.!onm

C'hlLld

\!,im~r~IlW pl'Ccipil;alio:n, bnm~ filild '~V~iP-

Stm:h sll,QJj"livoo clO\ld ct\:uru:nlstypJt1:l11}'

iH.nu rise:> o~'1t ropogt.!l~llk-

11n:s.m~Ul!i! of Eill1h :5ct~mf~, T~ll: ~r~ Uni\ol>fsrty oj' !~~II.i~t~1l1iI. elU5<lLtMD., IISlfa~L '~Me'lecl1ll.ogI('.al In5l~IIJiU1 ~.f J :Shaaff!:til P,oo'l'ln~e, X~··!)I'!'7'![0'(H5, 'China, lKey !.aoonaI0l~1

~[lr Cloud Ph~;(s: .;md W~~!1I11f ,MOO~iK~!JjOillo of (IIln~ MllleDrotogbll!i§';'IOCl.altioo, Chilllm l'!c.;id~rny 6~ M~I.i!Oro" logl~~ S(~()e:;. Be:ij!~ [email protected], (hifl<l .. ·Vo \~hom oo~~e~p(!l[nl1k:n~e illlIOuI.dIbe addlre5.'Sie(iJ, IE',rnait
dani~Lr!lllsjmfeld'@'~~"1!Idl

(lm.e when fon:tld d~\Wl acmss thct'ildgc line. Thcrctbrc:. dccrca,_<i~llg ~ljellcls in,~hC' gmgraphh;: meaCnllitl!liCCmcl1t lhctOlr of !hc prccipil3tkm m(l~, mmr~cd dccrc.usJng trend fol' I'hc ~~'~IQjc wh ieh is ~I:!c r.nT(n tJ.clw~l !h~ hi~~ tQuo ~I,!e i:Hl!r'C!m.!!Hp!:ll'10d. Thi.~ I~nd rcllcets !hclrr<:~1CI, ~I~)wind ph~im;;pre~ill~I.<i1I!l;In. wc~ s!.!~gc:';l(d i~~CiI'[;',!8ing "i f l)!'l'[hu!.~o:U! ill ('~ inll ('9. WI d~llring lhi,ul 'ulnu;. ('rm!;,~M(;I'II.w]Lh ~ho;;: hypolh~~) .f(,: fI(..'tl tih~ tl:cnd of iUbl;r\;"L"I il:lg ;Ii r p<l'llu~ir}]l diL.lI:iilljg_dUI~. po:::ri(J!;~ (h Thi~,l'I~'lKYI:I1l:;si!\ W~ll:; o:sis 1.~I:ilt l ir ~mllrulion SI!lPI)!',"'£iC~ Orll.~lf~~;phie ; Ro ~howl\ :5I;JlislicOllly Si!!,\lliHi"'l1J~flo:rl.cd by the dOCILJII.'i'''llcd r(:;dllcliomi oj: pri;cipi~an.i.ou, 10 to .J5% .in the jJllSI hllllrcC.l1hD~~ in ililuChr 0:1:' emu dC'C~,r~inIS lrcnd" of 14~ndl 17%.. with. l'(:sp(Xt l.oDhc low-,I:~\,'cl fa iing,auges {I r Il:tllfi}' in. the fIi~(;Ilmlfllifil ~:i;UTlg~S d'le \Vcstcnil Ull.il<:d St.lles. dowll\!l illd of ull~jor 'LlrOOI!l and !nldm;:- ~l1d X~'aH {$ce locmio1'ls iii! :r-ig. I}, I'('Sp(>Clively F~g.3 ,. triol ~ug\!C'tI~ f1} I ,~OWCWf, b~c[~IlIi:ii!.': u~ack {5 of o r hi,stQrk: .. ~ records of ~I,mbiefll Fu::rosols. it The c @JIJ~ ror iihc J.'I::>.~""i3'lioitJl f vitOihi:l,ii~' o \\';1S I~OI 110S...ibllc to (1]11.mifltul,ll.1iwl)' . .,ella!.c i],I1.~ .. d Ito l:reltds C3lll ile-I.\!5l.edbr m ig u~{)rillg the lime racWr :<tFJu:JteslinC'j Ito diwclly. a~ ,I ;H1Ul~mlsof ;t~r pOHHI.i(l11, ~o n,o. We LliSca a. set G r n1eJ::J,turemen[,~ 13,ken ~~ncc' 1'9'5"1 (JIll 0), ~'Inc~k'lll of the ds;ilbmW disl:mo:. This was mOL!HtOlinlop in cenlral. Chin,,,,~o qll!."'Hti(y ~'he done I'm Ih!clJm::mTCc~cd vi~ibiluly ~.F~g. 4), imp,~'Cl l/! r ,acrQ~1 !c:i11.,ding on 'prcdpi 1<l1\ion in kcm,l!s(;' INn'}, ,of '~hc i"'~ipiuOln~on ,,,,,,c'nt~ .m: ~h,I't ,;n:tJ;:a. !;xclu.d:Cd wi~h the ~"Ojl'()tI:tcd \'~~.ibili'lj'. Wr.; hYPfJLh~,~;tJ; I.hal (I.:dlllc(\d ..i8ibilit}'~luJk~~~Jl A. lIl'h,:III".'O!"oi.o'gical ('Ih.<;oCrvOl.I,[}ry ~'L 'the top

V I SIV~S IT dry} = 1J.26 f 0.42&-5110g( HJO :rU I). whereRl I is irrl pereent ami Dl~c~l)gison the basis 01'10. If there was fog or preeiphatlon at <III 'dsfbility o'bscrvOll.io.UII t~me5 in ~ (_lay. the v~sibililY ~h31 .:Itl)! was excluded fr!!lnl ~hc . corrected ,'~si~ility setlcs, ~l':llc'dllily Iil\,'e~£:c , values arc presentcd ill Fig •. 1. TIle \'islbBily ;ltlil!C' I1.H1lmt~inwll. shown In: .f,~g. 2, haC! a

or

nr

or

or

ML i-mml (J2"':n'N.

W9"54,'E • .206U ii'i}.

mhc rlit~~~"cr

oJ rilo[("

3em$O~)'! mtd

c],C!~id

REPORTS
«('rN) lho.~ reduce the lPn:,'!i;ipi~<llif.ln over Ml. ! lua, U' this hYPQthqj;i~ i" i!l,~m~t .a11d\'i);;ilb!~iW ~'r.J<~ ~Nhi~!g ~~ the
C(lIlQ,ens.ul,ClI1 mldc]

M.1INI

If!n,.~ill"iwiiorl !l1~,rnln~:>. ~L iP~-dI,I~~~ v i!o! ibi I~lY :dlim~l,cl: ~~, n1~illly!I~5~1:l:1 of g)r'~~1,i,,:tR.[J}-,IIliTld nl0f(; 1~~'(;ip~ !~iQua.ul!1h",!ocal!o!; Q r v!",jb~lilY ... Clb!;lc:r..t.. ~iO~~N I( iML Hu;,!!). '[hi iii r~I(~I]OI~C~OIl ;!i,ilO~illd !.:'~I g; !J.ni ~:s;~m:: U iflliu~! uf ,d:~'Creli!s(jd ,'i.~i it)' w i~h im~l't:zlwd Pl'ot.;,'C ion n,!c.it bil i[piuu ih!.:nnmlial'la:il'k. wi~h respect 1.0 l&le reference l"fCeipi~8li(hrl iii! 1,I~myiln,.whiehi::. il.he elo:.~sl 8mJ bcst·col'rellltcd min g.,aLl~,!.!i.O L\.'II. ~:ll a, I

Uowc\,c.. li~c observed reI3~jo:m. p:~e&CHlCd in

Fil:l,. 4 show c';o.:,<lc~l)' the
O'Pl'lOS~le

result, The

33AliNI
!r'ilg. :1.fopogrnphn:( lIIlilp !II the line,,!. lhe height rfFl~E1'l!elilt11'~!m[I~~Cmili, o,f

~~!lU:j¥

(OJlIDUrl],

1,500'(btw)" and ~OM' m ,ilIlt)~'e m lewl {~d~. rf~pe(li",~l1.

~ao '(green),

o'l'cr Mt HwJ,1l is :J~mosl dOLlb~,~ thou nf H'uOB.}!.in ijn rd,ji(!~"!('li)' gO¢lc1 \'~8ib!Hty Q.r -20 km. 'n!OBlt rnt~o d(;c!;~JL'\¢.'l and lh!.;",mtol,lul ·of p:r~~il'!a'<Jti:Orl ~H MI. HU!I
ilI'I~I]roac:hot.~ lhm or Uuayirnm

a:\i~~I',jJ!s,C' I)rccipi~.uioll

\'iZ'ibiliillic!l of :lIlhl unci below. TI~~ c:lTcci of I.JI.~CW<l....!~g Ro \~fi[h fil;'dI!JCI.~d ibil~il.y dUl~~to !,mh.~ll1,;~ld \'~...
in!;: OV!lrpO'W!l,~OiI hi.; ~~·P{"C1.00,

;l.erollo~~ofld

Cppos,il~ bias

lK:e3:1,I~' of [~\,~ reduction

of

'-=----

\!~sibili~y g\;(;r .ML UUill:fll times of enhanced pn.·dpi~9i.i.OIl and RI t TM.~ OOSJ.!I'\ '.1011 Sup3 IJXYU1S ~h!!' suggC£tilOil IhfLl the' association between the ~rend:s of dCCIl."t s i~lg: \ isihUil.y and Ro is cilII.lscd 'blylhe hnpacl. of I~(! ('11~mm:ed aernsols, \\Iilh tume cm""'.illg"lre~~dI uf :>tI!ll(lrc.-;...ion !n Ihe Pl'IX i·riil..!t~¢I!l'i)VC'W M'L !~u:! . ~hmis gI:Ci:li~Ci' i~lan thaI sI'Lo"l,n by the plains .1Th~n gauge. which is m~mifestc,d as :l deO(:1iC'Jjl,l~lg 'Ire~d

tar
10

Ro.

Ct

19m

'~9M

~910

1'980 Veali"

'~900

2tOO

......

199C1

,iiMIOml

Fiig.Z. [rei'id~ 00 lA)~h!! (liJ&tl~d vis:ibiJuty .l! f'ld (B) tne !lO!Te(;too \li,'SilliLl\y' at Mt Hua d~rirt9 tli~ wl1~w '()Me:lIVatiool perkld,. Ead'l lPo~f1t w,!!~es,ents tnE!!lIVt'llOaged vi~ibil~t)' 'ror 1. ,day. iJi'iheljnel'lr 1~l!fIds ilroEla'kl!l'l.t),t:e!lil ~ep.nately forille periClds b~f!lJeM5:n ami alrter ('Vm5l1 19'&0 ~m'!i!nll1e ll~e,rv.a/~®fI rn~thMCI!o~y \lI<l'~ (h~f1g,ed. Se,e table, Sill. A ~Il~ B" [or dl'!till.
1 ,

I]~c ClU~'C:;; iIII F~ 4, R~) de(n;'.(Ih'i(.oD fmnn ..l'ITtoc'il 2 ~ p!I.,'riocjis; of gOfH!I ",.I!'i.n ibili~j'~o u~cnrly I Whl~1Il vi,~ibilily WIIS less •.mn I ~ km, Th~~~lkulllll1i~d average lIo lor v.llSibiliEy iutenlflls ".'!l:>fI1bolltl ,65 jn periods o:i"gooel, '\'~s,ilbiliIY l>20klln~mdl decreased lorlC3rly 1.2 ~llr \~is,~hml,~ less ulum N km, Th is mremgc or
MUiUil '"" IHI!J~)IIi'I ~ Ro ~l. 11100iY1n'I

AocO!dill!;!:

n_

)I' .. ~,.

11).9'4331:1i: Ri"' ~.on439

,~~~ ~ ~!I'= ·*3,5

+1.001a~ ~. (lI\~70061R (I.33!'J6, ....,._

...:IL~~

~~
-')""

--,_ -lI' '" &t '>!II• 2J1'~192'.x R .. O,I'9'75~ ~Jull~14· IIIC!(!fi40il!!:

)' .. U9'~&-O.~14i1i Ill- II S3iM Fil" Ol,l~~

-!Ii"'
1400

12'.211:5,.'O.DC!J5i:!,191

flloo Mt HlJaOOi:If!J1 ' 2:.2'

'MOO

~-~

Xli!ll!!1 ALllIlilual, Ro-2Q!1):1JRo1'954,""1I.~1.64""O.S9i

p'~I,na:
~I

HIJ.~i!ilAnli'l'nml!!lJ.Ro200l4JR01970;;: 11.31"

2: 1JJ

,!5~.::l1ll.1:l16 IPl'!(UI:H;'2

I••

...... E4!

'1.6 .:llI. .

lei

'11JS~ 11.411

1.. 4 '1.2

:.200

1900

----

1960

~'910

Yealll'

1900'

- G.' 2QOO

'.'

1
,260.

11

1971 1975

~980

196'5 ~000 1995 2000,

'V,e'all"

2006

<1),1

Fiig.3. Ro ~

T~(ld:i of
'£I~Wfli1l:S

the IP!ilin s1atiim~, of

@flrn!!ii!I. pftic\~itat!~n

a sallirl ~in.e' wiiti:linl ,~{iiI pI!®t a~ '!!he r.a~no ~l'hW1!elii R:o a s

W ,Xfll1!1 ami {B) 1~luayil'l.The o'ferall d!!'<Ji1!'a51nglr,etrldlin

@Iif1;Ol!!nts

~JiId 1W!lJ~~Voe!l.lfli I-lI'lj~ @11t! Mt

!I,l~Hm~~ bVlh~ regrt~lol'1 line at t~~ refie! Qr lh~ '~mll :s~Pies nd lWi'!l thlii e beginning ol~h!! !iE1'rie5~ 'ThEt ~e!lrre:wi()f1 e~PJlatiitmliIw tIiIe fmall lines are gjwn aMv!l!' tiUl! top of t&'lilh piot~~e rnlb~!l!' 52, A.uul 8, rlor daJ~.

REPORTS
IlIn:d H'LJ1l<yin1l!'S a fu nt:liiolil of the vti~mlY gt~~t.Hu'a for 1980' 'M'I 210M. Tille f@C ,i3!lilcl b'laci!: Lflrle:~~r!l

F~g.4. fhoedally rairlfaU!!'l Mt IHl.iia

~!

clouds and i'tJ"~]lli1iliJtio~. \\ihi.dl '!.\,'<IItcr ;md ~1C1~' eycl~,~.

IHe,fer,eil'ltl~~.i!i Ji'idNm.t~s

"n'Ot;!

E.1rt~I\~

int.erpo~a[ed C)LIf'!l!i1 flits ~'llinI1 a weight (ilIPI)li;E!d Ttie '~eigM i$ applied to

'~o!,

20% of the clot.:! (-1()j)IOI~ TlOfl/o !()f the data. ;ilroliln,d~'he rurrent P,()~i'U:). R!o.~ich is 'ilil~ dilStilIl!C.e' btlWOOrl th~ ~f es ",kmg titJ~ wg:a,n ~m~mic (ird~nat.e, is Ire@(ed f~lr

~ '~Ja, ~

f
:1:::
II:

1. It. iQmn, ii. iB. Pl'lmip!!. }. ,MfLlOl.lft?l.. :14, 2ill

Uc
.'C

~:
~ ~

~O\lIe'"\I'i)ibrait¥ ,diSt.iJ!Ilees, Ric f~!' di~(f,Ett8' ''liisiiJililyil1!PrvlilI.sObe:l1w@1II

2, 4. 6, ,$,:mO\:[2, 14"~6,,lI:,B, 21.,

.~~.
011 --:2:

2. 1)_ ~m~i!ld, G~~, ~, IE'tt. 2;6,. 3l!D$ !~'l9?~. 3. O. !!(J.~,rrf,etd,5{ienr,eo 2;67 ,.11'9:1 {~OOO}" ~_ I'I.t O. Alil!!neae ei aL. S~"" 30~. 'IlHll2@0<l1, 'ii. A. G:1v1!~lO. RO!f.nidd, J. ~. MilMNlI(lj. 43,!!ffi:e. {.2,ooo1!~" 6. o. !l:Q~!!i!f!~eI~, GiVilli, J. ~.~!i!~NliOt ~S. (l,l}]: A. {.2006}, ? r, t. JirOl~, W. fl. (gtton\ J. ~. ~~ 45,. 2:36
(2006).

n~5'it

2 5, and 42 klTil)~s

~E!r1lJU!d

by the

~inge black d~des ,lIiltn the' Villlue's onthe Irtgt!t Q~dil'l,atf·. ]~e5-Uipp:re~ S~Q;III effect :KIt!! rates a~. .. viflllllUty Id~slame 0<1-8 ~. :$,e@ t'llb~ 53, A 'lIlIldl

........... _--

_.J-

~--'

.~

B. O. A. ,(M1mlll.. M. IE. 501a~, ,I). ,,",YOOl'.'. Immltli1'r Morlif, 17,14 (ooo.s.),. 9- Q. JiI'l~~<l1I.'r/, ,L~O!II, ..urn()$,fii~rl.. 34 .. ,OO~ ~O'. ~ 1M,Z1lIl!!~ I,

a,ror

da,tOl. Iralllg.lS ihm. provide Enuch Il}rmll~ \!!lUrld"s W31Cf

[IJ..."'>OUIIl!..-;itS.

n.

d("CR~~ ~n R.o 81mlll 30fif, is; censisrcnt with the t111diulg:o 01" ihe case SJ.L1dy reported m tilDe ]tocky MOHlltaiiil-tDp obscrv:ll.ory. where D. sory" redloc Ikm hl the SnlD\V rJl£ \'\,'lIS rdmted 10 aerosols ~Iml caused ~.:;m;(l,~lc'reloud 'OI'O!P'$ .mbd redt!J(:ecl cfl~cic!lcy oJ r~hci,r ri Iuilng on S~IO/W"

or

rJiw,. ~. r, Wa!1g, (lim. ft,l~~'. ~~jJ)', 201 tWOS} (iii Oii~e:~). ft. fj, l!i:il)'t 10. H. lJDWil.nltllll. '5:• .i!i. Colin, W. O. ]. I!l1ii\iml Gr:rJ'p'/ryJ. ~ l~. )0.. 15
O. !!Olenr~hl, ], J1;tpl.,II/lL'~1,

(.:lllOO~"

~a 'c,co:!'-

~;!- I!., ~~

~~, :~:2l}a

The SCII1S,i1h i~~r Ihe prec ~I)ililliml from 0 o:nJJ:l,rnphk cJ:oudsw the delli nnC'~mllimp;ld of tmlhnio:n .HCU'(lsoL~ is not (111(H"cl~d. This. alsn
~ncan~dllin :-.,'1.,'(!ding Ih~ :si.llIlC elouds wjlh aero-

U. (.Q[Ilmnt~ 011'~d5nn\!t

l1<!!k'l)S I). "Ihese observadous sli!ou til m ~ IU'oxy to CCN cencemraueus in the free b.'QpG:ip.lllcre ~11C \,'islhi!lit)' at dlC wp or MI. l]ln:l.m. 2fJ(r[]1 Rl

<!

~L~ that are '~llginc~!1.~ W!;t(Xcll1;'r.l!,te~hl.~

version of do.ud \;,,'(}Ier
jil110

COIl'

preciip.itation

rnn

Fgr'~~ ~ I:nen~ i!!11 'C:~r:fI<!1!i:, (lijjfi~~ RI!!!~r~h Ct.mmme~. M:nioMl ~iid COOiiIol, Ratiirlt:rVi': F~ ,aj C!'lJ1':llfj~ aJ'~ f~f19 Ca-~r ,ol'Jd Mdi~ {IInW1\!'.Nrlif'~ '(N~qiIi!PiI~ #!lad~fI1i~ !'111!~, 1II'~l:JirJg[o!il, [)(,~:ij. 1.4. 1Ilt!~ 1m'~Il!l'llJtedlll)lbe ~iltki!li!~NalU.filt Silie~ee FO!,Hi~!l'il~of Cft1ip~ 19t<!!1~ 1I!(I575'OOiIl, the (hin~!!! "~ililt~try1 )(j~no~ .aDd fedin!illOOO' (~J~ma 0

~5~.

t.oo

rtS'~m

:;JI~m\'c ;.1(;'<1 ~C\..,C'I ~s; ,dircCI.ly (Q:IT>C'i;nod \'\/'ulhlhC' di.'t.n;;l:"i'in~ 1~l1d of Ro 01:1 .CL cl i~l1m(~!(jgiC::I'Uy tQH1trlli:tyillg Ihe: L'l;,;:';PO~!~L:or~t(;cipiI3[OCHrn 10 II'Il(;'IIl~ng.lil~ seale. The (Ih:;;~rr"cd sup;p~sitJlJI or 8(:ru....n,1;}I'!nouuns, 1JddlC'k~s 11r1~ ('CllOJl1i1l11L.".nclflllioll SiliJp:paningl p<.!C,(;ipil.lii.Ti(mm Mt IIUlli. l $ only nll1l~ ::liud~ ob-

cnhilnx:e tile rroc.i(lilatkl'J~. \.'ll,l)t_>cillly unrler (:011di~ions wh\.'fC Hll.:WJ!CI' ~~ l'C'llb~'y IromiJ!ir rolhnirm aliC' Ijw grcmC-$1. l]lis]1;1;;) ,llre<lld)' been :\110\\'1]1 An '6:!G l1~~ C11~ in: l:rimd U,n

200S0J8.3)1)99").lm@ k«!~flJlbpm ltiT~l:Iof Shillaru:il P~no~.,. OJ !if~I~e fflele!)r!ll!'!!9i!;~l!;!!li.i!L! d' S!lll~!l(!j 8 p~no~. W~ ~ir·e- r~t~1\{ll,g~l:i~I','cie~~~~[(',,1 g !1'!!!:(ffiil~lOO (fJrlIt.r el ~~!1l!:~ IPf<D-m.o!:li!<r pr'D!lid'i~£I~U d~[l! irllillis 'f~~rth, CIll'I~:i:lE! Matelrriial.
i!'/mlJlfill:lO

ill China" but giwu the extensive occuerence of lhis Ilru:no .nnelfltlll. elsewhere in Illc \vmM. it is Iikely (l~aAthis is II m:UiCir eeuse ~o.r slIJ)Jlresslng 'IOOCti lllmi,a-ll m I,he nmOUnllllbUl p
scr.vmicm
i

or'~hc U.S, N3I.iollm.1 R~(;aliCh CQ~i'l'cill t.l-n ~lmit the: eeueept of rfLtiimive lortirn£l should be expsnded lO~neu;cs, of IImll'il(jllltilvc lorei ~Dg.sueh as, those caused by~ I~e,efi"ccis (I r aernsols Oll

1I!o"M'f;5dMCem.:l!l.Il~gilcOiillenlt.rLillJ3151"5;B:l

Tlilltn S:1ta ~~ SOO ]"~!:i~elJegJi'flm .?3 MO'o'ett!~eor 2G~ aWl~'ed .~ ]aJ1!!~IrI" 2l)01 10.U2{o!'ocilffic~"lB194!9

()1I11,kll~'lic0n13inil'lg d s DNA g,CilUln1oeS. such as herpes s~mplc% viruses U~SVI and l11.tLrine cytolncg;a:iovimg,. IlfCllCcogaliZ1!.:d by '~lR9 lJ. 6). W~IClI)I.'<lS, til{)sccml~<linin]l, ~ing IC~SII'lI!Jidod ll'I'.N!A l:ssItNA) g~1l0m!i;'S, stllch as hltllucn~,1 I'iIle:liIll11g Kyu I~@e, ", }~r1r1if'!lr M. Lu n,d/'tt Ballaji RaRiI,al1i1U~~II1I. 1II.", 1 \'i'llu~ ;lind \'c.~k'lJhlr~tOIll,Hid,~ \'~rU:;j 'I VSV J, <l.f(; Notlonl Mnilllli$hil1l1:a,2~a Alkir«! Iw.a!i~k:i~· dl,~t(,1C:[(jd.by Ttl" ('. 91, ,;Vliu;11 C;ol.p~:D"jmlL.'l'lL1Im.), 1 {rgl:~~id,DO the ~l1doM'iTllC Dt),lipoliiL,ul'IlJl ... P~aSIllli3!(.ytold' ,dl!lildrii~iit:(eU~ l~pD(~ detecl '!;Iir\l,51~ iin Hu~ilcidiWiedl ndoliome.~ Illy m8'am oIhU-like ~gl!ms, plllD",i,licd (h;,D:NA <lind ssRNA G<lin r@ce-ptQ'F~ mRs). Y'e!'t. IJI[I( re'!lpo:nse!S to (:ertai III fiil'l~:le·stra ndi!d ffii,f\JA{S'~RNA) 'lo!1wllIsesC([ILn ill:n~y' aH.Ei'r Lri~ger r1.R~dcreUldmt cxrli.'C:;",h:n~ 1.1:1." '~y~)C.1 ~""I!a' 1l'1F,alfI!rE!(tio~. We pr~:ll?rIi~1~~d@n(11! ll@r@~hCllith@ ] 'reco9Jl1qij~!l (Iir :S\!I(h\l'inls.~.lbyTlR7 reql!!ir"'@s irncrlCfflf'lS. OFN:s) (7 .. ~•. M.I. MoreQ\'icr. 1I1~ 'lransp(lr[ IJIr (.yt!llS(l~]C:ll'ir.al [email protected]:atij~n ]1fll'Ei'rflili!'dliat:E!s ]!UO Ute lysosome by ~h@ proc@:;~ ,cf auto~nagll. lr.l·~ioici (,VV) imid iated ~: SV ((}:" II ,. .1.2, 1 I:n adldiith~li!'!,ll!! ~cpho.agywasfl) lUi!~ to b~ reql!ir~d for t~,~Pf()l(fuctio.r! '(ilf f!F!~~f~M()n"r~ pD(s. n€S~ ~ll1d tu::ai.~illa;ci~!,rated (7) or tOr1.lukJ.(;hyJea lr!/ ~eslillts sup/port iii key 'r~le 10lr~U'oophagyil:ll m~diiiitifi!~ sslRINA virlil:5d'~~.c:tioli!(Bodii'l'lerf~r(ii'l~[~ mixed {!J)innl1llC'ltL[I virlls Ciltl .induce I.FN-u $'ecfl~~iorl Il)i' pm:s. ~Ifld ~'l!lgge'5I!.l~alt (ytosDlk re'pljical'fiJ) i'lin~F.!!rmediat!~.(If li'k~st!s s;en.le a~ ~~:thIl{1:en fC',spom,;s compal'ubk: to ~u.~ir Hv·e comltcr~
s·ig 11'Qll.llr@5.

A,ulophagy-,D ependent 'Vilrall IRle'c'O'Dlni'liolo by IPlllasmsl,c:yt:D,idi Dendr1iti,c C'sillilis

\rl ruses wi Illlolll IJdl1i£ direc! Iy ~il[Cel.ed <111,(1 achie\!Clhis tllI:mJl.gh lhellise Tnll-like I.'Cccpiors ~TLRs)iln th(; cm:losomcs l·fI. Vi,rn'l,

or

rl~llgl1!iled by nil'!:/',

paris in pDCs. pD('rccogl1lilicm

of U~:v-~

[",hc~ nl1. !\C'v~ml d!~llllel ll"lh\\'1~YS. Tlu;: d;Is.'lic~~1\iimln;oL."'(}g'fii~ion P,t!I.!hWOlY.UII!>J~-d h'y l11o~l Gdl Iyp(-;:... iJii\'oh;~ ~ylfJplaslilic P\lil •.

cU::clio!l (I r vi I;;~Ii!lfec~inn by Ihe in !late on,'? orlhc mml1Hl"li1~!i ~!:mmJlnc SysllOllil

oeetH'S inlde,~cndcully

or flls,ion 0'1"~.\I::f1!:~kalion.

bu!!~ t\~qlJ!in!;s. aU;;:",;hmenl .1II1d cu~do,C'y~oi.'Jis tern l:cco'gnilkm mo~c:c'l!le~ to dC'I£'cl vir-II [oi;ign<l.I.ur~s~.lH;h .. s doulbl,,,,~stmrldc.o RNA iii ilO\11I' ~!lgth.ll i ~Ii'lOlclion by Jij \ ~ vi n~)l. iSlll1l (ollRNA) ~l!'\~'W!rt.j; .a~!dS'-Iripho~ph..~(; roqllli~d {14~. l'h(;"'~1ob~,"J,'~ujml.';h,n ~ li:;d IJo RNA Il. _~). [11 co~~rn:n, hl: rlSJml~l~y~oid lh~ idea Llmll!l~ :rLR·:uawr~ij'llc:d n.:co~niuiml of ~ v~IiIJSC;!; in pDC:. f.lcCUDowil.\'!til,ll. direct ~nt'b::dcD1(1 iti~ct:Jm~ (poe);;) :lIJ:ieI.hOl!lghl to dlb'ucet ..

(.n

1398

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
~iml mn! lh<!il Illlc pwSCllce of Y~rnl :genomic ~n~c~~i~~~id.s;~"".~!hi I h~ Cndo.80!1iI"lr~y~![I)mmi'll 111 ~oHi!p,,:n.n~~n~s i:'O:sum~!'C!l~ ~n "~!!''''nt'Q "!l~i\'irr!! n ~tg'rln evem CO~lplod!(j! ...im~ re(l~i~!kln"
SV" bolill 1l9t ir~n~'M;::nZ>l (7), requires
;I

recog-

\'''~~ fC;,JL~o:r~I,;d1~h .. t ~f v ~1f.l;L]VI,1'I,~i ~;rn.!.i Q~l inkfl~l~dilll!.1,,~ \\llCT~~~II~ "'!i;:ti;)i:;:!~d in rOC:;, ]li:Jlihw,I}'~ (.f 0'1 l-I.~IQ~"'\,~\"~[,. [his 1)<Ir.ld~.gl~~. GO~S vsv !I]~dsv inrlj~lion. l.il)(:nfl,lsliM rI O[~X p]ni!~. \\II~y U V irfmtl~.. !iur~ r~mdh,::rs lo!l~wi.llg

~\!s'Cd w~thlmc green f!lll!rlirC~(C'1ll prot~ijn (GFPhwhi~h .1lII(l\\'cd us ~(ji "'ism!~i;,!.~ >l~W~ IIlh\lJi,;oMlm~ fOf!llll1!.iorl ~II rt."II! li~ncin !i",~ ~11!,~ p_?), Dl!Ilril~~ 1I~~oph~g(l~;I~.l!J fonlll1li.O'IJ.
L(_' J ~uld~rg()~~iI:tLi't.hi.uOIi fr!:..1II1~ihc!.':yin~plie . ~Qn'l1'!n u mombra!lc>;[!ssocialiC;'d fonn, which i~ sco~l,;'d ..:s l;ytorll'l~!'Il~C P~!lC'I;1 bj' n>Ull!-

P'\1r! ~c!J! i'~RW\ viruses, such as re~r·~"',!p!)! 'H~d c-nlu)' of viru~s m\15l preeede recogni.·· lar gJi"IC}'li~,1 ",inls (U!), ,~~dvsv U II. .illc~~p.l'I.M.1; 6rlll. To c.'w!i~im;: 1.ltiIi~ po~:;;ibi~il.y. \"'~ u~d a of indlJc~ri!!lIfN.dj S'Ce~limirJ'Ollib Ij;D[,~,.bi VSv :~'IUI,;;'Inl. wil~ ~I sil1gl!it,l!t~~~C! 1lt~id 'Ilic:>t; C.1~~es..Ui~liIilCcI1i1nl~i>ln u r [iL;'t\O.!:tllUlimi of dck~:ioll hi'l!;~hiiOiJ'i~lles I ~ iucl~c ili~Ir1111.M J i )oslINA vi~~',t; b'ypDD:,Il"e!:I\[ij,~IiIi~ unelear i~nld ptoldll (VS\IAr.,115 t ~ !'9). In wilild-llYl~e (\:\rr~
:'U:S!;l~J,I~.. I.hul iI SC P'~tiiH~~,lI1.\ i'b'il ~L)I b<c {'I<~rnl~ il£, to ens;ure i"C>!;;'Ol:ltt1 ilion '!,jf such vi ru,sc:-

a:~'

in I',I)C~, Tu C'.xl~lore'the i:mm«:cliliia r mOCI'l{lll i:"lu:: of )1s,RNA vi~<ll ,fj!;,,'C'o,gni~ion I}DCs. '~"Hl' ill ,,"i'I,;ml im.'(j the roqu~.rem~tH ofd~ ff1JI\l'!l1~:'~<l~~~:;' h~ \' iml in It'Cl ion. ~!lOOllt I'di'll ~(;I 1~1Csiuen L'l1W~ \\'1[11 :HSV h~;::Oig~:lili01il(,6. 11. I:?). r·oblUi'i~ i FN"n 1]1.\ocIuc~io.1'I by plllfil'iodrU('::;; I un in ruSpO'Vl~ 1:0 I,h~' s:;;RNA viruses. S:ClfRi<!u virus ,(SV),. OlrH;I VSV. IlrloXgl;.liF~.I!'~e ...iru:> ]!]rr;c~in]~ I(fig" I). Thus, U v~ imld i:lJ~I,_~ SV ;l nd VSV i:llduccd l'!Ylllpfllr.lll~\ldy Jow~r IC\ di.>o~ ~:PN~rJ p'mdllelio:1'I in! pDCs relative to ~i\lC: viruts~s. O~ig. I A I. Thi s d itfcreucc i.n If N·a levels C:Oli~,d nt'll be: aeeounicd for by inereased virion pmclm::~ioil with live viruses, because ~DC.;:railci:l w I)110ducc a. ~i8l1ilfic:'lm mmllx:r of' irions dll ~ Il.,g I~ hOlJI"" ofim:;!JIba~ion (llg, s: I). hi eeatrast W SV and VSV. ho!h UVa lrradieted and live iufluenza virus iX1L1ic]es induced ,oo'[email protected]~ h:~!C~;S If'N-a (Fig, lA).ID1 ad.oi!iO'n. !iCco,gni~ionof all nftlresc ,~;i;RNt\ "iruses dC~Cindcd cnti reb on Tlllt"l i1m pDC..; W~g- lEI). Thll'~, I~Dblll~1 !FN~(l. pmd~l(:~ ~ion in! pDCfi nWtcr s~imllll:lDio:u!\\!:iil.hVS\fnnld

or

~~hoo~ ~nd F4I(i!l~tyof l'I.II~dicill!il.flOtyQ. la~m- ~lI!llHo:m. O'.rn~llIt!l!di ft@5e~~n~ for '!)d~m:oo <I,~d T,ad'!llolcqy, l~p;ln '!~dl\n{e'<I.nd redhno'WglI' ~lI(;V. Kawag;udli. ]!Gpan,

ll)eiPar:limenj Olilm I1MJMbiofog;y, V,a~e lmw~fs!ll!i' S<:lllool ~ M.~ dkifll!. New H~lI'ell" ('1', USA. lOepO!r'liI~nt Gf Qlll Physio~~, 'ol(~ Mied~eal.0100 Dl!int<l Unllif.sily,-,Gradl'!ale

'·Th~ fPresenl

~'IIUlm mmlfi I!Jut~d'1~~IlII[1'lIy l.o~hi!l wOO::.

aOdI1e~'!C [t,eIP4,r~rnenl o! Iml'l1lunol'Gg~t Il.liml'ole<rs1'~ o~ Wa;hi ngtoru, .~@~Uil@, WI!., ITo Yllillonl (OI're~poll!d~lilre~h:OLlI.d be ilddrl'!~!ie& llti ! i'ffilS<!ki@1~'udu

ro.

I"OPll~,mioll I~'Y a<;sl!t<shlg OJ C,oHlbinmion of !11i:'lrp~·!Q.~ogy ,~ncl imn'llml[lll!.loT1l;!1cC'm::c I)"~.. ru Ilctiomd L\ii pr'O~cin \~~r{l'U bl>'i);;';'~)l.Ict~~~~o !~'.·.!1S,i'\UJtopl!,Il!QN(li'L11~~,~'l pUC's ,.~\tc(,'ju,uaild ~~'MI~l i!l h:i!!lh~r ~'L,w~h: di fl PN·t~ Myn!~!l,:'s,i~. I):;~l¢d by ~IHIIIl1C[;<fr ung' 011 e - .PDe A.-f" eells lndeed, VSV8M51 induced signi ficanlly dl splaY:lllg cywwHcP~HI.ct:m.'!' GfP ~MWln h ighcf how·c.il'. oflFN·n Ilmlll dijd \VI VS;V. at !(F'lg. 1). lIK'~C i!n<!Jy~c:> !'C~c,[l!~cdIhm ~tl~{)~u~ ~h~ ~.un~mll,dhp]i>ci~y,o:f i.M~~lio;~a,tMOn (F.i!!l." 'lJlh~~~n_~Ollill,,! rQm~ inn OCCiU~~ (:O!l~t;:l~l i\ cly in p[)C\. <lnd thaI ~nfm~tiO:ll\Iil11 VSV did Ilol. \ I nil] Ibe: (l1b~f!L:'~" or produ~li ..,~ virion n:: Sl,:l!~I. hl :l signi.lica.un ~l1cre:ls~ 11] th~ rCI'(:!C'HOQ~Y:r1th~si:>(~ig.. I), These rcsuhs SUll!:IOlI1cd age ('if p:I)('i> com:!ill]img 8.!liliIJP.~a~.g.Qsonnle.£; the hypol.hesis lhm vi ral l'CIJli,c2tlion n mermed latcs ge.i~crnl.ed a:ftcli" v irn I ~.·ii.t"iQ,nl 30d '(~3ble s I ). delivery of fl~c '!.tiroli ~lm:,1:e:ol)ro~cin particles We: next exantiacd the roCllLilX:rni.CI1I. 3Jutoph agy in hHUUC v j ra 1 1ie:!l:O!1l ith:m by to 'the' cylOso:1 Im:w~,diei] major s!~m.!illllS 170r I'D (',~, ·U;o!:h is ell [].wc' Mi:um ~mcd bone IFN-·n prodl!l.CI~(HJ by rDC~, 'LI1~Onl V'SV rmH'OO'W Ii:cMs wilh VS,\l inlhc I~"I!,>.'Cru;c inroc~ion, r~ W1li.~tmcle.~r~l{l>w c¥w~flli.~ vir:1I rcpH· diJlb'!;;~Hdo~~, of ph~m1<lc{DIQgj,c,d.i!lhihU~ol'.., of mJtOJlhagy. 3-f111Cthyl,l(lclli liae (3-M A) It2/~) C:JLt~OIli :inllcUlID!OO hues. rn ~ghl be: !)C(;ogillilZcd by TUl:. 7 in the ~ySOSQI]]iC of pDe!'>. A \\ cM·- mldWortUlal]uiil] (15)' A~.doses ofH\~A (110 '10 mM ~~lJld,\Morrmlil!m:L!] ij 10 to 100 !1M) ~hal known Ilalhwtt)' b~ whitll cylrnJOiic umncf'j<l~$ O!IliCho~~I~ to '~I¥."ci lc.dl:y unhih it ilutoph;lID' ~ 'If'!: i!1lfOd~~ed to the ]ysflsomc invnlves c jl.Iill.D(lpIHU~)' (111- To di,;h.:rmililcwh~~lllcr '~I!II'. 1(2'4. 151 IPN·a pr(ndutluon \!'I'm:ii lDnrnjjl,k'~c1.y <lIlbo[li~lH;dil'il rl,_~sponM; l('I VSV (Fi,g, ]i)" tnpl101!J.J! is Illh'ollvcd in [he mIHO'~IH1n Ol FLinthc.r. h~ purifi.b'l! pDC~, low,(;n' do::;.es,of cyc()sol Ie v iriI~rcpl icat DOl1lim';nltit'dia.le:;; to I.1:U::::;,Cjil~hi.biw:LS; Slm :r'Gs,tilhc(] jln :i(;~.ecl.ive the llysooomc Ihr i:'Ur7"ll.lcd~mcd dCtOC~~OJl of vimscs in j:1I[)Cs, we ~n.rsl ,e..xamjln~d 1111..': pfln~fLl ilJhilbit~on of resl)ml~s to VSV~ b~l. m:1I illnuclJ.:c3. without .a lliC>C~Bllg dl Slilrvival c rorm~lion of 3Uloplmgic vc:skks ill pDes 1(I]g.. 33 fLnd SlJp'P;Q11 ~n~ online m;fLtcria~te.xt). a ~lcr Vif.li,S s~inti lati,Q!il,. I.~ iSD.OI'ic.:llll}l'. 3,lU!0<,)~mgosom,~s h!lvC bC'l.."11 {!etcctcdhy elecl,:II'On Olle pmciltil<ll compHaHioll in the lIIS~ of Wi:mmannitl :iis, th~'l.l it '~l also ~l1hilbil cmlomrrCmSCQpr~1(EM). ~:owc\' cr. i~is dim,clIh to l d iSI i11,9 Ll ish oml qti fIIIli i~3tc Ime aLlro~)I13gic CYWisisl16). '~o rll~c OlQ~[llli::> possib:iJi;l,y. we examined the cxllent o,r infectlml 'by VSV. vacuoles!Mu ('lIller' SlliLICtllrcS by 11~nl'pho~owhIch depends on. 1:l1l,o.ncyl.iOO it' , ,~t \'3.J;yin,g :lilY 1lo:icly oosed ol~EM. ThC~CfON. W~ u~cd dOfl~;;; .1O"MA and '~Vo:l;1_m;lImin. lh;: lnlll'b~ lr •.mi:lgcllic mice c,"'P,I''C's:;,ing I,be- L(,j Ill'olcin

M j'!rm~in M('iil;kslt<~ilS.po.rt oil" mRNJ\, ,ffi~ril1,' Ih~ ~Hldcu:> 10 the cytosoll thl!)' preve I~I h1£. ~tllnS 11!lI.ion of host g.c I~'-"S.. ineludlil~~ I.FN-u. We reasened tlml. if fU!i.lol1 and virnl J".~l)II(,'iu ~)1'linhc$is were OJ preooquis.iw lor ...iml ~uc'~alilif.in. !he vs.v nu~t,lm 1!i'!,r;ki!1:g
l~IC

VSV.

pm.

1'(:'~~~!1CC' ~TIli.~~o_'>(;'ol)Yl23l. T~c LC.3·GFP ap~~i.on la!i(1 uo cmb::t o,m [he ~jolosneil~. 11lnctim't'> ~)DC~ (fig.. s.:n 1lh or obtain ~Mi~ll>l.icd,l':.;i~niliicarll qUHlhl.ilkaliQI'iI
'h'uni>g.L"i1C

of .mI0l)h3~solfil.cs. we um."tI mLlltfslloctrn:l. il~lliigin£ flow cy~ol1tlelry IMlfn. which <11lo\"..s dHl.raCH!I'iz,1Iiml or .~inglc eells wil.hin a

:s

~or or

or

B
..;L...

.1!.Ji:v4l
[!II UV4JS'atled

J~

i
i

'~5'OO 125~

-; ~OIlKl

700
.~SiC1

,~ ~oo
,
VSV ,

SV

O~--

DiUere-otijall'1e(ogllitiCl!I'I ~r siSlFtNA Vi~UI~S: by IPf)C~. (A t~ 'C}WT (Ilf {IE!} 'llR,~f-!iJIIouIS~ b~;HiI~ 1i11.lllrlFQI?I ~[lCs {Z 'K :!lJI~ W~J~' :s:ort.ed by nIJ:Oiie~(emi"e·3(tiv[l~ed (eU $In~ln:g (FA(S,)al'ld S'lii'iHdat.ed ,rQiU ]1,8 hours with ~:tA~'a!'ld or ~V"~f!a(li'l!.u~dl v'S\! (MOl = lOt S,V (2:,8; )( :l!.O~

Fiig.l.

om ~we

(h~(kei'l e,rnbr!f!) ,11~sJm:l1, Qr il"!l~h!l~u~!'IIMiRa(MO:II", 5); or K} V)V~S,:l or 'IIS'V (blJith ,al MQ'I = 10). IFN"(! ~~,~ts iI\I>e'!'i~ ,g~t,e(lIIld inl 'Il!ltl!r~ $ijp~rli!Q1tall'lt.o; ~iiii.ry,me'-lil'lbd imml!l:nn~orbel'lt assay. ,As:tefi~k, P <:: (105. !by Th~ dla~~ "IFE reiP!1~~M'ln,!jf@ .©Ir ~h!'E@ ~mi~r e~p~rimeJilts..

REPORTS
it{JII~ ;l11~he r.m.~,~ effective in St~rJH\~,Ii~,iIlJil, rFN~f~ prod'~'4;:!tl{l1l did no;~ 1I!,1~b"'l.cr~dO\';y!o",i;;; OJ' .~~IIID.~-,q!J!~ ~'1,.1)lj. ~IWO~\ ~d i!~ IIlil vsv i~!:r~~ um! i!lrI)C~ or~'1!!CI!1·1P.DC~. as clr;iJLl;Vll~~I~~ by lh~ VSV G",[jFr!,. .."pru_~i{!,!l ~H!:!:_3," Th,,~.,,~~~hs "II hCHl;tJI()pOaCllic cells l,~k;edlhe ATG genc cytl,l:~lne Sc(:fCIi9H (lfl(lldn(ll be ,>lOcoli!ll~(drn. (Ug, S4~). StIC~ln~'C h1l;g, no Q~;r'!.'im!~ ~~c1Qc~::l 'by thG: diIT«~n~<c ~.!'I.!hcmlc 01' i:vlrJ:;!~li:~n ~.fijg. ~n
~'l~I!.-",·i\i'''.!

or

f,li!"'9w1h ...

tlI~

rQi;m~~lihuh;d

~'h,;mainp~.i~l.iil;: ~"O!:l1p;;!1:n:~m,;n~l'l.,i!llcltu~~in!j:rOC:;,

indic,~~C\1 Ith"l J·MA;:)J~~dWpr!l1l!.lnllin spccil:' ic~]~.y imlhubitcd 'UI~i£l'p~;;I.go~n!1.1GrOnn<lliOl!

wilhOiJ!! iii.lirl

in the :;pl~~"iIl. ly!~lPh t~O(~";s• md Imm~ m!lrn:nN • (.Fig, 4f\~, indicating that ATG5 ~~ not r:~quki."d for 'Ihl; dc"vc;kl:p~lL;~ll (I r pEl. 1>, ill
"'~\'fj.

a.ffi(,"CtilliJg v im I

~11lry

<Jltcl iii :Icetioli.

To

~N,~DIl,iDllC'

Lhll; rl.)'II!Jlir,""mc~1 rtir

.1L", 1Giph·

4!D) or ~.~nliv,,]of pOC's U]~, S(~" ~n~lr)Jl~"'t'l.!.. US.V~lor Cl](i st~m~I,I;.ti~1!11,o:f ATGr-pDC!l 1C.~1iJ,~.i,{,,J in sinnih:n M.'Crd.ion of IL-~2 un.d decreased Jc\·ds of I fN -a !I~~g, ). Th<C'SC' 55 oaW i!ndic~INXa th.~~, .!;lhhCl!Llg,lf! iUIl,~l~ reeognlilunn or ~-ISV·~ ~~~X! 'iG ~,e~ti~ili~ ~lihlcl q

inH'aibit!:dVSV ~-cogni[~Oti i~ pDCs, To d:t~~1Jii!hdl'de~lto.III;!OIli'lIi!c Lh1!ro~c of 3,Ulfil)hiig~ in v im~ re(10~nil~'!.:)Il. 'we liIi:>crI ~
gcn.oClic~P'p'rruldl

3~

ill iiljIlII~e vli.rn~. ~:I."CogniliOl~, IDC~, plllril1(:t1 p from tlhc' l\'f\GS'+/+ er l\TG5~ chim~.i'ii~ were

ill fectedw

iI.h V SV. .A:rleli"VSVi~1 reel ion.

Ily cxmnihlint

,,,,,Des; iwllU!OO

in A,["G5. a gchle es:sC'Iltj,;11 fortllll~ol~h,,£os(line rorm,lIjo'hl pn Ilccam,c ATGS-'- mice a re incapable of SUI,\' ival l\I~j'tmd ~ d,~>,u]" We ~171. mature ,\TGs.-;L rDC's W~_!'I;; oiYwijJ!II;'d frorn ICllwlly ~11I,ldi;I~~'d \,VT mie~r("Cglli.~liwllL.:-d 'Wilit ~i~,i()j" <J.l'ld sl:lh..'~J~ cells Jl:om ~h~ II.T(i5-+- uecaates. Upon fuH ruc:omwill!ui.on \''''ith ATG5+ c~~ns (ji,g. S4M.

fi-:onu mice dc'ncioJ1t

seereti;on o:f ~~oth IFN·o: ~ndiil1llerle!:l ~ iI1~~ 2 U:L-12 ~was dimi nf s hed ~ lht:~l~,~I1CC n of ATG$ {.fig. 4, 13, and C'J. The di~nh~bhcd

'~hi:: 1:r-~·f.I.pi"od!J.~l~.ml '111~~bscnet:;o:l:' ATG5. Alilhoij~h f&~.c mi.'eJlan~smb:, unknown, the seteetl \Ie dcrcif:~~n U~\I' b~l f1:01 Il-tl. -a, ~rocl~<CI.ion by the ATGS-'- 1).1)('$ mi£hl, ~:l:~oct dC'rC1C~h. e $011 ins of I be TU~ dowa~Iream j1.lgnal]ns cOflilpOnl!lll'> to lh~ !ysojmtlrn~I!L:r j,:;l aJil.cred ~Ill

ir.i ATG5-.... pDD:,

:>'Om~~. FUl1lhcr.

~o i.n'i!\l;.l:;1lg,,~~CI~!~ 'r(ll,C' or ~ll~t~II1l;J!<!~yin 'lnti \,ijm~ :re·,'ip~}n.~Fi.'S I pDles ~Il bJ f \I~ \"t),. Al'G:lI+ • Oll]d A'fGs--l- dtinnl(.'lJ'ic mUIJ::'~ were 1nFC'C!iI..'d W~lh VSV. Sysll.'rnic lnfceuon w~llh VS V i:-; kll(l\v'I'! lO Wrgcl ~d~!liC' pDC~
'!IHd

iJ1,dW!(,~ ptn~k IP'N·~ prnduc:titll]

in ~h~

~rum ;:a,lar;DUl1d 12 i!t!~~rs Uf~. Sil~c(; It-Ii and ulhcr it! j] ::I:!rm:rli:unry cylok h1Jl"$arc scereied by IJ.o.ll-POCS :ill re"'PQI1Sl~' to VSV illrccl~olj. wemeasercd SIC:rUI'l1l :IFN-o lewis. lnfcetien of l\IGS-J- dll lmeric I'll lee resulted hl s~gnJil'i~ CIInl~y rodMCC'd IFN-o: responses comlXlooci w~lh the Al'G5"1~ chuncras (Fig. <IE).. ('01!ecl.i'!;'dy. OL!f d31:~in,,:iicatcd 11m! illiIIOph:!liW eceurs.con sl.inH ivcJyinpDCi'1 .mdi~ Pl.,\! ui roOd ['o:r 1X.'C1O:gll:il~m~of VSV, but mol 1151\1-1. i~~-

['c;clilJ.ll ill 1i)I)CS. III a(](lli~ioll.OiUlopllt"lg.y is I'CGlllircdl ror I)D 'producljon of type: [ !FN:l1 in \'i I m[lndin vi \10. AlIIIIOph!IJ;Y i:.; :JI'1l ~m,cicnl, pmhway lor hoIiIlt'll\!'1~a.l.ir:[tlnmO\',~r of ~Oll!il.~ \.'(,'1:1 ~ I]U';:lC;CWIU~fir. i
and f(Jt:ll'LlIrkm ;H.cClUI~s~lir.!'!i duriUJ.!:'t slarvtJ:IIIOlt Recent s,I.~t1h;.\.lldic3~C(1 the hnpori nm\l!.:"!'c tt illiJ~(}ph3goSQl1nes ::lIS 3111 flll.limicmbial o
cun1lpo:tiC'I'ill. ..

unlCICIUlliDis,m l~5Cd LQ degrade

and dcstliO)'

~·'_II
I· -

$(a1le bars, 10 !JIm. !;acliil lVIO'l'i:s,01I ~(lm,pl)s,it~ ,~r arreded b;y these il1_Mbit~r~ ait!:l!ilJ" dOSie'S e.~.· ill nll nedl" whre.3i5 IIFN·~ lpmr:ll!l QllJl'I \Y,ili-5 in ~ibi~I1e lC!inefE~ti!lll~.(r'Q~ralphiS of lihe sa'iilII~ (;!lllb, Th~s,e
'e!'xileriim~mts h:i!!ie' beem u:ijH!tltedi lhree 'liilil1'~

if'iig_ ,2:. lr.o:rmatnQII1I or alJllopm<llgo'jol'lfles in p,D(s, P'D(A·I~(]nlc+' (e~15 ohtalirned hom LO-GFF traI15~~rlk rnlo~ w@re ~Ji!.aitli~clri(lr lh~ presCf'!tE IIliI pUlm::Iil;Ie- G;Fpl" o'lLJto~h1l905Q1iIiI~' by ,Mlillf'C ~ ~,g!;!lf:S'aJl't~r if!c~b,pt!gf! \1!'ilh "'IS,'ll !1i't l~~ ifldk~t~ c MO~SliH m:ediiil comtretThe ILlpper fouir cells ]1:1 the media e:o(I:I'~~O r,eprest!lIlIt (yt.o!5olic GFptt' l ILelils, \lIhereas the rest i!)lff the ,C!eLIs r.epre'selii t pD{s ~'l'itlh GflPpumta. llhl! eelumns re'pr€':l.Emt i:!,rigmlIOJietd (BF)imaginl!J ~gray)r and PDCA·,l (o,r ,;1111 ge}, 1~(J·(3 FP (,g li'eel1~, DIRAQ 5 InliJc:te~r {Niue. !',ed), and GIFP/nud~.:Jlr {eveday) sta~n5"

I,~ ~:g
I

-'I--:::"-±:-:~---j
c

=~E~

a."",'''''-d.~~d

G'f,p____"

Inhibit:(lf$ ot a.yt~phglgy bt()ck VS;V Ir,!!JDrgnirtilon. IE!O\ne manaw (:ells WlHes!l~liiilli!a~d with -V5IHifGF~ {MOl", l[l} lomE! presel1.(Je I)ff~hE! ]rldiic.1! ted (fO:5I!?'S ,~f h)hilbit~ws of a.uoophaOif. WorrtmiHIn rJin, .i3lnd 3-11M, ,iHlOO{AI lnf,ed.l0IrJ (GF:P)
IFigl.~.
w@.~ .1!ss~@d. Nc·rth~r pi[iCs; (tupper Ing'hl l'ILI;ldr'II~t)nor ]l'IIri:!~tio'n 0'[ iIloni"p~ill(s (LO'Illt'r rig !It. ''il:l'adr<llnU \lla:5

cyiosolie llaillog.c:lls .. Certain vinl!.'>infecl.ions. sach as USV~ I. are known to tri:y!~cr~lJt(J)phflg)/ (2.\')1 lor the pllrJl'!'O'SC'S vi m I d.cg_IiHI:m.lion (_'9~" whereas !polIovirus, and r:hinovin~s usurp .m I<Jphi1lgosomal mach h1CI)' lor\! irn I s}\nIhC'S~~ pm,oL!l: st~Jdyrc'!,i<Ca~s liDe h~.lpOitancc ()f a.",wphagy in: ineate I«QYlliHon of "fro:! P'~lth!Or,l-'.'H~ a!UIIFN"f'~pmdlL'Clio!l ~!l~lDC's. The ~.!!ld~n!ll'iof~ll~ !·«..1l0~ bU!!lh!il!il:hlthe diff{;.~~u:!iul m(;-qtl]ll,1mC~'I. 1\;~;o!:\nlit]u!:1.n<1' divc'rl'ili.;· for cl,~~ (l,r 'IIir\il:;,(~ in pDe:>" A 'broad i>p(1C~rUnl uf vi11.I~(;S a uiJd ~hc ir ~ IlJect·i:CIIli cycles, ij-'OIH the: "~ fnOfl"'f~~"{)Cilflted g~1 a(Hlfa ic uuclcic ae ids in the endosomcs to the ~plic,adQrl (I r ,·lrn~ gC~lomcs in. the cy~Cl,sol. ill!:: detected by pD('s.Fill1illilly.

or

illJ~ ~IUIi Hl~iD.!!;k::IiI~nh:rv(;lJiiolJ dL"Signl",'tI tucmllI ...

!1!1ii!d! (8) IfN"f1 S@(~tijQiF!

irdednon

(li(

bt'lt ccrloiM CIWOD~ic v;iiral ialf(;"!Ciions, m~ghl. bcue fit nl.'ll11n in~COrrQr<il,I:ill'lg :IgC1ilb toprom.tDtc ruutorlmg~j j~'ol" bOlh \'~r:Ji1 ,ek-:Srn,(t[lti;ol1 :md in Il.ate n:cogn h ion.
1~~~'~~E:!IIli~IIJ;~O!Ir;ld ~~~~~.

with! simiil; r

,r~l!llS,

]n .al do~~·de,pelfldeliiit Ili1li! finer. Tlliie '~aLa a iie t1~p. ,,~siN!tati~~ of 'lihlFfe s;hnU~lr exp:.enni@nts..

1.. H. t:.!1lI1!t D/" Ht1~' .1141. 1!1li1 ~;lOO6)' 2. A. Pi~IiI!m!!lif N' a~. Sdrrrlct. ~;M,5'9;!!20061. 3. \I. i'klm~n9 olt tiL, Sc/r.j;j(j! n.4" 994 (Zooti,

" MARCf--1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

·www.sr..ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
AlGi!;
dIIlJilU!ral

II:
8(1

ill
~ :~
;=l,

a.
till ,,c

50 4~

a. 15: 3{l~

'!iii: 20U)

wr

oIil+

./.

ni;
V'SV

-,1'.

,~ro5 chima;1lI

ATG<5GIiUQ~

A:1f"G5 ,chl.!f111l3Jit

AlTGS, ,miN!'I'I

Me<:Ii!Q1

VSV

iII'!·anQiI¥ (8M) ~f ~he r@(.omS!lH~t€d (hi:f1iJ~rk Imk~~¥a,~!):ss.e:s&@dby Illo~v (ylOiillHflirY" S:e(iretron 'IlW (B) IFIN"fJ.and {C) Il-!l2 ~rQITlI 2S,,000 ~ACS:'50:r~ed I!lIDCs ~rom the im:Hc:ated ehlrnera \ll,[li5 measured fo~lm~ln:g "iISV In'r~H:liOnil {IMil.1I l!O}. f;adl dol reprll'~rtl:'; ~n 1rld1~vidlU'~I, m.QIUSi~, (11),) Tile ~M.e,rIlo,{ vir (!~ lnr~(,th)lfli!l Ulit Iwn~ liIl,anm\l' (~Ih ,oiltal'm,Nli IIr,emthe re~p'octive (himen'ic IiJIl~1!i\la!l: .as~~ed aUel i infec~ior1l with VW-(l/GFP' ,ilIt. MOl ~ 5. {E) Seroli1i! I FIN~-Ci:ie~pO!ii'Sf!S\lIere ilTieastilred i ffiO'm AlGS, d~i,merk m~(~' ;ah~~ ~r!'redf:(!111with 5 x l~ilaqli!e4i!l:rm,~n9 li!f!ltS (If p VS;Vil1ltra~n:o:tJ!~~.y alt. tlrae lindicailBti tilil1le pO]l1ils. Ea(~ Id,ot r~pr~ents: ,aliliil'ld'iviclllil'l mOl!ls€.Astl'r[~k" P' < (11.05. Th~ data a~€ repr~S~fltiltive (li~:'Ji,ve [{In and (0]1 or Ulr,~@[(At W;l" and (IE)] s'!milCllr 'il':qJ@ri!'!'l~!lits.

F'iig_ ~,.A~t,opl'!lagr-iS r~qlUlir~d r~r \fS'lJ i'\e~(lgll'li't'u(i[!. I~il,l~r. lil,d 'Sp'~ee~ c~lhhlm a A iPG S..,r- x ATGS 01< - pups ~\I@~'il' Uisl~dl t~, r'€wnstillJll'@' ['~hgHy ]trc! c'iiiilt:ed (57 B L6 !II1IiN!',(A) ]i1:e p,re:)effii'C)e Il'f pUC'!; 'in HH~~p~,en (511), lymph Iilod,e~ (liN), and OOI'!1E!

IE

.20[1-

1~1

...

4. H. i{alo 1:11 I;, fmm_ 23., 19 {lOOS,l. u 5'•. $4 tint!! f! uL. ftrl.rm!ru'(v ~l,rot {;W~). s, ,~ ldmd, l'I.. :>~l:O,.S, Alii~~,It M~zliitQ"', A..Iw.;i~M,J

&~ !11M. 19:8,513 '(20:011. 7,. 's, $, 100~b~~"T, I~i:~~ 'iL H~l'I1.m~ s. Abira, (, Il~~ ~ :s:aus:l, .5({,~f! :~O!, 1529 I"mo,t~. Ill, .L M, lL.uoo et Qi., Pf«..NaIJ.. A('Il'.d. Sr;i., ,U.S.A. a.O:li, 'Si~98
9.. ~"Hell lilt 01.•. SCiI!'M~ ~.o], '1!S26, (20011,~" lO. I!'.;. Yil.WdijjN 01" J. ImmElrlllL ji"14,, ~,i29 (2:j)6&) .. 1,1., A. titug ill' ~.W~ lDl:JI.3:, l<!iH '(21l1!J4). 12'. lit. l. ~kI'<liilM,. G" v. A.lm. 5ml\l'tl\. 1. tm.nrunm. 49; ~91.

19. II). F. £I"jdl il\t uil, (mi!(111 C'f,J'j' 4" ~,~ (OOO~). 20.. (, ~~n t;~. oer W., A'I'Q1, Cdl 6., :ll~3 tz@OOl, 2~lk 1M.Mulll!hlrn.:l, Y. (J1il!i!im~ f. ~Ojli.iroo~ rtf/I Slt.~(t
21. ,421 ~2002~.
~2" IN,Il'!i~~hl'm~. ,1\,

~(t.

i'io!i. Z.iI!!ll!lf·a ani!! G. l)'011 flll"ledlnic.JI iI~iI\!;l<ln(e. We !J;J,ml!; P,~.~~~" ll, !iI~!!' .~ T, (. G~gre !1Ir Amni5 CilipDlt~!lrn fiOO'M:I'l~1i! !Ii.f :~rn.ijl.e~ U!iti~ l~ge$1:rMm 1ili0000IlIDkig!f. iIih1~ mil: Will! slll~lJI'II"t@dlllrjI' Pull'lil: H~iI1ll1
~~I!

t2:004t

\f~lI!@m!lt~,.II'I. M.aI.~l, L 'I'~!I1imgri, Y. G:hwmi, M,,! ~ .. r~tl;5, 1.101 {2DO'lil. as, It'. Ki>'beyii et Ill" .m.rlO J, n. m!~{;rooID. 24. :1', 0..!ieg1~ 1". !J:.. G!if~tn, ~" &~rl. k()r}, S& U;U 7S1', 1889 (1:9B,Z). ::!S. IE. F.. filll1rrrm1oon,U. ~~'~~.I. Sdle~!1m, 111.Vfff.ll~glit.. SI:M~rD~. I!L ,I" ~~r.If.!I'''.1, 8i.(l('J'iMl.. 2.'43., ~..,~
U997). 26. lIt Ar~!Iii" M. T. JOOoR!IOI!, .1. A. Sw~m. J. ,Cdl g,w, 135, U4? (!!.'~!l6)_ 21. 1\ Kwrn~ ,i!'/ of" HDrrJl"~ .Ij,J:<l, 1.03;1 '(~OO!li~. 2!. Z. blLllIay f! I:l., ,~ ~tL ~rlr.!. Sa. SA '1!I.:l.!l'O

9/~ Itrt~ ~:i":~S·9 a~!l AJ~6"110~ 11(1 AHfrQffI

NIIH.j.MJl. 'I'II!~ Sl1PPDllIed I:lII 'tll~ training g~1lI1 PlIO:;r,iJfl!i rIm NUt, IU:.t was ~Ilwnd ~:fll!~ ~jnn.1J!yd S;dfll(1l ,,!HIl~~'~' !If KliIeO!.;II..!. ~n !n... iig~t~!n ~ pa~hO¥!,rnMi!; ~r [f1~~liDi!l5 DiSI!~Si!' ,,q,'fIa~ hllm Iii!!· 84Jfro!J~~U WeII.(lGin~' FlIl1dl.

oo~

(:l~'!l~t D. C A!i'eln'~i1u~1~I!.MJt Jrnrnlllll!1t il\[

S!!l!PIPonin!ll1 O!l!'lff;'lE!M.lte,~i.d
1tMW.5C!i~mag,~~glrcCl'lhinV1'l.Iillfl13~~C1 ffliIlwlsill!ld' !'.'leti]·iXliI

14.

~:OOH s.s, lle!i!JICO ~.rIlIL. J.

~2~~"

:t U~~

{lin. InVllit '1].S, 3:2J65

.15. i!i. Cm:~J!I. 9:.. 8@liln~,; ,Pmt; HI1M.A~d .. Sl!'l. U:j~-lI.:mt 6935 {21000!1. ~, V, Hg!1l~ng ~I ~~. },. 'r:mmtl1(l.l,~7l. '~!l3:) izoo~). 11. W. Ihlclril!t t!f ai, J. .f~. ,NI'a 19~;.~Ol (ZOO;!)l
18, MiJ.lfria'lJ; ~rUI melnod!i

aoo~).

v.

SOO

li~~ '~Ig~ 5:1 tim ~6

are' illllililablt

~I!i 'ilJppOlllijl1gl

IiilIaIM~I.

DiI.~timlte'

On~irn~

29. :t Tal~, H.. W. Vir.grni'ii, fl. tI!!oiII'1~ ..!i~tifl[J~t 2, 24 a (2'006). 30. "I. V,.I~~~ ~ ~,Il'I!(JS g~~ d56 (~OO)t ;'\ ~1!. W! af!! I;lt.l'~r[J~ Ir.!~. Pwllll~l'll;l~r ,mil J. I~ I!!!r Ir!!Ilig~1i'I1! imd ~flii!iJe'. fl. "'~!.l~~ito~~Cf (ril".III. rM~ 01 1M' maii"~IUl!lj. w. MIlIihe$ Ilcr luil¢iJ1 dl~OIJ!.Sl\1fi'!,.:Imp

li!blie'~::i.
:!!id~Jef)Q~· .~ Q::l~r ~OO6, ~~~~!~ :~1~~!1II,!I~ny~()~7 'Pu~IJ~II1M 1lI'I'1"f!:1 hltiMi'!f 2(":1".1:

l(1,1'll2(j,rociB1il(e.lH6:8eO
'ili'l:::tll!l~ 'IMs fmoom;1~'1iii1 Wh~n dtli19 iI:l1$ pa;jlBr.

REPORTS

S:tru cllur,a I I:,nsi,ght. inlo the Tr'B,ns,gly,cosylu,tionS'tap ,oil Baeterial Cle'II~W;a B io:synt:hesis; II
PetpdcloglYGli!:J1 ,glyoos:yL~,~i'!sr~ ~a~s. {GTs} (aI:a1y~~the polym:eri;:~tio:n soop I'Jf celllbwall biosynlihesis., ar!! a ild alrl~ hig;hiy ooflselVloo a~mS$ aU b~~I.e,ri~. l(Jl'IgJ ron s.id~iied th~ ~h(J~y '!J1raU" (If aflrt,'bi~~k researth, ~h€y irepre5-eli!.t all e~en~~allil,nd ,~siiy a((e~ible ,d,r"'LgMrg;elt ~or an~lhio%k-~es.i5tant baICtflria., ll!i'u:ludin:g m!t'llhldl~ilil-,eflist"li1It .'Staphylococcus tJ'UteiJ£. 'We oolve li1ftemllinedl t~e 2.8, an!Jj5UOIlI1 slJlllcbil re af a hlihmctlortal ,reU-'l:IaUl(Irc)51s.-Lnln~]ng ,e-n;ryI1fl:E!',induding lts tra n511eptiiciase a lui GT domi:l~liIs, both IlJI1Ili'gand ed il nd mrll:l'lie.x.ec:l \lIiitJ'h ·the sillootrate ollill.og moeli1l,ol'l1~dn" lIne pelpHdogl!f\"il n G'fs illdo,pl a [:old di~tilill;t; rlrtmT~'~no~~ of ather GT das.5'es." Ihe S;lrllJot~J giwinsightil1ltl Nl"5 clfiitik~l rllilture~ 01 the 'C;lI~ ~ytic mecnl'lllri1l'FTI a1flid keyil1l~ro1l(tiCim. reqll!lrMror illllzyrrm itIhffibithm.
iIli!~iiIi!br~l!ile·b~·'ll~d, IlCb;!~~~rU'.d.'~i~"'\'<1!II .. i;;" bui~l .~.~,gll}'OO~~~ ... nmn~ ',-,,-a;';L; (I TI .U'!d 1r..11i,"P!.'llludm;~riff} I.:I~ylJ1~"l\. \'\Ill id'l l!ll!!,Clh~~rpltldut;1i,l croli~~ .. lin'kc't! pc"Pl[d~gl)'(llnrncsh ~1~1 gi\ es IhL;m-ICIl.'lfiuJ:!:l hs SBmiglh. and shripe. CtIZ)m{$:ln: e..xce~t{~il. drujil tl'ltgc.'l'> brealilsCl [hey 3It! ,a;..~entill~. 9(;" ~re

liJ,i) mo!Cn~mycin
.I!;~~lre
!'I'lIi;ll\!-t1/J;'

.cOl1ilP'lc;;:". The lr ,fum1lin hiib... ~~g1il~llIl!l;iI1.lm~ h~n"!£l!~g}lwSYn'l"-

fJrWlflfmuff!(!r!~r I~ (71 [2gp~ ""''q~Il,;ntc id~~lli!y ~or 'til~~2.9~·io.(i, r.)n;:~oc)l1.. wid~ ... 'rnL!il 7 ~i1t\mo ~*Iru1; (~'\I;~uijOJl (RMSD) of :W A lor

OJ Ei ~hr.;r.m~t IlfJt both. 'Ill' tlte Gl s/[P tat;;llY!icclo~n~.i~~ ;II'C ('I1,Ip«imprnS:;IMc \1"]!~'fI 'I?l'lm~Irillg DJie hm C~)%lil~ ~{)nTii!>" .uradrC,:;Ilirig dml

J.

!'I,PC(: ~~c: !r!IDC~lom:rc~lf!: ITn i!1~C!"!;I.;ti(l!n!1 \'I.'OlII'ld b¢ 1!II.~~Wul~11t.'Ki~l.llin!l .. ,..imi~!lr ~lCIm~)Qill!!d10 d

version or fi!3P2. uhe Or.ll~r lJiullIIicliomd en~m(' idCiiu.itl~ in Ihe p;alh~CiiI Stdl:Jlly!m_'()fT.1.t, mm:'u;~i. ccss1blC' rrorl'~ '~inl!perirJOllim. 3n::~ ha\11I! 110 eqllh'l)~ ill~<iilPocnzyme SU'UCIUn!' {2.9 A reseluden], 3nd a COIl~I)~;';. of Ihe 1!1K{.)'1:1lC \!ililh lllC' alIlihioti~ Il!m nil nmmml'liiall, c:dlrll!;"TP 1.'11Z}'l1'CS [also kll.Q\"'~1 nlOCno:m~Gil1 i2.R A)i. "[he gW\vlh (!If both c1:y5(l{li as IlCnicilliu~l~llndill,g protcil1~ {PBP$H:lre!he'~rgc~ roml$.lCq!iil~a:OO~hc dC~~~~l! bul)' Icl!inle~h!i'I:I1T1!i~lC" or~l~ ~bcr.."!n1 .glOUp or <!!ltiooClcriflL"" ·to \1!.rhiChfl dij!\~lIrn~I~.}'~!igh ,d~gu~ or It');G!ifu,'1[t!ochas d~\~~-la o;.;icic (lit Bolh s!nl:(:um:.'i" Im!,'~ Ii!v(lfnblc ~CI\.,'{11~ oped ovor tllIe I},1jSl '\,\~O l decades of clinical use, The dlCm[cshy (tab!c SI). w.uth R",~111~ v:.dl!C'S of It).1 .-4,6:% [or 1I1:C'O!poolZ}inae {!JiK~ 23.1/2!':,.0% pcpttdoglycan Gf pl.'OI..cin fuJllti~~j. GJ~I (W\,.",I;I,
c.ril)I.org}.has !JO~[ruC'tu.r;~rtfI!t~l:ui\'Qoi H) d,~te ;:lmo i... ~u...(ni\lc (,OlIIdilblb: I'hr Ih~ stnICl\Dre-l~l~d dnl.g ~i~ll of new :mlib.."ICkrithl! COIMpcundis. GT~~atld TI? (;IRyrl1'L"'S 1l'l1UJI'be r~nt as n1llm]oliU'iCliomd of bi Ill!nt.tiomnl pr.nrei;ll~,~.ll.\·,.,il]~ ~bc more pr,evll~cnt bifLJI1~I:ifm3~ 'Cllfl.yil1t'CSpo&~" ingan N.;tcUiininml {jT.'l~ oolllrl;ill anda e~r-c:tmiiml TP dm:rmiu. SCjh'tmlt.'tI by a sm::tll Hl1k~r region, The G'f~'loomains arc :dw'l)'s 11JC'U.lbretJ1Houn.d .. am;] they po.~yn\\''lrizc a lil,id n pell.lapliPlid:c slIIl15tmJre imp ilt~lil1kl>d l,,"acetylml1:r;m~ic m::kL

n~~J.!

Hfl';JIt l1~m'lan~ b<1~I(ri.~ ir~r'.:1l;:litm.~. . ~.ICl!·L;. WIi,l.~pi,1nt two c[)'1;I1:,l11 SEI'iI,I(:tl!l.nL'ioi o.i· a soluIJrc tru Hil'~\r.:d

IlleR: it. ~OJ'Ilt: .Ila: ibii,lilY ~ii1Ou nirIIilE~in'Dk!er I:'e.giml. The G1'jll doit'!Iin has h;,,'Oputtd.~VCOIllI~.y~j~ g;liillilJtl lc ~id i\.~~li;c. .. 1EI14mlicl E'I"11 (~)1•.Rlild Iheir ittnI10t1.1t1l1!C has been dCIIl'LO.Illf;I.m.lc.d in. nUlimtiollmJ ~1mlks on the E.~,'hol;!rldl#l [~~ti PBP ~b CII~ll1ile {9" The {!I'l,',erJH:fold (i rille lillid U~def1Cl1dent GT:H d'om(ll~~l show)l nosimiT.1fily h10 cilltCf '~I!~ClT·A 01' G T·B (bids dml h!ll"'C kIf;J1L"1~CI\'~d in ,III i)!1;,'t~in!il GT 'L;'~)lIli!() d~~s. :;,uucwr~~, The lI!:m~lUlr~ i",p.r.~~~.lUII'·U].y (..(.hcli,c;lI and is comj.'lQsoo of h!'!O scg~!lenl\1: tim: glolll~"'tr "head" rcgirll] ~illl~Hl,,;ti !ll.!"l W duo: lil:~k(l[ (kl!1mill "ll'l!il :;.H. ~HUlJ~L;r')<i~\{'~8l~Onl ~.,_ n~ltin tl~i~dOli~r w [he Jl!lL.'l]nIm~i11ll lFig. .~),The

or

gJohu~~r
SlIl1f.1l ~ ~

&C~rnc,I'II~135

If~ri[y 10 bfLClC.iQpl~ag(! .~~ysoz.')Il'I'ne qlL) IDAILI Uf~) gives a Z score of 3.5.12% SflqI.ICflC(! id:e~l~ily fori ~'leQ$,1ll-26(l re~ ion. with an, [{MS[) 4.2 A for Cnl. Given IIUUlhc l'l.\'('1 l'flzynl~s :le! rill :i!,i~ndbti~loolf.a1Cf,:.,i1 i:-; rn,"siblc' i nll<!l~h~ GT~! modu~,(;' wW' a~-qllinxll by ~hch<lC'~

reg LUIt. and

il IlliiS

seven 11 h(~li("('S; and II low sl.ru(,~i.I!Id !i,knl~'

or

,ill

N~OCl.y:l,gII1l~ooalnillePO~J''11f1ern I(Nt\M-N lliG hi, The IP domalm, are soli\''Cnl.c,~poscd ami calaI).;m, Ihi: cro:>.,,"link:ill,g 0:1:Ihe peptIde s\ibsl.ilu~ns on !:'he:;' acetyl: f,;ml1llS of Nil. M.lnhib~bJrs (If nhc (JTSII~'l:H~l i{Ul ~n:;J.}" be Ic:ftS s~llhjt.'1;:lli(l' t~IC ,!cvc~~ (!~mcnt of li!;,'i.'ii~I'U!Q~ !h,hUnTP'inl hibi~UK. whic'h elm be n~lldL;:r~-d ind'Hb::li:w by,~I·t1,."r'llinll uf nI:,,~ p'l.;·~Jai.dt' :;,ub~tih.l:Ciln, -no'~~Lbly vOlalCornyciu~ • . irl nx;"i:o;tf.ll1lt slmilil:' (2. J), There Ii>ORI1.y om~ '71'CH~ c:h<lfa'Ct(jj1 o;:diJ Itn ibulor 01:' the OT ~I re.:1cti(m.~hc Slrqnom;n\f:;';o; flal.urn I p;I'OOlllCI.lllOCIl()myc in. whi:,h is not cfliC'('tivc h~hU1!!llilllS be'>llllsc Or[~oor l'l.iJso.rpl.iO:I.1 prup!:'1'i~ei> {4), DQipJt(l iis. ~xltCi.l.fii\i'~ !lise as II grow~lprol1motcr. <in ~tliI'I1.. 1 Feed, ill) pkliSunid.bome resisi:Jllcc ~.('I 1'I11;~Il.omycill I~.f"" tleera ootccleel so raJ" ,~5 UindCII'S!tJndil~g )" of Ihe
D~li1llilil!,mt o~ gi~hil!ilIlis!ly ~ml MAIi.e,ul;!r 8f~, aoo

FDr Ihe' nK~~DO'!l~lCill"bol!lld limn. l1iu:PB'[P'2 \'i.·~flrc~urem\~!.'a]!l· <B biloh:IT ff,:Jd (d i:I]]l.illsi:ons 55 by 60 by II {I A~. w~111, fiTs I the :lnd liP drllllain.c'i s(pm:rmlLidi by .11 shm1. ~-dClh !iJ'Ikl'l' regiol'l (Pig. 'l.l ll1Cl~lW I1I(,DI!Ised. ~runino aeids 59 Il) J 16~ OJnhJ~dthc N·~crttllln,lI 'h'll:l1.~m1'!:mhlllltc .scr'l~el1ce and some oi' Ihe ].Q\\'~ (lo:mp1C:ll:ily C~I.CIi'Ib1Ii:n~Dfllil. 'Ekxtroll di;.'iJ'II.'>ily is, viSible foJ' I'csid'lIcs 67 to CfJ::!. cx.cq.~t I~r a ril:w s.hOrl.Io-ops in t~le Gfr ~I Llomain tli:1 7 tQ I 31) Hlld 10150to ~63 in inK!' J,poeI1ZYI11!! "m113 7 H), ~44 in

teriophase al .fI[)O.il1t lang 3£0 ill :lIS cvolutiau, ~)i~c low sequence idcl1lj!y.. dtcrc is, good o"'cl~ap of I~C :SI!COD1(_~1J)I ;iJJlIICll]1lC b'11l\\'~n the
'b~ [ljrnt pllw~i\ic ,gJIUltllnm,1,C GT S<I ,QHIll,liifl m'\.~rb}'sIlmi. or 1L ~E114 \V~~hEI9, It:5.;pcclivt;1!}';fi~, 2.1\). The: hdk'JIl ~(.roloID' is pc;m'!l)d l(ICI.\VCCIl I.be I}'So<::yll.le and tiT ~~ rol~ds.wit~ lhe· s.oltirbr.e Il3-rich
1\\r(iI C!lzymCli,. "lIld

ttrl'<!l.l)'li(;r~itjllcCl:rlhc

1l00l'Win I o:f AL repln&..'ti b,' tI~,.; r1'OClin:bmH(;' assoeiaicd (rr:!!i~ jaw sllbdomain trcsidues 1:2~!O 1, 82). The jaw :is coml'oolo)d u rlhl.w 0: hcl~()C's. wit~l~hl! 01ltmno.s1 hdii'l. cOl~~aining tl~e ~'CCO:llld ptlmtl:'vct&raIYLicl\::s,ldne. E 17 i.. pock!el I0J11Kd A

IPi !!I., I. o.reril l1shrd:lilfe of ~BP2,.n,;~ nlodular i1~lij,ge !llf lTI~ GT !i1!. ;jj!lid mlP Ifotrl!5, ts<hO'>\ITI~ ~'IIith itI'Ie p~~d~(t.eld ~p~siti~1'! of UI@'tfo'[email protected],1Hl!ll ~1E!§I1Mrepreselll~E!'!d by a vl"ftiGil illlut! ~~ta!l!i!~.
lIIhea"tjye..~ille re~~Mlils

,nn

ri®l~he

mil' ·{53913:~ flllndkll!li1l~i~iI1s;

'Gr~51 Uo~w" ~~er" ~U4) ali!d

'"!head!;

l~gjOfil

(~l'Il.er fur I:IloociRne!3ItIi.,

UIli~Of5i'ty ·OifJ Brili5iJ (jotumbia,

sho.wn (I) r'~ Sp:h~F@), whe GT~~l,dQrmllilllis pro· IPosed ~~, b~ at Ileast lP~rtlyS!ulJmE!'rged ln~ne bila~rrilll m:eerro .a;o::e.!)S
the Up~g Irl~!JI!l!SitfC!rt~. whidli~ '(Olll~tlililt Wilh

l'Ia~ t:h.eir C« aoom$

IMembrane

'"'Jaw· lD"eglon

235>0 H~L~1fI Sdeooe~ M31l, wnc~r", C<lood~. "'1'0 \~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1k:n~ei!llIO~_dIbe add,re5.'Sie(il.IE·,rnait
1~~l:[email protected]!!Cllc!m,IJil!Jt:;"Q

oibservalions,

that ~at:aLli'tl~ ;!c!1l!1iily ill nd (ry:S<t:aUizationJ were depen.dE!'n·~ (lIn 'dii e ~res:el1ice ,of det~~£I'~nl$.

14.02

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
b)' residues
GI~~'lOC CQJls~r""m{ln

cl,oo~ to t~l~ ,1ignikocil" rt:!gi{lu~ shows se~n othl;!'" (;T:;~ C1117}'I!~ll- .m'\! ~!l~y be :~!~]POrl!,u~~.rilrCO!~':lcli,!~ t~~c ~!ilO (lfmh~ ~rnlb"'11IDlnbl11ll'; :\~~n\.'ll~+ A .:;:h;:I:\ b:t\'.,1.~'f~ 'hh~

(KtH);(fJSbG nwtill.s, 0),· lllC TP cm:1lyllc S)9R residue I~ -1tl A flom ~lCf1'lliln.a~...e ~;;tt;!!y!ic t f,~io~~c 14 of th~ (iT:;~~om~in. lh~ 'r.T~I !l'
Inl'dl
~)q,":'il;~:;~Jl fivl;_~ ~gallllh[Ll:;i

~(;'M"'ii~CI\.>a.o;;

mflot~r II

~()1l11li,';the imllCnll;Q~I,

heli1'i:

Qf~hc j;ll\'\f

)1l~hdQfll"1n t~~<iitdividcl',

~w l\\'O' p(l(:k-

globuhr :ludj!l\,{ ~~lx!o]l]ililj."~"i]llll1cd:;;nbiip«kC'lwilih ;'1 larglilf ptl(;kct en '~hl;' opposite ~,i:dc ormhco ~lpk\C~d.G. The ,e:lcll s.~lpL;fi~:npo~~,\'i with d~¢ ~ub~Irnk binding ~i~~~ ~llld n;b~(,\d ~.)!Sl]i.!:jlmile i~ II fold::>lF~,. 2 A), n~ 30Ii\,e :oilc or the TP Iclo.i'l'lr'i.in(ioli:!,[ldifh. l:he eheraeteristie SXXK. (Sf~r~,XfNl(_'l\'lIi1lL'i

ih":~llOllOrliirM:lim~al (I) {Iig. S~). Motil!s I ;Ind III COil· ~ain du;:GTs~ ~'!~~bl!:(: l~lUi.;JIIHii; .. cid~ ,(131 <!Ild £ ~4 En I, R:.'>p<;cIQvlity" \'Vi~hnillCif Co,~n!llt~ - ~ .A 4
G'f~dl'~r~7.:}'!l1ICiI.

inbo~~:1

I~lOtif,~,~on~T\.'l;;d !lIld 113 f1,Jm;tipJI~.1

1,;1:s.md ~.!ii p!iDbllh~y QJ!\'olvoo in :oi\I~lmt~ro~i. t!;tiOU1_ ('br~~~lI"l; ~H!rmS~ by t!rnl;, ~OC;I~ionof !~L .. t\~iJL:rmil~all\.';Sid~it·:> M in 7), 'dill,' hy(lfO;ll!hobio•. ,;;t~d ~hc h}'!!:fu:inphil~.'~ n.,,'ttuil; gf !he TP ,IO:lllll~l'Iti.';Id ~o a modd .!'br m~1'1!!bnni~oti~I'Ila~(I]'i iFig, t '"

il}' ,ot'l!hc io~wct1~~1lI1 llIw j,~wSlI!bdon1<1ili or The

apm1l in lill!;: tl:PD~i1Zyl~~ 001' thi.: _ 111'1t'!ti'U'&. :Inoli IV HI'iU \l app.c!flli' h)

G~ ¢ ~,i,gu fLllclfC ~aittd)1 i'iby 3. role hi umtintDi"iii1ii1M~I,e slfilCIi.i.re or nile :C_iTsl

r...

m~llIiltl1y~ii1~OO[Lnd.

i>inll.~tWlre (.fig.

31

~or311 ~mlips cO!hcr tllOlH d'LCC~ lipkllillut tFit. JC,.. !\'h:~cill!'}~l,lycinbil~ds in the cl:cl'lbc~.wccn Ihc head and jMiM :~~im~:s of Ihe (JT,~I fold in an.

obi !lined by C'~).eil:)r:.;HLI~izuldml. lilt!.': l:i:cei.n;m, deilshjl of Lh:i:"QQm,pk:x inhilbitor d~,\V!::'Ud~iin~d

\v:!:-!,

Cl::~cndi)d cOllfom1illti:cUl [Il!ila~rolxlb~)p mimics !hal (If Ih~ gmwinkl ~~IW~N:imin MJb!i~II1.I~~ {Ii:" I~R1!!bllCl. R.illg~ BI(1i F {.Fi~. JB1 ~'nod~'l~ in 11 ch,m,ir on:nlhl1t~1Lli~.HlI. fO!llll .. l",~·i~~!..ldp]~Ul(~, wilh id~L\.\ ril~g B :rO(:;u~ld. ro~"I,~\dihi<! ~illlk~rrc,gioll . •mdring D 11WjLX:li!]1l nll~ into ~H; bulk W~\"l\l1'" C[lI!c"k.iOh;'Un will~ 'lh:i}; :1'D~I~]. mrJe'I1Q!'I'ljlcin derivmiw!, .~ftekjng, ri:I'Ig D 11C~::li:n rnldbimi<: ~Icli\'ily ~ It lJ I, Rimg A c...'(i.,~ Ihe ch,:lI:lncl 01] the sid~ .fmmlteSI. fi-ounmitc m~~nbrnnc: 8ndi'll!!l,}1 be posIiH'Qm~d: ~il~li,l1ud~to II peptide S!llbstit!llell~,hill Ii NAM
!':Ub",UIiMC. he T l'iulg

l1.C<lre~1

dlC'

'!llll ...

heEl N

(,'MU.~ytic 1\..0",,""

IFilg. 2. G1I"s:t.do!l!l!.:lifl oomp1!lfi~Ofl with l.ysozVffll~and Wr!f,~rm.atioi'laAch~~!!J~ bNWi!lE!n~h~ aIP(;II~~Zy,rl'!~ ,aJnd ligand'@dl kmns. fAl· S~nu:t:~l!Nl'=bl!!~dl i!Ug nlFllent or the 'G,iI' d'oDT1O'lirl (lJb.J!e:)wliUlllhat of i.t (grNn). ~ 1iIe.~il::esHill arild 'frl3 (if U nave m~Jnt'e'rp.!lrtsin alll re!ate1d (he-, and V-lypoE:' ~~ot.)'I1l.e' fdds (2;0). ine ptltauv.e H14 catIIIlytk n'5,d~u;~f ~he 'Gill'~:] domain at1.fJliIs~\!e~lwith that (If ;.\l '~lbothinl s~kk o rep.,e-sel'lta!Mlorn) at the Ie\m~ Ql I.l, ~eib; 1~i1. (lmet) Or~hog:onaL view \lli~h lcQIl!!i ,omiUedi. The lyooz.li\llile $lrm:b.m~rml1il depo5ililil:rl 1[l9U tg,~s ",lilo~~n,lI'IIitl1 tile poly-NAG tigandl in slirk 'Fo.mm.The ii9~re ~i~hli!!Jl1ts ooththe Mrikii'!.g sln1Harily ~j'l $Eioondi!iY $~rlll(tlJre' ~~o(aU~~d: i:JJ'ii.y w lh~ Gr~l head :~ubd~l'lIIfllilfdilll!l tll@ ,~el1:Sil?lNalio:nl!)f ilrJac:biiHiit@, den bEtween. tiill! two !!'n1yme t.ypoes:. l1he rogiolil~ beili:l~\!' d~h hol~ fI(I 'SmH:rural$lim~L;rilY ali!d ;:lIFE IP~e$'l,lunab1~ the dmerefl't be~a~~ tClf the !lleoo~(lr lh~ '61m5:~. d()lllilrirl t~1 00 to(illiim~~t ti1@ :m@lfIiIbr;:!JiI@ and :to ibillld! i! IliiJjdk ~1:!'Ils<tral.@'. (8,) (~.rdQrm;\!ti~:nilll :ehan!llE!in: the j!llwr.'Ubdolfl<1il'l upon binding rrn,oerno.l'Ilyc1n hpr'e>.5enled ]rrls<tficJ;::ro,rm)'. The '1'Il:()E!'rnomyt:1n· bo l!Pild 'rOffi'li! is bluJil',aJlld 'lh~ ~l\liIDenl'Ymlli!' is~~I,(J:\1,r,

Inocnmnyci~

pjw'splwric acid dh:$ucr grollp of i~muter the plJanc of rill!,l;s B to F.

in ,m ork:mmL'[)n!hall[lOtenti,dl~ diroct .. ,hie .Iil]id W'lJq,IPtm\'al'd '!h~ Ilwmlbmn<l. The il1~ratti{ms 'OCI.\VCCIII ti:lCprol,c111 and illlil±hitor arc extensive '(Fig. 3At ,crmsb;ilC1Iu \'\J]dll1lOCnomycin~ ilUlCi ~:]mcd COml'M)Wm_t<iposscssillg some or dlC It)\v\.~. mr.'t.liUIig inJhihi~rn)' onnCC!1:tr"'llm! v,rtI~c,..;; l.iJl.o\"~n~ <.!mibioui:.;;s(12)- The h(."I(~ sLlbd(ml<~ill tr.!'J il\ hl'M,,:liy idenlli:C!l~b('il\!I'"''!.'':11 ,ttfID;[·I1~n~..:: 31l1d Ihe mn.loclioln!"cil]~oolJnld GTs:1. $lnletui't.".S" \.... lIrl1Cfn'

B
04i

E
·,."....._\...-OO:NH;
[I

01'1

D
Filg. 3:. IOeMill of m!oonQ!ll1ll{(:i1i1l bili1ld]lIlg. (.1\)1 111iI~e-ra(lionsof lII1oe'JlolTI)'(:ln wii!lh lihed,ol'll!l),r Sil bS.tHii'OOs.ite' t(ifG:f~l' w~th

HO

,
r
IFU

0 0

,e

$~l~tiNJ s<ld~ (;n~iIil5 :mMt!, The pifl05phillric add 'd~f!~ler!Jrn~p' b~Il)osilio:nooili! ' ~ r,egi~:n ,~:I fg~1P()~lw~ (my!!)@. i! ~dl '~ile' h :~lIg:awr!lngs '~(i11Tlll an eoc~t:,n(h3d ~iHII@hil th~ ildive-~ite den. Ring 0 projec~ ll,ulin[u~o~lIltJiolil, illild' Inng .f!. is ~otal!:ed close,),!. tD Hll' ~ir'lker regijon. ~B) Ci'll~rnical Suutll1!re or lIlI~enQmydll1. Flln;:!i!nly, an R1, '9n~~pis II!sedin piau: ICliffhe ~~ Imoenoc:in{l& npild un"i. () Etel:JtroiFIdensnty o~ the moelilO'myd'n lllIooocllJlte. The majll i~orf .0;1, :t!rOolrCromla.t. c:on.t:omoo .at 10, 'i'roT!fl~h~~ffiI~!l mooeilalt ;,tB, A re~lliItnOIii. FQ'r r~~~~m'e" the ~I.!IMti~ calQlWtk f,!ffidll~ U1ll4 al'!d £:1.71 are :shOiivn ~Ifi~tickr\(iflT1l.

REPORTS
ch;!i~~ ooc~r in the j;;)\li' :2B,\'fhc :Sl.llC!~.y i;;O:n~r<'~ P! ~$.H!:.l.~, 'Kt~:4. ~~ jUry f\;';'iiidll~.~ ~u1d~I~~ b~i,\"~y qOl:llL1"\'q] 1\ 1~l T 15U, ~l~ E ~79 n,,~d\,JG\". :!I.II;: ~ocml.-d in i:h~hiJl!:,!,~~orrl lx:iw~L,"1fIi dlt..~,[,,"'.0 ~~bdonmrn .. '1!1(.1lImy 00 imJXlll!!nl i~ ~lIrlO s ahili:~'y of '~hc GTcH dnnl;;ual lQ 'I.In-d~Q !'iu~h .. l,;(lnrpFr!'iauion~i dRlng~. B~~..oo ('1i,,~nioJI ~~rilil~~IJ'~ il 01'1 ~i~;:'; bC't~D'i rrop.c~(;d Uild rilfli~'1 (" and E or m'ioelrlol1r~J'cin would. b~mltl :1111 S3lfleW"J), the as a N Al\ll-NAG db:aechll"kll:: Or~1(," 5il1b~~lIIilc. I h ~heconmph:::.;: orGT:i!iw:i1h~'~nmnydll •.lhe mil':: OX,~~O.eJ1S ,ll~d N-:LC:etyl ~'OlIJ)S of ril1~ C and E :lInCi<lH Ih~c 111.'1· Ilhlk~C$, are :if1ooooin :~"'Cm11!!~11\">'ilh <I li ~Iei~r glycml dmill. ;\.!'I'lM'!gl ng Ihe~L" li~lk..g~, tDfnh:c ~\'iI1S dlr1i~l S!!.!ll$.l!011~ W fini ~n~e ~1[1~CQf~hc~~lh~bitrn' pk!c!"!s!1:!L;' !txillc!Hlg iI!,'{)~·1end uf 111'1.(' dmilll lflllitJ;Ie.-.~ fmll11 Ih~ l.'OIl!OlIJilir: nmchilu:,'I)'. idc!lnii:a~w uJml on!1.\: h'fi{)!r.)'~IlC Ihm~br ,~~I' ~'fllt>'l11if.'$.
'OOnro,~I]g~i(ll};il_~ s~bdrJ!!l(l1l1in {rg~,

I;]!~

Tile ,dtfiJ;'u.nocs bC'lWOOl the moermmyc:in wing Ffphoo,'nhol'ac acid "i\.~Wl'!('l.!i mo,jei~C'S <1nd
~11'!; '~~~(~ S NAM. l~yf{JI·}ho5PJg<l!~~C):> mO~lit;:., ~n~li.i bt;t 1'l,:,<;po:rhiMc tb" f.iT 31 .i~l~i ... bHitm by ~ilL'1~"'I1Cllin~.ul!r, 11'l'V!..';SiigJJliIJimi~ hypodl~i~, To t \VC ~naddcd n I'UU(h!lC!l.\·Cc{l1l11ri~1>i: t'I.fbo!lr~ t~N ~i p~d][
;u:!d gm~\I~llgcJIOII~n t;,!JmI:rnh.~r,¥H !hCIl1.1[K,,'!Imllli}'til1.

I1IlQ(f.c~else :'iiil.lKII~r;;:;. NAM p~pli de SL!bs.tit1!c~~ the ...n ~hm IW ~[l,,~ic ;4;,h!o:'"~QC(;\!f \'vilh !l~~ cl active-she

~d, Rql~l;:~n~thfJ ~'L4 ~i!lbw:

NAM·NAG
l1ch~rc.,:n rill!}"
E

l~h~11I

;I

cl~!i:at:.~harud~ i~ln. a IH,4 linb~~ w

m'Ld FiJ'lJunot,;'l:.oJHY"-~in n":.\ulb il~

l:ioll.md ~~[l,Ie~I,I:r;e. \V~i~~11crl:ipid H i~ !he dOHmr ur mx:~pIOi in tI'iC POiYI1lilCI'.Wil],r)1'i Jil.;'liCli,oJ'i hillS, bcci:i. ,~:;w~~~iiw~)' ddnilecl ,~jJ ~ Fto,i'I'Il Ciillh,,>Lmil1ts,
IH~d

impo:>~'l:i by dt,-" :>~rIiieIHm orlhc 1liPOCilz)H11!e· mOOllm~~yci~l;bou nd rorltDt~. wecan new a~lmo~! dcliniliely oo.ncilldcliml.lipiid~:~i!\ rllC I.lCceptor, :lrnd the a;ro~wh~gdl<1i-n is the donor.wilh
Slq~P(}1l

:lsl!Immmil;.'Od llr l:VcIz.c1 UJ)!.· Modelil'lg rhe !ilrrnw:il1~ ch,~inIdonnr) ~U~l'i~.rt~ mo~h~ !11t}~!m· Q !.tl)rt.~n~l!nir(,Hlirc. Nl\:GgJ'tlUp .~~ fl llil;:lo~"d 1;:1\, cr Icing E. and .he <l(t.join~ NAM SL!~<!!, !'illIp;1:I'n:g il11~'Il1!<c.>1wi!}1 ri:l,"~ f. The- rr~{lot.'nrIH'}'{: in-bu .. sed

~:rom, num('.t'(fI.!."

C'.xlliCr]mellltli

~Olll!l\.""('$,

each ril~g f 9.lIbsti'[lII!e!l~ of m~nnln}'c;~11 cmreluting \'\Iith !;h~ 42; ~~L~~~lC:rll. ol'Ni\M (e.g,. ~1C (" Ji OCUNU:l ~llj of cinl!;l fwith Ih~ C5 CI·I·21).I:1 lll,mup u r ]\JAM), I](">l'ti~i~ or itliii!i :.nnggel'ing •. Ihe ·1 p'hO;S;~jJhiilyl !J.IlOup!;of ~hehi: illl~tlhiliLI.i" alilU, lit!! !>~h.:>H'II.c poll1! in :..illIli~!Ii' ~:'L!.,>;i!in or:i.cnt!llion~, ~IftiJC3.llle~ o:~ 0 fm.oL"'Jlo-myc~in ismu£hly equiv(' I aiel,1 re the modeled rin,!_l. ,o.'\)!lliet~ of NAM ~ru,; S\lsgcstt.'<! ear~icr ~1l'l J 11'll' 111i:-: l»si~iol1.-<lhc :Ill: roll ~m, hyl 011 Col of the htll~bi~CIl' .. above the l'llilal.C 01" NAM .. 0\'\.'11'~l~ ri~~g x)'g.c!~.The mt~h)!!gm~p o li~';$ ~nW(!""l 11].(- o~tjr C~. sill,,'; (1!f ~!Ui(r(:u~'hitic d :.u'l!:iI1;k~~nd R;lgitm(~llri~doy Ih~ lEI ~4 lIIld Ih~ inc~ming4~:~ I end ·of (l'IC'>!.cccplOr, In eur ~!l1!C!il.!!'l'iS.. ~."l'UT!]'I!c:Sp::jOO lO moo~1 du~li~]id lh'-CToi.C

lIIi!l!m fur ffilli~ II lloLvrneri·,

IF~g.4,. IIfl~i!)pOO:i!dmedl~·

(-I.)

(+.2)

IB

z,ation. T(D simplilrythe'~ 'ci~agrams:.lh@' ~Il!tid!~ st!~

'il!!'IYiud. W ·s<helT!'.atiiCrw

s~i!JiJemson ~p1d1 ~IIh(l\l1! lbee1il

@Uiri:ks (,lL(tII 'the dkmcr,. in iIlil ~2~ljke ri::.acri~n,~hoi!li!lJ~,lluts the' ,COITI]taIlUlI'

s~del R~dlJ~ I~U~ ~(Il5 'to de,puowlltite ti1'~ a!u;:ept~r 4~("!f! ~IFl~llP" whkh '~Olil~

avoidlNl ~, prE!VMt (oofiUi~ion \'Iii!.h the mcencmlyciin liillg ~i!libelin.!lI). 1111lIlri~ 11Il® ~I!!~, ~ip~(lil 115 the' a(~'~Jnl(lr(Ii.gint ~idl:l'~ <In.d l]w grUlving glly-cen d1llillil is tffilf donor' 'aB'ft

~.lJid IIII pll'lymlllFiz.Won. FQ,f darity, 1't:1I.. and R2 gmup!i ,a rE ~~ 'inl pla~ 'o~~he OAc <3! ~ d N H'A,c:g raJ'!I ps, I r~· ~JI'I'!dwel.V. !'Dr '~®liTIpaiathl'e, fgl!! FP1i~~. the f~,1]~tl'~' ~.~ Lym,~ s9,g,~r rulb!iil@~ are ~~beled ki pa~the5e'l ,(the trad.iliclIl!larl [email protected]~ !!!~tn.gs!llbf.i~:e'S <l to f lla!5lbeetil

'(!J~~pior) UiP'j.d 1[11

a~ffi'nl~d Illr'E!Cm50r,sinto a ~li1!·ijnkif!!:! product Irw~iclLI!1 E17.iLl'IlIarYas(;ttlhi~ J!!II'Ot'eSlS, by direct. protonarliiml of .he p.h~pharo:e-suga r oomn:1er by , ·~""'1'''''ln ,'..~ IPJiI' 0 !IJ 0""", !~, ""', ~ .s'~!I!1'!B!. 9 i!~!I;! ~ .\p .. , ...... .... '~r'e!1!pti1rQi!I~n illOO~tlilll1 mUll

ill diva~nt ,cation, (I) Spatial rl~;Jliret!ntation oUIhe ~ipid: II ~i:)wm:e~til),n mo~l. ]:he ~~afl,e fli!terf:alC/i! 1!h(l~li!tal bladk H~). lran:smOOlbr~me Ireg~rJtwrtx.:il. blue rl(l~n~~~t ,;3!OOmri&sing lPo'lypeptlidie {&ltted blU!! Ikl!!l aJl'esJimwn {or !!:ffsct 1fIhe :~>o1i9'in ~tliuotm~ is. unmoo~fiedl Irom the nFlCl e-ii1lal,mfcl~·lxnmd: co'Tlflplex,.. \wlil ~e g~O\lliilllg gl~nO(_Min dmil~,r (~f~ side)

mow!m\FlI

stnLKIi!.W! ~il pmiimt. this ~ibllliorourrili1'1!1'.ih~stronger IJl'DiSi:liiw ,c::hiu'ge 011!he Iil!~t. side: 'of the acl"we sit~. r~l.3i~Weit(I! ~aif i!)li'!~he righ~S<idt [s~ ()1 -!'fIl1Iy as~lst fur

Vir 111~ rEtairL~d acceptor

lipl~"pyFOp'hoop:lR!.te 910UJP ]ntoUt@' donor

modeled
~htr~!'11

(Il!j1eY

lilulenaJlililyrin ri~g_l; E .md F lIndlllle' lipiIli III',a(cep~'O( (rigilt. :side)

ritter:! llIl'al'lwlly be(l'IveenJ duO! '!lI~YC"'i"ClhClri'fII clomor amll~e

lrani5klC'ilted inrlli!l1 dire('Don dffiot~cI byli1e ye11G'1\l' arrow. AIlIf s!lIgar cham ~fnger lhalll fallllr $lJ~j Ulni~ (d~l!In~~ ~ ~nWfi1ingl'lJ,Mo s~a r 1!l1ij~~.Q1rtliIea;C!c:ep'trid W~j'ld proJect: i)~Uirllm the GT~! dO:i'!'!ai!i1311d Iller!! are no S'!,e(J(: oo!'IFier~~~ ~~r 1

~vith Em',~l ~1i'i5l;kk r~,rm).PlI':tceiFpolym~ri~oof!\

fU4, {atal~)( tresid Lre lliie p,roduxt !,lI'OlJl'd Ilwe

;nr1lJ,oo~'N!'Idi~ Iocared 'ior,~I»SitklolttJ, brim!!;1o1ih P!l'lI'(Ip:1liJsphale~ fiii! I)tiI~S-\Jb~lmt:e b mod'el. (10) D'etlib or the Il¥drophobiic pl.atfom m !!hE! GT~1~o!.d.The Vi't'lY 11; i!I~~I'J!(ii't\atety 90" fmm {(), ~vith rl~idut's.~ho~'iiiii!il'il~tnck f<.!~m. (Jirtletii, h1'tI~pI1o~cpIMblm gra~j.El.l4 and IE17iL.

pmi;itiiofll" {CJDetail of .adive,.s1te ~oc~!Ji imdl deft Residues IEU~ .[In~Et7 Jl.'Ull 'liffiimm illls.pa.~~-:frill1J~ 'foon"lli~ eteormtill~r lPo~f\tia.'Is bed, n~!l!gatN,e;bwe. positiive)ilmlkal:e a [onlll!!'lVOO regi~lmor pl1l5itive (iII!ngeacrQS~ th-e mid~le of the pcI~et. Th:i5 region Ibl mls the pfl®1<phmi( acid dier;t:er 'gnmp ®f moenOO'l}'Cin In 00 r

1404

" MARCf~1 2007

VOL 31 5

SICII~NCI! .www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
~~ ;!,'Cl;eptor .adjlttcn~ to Ihe I~mpo~(~ dener sile, \""~~l thc"-"OI"I end, ;!'!,'"il <l11!e Ib'r ~,nWr;:'i.ction ,,,,iUl

b{'J(hE~ 14
~[ltiitio~ of

<B~~ mKI

'C~

Or!!~L;' g~)110f~\i~<J!r,

~illlb:;;~i.tt::s. H.

lipid U i.~ c;fDrIlf!Hl"dhk Ih!li +.2 af t~!..::sub ..... irnt~ u~m It V J)!,

'0

Thii'.

or

\'\I~dl [he rro!l.";ICI inn GTs~1 sub!5~a<.lel '~hc1~~~'<I!cti~m.I}'~o;t)'!i'i~ rmdllltt'l.

iii.lid .fut:l~.m

si!'l'~i~"'ro t

We r(opo~ tlil[u~ E ~~4· i.~ Bmu,'11,t'db~~~ diin;.!;:'clyilb.. ..I.!'iI~Ca proh;)!l rootll the .iIi-OlJgro~pof th~ ~ipj.cl.U ~.oC'CptOi':. The de. porolmUlltlc] Ibn'"~ Qr .E11.4 l'I1il~ be swbi~itctl hy ~he atljacci1i1 .R.249resid'uc,. ~u;ctlycm'l~\'cd ss p.1III cd'~nQti r V: 111(.'l)uoWnl alt'>lr.ILctOCltl step I)ro~ m,blji OCClhllS m'~~ro.lniiIJnli)p,~Ilth Ihe c~OI. rol"hiUc: ...
~nigm~i(ll1 (If the dClI10r C I wwmcl lIw m:o.1'tor

,I

d11: ~ ~A-):iI1I,l"xll~rod~ICI. The lipjd"PYITIJlhoorihme ~c<l!vin~ gmt!1l' r ~lt: ~~l1or is then rh.>e tQ g it111~ ,,\\.[11(11' ~d be ~}'~I~~~ in liri~~ I.! ~"iy!¥~h\i"'Si.<;, '\~ rmf~Cl!>\,': "'mt 1J1!IIm"T~,u~{Jn 9f tti!g ']J~wb'~'o:mu,;d rruduci. ~() illC dOrl(lir :$iE~:i(S.\le.."i,:>ilL1d by .~~higi~t'r . al1ini~)' fur I:h~ p)'mplm:>W1I!J.1~r; nmiC'ly ill (he donor ~iulc lh;lI~in !he n'l;;t:cplof sik:. with ~:I~ oon·
(l!

l(ll

'ii, M. Tenr~11: et aL, IIlOt Mi:.,~cL 314,350 Il",9l'. t, Hgjllll'. (_ ·S.... IIiIij'~r, lV~·d~p(Aciw /iI~. !!:7'. ~.;~

(i~·99).
H. P.Wil!l[eI. NvL •. nor,rI!l~f.dJ\ll;';l 43i,. S85 u'9®7). 12. ]. Hi!UMli!.~. D, Ml;f(f!!It!'l~" ML!idWn,. ~, !!iJ.j~O!t!'!~f1'!. M~[jti!ffllllll1!,; 8J«ilm:. P~. 11, '9:)7 {2,OQ,6).

w.

c.

13. fl.illleWiI, o,.~

ili'fL' ..

105. ,ot610 (<lOOn

KctVt."(H I'iol;i:tv~dy c;lm'!!,l.1d K15$, KHlJ. lli.fi7. 3 nd K'~68~id ues loC'al.cd near dl~ clmmr r,y nlp.lbOt>p.h~I.ci<liiml dl~ llcti,'':: :':i~eI Fig. "10. ni~ moocl i:sa~!Iin rerl1nni~irll. o.hhc: IYl'1m-ymc aetive site.• where the t~. lind ~2 SlIIlt s hes ~1Ult H1irl1ch the modeled GTil'1 aCl.'\.l~tor '~IJ£lli~.'SJlOS~S$ ~ the lowl.'.t>l. ~,!b.~~r.W:::I~l~ni~y (he ::ub5;~I.cS. oJ ,dl

,or

tw:«freJWit,lf 43. :~;'l3"'S ~oool'!i. ~~r,~t!!1fai. f. .l!I'o!ii(1gri'(l~ l!:S:7. :i!U5(2005l 19. M. fl!rf~1t M.. ~(i~n·DrlSlt'ClIn~.,.), ,!lat'1triel.138, Z!l211
~i;L O.

~4_ Q, ~~~~rr ,!t/ ~", T~r,'IW~n 5:3, 11$15, u'9?n. 15. A. It tEung. IiI. ,~ 11)I]~!1, ]I. f. HOmg. i.1i. III Bi!I'g1ulli!, 8ic;!cfrli'miJrj)' 40, 5665 16. 8. Scllwar!z et (i'f.,~I1M1'i~ 41 '125,52 j2002t 1.7. o. S.. 8~fJiI!'m. II. (Jjj@A, Nt. lit Iitt~~1), S. llhltl!1r"

{loon

2,11 C. ,1.

Q006~" i'~,

now 1)J'O\'itic<! b.litl)o [or 4,-Cm ~!I) ~F~g:,4, A <!ltdB~, I n ~lC mOf:n[l!~n),'~ addrol'1i11ng rl!!nlw.:r quc::[io~); ... bOUl tl~~ medmcin~'lln~pl~x •. 111..:C(I!U:i>(;t"!'cdE i 71 re~id~K1 lie..... Oi"U~lor[his i!l'!]ullmun fm~ibiOr i;)Uf:;)'nl~ OIndror do~~~r ~o lill.(l glyc(·ric aeld rm.llili~!y ~'1;mmh~ th{! d~'$ug;I'! f !l~W'h!~lUbm;~~·ri"'ls. Wf!n.. ;I~~O o nil' (l~~'1'l'" Ihe door fool' umh.;'I¥!<lfl(hg: !'i~Il!C;tlm::' and r'hfl)11111illC'~u~r~i!bk<l!~'C n~!~ ~lllO'''~l<I!C in l~· rl!!m;~jiun rol~niml:iih~l'I.s in o~l!.;', ciini:caUy ill"flOr~ our !1ub.s.~ml!C' m(ld,6~). which i!1oo!nb;i!l.n~~111" itlll ~,lIn1bJ11~h~ or lipid~~I!il'J!![:'(iTs, pH ac~iv.~ty pramc:;. nflhc E. ~'On PUP'I b I..'U!Zyl~\i' I( 16) e~I:.~,"\ ~OIlJh;: dm")~ CH~ \..'h~lhct En~rl't'!~PIl.~ ares 1.11l: iiug,:liT"plu'X''.phmc ~ink1J.!Wto :lss;;is,t o(':~m~~ RererffllCf$ andl INU'UlJS 1 (. G$!l"m, ]. ~ (:hL!)llI:ll, ilJl'u,a!lro1. Mat .Bio.I. .lieii'; 6Z, ysis.Funll(~n'U1lom. liIl.liil:1ms. ofaJlis; rcs.u;d:I:I,~ i.iIi 1,079 '11iI\l91" II. l'oli il?BP~breUllin $.mm;, It-sid1l11:lactivily, :2. T. D. BU!j!iJ eI "1.,, .8irldremi~rJf 30,~08 Ih!i!'!i'Ji}. whereas IIKiSC of our predlcred Bml1.nod base, 3. c, 1,'I'II~1l;1I,~.:t ~:t 300 f19~'3l',
l~\O Rtl'llClml!S

These

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D.. lia~lr~l.l ~. D~tq\

'- M'o!: .fJj·lIl.2!701l, ~ 1.

We-Oban!o: S. IHillilers; hu 11i~!pflJ~ m~!l'i~lic diim!s~!'!.

W~ ~mr,!li~M fur ~m'im~ 21~dla~i~f.3~' ~1,(Me

Ad)t,~ru:!~UgM $oo~~~.f~!! ah:tlllil: cCOI'cliimOll!I!fI:l!M f~!Jtl!Jre ri!d:oH af the !l,PDffillIIDB- .ilimd rnoM~m.~dlll ~Oli'l'lpil!'~ lmt'lb~m dejlaSiltd .al. ~!h~ Pm:l~ei'l1 i!:!m Ba~k. l'ii1ill1.~C>oo'~IQlllllimbe~:~201~U~ndi .2otV. ~'e!i~i\itty, figultli wer~ J1fl:iPiIreQ ~n'D~IIP':I'Md. Cffi'!:tI.P)'!'!JlItorgl. I\ILCJ.S~ i~ H_F1I Oi IfIwgMs Med~lli'I~ijlJi~ {1itH.M1~ irnt!lfM~~~~. '~mBt!r, ~ c,,:IiI~dlilll 1~!>I!IWli.e ~~I~h 6f ~al't;lil. ~.(I511U:Ki~n~~~, !Iild a Midlael5lfiii.ltl <
I1i)Ij'j~M10i111~~ He\l.llhl ~l'ird'i

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deaot (9). !tf E 171 doe> m:n at •.110,~;mwll-

4. III. C. ,Go:Idi'i'iM, II).

(1000) ..

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(.1m: AIM (1Ii'm. 7, 001

A.U. i!; a MSFHIl: olInd oCiJIIii. h!II~.1i1:t~: ~It wM!umd'ed !J,~ mil! .al!d! "'H~ ope1aii~SJfl!Ild$ .ili!\!I ~!l!rri!¥~ll1lch!«:' rlin!k rr(ft]. 'IDE!! (aJl'i~1 Ii'l)IOOaimon ~ !ilnD'l':u.iDIi om!! M5~H!ii"

ate the $~Ib~~rte, then we proPOSC'! hm it he~lIS.to a comd imm: lire r)lmpl'KIsl~halc gIllli!!p of Ihe donor. cilJ!~r diroC'lI},ar \~n <l di\ <ll~!l[ ~lOClHd cation, llw
\!m;nab:l:cpH Op:tl1110 and d i\,[Ilcn~ c;]!~ionroquil'!!meats orl~lcGT:'l' rJJ11 II}' or !!~lZ}'mcs.(f7 19) mmy roi'i~!lt fw,m ..<!!.:r)fi~,g l~oc<ll c~]\rirl(lJ~rnCilll'" f o ~hl,;'E 171 !'CSidll(:, Th~ SN1·!lUkc !iC'<l!(;I'~OIlU(lr;111'S
fu~"lW(i!.'1IId(mOnllld .ao;;cplm~ C;<lLI~;lIg invcr:iiioll
<U~

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.i!5 .. 1]1·74 (WOO. 6. ffliIq~i!!ls ,iI~d P1~Ll~5 ,iIl~ ,iliwililble ii:I~~I.R),I)Q!1ing nia1iE!rn~1 (iii Sdf.jJ~ O~IIDil' ,. (. CmMrl!1ilI!o"Mlim:~ I!f !!fl., J. M~I.: 8lot 355, ~8"; WlIilQ.

Oiiill~i'i~Mate,iiial. !lM!wMl;q~mi!g.argf~!litCQll1~n~rI!J1IB15I5iU'rJ1JA~2I[lCl Molltrloall!oodl Mir!,1liIiXI~ ~'f~:i:!

~he clO!lO[ ("1 mmrlt(;rie cmhrm Md .iOrll1l1mOCm of

I. ~['aiJle-letifr ibbrf'l'iali~l~ b.r IIIe ~rni~!) il!I:Mj resiliue.t. •we: i!~ fOl[olM; j!o, J1!.g: C. c,~; ,I), i\l!fI,: ~. G'!w. f" Ph~ Go GIro H, Iil:is~ ~ ["Ie,; t::, ~J~ I.,. lUlU; M" Mi!'~ IfoI,Asm~ IP,.PrO~ Q. Glm: R~ A~: S;, :5eor; T;lhr, 'If. ~:l; lW.T~p; aliloY, [~_

:Fig, 5:1 fable ~o;l.

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1O..112~il!m~~" lHMll

Dyna,miics, 1011 Repliilc:ation--Inldapend,snl Hiilstone lurno'var in IBuddin'g Yaast

,~1idl'~!oE~lF. IQI]Qr!.,1"'t Tom ~y !¢aJ!p'~an~O!·h Mi"lIlky'~l(,i[IfI1"o1'Slephll:IlIIY1r<lltQW'Sk~i,'· ' r Nilr IFde:dim;t!l!l, il: 'CUv,eIF j., Rallilid'tl:1U 'Chro'matif!1 Ipl~y~ ~()'t~~i~ pr~(~s.ses, gQ!lf,~,fn.~ by dlfhm~nttim~ m!~~::i. .;!,s.s.l;!V dlm~milC: T'I) th~ b~.havil;)r (If dl~(iom~tii1lii1lli'l,rii1i9J (~lb, W~ ~S<oo ,~en(lmk tiliill919lfifays: tOIme~~l,i!ifehjiSl(I!ll'~IIfUI·tI..iFOQ\lE!r in G 1.~ rf1~~l.ed S~((h!iir,omYCfs cero'Visi(,l~at5<ln9W-~ ill( t~I)~Im:E:Iri;'s'ClkltTIQI"!~I\!~r 4"'l!)o @~. ~hoe 'g'~nom,~.~lnd ~l')\\Irer (~26~ base "1i'l~1"" r<esQlJUtio~ Oliter' lilI,e e'n~ij~e goe:n(lIil1!'e.Vile' liiiiicl '~hat at IliIlildeo.s.ojm~sa~ promoters !I re re-p'La ~ed mo re m:pirU:If tha n at {.odi ng, regionqJ a iiii·d 'iiho1lt Ir,ep [[Ire t11!ernt ~a~~ iI)'!iier (:Cldi n~ regku'!iS il:(lrre·~ate~\Ii(hj)Q~Ynli·erase d~nsi". 11ii,gdld~tijQn,ra1pfd MS'OOile~I.IJWlQ'!Ieris fi!uiij~ .all kllHii;lliiii d'iromatiliil oofllmidalf'Y e~lI':rnenB. 11he:se Ir~$lilb slil'[jg:e~t that ~apid lhii5l.Ojlj~ tll.lrrriover
~ef'!ll\e;l:to tl·Uln.(tirl!lla 11y s:eparate cti rl'lmat11ii tlo.nlIai:n~ an,d prevenlt spre.ad 'Df hflSUinlj,e states:.

rale or hii~ollc 1 [] 31:gC.(;lQmte sc[ll~ ,<;(It'lS If! adclrt."S,,> 1"\fO q Mll!S,lnOIl\.'i.. First ~s t~!cre C\.' idcnc(! lOr ~IlCI1l1lrntll~crill~i()ll_,acrem:JCIlt IB
!'if.K:lCi ilIel!mlO'!'er
:Ire thc~' <Kk!i!~ol'l.ull ll:u:."ohi1lni~nk"for hi~to,~!c I~Fl!nvC'r? To n~J;;'a'iiurc'tumm,'~rr.-II<.;'S, w~ l!I:,:od Y~1<!."l I.,;.myirng cOlrns'iWltivt;iy 1.,.\.\prl.~~ Myo-l.<Ljill(.;d, hi~m:rliJ H3. us; \\'\i,;'11 ,aiS:in indl!lcill'la.C' fi~~g~'~~gg~;d UJ (5) (fi!il. SI)_ .FlJlg-U30 Wuili inrltll"t:d rill 0.1run:'S~c1 ccns [or '\ImIryiug 3m.oUrrD~S [~me. dlffinlUllin \'\'3S. cro~s·linkcd 3m:! digcstcti 10 mI.m]'tOnlu.ck~Cffimnes (J 1). find Myc- aM FI!ilglo laggm~ 11l'it~)Jl(s\V~1C iUDmnlln.opn..'C~pimlCtI SCi!l!;:i;. 11!I~'~~m\~!d! Socolld.

or

i]~.;: dYi'I!IUnic bdli1vior of Ii> :kiey 10 umfcl'Si.all.d:i!t.lglilc _ diver:s.i;ty .or bi{llogrca~ oo,1cs of chroma.ill. Nudeooom~.. arc C'vicwtl :11 man;y YC:I::1I. pro-111Olel1' duril1,g gellc ;!ctiv.<!!~ion ~i ·1I <l!nd ~()e . fl;1.l,tci)S(m~e:;

.C
I,.

Illal".lII.ci.crh:ing

is lin !~ hOi1l1l0:iOg). PJ~gL: of RNA po!ym.cr13.3 aSI: U I~Poll n.)~~II[s ill c:dc~ion or ~IIJi.cko~o:m.es Iro'~ll S~Il'te (N). but l1C1t a~1.(0), ending i"fStGl1!s. In contl<~'<t.sl.u,lk::> ill P/~l~'amIJ~ IN!l)n.'lJittll!lrIJ slIg.gl!!l1l~h"'l 1B is no;~ reU'l..o~'.d durIng f~~ I~:
~mn:ilcr~pli(lnIf',. FUr!~lC'm1QI'!ll,L"O~J!II't.'9.IIL' {
o
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If.a.ruHy ~ l\ifI~ and Sd;eiiil~e~, Cemer rtll' S:P!I:eID5 l81olQIDi. 1'iI~I'i'.. rd UlVwe~i.~ (a.mlli~ii!lge, Mi\ 0213:8. USA ~SClrg~. •. o~ COlflllu1el5demre and Einglm~enin!l.Jhe· IH~llm;:w'Jniversity. ler~!em 9l!'90~,II$f<!eL ~Depaflf!'lm! 01 MeteclQJ !3r;:f1~~i(s and! Buot~dmOlog~. !fi!i(iuU'I Q~ ,~i dne. 1h~ fiI~brew Uni~Ersity, JfllI!i,~tt.rn 9111.2.01 Iw.alll. ~ Dli'parll1"l@mlt of IlMol~G~ (helfii~tIV a!illll Mole[ll!~r P~<lrmaoolQ,
!il1!ro'¥~ U... ve~~, i OU15, USA.

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ro,u.~mbl~d in Inn!.'!.lnp(ln!\.';Il're.s'.1'im~ {5). [~ Dro,!!fJfMriltj·,. ,It"ni\'~ 1.r..n,w.rijJl.l:m). k~,Ld)110 ['1Plal;;o~ !lk·lm~nrhiiS.tmut U3 by the V!lti<lMI i\iofanti Eil1J..3 {6., \.~~it'reSH in buddi.n.~ ~i'L~L (W~'b!lj~~oJ'ily1113

r l"ln~C'rj~)1i[]l~

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di~agl\,,'C!'i1.c;:ll:l

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Illricl(lCU ... •

"T~N authoJ5 (om,tliiliuted i!qua[L'~10 Li~s WDr~. ~parimenl '0. Bie<lh<!lmi~ll)' and Mo.le@l~t fJ~~ffi1l~C~_g.g(y.:ljlll~~f$.1~!I'gf ~~(ih!ml~1~ M(:t1i~~l , ScRliool, WOOlE!SI~r., !WI Ol&lS, 1J15:A. $lo l'ihom '[(If]r~~nden.::e silnw.'il boe adld~E'~" E"f1I1i1li~:, CM:Ml!r.Riioo~:UfM5~ll'Ied:.12dlll

tPres.eiliit <KIdrilM;

REPORTS
Fii!). :11", 'I'inf!~ (OOF$fli·~r i"I~s!:e1l!l! tliimill\re(inyea15l

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adj~oont nlJ~l@omm!!'Sin 'G,m-ii:!nN5~ed yeast eul~Wies:, fi!ag i1li1d Myc \'I,I'l'~ imlmun(lpreci,pit~ledl a:t \\clriol.lll, time points. ,If~e,r r~g~H3 iliI,dulcthHi! b' ,a~s.)j a~d1 Rag!M.yc F@tlo~ (y ,a!(i;s)~ver~m~~red

by 1iT110'~~~. m~ A 'oomr
pulalimllalnno!!h,( redu:ces HmE!' oollrse ~.(!Ita to .. 5ing'le t.llJnwer p.<!lkI!lleF

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terr'l ,(lteqllernyof

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d!lt.;!1and d~:~asimlda~ed usin;.g #. ~~lIe~ are r~~~ru,~d a~ blu:e-yelt(JMll heal

liT1il!lS

~OO·l~ree,n (M bali', M@alfilJlrlld tim,!HO!!! ~E'

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~~I:l1ffl@n m~~~'lI~@~ii!fI~S!jm!.!liJJ~!!l

(rig,hll. Tn@ mllnQr !!liiffe'.r,@i'I~.s (R~i;(h,l!iO

dill:<!r [email protected]<llle thO'll. ouu liIiIode~. (;dpllllr,es~he IIrnl1!jDnity {d Fil!}. 2:, IR~:t.i!t~orl oolW€@PlI lli$lOO.@' IIIiI Od~lfk.aili{JI1lili and Hl3 IllJIfIilO'!l,el', 1I11:1deoS'Or!IleO,(rn:lui1lns} V€r"lLl~ iii Illn:o-' t!illr!On.s'lr'oli\l:S~. Nucleo5'lJlmes, .n-e ,oM!1lrl;!dl by tlllmOlllleir rate 'QreM~'.MQd~'~tcatiofl and H0;1 ~els (12, 18}.are shown ill'l ye~lQW4!o·b'l1ilE! MleaJt lma~.~m:ei'l~ :~~Imllrep.re5il1!nits. l '~flrkhl'l'l~.r!t iii£! bQ"H.'OfIii panel shO\~ '~el'iloif11k ro[a~ell~ (l.?): 5 '~nd ,3' "i',S;S, ~~fe~ llO II!!ll!deo$(lm:€:!: Sllrf'(l~fldiflg nIl! trarn.crjption"i s~rt sil@; Pf(l--oIIIl ot.,e;r ~ndiutes othe-r IIIpstn;~'1lirn p,robe-s. Pro'leitn..(ooilng seqlu~m:eos ,ilJre Se;f)i3!raledinto' $', mit;,ldle,. and onl
~~:di! tl~11

m~sroll:~ tumnowr

~ru mi(l;,lIurin{! Gl arJie:st. ,~tC) [)l~Iri1lUlia,nDr tlllmmrer ~iilte~lor IIIlJdeoonme~in [email protected]@dI.~R a~nlll@dI~mDwr iFilit.@'S ,{lfl!' [~~~rw(J@(i as ~Il (B). (11)')s:aI!I'1~~ g;efJlomic:s1reldij, Wil~hliI11!cfitlOMl'.lTl!!$, I'M m'lor c:oded by hi mowr ffile.
Wi! ~OJn;paii\'.d high.~lmikllli rL.amO"'(!l'ilil~csto

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II

!Pn....·i:Ouslly :lneasLjlL.'tI remure.o; of these m.l~I:Cl}. . semes (/1, /7, .1.''1) (Fig, 2. nnd !fig. N~Jr;k:o~lncs O\'Cf' l)mICin"!Dodi~lgt1:gton~ were oo.ll:lC:::l, \'Iihcn.ons, l]m~~lI"!lC'r nu,'ClOOscml£li, W('!!'C ,gCllcmlly hm. ('~CSillO!ldin.g~y. h(1! nlld('OsoJ'n.~ ~nl:l dep11ctcd (If the h iSlionc :~nod~.I:ocalioll."lhm nre "~lcrool},l)ically'" dC'pk~tcd s'l!fI'Ol!!lwing jhe [r.ln· s:::ripIto!1 $liiml site f['SS} U ,2) and \\'L1't!' eo:!l'o,'l!lNCly tnn~chod :tOr UlC'hi~mn!: I~111\ \,,~rin~!I.I~tz i (16 . .i 8),

sn

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These

IiC'til!.lll~~ :~"' liolttbl'L;

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l\\to tr1l","'I!\Orl~~,

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1.l1m l'(lI)Ii!.a!;,~!1ilCun. o( TSs..

.3'" O~El'.r iii ama.taticN'lS de'lll'iile illll~ OOIilQlniiolisly re pticatincg $'eq~'enc~, {ARS:st !RNA g(e'f!e'S, ,~f1~ Null (aiiW
ether 'iniulirgenk I'Iegian).

rn~..c.D6 .))' COO ~!N!!I\

~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

::lJ:lja(;cm. 11illCi.l'1(Jl>Olim(;S with {Uri Ilpp.roprilltely I1ilooiifkxlnluclcop~a.'i;~nic pool ooull:l bcp'.mll~lll~ Iy ill::l'!llmlSibk for promolcu pauems 0 r h is [om: unlCxliilieat i!:D:Jl. Second, C.l'ilsurc histone modil:K:31.iom' due 10 rn(pid tumnver watl~d result illl a

or

:s~e,Jtdy~sl;iltiCpknlre of srereetyped

promoter

rmiC'ly. t\m~lilicd DNAs were COll1PClilivcly ~'lybrkliize(lto a, .20 base pair (b,p'} ~S(),I~tio:n Illi\:,I:wl:my 'Qvcl,Jng 4% or ~he gen:on1C OJ ll, )'icl~:tllg P'Llg,lMyc m~in:J aI; cachiime IlQin., for eaeh neclcosome g:UI {H1r ,"'~~,<I!1' (fig. ~ \Wt, ~1!C'n At

l;'~lim"Dcd the W!or~o\'~r "II~ (UII~iIn~b(;r H3 T~rIC~ilil~';~luiax;'d t(}lllRJ¢tuc-uiu!I (If.f.il;Ig:...IH Rir.l~lo~um;:l:Il. ~'ll;rll:-; per l,m;~l of '~il;m:) llf 4,111C':h ml.;'IJ~~,. (30 [t) 4:5 IrninJ limi:L'l; uwr ability Ie, m!~J~ll:rC the IIUc!I.'i)I\UU1,.;' u.;;.illg .. i1iinlJJlc ;1n.LI:~)'ti~a1nu:xld th~l ~Til::;, CJi.pLiriim:J:U.fi I ,dfll~,.".ith a ~11ilil~:I Ul1~bcr 01' ~<t11C:>or,hc' li.mk"£l, ILLIc:k.,,(~i>QJncs, w~Diclii rt{x:,u· eJlc n

or

tha't I :~3I'Cpll~~~lli:m, r.JIl.c8 were \~Ic~lkly amlcorreImcd Willl ,~13OOClll:t3I1,c)' {jig. ::i6;. These ~~\!hs, ;u:c coll:iii:5l~'1]a, widl~hOM:' ex~~t'Clcd 1'13 I)C'J)~<lWrlleLlI thlnl ,;I I1tlCpoo~ ofl ~1I, and 'tiCmQlr~~I .. ~tc~h'l! \VCC.;,lIH .!1;"'OO~l'\Of ~~nig,u"n· tl',l1liVc~ I!.llllU\'Cr ro.n~rro~ll t~~nC-~101.mw .:x.pcri·

chronllmlILl dl!3~docs 11m ca:pi~lii.rt: mUliSicm SliUCS, potent:iaHy hidh~£ any m.. lbcr of i nJOnll'~~~VC m

or

h~S'l:o:nc mooincmion. C\'ClllS. ,Analysis or median 1'C1)ia.ocmenl J,111eS ror; variolll:il gellomic Iffi;:i conl1im1cO thatt 11W"I:IlOSl: .r.Jpid nunnver o..iC~l~ 0'1101' IJJ{u:n(l!~c~.'R, A. "n~c;l, IN ~;n,..l~U!u~k:,:(l~m:r .RNA~nl,.~, fr~~, J"A and .13:, .;;m~l, ~!g. S~), JMo.~l. m~~N:I)Ii,iL1!1;-d, given !h~, Yllillmie: d 1.11. J ~:cpJ!<l;t:;L'UlIl:TU m,('" Dl'fJ..mphiln!!jl.n;,,-.; (7;. 19),
Wilt; ~'IO

~:lbw H31'Urlmo,vur (J'\"cr IIro1\:"~1]-t1oo~rlg

Qooilfl!(;

~10\li\";, :113 Iti,nm'o'C( in codd,ll!!; regions, I\:.~!lili\'c n "[llutcltlfltovCl' ;Iij}lc~:l.lQ\\1CV- \1miat iml or UiI'lIO\'c:r ;mt~>:; mong cedi IJgn:gr:on~ l'lInllOv,,;r rases, m:; expecwd! gji ...englobal 1113 dation ~>Ji(!Ialli'Cl ub ... it)i. d~l~QS"ti(l<nd:urirlg Yl1mnk rcpllkal,iOlI (,f\ilg., .2 er, (liver a wide range ofpat<mwters, 'lite rnl]o migilli. correlate with po~Ylnc:msc ilC~.~c~ FOL al~~h.. lacool' brOt""\.Ic~~eslimalecli ;r;ncs :i$ ;ro'btl'st."'I:1'tc reS'Ll ~Iing C\l<unpiJc, h Iislol1e~l1In~~)\'Ci (J1\tCU'I~IC and liS. S3). W'e 'IImlyzcd tk!lmm't.'II'rn!e.>; tn G1a.m.. >stcd ceU$·across du~eIl~ire yeast f:,reJlomc' l!sin,g I:'atc,cstimak'S~]an GncW I,woomers (ilfma~nilliidc indudblc gcne PUS; i51lKlre" l<ll~k~ill.:lip.h."1fllttol' ~iJ.l'l:i cclls,ll:ian in 1111~yalChr'On frlcd cells ~Fi,g. J.C '"Glmm::rci3~ miCJ1rnlfl':I},5\""ilh ,-lM"bp ~~glllJlion (depending 011 mc-a:5L~rcmli:lll~ phltrOI;m)oolwcal mdoo\so!1~ 111<11:Olre~Y[l!Ir'n O\'I;f .mod i~ol wld Il.g. S9) .. ,\i!i.r~ tl~~!l:rOremcarsl1ln."d. [:DOl ][ en! i( M, !7) ~Ilg. S4~ a:nclobbirl\;-d a high ro!Nh~lim~ "COll.r (m~ wli~n;Jj~m;"''1!~.l~U~l J,llc .~ lil<~!cr Ih.1U [itf: ric~1fl:liOlil 0lCrU...~ !h~ . I.'!~L~~1,; ~aN~ :;;vmlll"~. fi~dlilllg bt'w~'1/.'n !.ut~"Jo t'1l;1!11 !~~~ ~i"tino~1 1li1.~a,'il1J11I;~1~,"]'U Iw>o' ~ p.1~~~lh!lil~ lf~g, S5~ \;!i~ ..100 Ii'i!'i~:lilc"idred ~i,<ho.&;~ ti:nw !va~!,J.~n'ilyof our '''tt~rinli~i1l(.F.~" ~C md ~h"lpn~YI1i1~~m ~!irid:l~lli:J1' uvi.;"!" g'""iIWl':~",hubilt::d ,good I;:Om::I!1~lnOll r~ = R54. P -< 6 !oi m-171 ~~'ionic h:i~tl:mc Ot'£'Upllli.cy Ii. J ~0 r.!i,di~l,g F~~,J:J3).

(14, .15) ,(Fig. tEl II 10DCSI.~h,:'l'aMdity 0 fOLli' :r,,.:.'>til~lS,, ..'c'repc"!itoo D'hc ~;;;\~rilill\,'nlin lIfI~YHd~rolli~d y~st (ligS2ll. Q;bt;,"1·'!;,'~j)g "",;!!~:I.-t"XWuc,liU.c:d ~lH ,",:{)l\Sb,i~lll~y lat>h:f
p:JI:mIlil~leffi

mll:lil~e Flllg-[l3~10rc .ilLlly pmlC:~1l eau be dQ1CClCd by Wc.~cm b1ot. We thcil:,'rme MlulioJl ;lg~ilnst Jliteml imc~rclml(!11 ofllltm.CfV'CL !:<lIeS, b"E!l~SC ptM"<lIli,ctlo.'lr dlUiC{:;s~C',g" FkL~ =:1B dC.g,IflI.

gellcs. t~dccd,l~le ('oldest probe:>,if!l1id

~ioll
jJi:CQOUnl

p,robcs,

COVCif'" 23':l'!:i of tbe gt':i10fi,lC ycl:

fihr ml~)'llI%

or lW11,O'I'Ci';

Dcspltclilc

,n

14.06·

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.~mag.org

REPORTS
fiig.3. 500\71 h(~ttJfl,e' fep!ail:OOefil ()\!!~ prol.i!mJ.· '~Clding !ijerJ!l'S. (Al' ,til'miilrl hllH\Illwr rate5 f,llr genomic
,~n!i!QI~:ti1(i!f!lS' (f~
M1iI
aOlI,:!;

wh(l~zg~(iI1fl~

dl;i~id,(B); IPr~

~~~1 dk~FiIJ:lil~ans of h~r'iserltM!dI Peg~OOiSClDmparw \ViiWil the E!lliliroedata set. Jil axis (lOSJaritihlll1llc SGl,~')
lurffilOw~ fa/II!!. Yaxis; ~h!l)\ll1 fira:clioliil nlp!llD'bes WiiWilill eech ralle m~. ('0 Ftl5.'I. 'codiFig regi~m and MiID(]ated l1!!Kleow:me5, (01.01 ,rociI.ed a(cortl'lngl kI turnover r.;lI[t"5 'i"roml hi.gll-re$oluiti'Onl miHnawray ,~Pt?rlmJ~B on l!n~(hr'llnt~d yeast oultMre: (UlP), <uld G:l-a riI'e~~d '~I~wre$ '~lOOti~, ~[I')Sr.;<llller Ipl~1 ,of
S!1:0M

,11\[11 p.iQb&.s ~ Mkfl-COS -'!IIR~A -

~sflicol'lNA
~
,

(I

I-Ii

1-

._
'M'I '(1..1

,c,Y\dif19 regio!i! hiiSOOJi1~tllr!i!Q·,{~~rM1:(1~gli;:f!Q!ifl:e' da'ta) (

~'ersus Llig,a of Pd, IIIen nknllie!lilt

riCO:!!, 3"CM, lTJ! I~N!I!. TOO Q~; NlU. !iI'ID,

Gl!lnomic al'l;J"~oIBliicn

Turnover

il'ilW

.' ~'I.'i.' ~~~~~~~~~~,

O,~r--------------...,
!f.

.
,ii,

'i'

+.,J>h ........

PQI H enr'~ment ~mi:cl~CD$) l1Cr!JareHremI'm~ ~F~g.3m. Ui's iN RNA 1)[llyn~I.'!l.·a.w p;l~!llC' C'\i'ic~~ in;g m.u;klPMll!l1~",Ul ,\'.Om!) C':"'!'O.1I<,;dlilollgh m,m}, h~£~nl)'Iroj~'C:l'~bcd @CnC'S (ftPi.37lJ. ror C'.x3nJl,lcl wi{hhislonc
tl!llHOVCr rates,
pfll)'lll.c!:;:h<;''1;,': ~')ticl~on rep:r(:oStIlQ.

Q.~m;;.i~~>;Jl~ wi!h

,A

CIlilibii!lo,\\'

Ilm~L!C :[!ndII~~ IU)iul~~ .1 ~d;Lu:iij,bl~Ilil'Sll. S'I,cr :I'h'.fcooinlg n(,,;!:!;iollE!i:snlme [lmID'\ er, I.ht:y ,~re 1il1li1:i'kcJ:y 1.0 aeccam ~;;)r ~hc hull\: of i~ iSlrlJ1C I'Cplocemenl (F~~. 3Al P'ltclm01ClS, of h.ol.codJnrrl.~ l\l~I](DWI!llh
ill!;!: h~:;;n(m(;

the converse is HOl. \~ I!I"C mJljmx.'111. cold In oodfn£1 qiOllS It\g.. F~.I IJ), Morcover, 1\.'I'l'lacemr..1In rates ,m premoters ~~'C~I:.mnHkc'lilo(i;c '
l'C'giOil5i,

t~mlw be hot.

btlt

lruc: M{)5~ hOI pronnolCrs

m cooing L'Cguons. poorly ,oofl'~.ImoowltI1po~y~ Illl.T3ScabundrutCoe" ehher ..,t i~lCrJlOI'I'n(I'DC'r.' or moe-I:" mite cooin.s rcgto:1fI O'ig. SB)), makhl8, i~ ll1llil\;cly II1:u promoter fturHOVer is oolcl>' a l'Cst~l.Io(}rpo~y-

~m:rn$C :~C'li'ily. \ To .~}r:i.1.I~\I'!l.'iJ~ic,~lb' !;:h']1·~tCri.z.:C Pf{ln1otCf Ill"_"

Inne
~UI1!lP\'!;;T. \,\'1;l~~tl,;-d I!l!:

'hou~~:i.umcl ",I'

~nltitCl1\ ~bf~ulrtcl:mwrn oj' Hlll,1J,Ishcd t'X.rcr~ i rn!O.'l:lal !lIld ,lX;innptJilliltiJ:n~all;L[lIlO~;lll:Olfliii (11II:iJ~cS6).

TATA

4. !l1Il.!!p~dltl!mo1i'er ,,~ Pr1HflOt:e.rS is"s:secii'lt~,ti Willi!! 'f'I1I!!!~Upl@ parlJialIy ~lI!!dollPIJJng f~~l!Ii'@'~. 00 m.oters \w re teJJted lor siJ~nHi(~IIlH~ '~Flriehad (p<lO") anillotatio as.. C~JUr;Uer r.allJllmlWlS !diag ~,(lt pmJrune~a:'l rQ\\I'5. anlrlota,tions (table, 56 ,lind rig. :511) as (n~uml11!l, BLa,crc bars ]l'Idkate ~ositive ,Q1i1lnl!!)'tta'l'iQfilS;r(l~ g givenl Irm)liliIot@r. {B ~o ID) Q!.iertap b@t~~INl ho:~ prOrrrleters ,~mdl pail'S ,of en rkn>ecl ,ilIl'Il'Ilo1:all0IilS:. P va lae ShiOws~igl'l~Thl(i!lIlI,,,e 'of oved .. P' betJ.'IIeen pili rs olr .aJl'Il'IIo'talio ~S. 'g~'oIIel\1'I l~,e 'eKt,el'lt ,C!f Ib'ek ~vedap ~\ii~hh~t PNifl'lOL'e'r:s (hyp'er~oometfk dl,S~Tibl.!i'~i():nt:5AGA~d~mii'lart.ed 'genes alr~ 'e-m!i(h~ for 'liAfA -<Q~U!lifl~l!1g IP:rtlflfloliers (8) C! 1iId1~re-m:Qd~~"te,ly (aw;::I,!M;ed wi th :lH;lQl! nil!! 'g'eFlliis (0, \'ihe rMS promote r~ w~th RtllpJl soit·e5a re nOll Iiill'lricill ed L!i psb'e'ilI rill el glen~ el'ih]D.ili 1'19 high IPoo~ II~ ~@\i~ls:Q!'! eur e~~~nm@n~ (D~.
Filg.

I~ot

III'S

The IU:mc'S.l ptonHOIcer:o Jm~IUid~ dtGISC c[ulJying bJn.:!il1!;; $il~ ror a, :>tul,,'>'C.t of Irun'>c;l;lIPliol1l WaelOl'S :;uc~ as Rapl. IlcbL OC~l.:ik lind Adr~). those !I11}Slrcm1Jlof gCflCS, iieg~lblcd by ,hool'l1adfliIm)(Ii.l~~LtilJ!'ooompk~xCt'l !,,;:.g,.S~n,f,,(Ti:rpl. M~t1Ltl.lor. SAGA. Swi,tSnf.f11l'1d S:iir).3I1d lbo::;~ upstream of g.C't;1e5,1ISSociMOO wilh nuclear pore
oo.mptJi~lCiHS

(~.g". Cscl, MlllI'~' Nup'~1(11 mId

c'S~

Nup:!). {.~IiJIS~Cl'iUlS i1O,t rl.'O .. m~ers based on enriched aJ!n~oliI11011S yielded ~rnie.rel1clcn! dLJ_5tCl'S Wig. ,!lAm~d I.ig. S; II}, ~\!Ch ~I:'i a group {~fhot 'pmm:G1\;:~, ;l'~ ... m;:i"l.lJd w~l:h nuck:;;u, ipotoe C'OiJ!lPO~
rk:illl\, (2l)'1. These 5t,,,~r;t!c dH:;t~rn~ugg~$!!I~l

mhC'

nri!lnly

cnr.idulil~I]L~idCI'iL~ficdlr[jh:llli3Hy

REPORTS
!.'lUy !,1I,,~r:iJ<lPllll,g rneeha~i:.ms Ih:rmridpr1(lm~~cr ttmlO'''Cr W~,I;!i. 4. :S t\l. N:tlc~l!lnl~t~ple,.p;lrl
[)t SOP1!l~ ~'lf~j:m~~!1~S; -.;t!;g~"1't

d",wh)110'~~1,.""

o. h ,(mid. CalSI[!N',. by cm5'1~ Qr r.roInO~C'f ,dlfomminln .. rks, tlwtl ffiI!1S~rJ pt~.Qll;l~ ~i~init""I~(Il1 (li;~III~ D:r!!j' .~r! the o('l\ll~i~!.. i!\!!1: pn;,.~11,l1;;~ 1)1:' :,In
3';;:I.i\'~II.ill·lil :Slimuhl:ii.

15. ~mK

liI_b~~~,h~ IlIiI¢h~u~~:~n~lor ~~Ip~d !t1nlO\'\.""f t,~,g" rnpid h:i~l\ci.irI!.:" R."P.ll1.c~nIil";:1J1 at SWif~!l~.:'n;-gu buiL-d IHO!lIKltiJ~ rmwwdl be". COn~UCJlOe orSwi :nf .1.~lklJ~.}. whc{~..!'i 'l:~h:t,;r cli~;id:uUCI1I!1; .Uj~ I!;;~

iItiJ}{]rl:.1n,.

\-\llh'lill,:Vl,~r ih~ :f~Iu;:tiQlrl. ami; il~lp]_k;:rlim1 .: ~t> I.h~[ tL~uiy-.....ilk'; ~'IJ(_'-al· s t

[§.

H. 113.

iII~1'l11!lli.t:illg

tc,g_. ·\\'hi,l Cil~I.~~. r.lpicl.ftp'.I~m(,,~ll1;,11l

ojj:t liLlL::k.:iiI'rOR';,I.;<!);

M~ili1ry~i::ruIU~~ ilm nueleesemes (ii'iel~J. of

i1Tlg.~Itz ~• tit NA getle:.. ~~li.ctCill"jX)i"C asseei r~~iM. , and Rat) ~ flntl Reb I sites) ;IIif'C agsocjal~d w.i.tlil lcHlull(,1.:u1:fS Ihat block. hctoi:loocill'Ontmlilii ~1~renJi~~ in )"Ca~1 11 1<1). Iilow 00 l1oO!.mdrn·iC's blbck I.uewl :-;p're,~d~ll~. "25) or chrom~ni~~ stntes? SU~"'Cll!lCd !l1(.'tI'!li.n:~-;::In." i!1c~ud!(!long :llJ;'1Pi'> be~WL,;\'~!l lluck'O."C'lnl~S, or 1UC'n.li·~I,.:"d .,!t~lyl~ ltiml C(llllfx'tL.l \'\I~~'1 slF¥n;,'fIdi~t'I~d~!.."i~~1\y.I!H![iGrrl t?6,. 27h The ·L'llflidI13 rep:I"CC'I1I~m 31 l'lQmld<ll')'~<l... <>;ocim~>d rugion~ ~l!ogg... ,'l:U~1 O1,itC'mmiw;i hyp('llIWl5,i:s: ttim~ ~
COnSI1~!U !(\.I~I>LCl!n!(·!1lof HlICklO!Wn1!;','l SL,.~"''Cl'ro,

1".aJlionstmUc:s of h istane n~lIC[b;; c,m!11dbe clln· kJ.1,undoo .~ di~l,Ilion \villi hiS~GUlli;~:;myin~ ~hc c iiv(,~I;JI;!ilCItior.1ihC;i'l~nli k .... of tl1~ .~mL,:'h~h.l:ule 'Cn". rool, l1iimkilig lIY,iitLini'ii..: at gA.".i:1di.: ~~~ldiC;ii k.,;y I.{.I d"~ciil.Iil~!".i'I'g~nl'ill:'lj"I~t'li\,,t: role::. ~.lf hi:;tn~lc l1'hl1r!-:s in m,'lfl~()riif!~iol,o[1 cM~rol. Flall9~:I~.rn~icl
tuml1m,~r·ocel:lrs ruI.chmI11lll.tin boundaries
[£I.,'C 3to;u

n.

~lJl
2:1.

IUJDlWe'Jr.lte-:; c.ao tile 'iiil'i\~d <it Ibe.tUfl~er:l'ily til C~lil!)'1l1<1,~Il'!!! cr~t GenQrn~~r'~[ an 5. (~I'l'~~ h!ll1l~f(.ompbic"(SJhwji..liLl1ItiJ"flOn!' 8. tGuim!l11!I!ll:e .fl.I'lI., Plo.S B'ML :~, 1"3M j2Jl11]:5J1. O. t(. ~QlJll; Ji\l17l., (df :J!2Z, 51.7 ~<l(f!OO). ft. M.. Ral~n~ l't ~Jt. (d] U:::i, 2:33 12:OO~~. K. .A11ImliId. s, Hle!'!i~_dl,. {I'I!x; N~ Awl!, S,f. U,S.,oll 9'. (oSl!!wWl 4), :lI64111 ~200'~), ].. M. C:i§Dlliri J!!'.r· ~L. (.t!IJ 11], 421 f.i!OO~). 0, Oon~~,c, It MiIIl1~, I. llirnl".,. Ii:. T. lWIlilk.a~. ·GeJ'lt!':!i

~; n, 6-'8 U:9?OO .

.22. K.1~liIil, G. Jilrib, C. ~jrn, G.V.!lA IilroJi!~ 'Ill. K. Lrillmrnll, Cdj lO;9. :151 'CilOO2)' H- M_ 'I}_ ll'IIlri1egh.im~ .M. Wu, 1lI-I!)_IIl<!dl1an1, Ce/ll:l!.!l, l;!S 2~. Q. 'i'u fl.cl .• N"~dfk Acids llifs. ::11. 12'JIl· ~OOa:~,. 25, L n. lI!_uS(h~. tk L lKii~ffI1~i.i!r, J', lljfi~, 5.iocmm, f~" 'lSI f2j)O]~. :2 6. :It ii, J!, :R. &roa(~1 (w. OprJ!. Ge!1~; Dw-i!:.!., 199

(2~11."Ve IIOOIHJ:';!c IiIliitt CrnS1.1re· of hb.tonc maeks ~or assooi<1JtcdI~mtei~\;~i yrnpid tumover delinl1b il<;. lite slj'rend 01" ctllmnk"l,tin )iiJ.alcs. \ll,rc runrtilcr S:1~I.'(ul~.nJ.: lhe wid~SJ'Ire.itd I~i~~o:nl!lilln¥wcr at Ih,u

{2oo,n

A:imt.i,~".

r:rn~l~~I.,;'~l.tQ!ilJlI~hol!l!l

!l'~a"'~~ltome (lOlu!d ~r'!J.~, .in ;1 ~~I!.~¢. to '\:",:"1'1<111(1"lh~ .gt·nom~ b)' !~re~'!.;'111in:g CIWOJlliiJ~in .~lmCl' or adjoccnl gCI1.Cl1. riuun "llt'JC!iUg!;,'1.ch o~hl.'r.
'r~li: cmillp;UC'I. Ehdme~(I!~ anlll iN@1m. ~1I.. Ill. ~. 8r:m!1i!'iin. C. t, UIl., IE. IL H'ilm~:r:.

~.:r.Y. H.

("r'~V(! ,1 I~U~(l[:!lnji !ip1'('.mdi.ngC'hmn~ati!i" dorn;lI~n bi.:fOI1: il spfi.""'"llclc\;; ~LI'l}' 1~l!lhcr j 11~. S ll). To, i:I.~;"o'L~ligmc I.hl!! rllllc: of Irnlzl (whose: ro.i!cln
IiXlunL'lary run.c~iofil is poor].)' IlIl1d:crs~oodJr in his-

~. O. hr~~1~in"

wile repla(~mellt •. we ~m:aS!la.~d FIkl&"":~ inco:r~ 13 p'ornljoll. hl iu: I !JJ. ~m'uml'" t1rnli Dlg !!1(]b::lIIly slowed ~1.3 inro~lX!mti:o:n but bv ~ocus-spo::ifk: C'1'li'CI!>Ml FLml~~rC'.x~-cri!ll\.'illl."willlX'! 1l(.'q~~i'!lfXi ( w wr~'1~lg~~ (i;llS 1"\:'I~rli1."'n~hip ,Illd 10 iC'VahIOlr1C!IW .role of llll)idllll'IJJJvct" ~n cill'Ollmltin. iJ.oomdarks. We have measured lE3 1t.'U]Ia.ccmCJfn1';l1C'S ~hro~§h('ll!l~hc ycolst genornc, 11 ndin,g Ihm 111W!~ dooomllL;S O\"~r oQ{li!~g n:g inns; lIre Nlllm.ccdl t~~
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ar(~iof:!, 1$ ~nJknowlll. IN,e h~'Ii!~~~~mili!ed ,(:hrQ.m~~ijl'l ~t 1J'm$Opflilli flol'iflootk 'gen.e rJllll~~rli, by mea5'1,u"iliilgr, ,ilIt high re:'i(llul~o:n,. le'!le~5:,of hi5tOI'lE,' re:p~a(~mE,'nt al'l~ mlu:cleosorilile omlLlpam:y.~,omoolic geml,e d.!,lders disp~y C(lil'lSlpi~l!!O~$ p.e(llks 011: hisl@!'!e Irep1ilooil'liiei1t at b~iji!bdg ~~ rJf i:is·.regu'lato ry dillmOOIll!i: $lJjloI'irlmp~ed 0'Ii'~~ b:rnati '~h:in~ ,(Iff WW riillfi~aiOern~1'i1:. :~~k$ ,wf hi~l\o'rh~ repla~me.n't ~lQ~~ ~~ffi~PQ,nd

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'lo l'Iuil:lea~Ii~-4tYlperse~tive sites, ilarl'I(I.ilii91 ~~"l f·Or Il,,,,lyoomihi aliiid'tni~I1",l'3x mmup pMl~n~,alil!d sil'es .of IiIllIdmsnl'l1le !!:Iepietnol'll. OI,UW rt'S!litls sug:gt's~. the ,t'X!1.s~8'!Il."e al 'l."",nl;inuol!I~ p'.rocoE!~~~hat di~rru~B al1f 1i11!1~~mSlilil1le:s mal nl<li ns am1!~sib;Wily of ci;s~regll~atmy and 'lIre<rn'91nl:s~

over Ihe Cillli~ 3ft chrom,(l)l()I1I,c mnn ~,e\"CliIkdll1ill. Ihe -35i(Jckb bilhOltlX complex (BX-{) regton dlSllluys the lowC'~1 B,3jlS il'mioof .<!!ny reg,tOIl I oomp<u<!hk: ,..iw O'l'! JR. and .he A~lcn mlped:i!l

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causein blu:ki~alB}'Cai>t, rrnll1oler.; '-I!rI(1 'bmmd.lonies llIre .,doo sites 01" .imcrlsc h~~ollc' rep~[!;OCL'mml (Hh A d,..m~ris! tiC ICatlln.: of OO~~~t.Jllrn...l1:rics b mmll PilE." '11 Ihe 181)(,(' is !i~~ Iht,.')i sp:a!!dlJOXY~ .ri[1ol1.ude:JSc ~.(DNm,c]) hypmcl~~he sites ill :JL ',Mel}, of ocll~1t'I!cs" im:h.Hilng S2 cc:]ls Un. To OC~tciI.'l.~:lin'C'inc' h is~onc l"Cpl,t~"CI'I1C1!!~ pa1.lCfHS ill Ih~ vicinil)' (lr 11!Y~"'fl'lel1i!'i'li""(,: ~i~~,-", li~od we
Ihe ~ntirtt:BX.C !I! 2f11·bp, ~~oDlITion (I]g,. Si)"

2 •. (allf'lSI~~ IilI:lUS i111$t.olf'le! ~epialcl'!~ @'n'~~~ dsr1egl1lLi!~JJlry' dOIlili!i n tbolurlda rlles i!rid DNaslll~ lliIyper:!ien~':t.l~'!l\~ sil.es, \vutiinl Uli~ IS*·c" (,A) flltapan!lil ffili~tone p'r,omes. (lor tlille g'bdolrn~nall a nd rI~l'Iltin[J f@~f(lrils @flhie mt--C; f ncluding fOl!rwe-thIllCl,[lpellil PIR~-bolil,ndarij~$ [mag:ent;a 'b~!Ke$ tu, lJ. 25n.The ISicat~ Qt~p ~l1dka,I~~gle'ilQim~( lQ~iUi~f!(In lit with ,~!!m~, amll IPR~:.IJ~Llmdtarie!'S irndk:atedl 0111 '~h~ lill~ i:i~low'. ThE'li,ve Abd·.B ~romot'e'r!) ar~ n'i,arlked~vith ~'Drizonjil anQw:s. 1913.3 ~F@!l) .ilfld Hl3 (btuei') L~~~ ratio [profi les are display.ed as]!,·kb moving <I,wrages. E!~ldl'td.a~e$ belweeli! .adji3i0e'.nt di5~egu~S1k1ry dcmains ilr!! lndiMl;ed wY~n Ibra![kets, aJbove' tllile lCDgl" ratio plots" (8) IH3.3jH31 leg r.al»:s, '~tmll!'j1r:l) .ar~ sho,\'ff'I h!r 'l~~ Plli[s (lI1'a8lenta) !Hid boundarries (bllle) tQr wh~(h ONa~~hypers~m~t~w sibils h~~e

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REPORTS
S~~·";.tutpp:;gi9n 'oo~.~m! to hightcv~lf. of cQmh ~'(Il!P (fru) pro~eTns. \~ hich have been c!]l:;;(ln\'P;L,<;'~ CJ011i~iPlCl!!mlS p;i:<J!b o :~-!~, ~T!"1ImW in an 52 ,ceU l.~nc ;IiI high ~1t'!tiQn ('~). J U3j Wig, ~EI ~lM S I). 'I !:U enrichment ;,!!.1)~nd<L'f!~ (Fi~. ~!:!) !i!1!:ltcJnwly 1;;'O~~1)(l11.d i)g If ~1!C PRllX""~ tli!;;!~~l:~~p~;;; n!J!c~~om~ .. !~ 1-;,. r~V:p'~I~ i'1~ ~i'~ I~no~ ~tmh'l,I~l~Jc ~o hi~~:r OO~~P<lm;:y, lK't,n~I~~ "'~~1~i:dI31 id'(;Ili~U 11:11; kqlO~li'l~ql~c;:kH.'il!,,'-h}1~1'Cln~ilijw s ik~\Vi[~- ci~ii~A.Q;:~, b~lldill~. th~u we \'\lo~k1 C1'\I~'1l::l !! m>l~i:l;:il10S(l1~1~ !t'~ iic,:,'j.I~'IJh:!O '\'<L;'1i"l; ob~ip!cd tlilr I ]1].)1,11.3 pml~,k~ ill lite [(~ifm. t 1/-13). NWid~{l-;;!.: J)'p!.."~~ir1r;;~.~viiycQJ!l\.~-porldb'I~QC & bot\\i"'1i;."I~ ~~k:; ~}'cGbillldil]g idC!l~ifi~ sites of r·d<l.ivdy O1(lC\,:':1lioibl~)Nj\, [ •uw pc"b uf [13,]:, 111d~"<i.\'"hen \",'!I,) co:mp~Ire(1 Higs. S2 'In~S3) . No.1 .. ~RE~ i~!JicBX~(",In; WOlun<Jtno be SQ .Im!~hci,· 'p[ln~[;:Jl!lUif;l,j)l'Ic~<\1lo illl;lIk;.l of his1133 pmfjl~~"",ith Ih{ll~ for [~~h1U!Oi;.'f-QI!.7~~C s.i.l;'~ ofr~G bim:hng; fot ~i'i;~n1lip!t. 111~U~IR.'T F(j'b-,; '~CltiC .fC:pimC¢f.lbCllt ~ug_w..~r 16iIM c{mli~1~.ujlI,l8 dil>(Elj and :rn~tduo:r-£:.'-"'~"Ci!l'itt. IPS{") r~G :iillit'ilmio:t P(;Ji1-Si:s. d~li\d~~bly bo'IJ~~cl b.y EZ 'M I'S,C rupLUOl'i (I rrrqlli,dlZ:l~Oq:ik"" Cl!:~'i!Uljc:>,ei:..ocglU Irll,ary ~~~It_", ro~ntdl haJ~ l (} ~~l.ti. of PcG~i Iltliiig We ~.n !(,~,.Tli1e raet that ilI.U PeG :.it~ ilii.!pcalk~ oJ hi:;,.. DNA !:c:illli\!c[o surrol,lli'u.linS regiom;., ill lbc fIMOn,~ii1la:l1regPOUl 11i't' also lo~1 p~"!iks of ~pla(:(,lmenl.. not \'~.v.c~. :>liIW-c:>l.. :PRE.l»iii'idtl~l' elci~1enll!\ in t~1I!..: BX-C lIi1lL'i 113.3 ~Fi!. 3A and l3!b1c SI), Ukewisc aI. the 'IO-~'i.'i: Ilull, h.ili>tfllte rep~~"'Olltcnt at PRE;,; mud IXlliln.darie~ t\.NT,P..c., IIH Ll 1~<1k... f r~G binding in (tiC o ('Inherre~ifmsm\! bindii1l~ sites for Ilnl~tiip~e .Po,ly" i~ C'Cill~ i~lIIlj\, eaed i~ldC'lOCnd'cnt o:U'the- C'xl~,U!::s~t{l11i or d11.: homcolflC ~C'~no> ~hal thC')" re~IiJ!'lmC'•. For. C'(a~nplJc. ,U~t-EJ is c:-!l~rcs.~d <II. highlc\'cls in S2 ~"(Ilb. ...1<1 di~rl!aJ'l'> [h~ typical ! [13 S' l)C;1k ~hran ,tClive' ~~!~. ~F~!:, 2J\ J'. \,VhL;TlI.\,.'Lj Uh\';;LlIld ti~lI,i·A <In\! .~!L.'.l.r.ly il~eli\I(~ lN, '9), Y~'l ~hL;"PRE.<!
each

The b,rt/. ~ ~~p,F!lh-7. ~!Ki~h .... PRE>lxnmilirk'l' l ~

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or

mil

aad LO!llllnd,u:i~ r~ulmin,g all llu-e~ g~l1Cl'l ,m.: :.[11;'$ or oon~~i~lIOIJ!~ ilil'lll'llC' re,pl,~CCH1.l.·Ht 0'\'1.:. a !r~.v ~(:k:!ilwl,I:m;L
\1!.h;. ,l!MJ c~;lrf:!iI1~-dhi~.rnll.t rcpl~,c~I~~rH. <w~r::lg~'t! ever the 17~ gC~Ii;,'rnt;wDdc.;.EZ+PSC pc."Lks Clu:t£idc or the: BX~' and ANTP-C (Iabl:!.: 'S II lll":ld ebscrved ill1 :m.J peril: (;Cm.cl'C'id.over Ih~ PeG Illrt:XdmUi1~ 'tFilg, 3,c' and ~:i:g.~)" Thcrefbre, Ihe :Slrol1~ msseelatlen ~ctwe~ul rw IlN)tein, bind illS !lnd histone re,placcrncm, is wn Iimilca
f[)

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i!> h~.f,lh!Jrhun Ihm lon~l~ I BX~' ~~~d J.\N1P:,.{'.pl'C;~mlf:lhl}' because GIller PotG-~jjdrl!!'. IB,)

~iws Jitl1C ~1t\1. Slll)cxinl!lmcd ow::r :S!Jd~deep U3J! 'I/,lIkys 'I fii,g, SS),
The (lo!OClJll~Uion (If ft'G·hindinlg ~i1).~und 10(:t1!1 p~,l&!i of n3_3~iII,~':\[~ .hilt 'th..: Ill'OO~"":.i Ilmi. dii'Ol;upllS Ii:llck'o:\£nn~~<~ ~~..c!II~.}1 ili]l~ijUI1~ Ihe m ru;cl'.,'ii~:ilJ,ili't)1 Ci5-.ncg,LllllImry DNA to PeG pooof teias, I r SQ" Ihcll~lhcrc should bea lower fuv,;!ruge ooollpmcy or aueleosomcs over shes or IPet] prolein. bi~ldin.g limn over Iheir stl:rrmmililng re~mlS (8. J·n. Tetesr rhis po~ib,ilil~.\"'C' hybridi:GO:! nltcl'co.-.rofllOl~ Di'>lA and Iragmcntcd gcnOlnic

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Fr'iig. 3. SiUe5 ef PdS ~fn,din91 mrre'!lJXln:d ml.o(.al p~~ o'FhiisNmeIrepla!l:!!!mI1Hiltal'tri r,edm:eirl nudes~!lme H,3.] k!9·rtattCJ IP~l)me U)' EZ i!lli!d PS:C prorh~ (8]'at (A) th~ BX-( ~rom, Fig. 2:#1)and '(IB)~heo A!NlrP·C. Loc:atiom ,(If prolli1in.e~t EZ end IPse Pf!i!lks are rna~ed \lIiilil 1;'entkal dG~tecl ~il1~1!. mbijta~yKatil'lg W(l~ lI$ed 'telradlll"le vI!sl)Ial (Om!p~rt5(lml betJ,~en IH33Ml3 log rail1:s$ a rnd Ill"iear lEi A end IPSt pr~f~i1e~>i!!\ctllJ!a~ '~.1!~. ·aJ,~s,h'olo'!'!f! ]111"90 55. (I IU.l ~rfat1o J!)rof'ii~s<tign'llid aro!i!lfld E+!PS( a peaiks for~h~ BX·C and AWJiP.-< regkln~(4otted lil!1~~aad f'(Pf the I"mImmaer of Ih~ gIllilQililiUil (m1.id I~ili~), :shO""If)~1 i)~~~1 aVfHi!~m: Il5iftlgl g !HJO{iiP'\JMdo~'\I, (Di)Sam~ g~ (0, e)OO~t sh{ri.'flngl tll~i'llo\tfi'i!lj ~r,age~ m rlOr Il!lI&i(lS.'lOmaligeli(!olfnnc IDNA. IJJg-ratio pmti~;
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ilWld

Filg.4. Bindin95b~ for tn;G, IprOlte~f!s, a midi po~sedl prometers iillf'el ",)~c;i(l,t:ed with ICOIll'SP~C:uou$ hi slone n~ ptacemen:t ,<ilnldl ~edu:ooo !11;,u::k'~·some'O(WPr~!i!(Y, til) A\I'I!;!f,alg~ HI3:.3JiH.3 <lInd 1l'IllJdeo~orne ~({up.an(y ~09-.r,~lio p;~oi~:~~!iigl'led at 390 Z~t!t!· a ~~ndlirilgl iii~s. (IB~'A'!Ii~fag@ H3.3 (md) i!!'QdI tl!3, (blue) ~.ogl raH:lDs at lIInindl)l(ed heat :shl'Jck g~iI!~~ [J'Ot~dI g~gyijjFIiIl!S gro h~st~nll: pr:Qmles (or aU (llnl1llt~l~dl gene~ 0'i1 .3iR; linmm 11!1 de(rea5,1I1gintelllsily trnrn tJhe1: mm~ ,~clt~-e('~QP~O%)t~lthe ~.~iSt a<:tlJve< (boU.olil1l 20%) gen'~ ~el:s. VerysimiLa r tII]L 3 pr,(lIme~ Wt'f-e ,L')b![lriltmil'1l t"'~~ dlir,· rle;I'JeFlt ~~pe.~UIi!eli!.lS SlLGt '(rig,

11.

1,

[)~Aw<liS c~e""rly dep:l!:tccl Oil a .... m_gc " Pig. 3D e table s, )1urnilm" m ~h>C'dcplh::lk'lll seen f{1l: !:IC'ti\'c g\;'l~PWH10:!l;.''f8 '~1)r.g. Sl ~ t essen!i;lll), !he ~Iru~' A;.'l'H,dU5,'1Irl,.'].~ oh"li n!~ir.l'!IVi~h d ij!.

n.

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Hb1;,;llt nm:nlnxJ!c\ Ibfg~~IWn[lie DNA ~r.lgJII~ll:UtL'{m: Uiig. S6), \·I·A;~ (.j!:!n~lI!fJ~lhi;Il the curn;;:;[Kl'nld:(;nt:~ !bet ween hiSl.{ln{;~~:lIa{;(1Il1t=nt and mit ~o.....ollilC depictiol'l i~ II g ..... ,ollnc:'O'Ii,·.idc ~;;;il"[~of:P'c(:j-hil1clJii:lg

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PRES!luJ boundar.iL......are IKltmd by lh~ ir~G protein.,>. Zi.... 9m!. G/\.GA ffi:lcto:r ,'.ie I(Gi\f ~ (l5}. T ('I h;ost Ihcptl:iiif<ilhilil.y th~lI. h~,>~o-m: It:pla.ccH1.Cn1 i~Cl1hanccd and IJlock:il..wmiC' occuIfKll'IIcyilS redoccd where ZC'S4!1; prolcin jll,L~relil!nIblly bind:s.. We' aHglloo 39U Za;.te~bindin.s. sties idcllfif'lotl by hlgh-oosolllliO'Il chmrn;li~in inul11l1l,,"" plii;c.~,Pil!I .ion (Chlr~ I;:omhin~d wi~h!iling mi'Cm~ • O!II11i)'~ Oi~P'-Chip pmm[ri~l U6'l ,IIlJ !lv>t,;it,:lgQd If.I;£ 11~lio~,of rn 13.3.1IB find 11L1ch':>lJMJ.:i:illi: OCnli-

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REPORTS
f';>"!Itc}" \"!c 900CI"I'ccl " prosnincllt m",,,jmunl ~~!~nc ~''P!OJ;CC!OOl~ anda ~h..rp !1fiIluimUlH(lfml!~ C""V-'i('llIl~ O;;:C!:!l~~.Y ,~t~'d P\'~r '~h,;,: 'pt;l!~rn

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\V,hm precess m:!imagns ~h~ chmmiltin orc~~· l1~gy~~Io;ry c~cn~CI"l~~11 ." ~,m~ ~f Jhl1';? M;n~'
!IN!~-hiI1~~il'l,g ~I:t-I;! c;:h.rrlall1l:j.1.1; ..hin~~.ll:!il prG~~ I~ imoh·~d il] ~<m,,:n.1J:~ll::ni.oll di~l)hl}r :;hori I\,~idclt~c l~ltlC~, ami DNA. P 9i. !Ind. smn.l~IUilO~i~ ~rm~:o;cri:I~lipH l1!ctoR' S!!U\"" ,clYIm~nic ~"M;\~1avirnat ~h\:ir r~n~liG~'~! b~rfiding !ililc~ (lO. 111. A 1l1P!;ld lot Ithi~. pt~~11 bus been p~t>"ld •.~n\1"{1~viP1M I.• ~ ~clllimiJ\~ GyC les of "lueJt~ .. ~ d~mlr~im] by 3. Ba.'.1.hIltl!l·IX:]III~d SWIJSNIF c.l1:roi~'milli"'i\.,'ijnOO~~cr 8i1.J tmn.'>'Ct'iptioi1 fOCElI.lr bhi;ldii1.!il ,~1/), bii1.d· bl1i~ ()W' ,PeG and u;.;:G l)lfolcin~ is ~1'>O dYi1illnic (21., 1.:H" .!IIIl~ \,'C' 1J'Iropo.~llml a simiiw: eycle of nucleescme di"rul~tim~and ractor 'bi ndhlg mkcs place at bmiu~Jl:niC!l!!nd ~R.E.'i.N!Jd~mc ,dll>" n~I]I:ii;~ny S'lJV[/SNF .000m:!Ckling OOH1JlJex,~ wmlkJ b oct"~iiirn);d!y (lviCl !1l.lld('(l'>O!He:. l..?4) .mcl !:rJJ1:;,icfJ(~Y e:;,;:~~ DNA \,~hLd~ ~~tllddb(;~"O~!'tC ilV".Iil,lblc III OIhcr di m,l!~ii.lJ;,: locltml\, il1.dW!cling IPtiO l11'01""in. s, The cemieued toc,;aj ']~'"l'I..'HOC 01' nl!:cb~ :;tIll'!ClUI]md~km\, ,~((:lcldDl.lr;lQ~[ in ,mon.h(lf cyck! of ~t'I'!Iluddiillg. 1l\!Cl'l:'i\f:ml~ (~I)k~ni:nll. 1!lI:d~,><; hypctsL'I'l'iuti'l.'hy. :md hi.'>IruIll rcpl~rol'Jj:JU III the !;]I£':" Thlilo l1~odc~ coold aOOQ1,JInil.r(l['" 1111(; di\'CIi'Siny ofm.,G

~. 8. E. S!:h.w'lIu. t:. Ahmad.. ,tifi'lf'r.!!IfIlI: 19, 9104 (:tOOS:~• .41. (_ Wir~iJIJe r; O. lIleil~ 1)\ S[hu~E!r. ~ ~,J:~'.

lPfi.-clk:I!.'\CI {.!jAP :lOilt'li(Jigs. :Sf

!\IiI!g§L.?'Sn:. IIi<ll nucleeseme di5.iI!.lp.~ i!l: ~'i!l;:ml fi.;<'I!.w~ of IlrXGpmhil1 DNAa inn bil:!din~~il.GS. H~lJ ~l]vidi~i1tTit~t~I\;G. !ll1d IrXCi

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5. 6. 7. 13. 9, ~O\. H.
12.

pruEeilj,-~jlwiljg ~uK.";s,l'L~ill" Im.il'i a ~p.~tc3Lit)I~~ i:j'ltlerh'~'ldeil~ I\.'I]Jlaet'tIK":ii11 l)i'O!."l~,OOe2I1l~~c essenI i~lIy iJknuJ.(%i1f\m~.~:; v...-:r.:c ,obli1iu~oo far:~ 1J.3~n;. whidl~ 1<Ild.ki;line N.tcI11~1nm] mll II mtd dcc.~ ItOI m....'iC~nbJk: d1.U'i~~!J. I'C,HC<lllm~ m£. Stj l, like HI!!-?end M"h~. ileal, :.hook ~cnc pill"" ~lCitCI'S me fIl'Onl!ill~ll( :>i!!O:l1 of GAF b~nclll';' na-

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:it.7611t200~.. S.IIL ]"rlid:l ~rJl •• Cel! '116; 1l!3 {2004), f..L. S!U~d u.!, 'Wi /Ji"t. ""'. 8\2:10 ~'OO4l'. ft. tt MMda\ I~.~~ tJiNllDpmfnt' U~., :lilll3 l:1!lliI)jl). Y. It SdtY,\il..1Iti!: u,!.. MU. ,('iemt<t:lB, 700 (iltOO6). er A, 6f.~~i"!l, (I.. M.. T~rm;;:r, ~ IE:.~ 11!;h!', ~:. ~~~d'9, NtlJrJrt 412, ,6'H. I'll!. f. 11)[00., T.. ~!lIilO" 11'.1. tlim,S. II!.:lfdt'!Jll'lih 0, ~. lii,mdcl ~. linied!lia!'l. Sr~JJ,e 315. 1WJ5 f2007~'. F...~iIf(11i tf ~~,l'lr:.fd~Ir:llritif ,1m;. Z2', 3:138 U99'.:!}. 4. ~ ~'Sainp !If qi, M"t C~t2:4, n. (iilOO·6.t $,. ~rg~ I!I ol. Vl;!ve.top.~r U~', 779 R:ooot B.. ~iI~P. j. M~II~r, 6~~ fJt!;j; OliO, 2.o'l'1I. (2006).. H. W.• ad;, C. Ii. fi~llief, Dw., D,n. :232~ '~3 ~2(05)'. ~ lit .M!!!~ i![ ~L. RloS r~~f. BML l, n30 j2.1lO6;}. I. A. ltib~l!iltdll fr.· 01., Mol .. ("~n. Bioi. 2~. 6148

M"'.

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c·!¢t!81.l llyp<:I"$C'n~lti\'ilj' ... nd Itld.ured nll!~~~IH~ CiOOIJI>W1Cy U n l1~·.<Il '<lh:o!.1:.pr>tJ;tcilll ~~~iij !;lI1.'1)!.\'O H ~!'L.~ OQJ.ls:l.iu.lti'If"l.):I)' "poi~t;Id.'! for I,up:id IiI1dlJe~io'!l. but do not pmdllloodcl.Cl:'l1blc fnRNA~ in mh:c 1In~H'dl!eM ~'mm~,'Wc a~i~n~'>d !~S.fli'O genes H~ ~hL.~ir ' ~".\,!ui" nd "~>L;ri~I.;'!(.I mJ. al'll3 !U Ilrof1I~($. 5 a
F (If Mmr1urioon •. \W fl\lcrugl.!{iI sinilill.:ldy :il1~gl1L;,j IB.J ::md raJ p:r,o£i~l~filii :ItI ::H65gcnt:s Oil 311 Wilh );;1]0'"""111 5'aiJId .3' '(;nltiS., I.Hvitioo iuto q 1lI~ll~i les ib<2ISOOon eXIJmession Ile\!e~s.. 1m3.3pml.C'm~ were

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iZulilc lind GAF). ~.I:ctOO5iOJ1l!.: n:'1I1:oodcrs tBm~!I1nll anti Kiisn!1!ll,l,and~lis~OI1.C' nmethy:I~T3ns:md fig. S 1. O~ W.it~1 h ii:>tOll.erel)lacemell~, levels rClll.'lCl'> (!r~hornLxalld A.,hI) tl~n ;wc ~pcdtk Ibr p~kh~g Oil ci~h~ ,~idc or h~~ shock pmlll'OI.it..'fS. J'\fo d(l~r;II1."lC~p~i()naU~1 aclive gl.'.IlC !ll:umlO1"I,.\U!' 1131<4, a ~lNG!iCJllml dw[ i~h~ghl" cru~ched (In I D.3. lh!i;lm-;.~!l~i~~g g~·~bi.!~nic p~ \\IIl'l\!klallow L?).,hw~ ::;hock gl;la~ di ~)Iu)' p'-Ul!nV[I!;;'rn m..3 and 1]3 dips, ill abundance Ihat arc ,ru:lribuUlbk: 00 r~ Ilf.'OlcirlS IIJ~I. plll1l11Citt 0P-P{lIsutc CI)i~Cllctii:' '0I..llJJ~!. ai, OOlllUIJO!t Ci.<\-llCgll!:IiL!tm),;~il.C':il> p.ilI.fit~~ I1t!Ctco.~ntc dcpk:~on (17). O::m~:i~u1i¥,c eoncsto II iSlm!C' repl~.ccmcll[iJ.!so ;j]~iX'.a.l'"$ 10 be a ~C<!UJJ:c Rerl!rei!lce~ :and:INotes or 1]!{)is(.'Jcl IIr"{:Illl,O'l.f.:(f.~ in veI1ll."bml)~""'" bcta~sc 'J!... S, !iIIlnl~f,l!(, .A~Ii[I~d~ A!;irltr .. R~ WI ~Jo:. 8J'frlj!1, 'l!33 11L.\ is; !'Ilmngljl cnrit;hcd in t~l.\i' llpS!n.~ll:nl"'l:,.~iOl:~ ijIIltlO). of llrl~~chioki;n 101111(:rL-OC~OIf gell!;, !lc~r~ruk'Siiof 2. !!. ~~o.l 1f{eI!~krj~I,5. "'e~lkgU, lII~t'. 6en~. 37. :~090 (200Il). Wh(~lhcl 1il'iL" gelle is nctirc or hUI.CI.lI\;'C {an
8C'lavc

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,,~. l. L Wolifolman. Gfl!I1f5 ~ .. ~O>.2:cOO9 (2006), 25, Y. 8. 5c~w<!!ljz, T. Go t:~, V. Pir!TO!l[.a,&.I. eel. Sia~ :2 5,
4:32 tm05~,

.26. Wi!: iI1!~nl-l mllffi:lb!!!S Q~ QlJf laOOrillQI)' iIl!I :F. f.ilrm far h~!jifiJ'l d'i~ll\tI.ii~. ~dl T. ~~p ~I'i.~ j!;~ M~\3ii 'fg~ mil'lafltf.. ~~krn.a~ar datil! milt' IDI!@1'I ilI~~il~i!l1r!' Gil!nl! El:1lre.~(I1l Olllnill!;j~ K~e-!i~WIn ('lSE'6234.

SlIlipiPo.ittinglCIiIII~'ii1~ Mat~lfial
"WW.5l:,ieoolrnil~.aI"!j!Ggi!(vmleRU\rI!!1l815lS:8:l.7:1:liIlO8l!rl(l
1lI<!1~~I$~dl i','.lil1Jl~

'Fig!:.Sl tJi) ~~O TO!blll~Slag 53

IRl!I!!rm~~

If Aug!!!~~ 2006; at;(~ed 9 j;dn!<!!iY 2001 1(t n2m.rsciE!m'~.lH~1@IJ4

Anaph1as,e On:s,lsit Bel:o'lre IClompleta D'INA. RepllliiC8lt:i on witlh Iintact. Clheckpoint RSlsp"OnSBS
l

Ihe imcgrily or Ihc £,~JlO\illc. ::iueh n utplic&tic)H'. 00i11ple~ion chcck~mi1ll 5~o"Llkll)l:Cn~m mitasi'i: by ~l1sill~
(m~p'j'l'lg

(I~e IlCI"SislClJCC of lIl11'ep~k:alcd DNA or fo.rk pmgrcss.iim ill .fili~ OIh~Ii{'o'i:reD~rrmlilt

rrlor~i TQrrl!!fI-l1t,o~e~l.l·Jt m1ilCOIlinODe' lfIi.g:coLi.l~. V'ioh!~iI ,wrdon-P'redildo. 1, S<lrail farmelr.~' Adlall1l ]1i1.lrmlll,z.,11r;eLix M .. (hil1l~·l+ IllIhililPpe P'II:!ii@ro,.z Midi1!aellffisby.~ ~ilI!Imf'5 IE. t:l13~,er,,~' 1~l!lli,!'i Ar.3gdflll!~ Celll!l'lcilrcheclkpoiiIiIIs. p:r,eve Iil~ mittl!5i5 nil [h,e pr~selil ce ,of £~:a~I.ed repUGltfQE1I fo:rk£.Whe'tn,e.r ,clheckplllll1ts.also emurelhe ulm;p[etiol"l ,of OtIJ1.Arepti:cilti:(1nI !:Ie-fore rnili05~1i h. IlInkn'DIO'iiIl.Hen!'. we '!OholO'!l thii:lt:in ~l.!I'IS'~ .5"1i'K5·sJnc6i mLl~~n't;, W~g[ht .me rel~too to (iohesinlllld wlil~:hmsil'l., .rel]l~.ici!Jtnoflis dle'laY'ed~ JiIlosl slgn~'!karildy at oMural r,~pllk.atioil1-impcdlillg I@d Uke the riboS<OrlIIaillDNA :Qene

S 1)11a."l£. TIle 3],gmm:nls SLlI~l!On:in.g lhc C'X.iSi.CIIlCl!o:r I) 1l;;plk:alimH(Un:plclkm ch~ck"Q.~nI. dc~~vc from ()l:ll>t'1'\'3lif.lJ~~denlOtlSlluting ilim lu!ddin~ yC1!.'51 o;.l!JI; <lei i"'''I1: a :1;\:\'(!rfo.,boJc chctk~](!!int W"1:!cv~ c~~1; b ~n.:·IIfC<.lcdwith th~ dnu~ hyd!l~i'i.j!l.m;,·~.(UU) (2). 1](]Wllwr,.~i~c· chI,.1~t.poinl. .i\.'};;po~!~o;;: H)I ~.U i!.ii (<;LLlSI;."\l ~y L&a~at"Cu rnwdiltio:n of ~ill@:r..""I>!~.·~Ll.u;:k\d DNA 0111 rcplicoilliolll rod:~n:l'nhc.r 'D'~I:ln IImx,l~IklllCdi DNA. {J .1~[Dld:ecd, undil"!.,~ c...·icl~nc~ ~rom S\::~~ :'Iutlics )lJLJgf~l:; ~hfLt. yea!!1 cd Is I'Il~g1n lad" 1) rqplkatro:llD~\1mp~Clh)l1 cltcckpo,inl
,t6 8~

~f Sm(!5~Smi(6" (hr~!if!05;~rnl'l' ir!Q!ldiiSJ~nlcl"i(l!il QOCtlr:5,a:s oil (OnS,!l'qILlIl:!l(E! olr ~H(llic '~rlny 'o'i'ithll~ril1ish~d .f~p~iI::aili()rI e-spiOO'intact ,chockpo~ilt ~:pooses, IEllhf!lif!cuing ~~I)«~~ d tha t obs~rlll(t ~ptkt;lt~ 1(11'1 'r(lrk pr@gresiS~QfI~'M(u-e:; tl1~ ~l1I1Ipootr(il ~ !,dli'l(QU plifllgl b~l\1.Ii€tfil f1e.pti~adon
ICilllstl!!f, 111f! til!? Cllbseme

Qiflldlsegr,e~lti(ll111 ~In Sm(5-sm('6 Irnlilt~nits. We pr!1lPQ5Je th~t 'thecr.!l1illj;ll~e1.iQIl (If rep~kath)nll~ Ut~ slirveWanre Oir kn.mllnl dlu~(lkpo'il1l:ll,"

mi'ot Uflld:er

~,~"tI

d'lCckp;l·inl"-, 'ompl~tk{m. DNA replication ~. li~ ~ni!nlic (;!lli:r)''''' ~hn.'!lghl(t"I ~1!C l>.~bjc~~d to ~hm~lgh Ihc cdll ~>.ck whC'n DNA !selmiIQ~ ~'qgul;.riCin by .. 'eh~l'i':'kl)()il1l ~n~"It.:<IIlI~CIPIit"J;Q.I(J ~ J"J I~ l"il£chm'iism'l,', m:'t l\;ffiR"d It} ~IS ture clJilry kiltu ll'iliDrx;.il; \\ 'O!!I1d be dt'ltifilielilif~ Iii
Uka!.}'O:~~~'i~'C

t!t,(J,ui~"l;;c1dlulllf mt'd"l~ o njL.,!l1l.~~h,~t IlmVclit,t¥t d(;la}'prog.n.:-,;;~im~

or

The SmcS·Smct'l cumrle);. it;. r..::13ic.a j.(} oohcsin and coll{l\::mia and n.!lfLd~m~sin DNA It:f}a~r (9) ..Cells C';.:tprcssillg ~hc .~·m(';}-i.'>ml.fl nm~1!nl.<llldes s~~O'wed S plmsr:;: JlJd an.aI~1m.~nll}' limes sin~iliar to dl109::! of wiild4}lXl ~ cd!s Wig,! Am~d ng. :s I A". :Ind lihe ccl1!lr.1II,hl;(:k-

~rn

poi~~. kii1;;L~~~ l'hrcl53 Wa'i ",~~i\I.,~~I.;'d .dkr Ihe GUlly limA nililo!iii ... L~lidL,."rno:~pL,."DlIil'ii&.,.j.\,C 1;'{md~ti)[m~ t.m). nt'ri~ul"I\al DNA. (rONA) IIITII)I niJi Ihe

www.scie·ncemijlg.mg

SCU~NC~ VOL. 315

9 MARCH' 2007

114111

REPORTS
111 idd Ie" of chromoscme XU ~:i! a m<lj or bind hl,i;l ~~i~erQr the SmcS"s.mc{~ oo<mp~e,,,,lHh S~gN~

f,!,,,-ti:ol]'~!l...t}':'ilti.
1lI'~

~:lg::., w~ iell wi:'n;~lsc:lliedai.

di rr~n::l]ipo~i~i(l!ns ,~lo!l!1gthe chro~lt;)'S(l!me .. revealed ~h1UI

'~ gg l.ot;'O!.~'dhi,;ilwcl.:ln Ihe ~Iilt~~m~~ 'lIld Ih~ a rDNA sL;gf1i;g.1.H::d ctJ!.Jlfllll' ~g d!ll!JIgn:lct!iWlck:i

or

or d!~nm"i(}!~ll;

tion ckmmosome )om: wtlcn \)i,'C deleted dir" I~r~nt f!,;!ci;lmbi~"dQn gi;!]CS 1I1g. S2. 1\ and
B). Thcn:f9!'~" lh~~Il~jor.i~y of
i!)l "~m['6-9 ~o;:: ¢vi,;ms

or

cell ,ych~, We digested cheomosemes wi~h re!\OIT1,c~iQn ~m~yme,'l!'h<l,l ~~I~ tllfn~lgB~(ll:11 the
~~l[1o!lN
[",Iwed

XI~

~'hICJin;'J.iiC:~I~~ 9d~~liml

of

o NJ\.·bzISL,"d

',\~~l

Ih~

U5, .[fJr¢lrnmn;;'4,]OIl'!billal.iorl

!1:rl'Ildii~jl,JI]c[ion

btu~!,!p'~

wi!!~ the: ill!

~!liion;. I.h~s,

IOIllHPNJ\

strri:clLiIl"".

0111 IJ~!.,~ ~W:I

~:i i:t!e.d

~~ITI~:f!Inb;a.~~ rON j'\, fijb~1f);; t~I:jIi\,<em ~'.Xg lass :;;LIrfaQ(';l; h,."pl:\t;.

'In''~Y:ioi:l. \\'ith [Iu'! use nf dif· 1.i.::L\I.;:n~gmw~h ~""gUn;!!;;'=- l'ig- S3)1 ~~howcd~ha:t :SI1Q,C'5-S.~i'II:6 r~ll]c'~~n i..: ~q~lirod dlllril'ig S
S;C'gW~,",l~gJl
I~ c

wl'icrt:l!i1'; l1l~ IEr~'i3~C fFig.. .1. B !iuicl O. To ~_"p~{itcpo:s...s iblc telomere ~nis;';~,~n::. dc'~~I;~ ilt! ii'eG~lk:ation r6rks. we COi llJJl1it'd IIC· g.mtcd ~o (i~\li.:' pole in ,,'mc'-.;..-rilc6 intlliUUS ~ r1~. tjl\'el~ 1~~HCillilll~ IrDJ.'\J:J\froil~ \V"m~dI sltl{ -6~SI' SIB) ( I !:J). Thus, um:csolvcrl :1~~k!l£.e:;. i bCI.\Veetl mlll.,nl eells by 'Dwo·di~nC'n::;iQ~ml (2m gel elees i...rcr chml'llmtiJs seem to CIBU'iiC ,dhrmno,<;one tropheresls (sec ~~l.Ipp(lI'~i~l~ m~liu~e maleri,~1 I. IICintlisjwu:tkm in ~h~ 1'fIl!~"II]t!i, Deletion ('if' 'We detceted an increase ill licpHc;)! ien I"(uk ~hc lIC("rimbin,ulo:n ,g.:!m:: RADJ] I):llil~<lll),' :S!lll~ b:;micr (~~H3) ,~m:!i.t. rooomilimuiol], amI WI'" ~rr;,~s~~s~le smll.·f'P'} g~m\'tll! dcfecl 0 0). \JI.~,o mimuirl!~ ~~rur!ilIll1(l~in ,WI1dJ:..f) mll1.'1n~8· duri!1g s ph:(J$,-,rfl,g. 2.A <II!d 13). The n-ct;u!ll'Ur~Ja~on ao.."CT\',!;"l;i,! nlmilc'SI!'\"dl!!ctio1! i~I uond ~ j unc... n f' !i1.n,JC~LHR;"S iJ~smL"6-9 \71'<1[" not c,ulI~edby :(111 1ce~. ()!de Group, Med':lCal I*starrJn Ccunci~ {MRO a.inf:C1!~ im,"rc,I.\~~in Ql1.gin ITirill~ h."Cal~\,VT Ic\'cl~ of

~1O'rH rj,l:Hl'l'i,om g~!le "Nays ~ ..~ i.t.'jp.lic;.1Iled ~.g~OI~~ in~m'rorll:lcd Brodl] 111W w ~\rc idll;:rlliuh::d ~lfk·riI1l1tll.i!]odch:Clijl:ll1, wlioC'i:"i;'m'l BrtI U
!!_!JIP~

In

in \Vr

aile!

itIi.ul1Lirl'~.

Cd,~5"

in

ni~ Jikt:;revt'lil
tI.(:'leNt:d

1V,IL'i:1li I.&~C rONA

3.11d the

!!Jons:. We

follel inerease il'i iIi!'ii· i'C1)lic81~d ~pi> in ~·mc6-9 DC.US :relill~,","C'lo \VT ml:b U~ lr,,},. MOOCQvcr, the ~;V~Uliit~ Ilength ig.,
tWO

,a

~'oo I[Hire r1.i!!':fll.ed

[1(,...

Loncon, Hlammer~mlHI. HO:!p~l Campus. [')~ C~me I!~d ,~OQdon W'12: (IlNW. UK. OlIJl$Ii!,lIIte of i:lUU[:l~1l (leJletb,. i(NRS,
LJI11n~~ProjJr~! ,~il! Ilefh~f(he

~'il:i~n(l!!l Ci!nlre.

FaclJ!LJiy of Mtdk;~.~,

l'rnpi!mL

(01111!~

b~!bblc

in~nllcdi .. ,~",'l

~""JI.:~

ehserved

ill

~'he

Ge!te-:Ucs, In~mWlte of Molec~~ar Bit)'logy andl P~,yslotGgy".

GnlooilLe. 34,,96

114,2, 141. RUf! d~ liili MOlllpd[iE[, F;~mu', lOi!1JlIliI!lIlEmlt of

LJI~iw!fS'ity ai' (all'@.!;I~n, G.~r Filirillla~S'gil,oo lA, DfIi·

O!2:4·S4=':Hl9, U}A,

1353 ICo;peoollQ'en. iDli1lf1lffi1ark.~I~M~mlitl (en'Ef. :ar.!ltdeis 1.I1il)I\fei'$ity. US 500UI S1ir.eel. M!ln Stop 029. \1I.UliOIjfI,. MIl .

IHlIlUnt Vig. S4~ Uncxpcl;:t1.i'{lly. w~ four!d !lm~. Ilu.li!;;.\! '\,V"f ,~UI~. RIlPt:'(:j· 9 lI~lIUIO'lJ]l" c-"J:lihil~d 0111 h'LCre~~ ~rI Y~aifC rop:~iclll~llill S;Unl)(:HIil'I::S \.~i!u.:rl cells were arrested inliJilCl'~jfI]ia.'>C (Pig.2;(") I i'J). Tbus, !l:m.r..'6·9cellsare slill replica~ilig

~itiic,<I!U1~ 1)1~h{I!rter lilm:ll 'Ihal ia WT cells (.Fig. 2D). suSgc.';;li~l~ that .~mt·6-9 m~CiI's break during (Itc 'Ifl'm~i:lool, TIl IIJ!s.!h i!' 'lm:C(:d~re lmdt'reM i~l~JI(!,~ ~h~ m~l[J,u 'of tl~11lCl?l ic,~t~d n'l !flNi'\ !;l<lP~ I]K"~I.i~m,lIO)n~ dls._~~1fldtJ,iEim~. in C ~']S smaller l11'<lD~ a fcwlkiiolC'l.l."i.l.~~ <l!f'C !loOt d~.n~C'~ by [I~i:;.technique ,~U), We cen..hle dud~ lh~~ rop~it:<I!lii!JHor ~hc :r][)NA f(;lllion i8

or the

.D NA fibers in .~n~(_-6-~cc~1s was l

!i~-

dt,d.;a.yed,.
""me(.i· 9

ilirl~ !liO'! (!0I11m)1~h,ld Inl~E~ph;Js(·, by

in

1('("I~s. before they

The filCI.IJI:li~ Slll't'(l.·9 mllTiUlI;,o; are uo:! deIHyecl in m il~QI.ic '~Illry I rig. S I A) s uggcs.LS
I]~a~ I~ICY miighl. C'XCClJl.c:;ma.pIKJiSC'

fDNA

dlirh~g

mcnmp]~HsC.

dCI1i101liSlrrLlil'lg

thE!'t

~l!ilo'ihom ,cOm!:!i*i~Mee ~q~,d

lIJLsllriilg'!)m@I';~_f:nf(.'ilI!:.u~

·lh~ a1iUI~s~o:rn!ti~,rti!d:~ql!l!~'l!!f !.O~his~. I tfre~l:ai1l'&m Depa!l!l!lmt 'Cilfl~f!SM~ci~ B~q!Je~ F<!I!(!/IU'Ide ,MediciM, UJlim~l~t ode ~Ickl. MCi~~l Rolg .2,25008 U!k!jdil,)r;Ii!lm. :ll'fe5omt ad'drBli: umdladl & IIf'r\fI3otlj.adoo. ~I;al URi· 1lE!!5i!:ana<NIlfEl!!fal SeJibra, de ca*~rt.a\ (a~e~a del. ,RG~n:o s,iill m'W~~ 30010, 'S;;iflt;ll Quz di!! T~ne:rife, Spain,

there' is a dC'II">, i~ the replkmioll of this re!:lion, To Juml'i:cr C<Dllnrm Ibis 11(!1s.<;i~]ility. \VC

~.1I1iL~h::plicJt.i:on. n

:a[

iCI1Sl

j''o~'

ebromoscme

moniWfCldthc n.:pl icoui.on or indiv idtu;mlrDN A~ ci:lnwin i~ag chmmos<lm,~'S b}' [heir cx.~~nsirm

on si,litHli,zc[j £I;l:~s s,lIJ.'I~ccs (l

b~ addirmeill. iE·iT!ai~

.induced to ,~nC(nporn.lic ~l1onmodC'OxYlIricli'ulc (BnJV) in their DNA duriinlg~hc previous !fer" liC,jtion_~1'!;wdi~ion.wc hkll:;k~d tt]ms ill! mm;:t,~· I1hil!'i~ m cnsmc lh~u~ ~ht')'d~d nOI. L~lu;,r mHY.!h~·r

n. Cells

XU. We cvalliHttcd whd1CT l:cpi.iC'ali,onie;. ,",0ll1ipl,e-!ed i~1 .w~/('6-9 mu~Ul~S bdbre !ic,g~;lIkm U:01i'!l!,1, 'Pl~:lsoo·Jhi.~@ gel C'1\J(:lmpborc~~ I( !)FG E). s
~'I:I(lOI~lp~!C'~cly l"C'p:llk:alcdi chromescmcs do .!lot ecsolvc Iby .PFGE and reJlnaiuin thewells, In \1IfT eel I:;;. YDuclPlilcmcJC! (Fi!;l, 3A: urnc: () mil~) :;)Ind r~II'YfJCpl iC<I~cdI[ fig. 3 A: Ii um;: >1\0 rni:!H cll;rnllm~ol1lc..... cmL.'red thi; gJ,,~I: .o\'!.\~\~r, <BIll I

\,\I'C'I'C

A,

B
OIS1l1blJlbn ~I' ~.
C Cl

l
jJ

I,~,
;S;

lan~~

~". <5 ....

:2104111 - Gitll3liM
'41.o1!'~Y

.:oa ~

l ;,

----

,
"

'70
00, i5Q, 40, DIM:

i501
;25,

'ti

.", m '110 0

...

"
~

1J~i-9
DI~'~'

30
1

l. PaSi5eige through.:S pn",'S'l!', but not tllro~!1l11.aJn~pn<lse.ilil, the absence ,~f Sm(5· SIiI'tCO'p:mdU!l:flS cilu:omoIDme n.tlllidili;jullilc!io:n. (A) (.en qde dynamics: of ~P:lmlLifilelo ngatiolll in WT C!lnd smc6-9 ICi~H~,s!h~~'!'iJi!glt~~l sm't1i-9!ill!i,!it.;!~ts ~rt !liot det.;!y!l':d 'illl (:~1l qrde pr'ot!i~es.si'ell. The~lili(:a.ge diepkts, iii w'~;Flr'~if1!lI'Itatiw I1I1k~Ggrnph IDf spind~e~ dlli~in91 tile time IC,OIJrse. ~B~Segre.gali(m olf 11 (hmmo~ol1l'l;~ ttel0:'48 J.lin~erte~iln Iflle 'lelom~re 'britt olr ~a9 rONA. UlldiM tliie 1I1dij(at@dcGJmiijt~oni~ nrl m. smdc·9',. imdllQS"I!5-J: c:elils:. ~(~ ReiPr@s~mtali",-e mKrograpltl:5, of {!!'!~l5in (8). Rled, nlJldifilij~9 r'~;n.. teJO:t'fS'.7.
Fil!;!_

.i ::.:
,Sl~

!I.II~

,,
20
(I

10

~"b
2S,~

1412

" MARCf-12007

VOL 31 5

SICII~NCI! .www.sr.ien.~mag.org

REPORTS
Chr"(lJlKl!lii}me~I'il~~lCd l'OCI1~cr the g'C~ l\}M~e r,:;pl~c~ting (Fig,. JA:iil~~c;. 2,(1to tlO min). hI ,;;rjJ~'6"'9 I;I;I!~, 1I1!11'1;)'I,mt .:!!~ d~romo~om~ XU suess, Sim!lIlJ'

levels

of

~~'lt<!$3phosrhm'Y~-

llil .. t riJ~~,~d ~ntt:::r th~~I\'Inl,;'(n;p!il;:!luio~1 to

,(m:ld ,"'V(,.'U~C"g[tC:gi[uiol~} Wa.~,nl~m::]~gruakr Lh[lti

or

~h.. 1 i~~ cells '~fig. 3A). and the dc,!otion of \i\/T RAD52 !md ~HdC'cfl~el (Fig.lA~!' To :.mll.>,2"Cw~.\.'th~r Slil'('fJ<-9 '~"C1I1~ re de... fie-iell[ titi ~hc micl.iv!ll.iOTI oW k~'iOil\'u'i checlcp,~,il'u ~~I,thwa,y~,,,,,'e '[ICl':k'!!, wh~l.h.(."i'" .wiu'6-9 It~i,lI,m~!); actii'V,ul~ .R.rtd53 in i'C:5POiiJi>~ to ~~I)lli!e!lI.io:ul Fig...Z. i~h~in IRBJlill~oiOn of me!.aprnil~ in

c~l1~rr:. !Irr~~h;d m. b~cld~~ (:dl!.;. witih o:iJIC or HO i,I].dm:iioul, bod'lm.ym:::luu]lol,ll>Wl find nueleus in reSfmJ1SC to NlJ, i~~di.'C"",.lu.n,g I~at .~'llit·f,J;''9 coTls arrested ill Gz-M ','iI'i'~h" !i-ingie both M:mi:n.1l hlll~ !:hc oc:U c},,\:'k wh~l] l.hL; S ~hcl!I!ii ,of ~h~ dlcckrQin~ Il:[ol.cin Ddc2 'I~g. phu!>.;:' ch~"ekpo~!H ~~ uJl;:ti\l~~[l;:'d" I.:. Ilbluir:'lot;-d S5A). mid n~rcl.s.3i.it"li v ~ncdlFi.g. 3q. ChCCMW
S.i,liI!H1I.l"lt(~ul't:. w~jc,n cd~~ w~re '!!Xpo"","'d to
tlut'I.I'!)11 mel.btlc~ilil~i:irlalc., .~natl~il~oii. mliUliml~ poi.llI CUt aeli'!.la.l.i{ili a.~i>Ooecul'S

;H!Or~ were dCI~~co in \\IT !:1m ..,:mdi~Q cells • c;"\po~~d!.Q ~h~ fi,bomu;:lli:"il~id¢ ~d~IC~'1,,~ h~~ib. it,or ~IU (f~. V J), Bn~h WT !]ltd J"/~.,[,t'i-9

or ~hc 'DN/\,~cl.m1il<l!!lc ch~kp(lum in [~rOcTlSC 100 .~ing!e '~Q~lh~~"~l!'ilIn~ bJJc"k {DSB,);r,t th~ "
I\lMT

:m,

!OCl,l=-i~1~~II;:OO ~_"'I]~~l'io~l by

0.1' ~1~!!0

"'lldr~lll[lld~.:!Is.~~

{HOI IF;~ 3C)" An,er 4

~.'1m,lr:;\

wh~i'i OSB:;;

00.:;:-

sm~6-Y

iil:sid~ the

nlu~.h~!D~.u:;. II sir.! in~carry il"~ [u1

3rcr~llso

COi1'ii,PC!C'I1l in

'th~

aC:lh!"i~~Oll mhe 1 -See-l lr,~oogndl.ioll )iitc iiil~he

mj,dd.l:e of

rl:lNA trE9ioolli is; II'Ill"I:filll' smc6~j9 mLnaJ'!;t:5, W ~. ~iGatiolll ~llirerme!l!liatE5 0\1' iii ~[liNA 'regioolin 'W] ~d

..

;1,-.-,
Ii'
11" ~,
I

'

r--

F=iI=

r'fI
t

'~'Il~l~ di,~e~~ed with Elgll!1 and :separra~

SfflIGilH)

,ar ye<!5I: IrV:NA ,mel rreslJjlr:~, i'€pIliLa~l'lg seqlJfi'l!.:e5.

:S<hl'illli'!lile: n!pre:s@fl~OOn.s

by 2,[) ,~~OOf'~is.

,
I~)

~['
~'

~
_

..

..

-,-'I

-,

liew @ntlyl'1ll'@'sil~ am 'IDmVI'l. MIS, .autOOQllOOIJS' N'l.illil1oorsin pa~mh~ represe:ntdifterl'fll~ s:irull::~IleS QIi!,lh.iil.~!iJ g~.

"

ffl

WI

~~9
[~l..

q~~-

'Ii~~. ~B) Q!.!ooti1k:{'iIii~!l of ~[lNA rr~taOOIllSIJUCWre!i

~.
,1lJI ....

~11 ..

inl 'W. '[C} Wl1 ~ild Sffl('~9'

'wltw"'e!Sll rr;emrl ~111m!lt:!· pl1l3il'.eilIId arntyl!ll!d by. 211) (A). 'Qoolllnlikatl.ml of oor~poli!din.g IMDNA $i!nJ;c-

'9ft ,~l«~,pDesis as in
~Di!' IO:MA ,mmnbing ,i1IMlys.i~ of i:!Oi1II~1eIri-~i1nfllJNA repth:.a,tiaFl aitlh@ n~ml genes arrr.i!~. TWo trepr'e'rserntltiw r[lNAIiJJ~. @itjQ@r GDilIIpletew rep'lic:al.e!rll or ~l!"
t!Jr~ ~ ~ho!.'i'iJ.

"

"
(l)

~lJ

lI.m1i1l11glllllrr,epli'l3t.m ~p~ ,~re siiI~11. Gap llerilglhs <I renndiUltedin Illi Red.

~roiiiidi lIifI iooid~ stalfl of ootal DN\A; gl'~ell, .ai!'!II"

in, ~!iI)~!ld(tl' 'iMk.gl~ Sl[l room lhrooinOOpend'~t 'e'x~rimetlf;5.

boo~@'Ji1iD BrdUl.lError m~

... ,..."

--._ .&01_-,,-

-- ...

-=. ""-

. -"._ ...... -__- .... -=-

........

-_

......

U~liTGiI'!il'l!.......... . I'

=:
; 1~

_. ..... .-....... .

_.....
----= - -'Ii!Il I!o

·llrdU
-"""

__

.. .... I!O

I!'

"

.1!hdU
IU."---------------.,,

IDNA

m_

iIOI

_
W;!

Fi"!!bef l-iIh ~l!ib)

m
I~~~)'

W;~;eI1l~geO'l'·
KG ,«10 :1IlO ~

u!i'i~e.plk:alled I~.A

REPORTS
of "H known ccMIl!I:u cht;::ck]}oin~:_;;;, the S I~h":iie chcc'l:'l;)Qj~~I., NA·dmIH!,g.~ D d~~c"pni~ltru~~d t'~]ilw!1,; ~1«kpQim, Th~rQ' ~lUlm~tcr.w~ d(,.1C~~~dRi'ltl~J ;!I.C!iV"l!,i;:¥~~ i.~ Ipr¢. thli; SI~w5-Smc;:(~~m~1p'11,1:o.;. i~IH;JtlJWn:l of \11,1T und ,"'Mw6~9 ,~~ti tf~~, 3D). Wi! 'l";:Om:~III'~'\i il1ul~:r~[~k in tlre dINA ;I~ abo under nors :JI~y of I.bl,,~"'~ ;~ncC'hani:m~:>. \1I"r,,: 1i!1 d thai, d(:~pi~e~hcr a 1;'~ I~<ll .Ii! known C'h~kpninH'i, uU<J dill;."Ckpoi nl ~~I"'C i ~I'.unc~. F ~n![IU]". :'l#ltii~9 ~ ~ ~ll!'.n"nl$are Or;l!'IlpL;'~Cnl i:11'[ille ~,piP"K~l.cd~~f;k· ;I.re i!rit~c~~I~ ,~}i.'(.'6· ~lllutrU!l'~~.We ~pl uc;'-<"I~~on P t~i!'1'u.bcc"l!IISC' lliL,:'i,[ ~~I'i:;;i,l.i;"it)" 1,0 ch~ j;ril~d k.... dd:'iy in~J:i¢>~ e~lI:-: doe:;. :rlat nold UI!'I Ilt~HHi(', d.\.1PoIY,~i'i~riz Idru~ b~lfi~iillYl. \,...fL~ l<.'diibT~II"aM!i;; iUi~ Ivlhm o~'WtT~I~ (lig. S.SB). We 'OOn(;1ude l.h~l. ~hc ribosomal
gc\IlCmT<l)'

.u'ld

CXp["Q~]ng

th,e

nancc

I' Si;;c~l. C~dOlllJd'C:<I;;;1;

under

the

gll!m;;tQ~\l

m:!!nQ!Y

li.'fltry IbcrQI'"C cflmpk.'liag l"eplicmi~J1 (FRg, 4('). The !ll!r1c~ioll of the SmcS,SullcliJ oflompkx, is i:I'~1~.pn,[lJIl~ .~bT~pi~lg wi~h ~h~rc;:p,!iC:;Bltinn If!£QMPHn~; p3rti~ul ..r!y O!] ,t;'~aU~nging ~C!~lIrlnat:.~ :;,Ut;~! ~lc:~rDNA. \V~ (J.D, not kl.l(~\'\· til,:, C'~ act fCOI8{loJl \I~'.hj' ,~m,'5--'!,md~ nml .• rs are ... m ~!<!!rd(:d ijn~p!.uC;;~I.ijn.l1_ (jill'.; rU;IS.~ibijii'~y ·~!':.~ht .. S~ic5~Sn~c:6 tum::liO!i l'iI~ighl. ·~requi.rtd rOr

~ni!.ali~ '~UDli)' IJcforel~e COlt1J)k,timl or~.DNA replkatimo in ss«..6~~ mUI.m:111~s aot eaused by i I.ai IliIl'C$ in the ,ccll:U1:If chC!.:kp.oi III I1,Hii.chinc-rae.<;;, Our d:lIs. iIIdi:c:lte~b:u rellHca~ t{)'~l01" Ihc rDNA ,I!CSlT:Oll hi.:scvcre.~y dela)1cdi in [i~e ahscnce 01' SmcS·Smc6 lunetien (figs. 2: .~nd 3tH We ~~,tl,,\d'~",'hClh~r dimi~laliug prO{:'~i!i~'$ !l!OU pO,~I[nl,el. lil~plrc'rucioM fork.. ~nthi; rDNA \'\ID:llki . 11,;duee lhl.l ,d~Ii!lYand g\l~]flrc:'lS [he ,!:,'hronW!.vol'llc XU 'r!on{l.i~jl!.!lCliCln ~]~.ll;.·nol.1!'p~.fheifDNJ\ l I:'>
C'o:rnp>o,..w

.~
1'!HI'.5.&, ijoW

~:~1 rIf:..... ....., ....... J I4!1

""'10-1

, ~1'iO,rr--I':"""-I;rrl-~-l i"""H~t-Ir
i"""T"~Ii+-+!-t'f!i'....-.t--+t-i"li!'~--+-1

-ij II!
IDi

~ionu lIy repl iC;JIC1(),b;(;"Cl)I:u~~ ~Jll~ of prescnee of :l), Ijo1!~r R.FIt m~di3l!r¢l by th~ FoM protein. \IV h:i;eh is next 'tt:'lll'h~'35' I.i'faltscrirll[ion l.cffiini:illl~ iiem she Uti . .I5l I.n \:\11' QclIs. replication rDNA hl'lS to dC1l:1\~'W~ the p.~S.C~lec of ,UBs and ~lC' dLls~erill!!: ,ot 3:C! ivc migil1ls U.?}. wh klil I generates a shua! iml where large ~:lugl'l1l.C]l~S~I'\C ro:plk<lrod by OJ single righlwllrd~~mwi~g fork ~n lil~ ~h~m;C' ~ Fob 1. \\llud~I'Ilo'V.ing arc not b~o(kcd ,m the RFB :i!.lrlC': thus. rcpliem ion is acecleraied by lite 1ln!'SC'11CC (I f l ~I[O

or 1:J'!l!dL.:'~nr1l;~pi.·'U$~I~~

lII!1~di!'l.;"c·

or

l~n

lork~
Ie
1

~CI i\1'IC

forb

(inS[l"itO of [I!1CI. Dcletion o

rFOB

chml1mQl5fln1J; .. XII !":I·Qn~ ~ disjmli;lu~;m from 63[0 34,% (Fi!!:- 4A ,i~ldfi~. S6A), ]111 ruddituOIIIll RFBs. thl[~!ligh m~U]~ lOcripl.it'i'!i rares In !'DNA gen..::s are ml$Q Hkd:y
to pose

il~ ,~111['6~J9 ,ccil!:;; redlu('1cti

11ChllnCI1~e

lor

1QCljyC

ibc' locus.
I[rl'tNA)

[nllct,ilvfu~i.0i11

gene trnnscriplicm II~c simultaneoss dclleliOll polynu;:ffi;"'c (fol) I SUbLllli.: /\,135 .,mel the imrodllCl.iolJ. ora Il'IIult~.oo'py phllimkiJ ,oo.nlilaining, du: .)5:5 rRN J\ cod iIfQg rcgiollrl~:i1ed to an lJtNt\ I~o~ ll p~mlnfll.Cr (Ui;. JiIleilll)C'liYalion of' clnomesema I I:R.N.A gene lrnnSc.riplion redaeed c!JuunKl$l[lIUC XU .li1olldi~liJ!nc[iol!l from 6.:1 to I~% in :~m~1Io"9(fif,;. 4]~). He: .~i~lIlJlJ:I·OL!:n;!Q~1i1i in.1J,;l~Y' .. ti~lU! (Jr I U"o.Inl;;;c'ripiE im~ "un;! .~rl i(;,lliou b.'~P'~

or

uq.:lIknliQJ1

fIIC~

dbt'Mml'hllIRNA cm~ he aehieved by of the yC<I!.'>1 R,Nl\

Tiling,

allCI H.O lD!!:k.!d~1 1J1r) ,m a:rtC

I)

:2

.;

-31= .~

iIIiili

r!.;.1:";; Itl\,j:\ ,~",gr~'!il"lli(lri t~i' tl.;1illr~mnn.-;m11ll': X I.~ ill smc6-9 1]~IIIII;!.nl$. wiilhvurhl!<llly \1i,1T..:l1'ici1.:uc:y I.Fig, 41ll:lml Ji~g S(13), Thus, the d!cla.y in-I •.

'1~

rDNA rnJlIHcilaion observed

is a d~ met coo~::>CCllncncc
IDI10tC and ensure

stJblle fo;ri.; pro,grcs. s h:m dl1iot1s11 ill..:rnNA .. A cc:llirulilf chcckpo:ini C~HI be dc:r~lledril,'i [I ~noc'haiti:sxn that halts I'he cell cycle in \>VT celiis in response to OJ, cC:1.1alilc('l'I~dit~on (e.s., a cellular insult sucb as DNA dimn:!gc). anda gene i)l. elassificdas 1'1<1110.1' ,.1 checkpoint ir nnna~~I:;. 'oFll'!is gene dn net i.lITc~l [he cell
c h::: <l!'O.\i\lT od Iii. 00. We: Itavc ~lQW!1 ~Im~ smc6-9 mUlWnl cells I:id~1lvl; c.:.,."u(:lljl li.kil'i\i\rr cdl:;. wH~~ I't~$~ct In aet'~v:J~iL'In mi{~, IjJI~in1'~t:.,
C')'

or the

i:1ll J~l!·6·9 .11I1'umnlh' M

<

~i1[ub:u]hyw p'ro~

IFig. 3. smcJ!l·9 ~eU~ eliiliE!:J' an~ph,glse be'flor)~ 'C!ilmlpi.~~,lI'19 ~pH(atiQIiI of d'li'irDm05tl'liI'I'eXII, d~$pite ~h~ IPIF~IIN!(e @f ~If!M~1 dhe(klP(JI]~~ reS!'po~~s, (A) SY·iflcli1ronlz@d WT .i!lnd:r;mco,:9 cII!1tli!J1~S a~all~i!~,d by nGE. ttl, visutlli~ie yeast (IuorrmslJmesan:d therr w1eplkaltis'n, PfG) were transJ<erlF@d ilnd hybridized ~1,Fitlii a p~o,oo' 'l~ 'l,i'c:lrri~'I,l:S111',omO;SQiiI1:~St,o qlJl ~Iill'ify 1~l'Illry ,of lntliilfd ~~~ d'lromIOiS~ me's.. (I ld~'i'!t1Ir'i(a~'k1l'l1 ( of ChrOrn(lSi!'Jllile'XIII entlF:fintiJIlh;~ g;el,is ShO~¥flJo r'Nl. sIDc6,9, ilnd srnc6-9 rod52t!. (E~Is.llies;ing'le' ast~ri:llk llndl1ci1Ites ~hll axi~, La he]: tli me (in miin) o1rt!~r G:a: rre~eil:5.e at 31~'.1i11(B), IFlat!~,~ p 1~,:511lll1l.arLy r I)lhoij.lhQF~~t~d! In W'I' end sm((i-9 ·cll~l5;;!~t:eJ HILI '!~~tlille:nt. A DSB li!l M~r (C) 'C!rr[lNA (0) ~fldlJ,!~!I;ls :RatiS,3, phO<:5phouyiaticmil'l 'WT .mdl 5fl1r6-'.9 {eUs, tlr1l'"'ClI\~ ~II'I (8) tiD ('OJ ~mj~(ille Rad53p spede'5. ~Plho!>p'ho~~,ti1!dlR.a.L'iI!Bp is indic.ate!:!1 {U). VOL

" MARCf-1 2007

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
"7!;I~'fIl'1TI- i~ deU;[lll:Cll11i!I~CI OhrmTI9foO!lII<aJ ~~re;)jks"l'ld g<lp:ll, observed in Ihe Inlcgri~y ![I the whole neither ![IngQ!llg !"ork s nQI' ~Im~pli~ ~(!mm~~. We ..lso mJIiC Ih"t Ibil~~K~C r~I,)~i,t;:;!!~e~lC'!i1p!¥<l~~ eel I~ are OtiC to ~nfl:!pr~c~tQ~~I)NA. to q1~,'\",t ~1tJ;l;rIl~n."~ qf rPNA~~'ij!l,g\t,;"'"Pl cI .. s~iil;"'! ,;iI. 11~~ .'f~ilpi-9 m~lta~tcel~~ ~h:(m ,,11 im!~i!\~"!i~in Qcffliin g";'lol~~i~n;l~~n:il.. ~w;h 1J!~~!Il~ml~~~%. i;i1romo1SOI!III!lIi n,;"::IIT,IJlgit;Vlli,ints at <11 nOll··,ONA oU!,illd pp.crliij~IUy il1d~~ .11 '~cU I,;y~k ::JI:nt.'t'>t ~h~dl"P{li!ll1\.."'Ifll;iIL"C ~Fug. 4D1 rl~.,\,,~ h,I\"Ll lU{'u:> prJ), which, fJ~ il~nmlmtl1i:l.!i~linl frugiJi..: I!J~~~!!:I il~~ rDN A as ~ It1.Odt] ~~)r ~1)liOition thrnlJgI'iI ~K:i.i\,,,li~II1 fllf l~IC "pl!:.dk oln,'ek:p.uiult. or clllnp~"'I.!"!l. Ihi;:rDNA .p::gim~ might he COl]· sites, eould be a'nr:ihu~I~C! Ihl;; $cgreg<.~iCl~~ 01" the R.ui[j!.(]C:PC'nd~nl mLd";I!iOIJl~!<1SC check(lm!!1t. ~;idcn;,d us ;1 .. ~,pcc~a~~~n{l!mi(: il:lcul~,_" HnwIn In~n!:ll<l]iall ~I!b. rr..r~i!C' :il.~~'ShOlV(; hi\:-..'Ul r<uil~~!ly~piiL;';,JI.tcd:chmlll'im~(1Im!'"",. Sw,di~,,'1 wilh t:'\'t:t.wc have si~O'1!Nn dl!ll i'l iz.; under !ioro'i1!~1 z>JlmV1l1 to n::rllic~ll~ IgI:(;: ,lIld ~n k :-;clisi~i\.'1.':'10 mh~g,.rU:!§l in ~'~l1L':1gnl]liol] m'mp~,I;x. h~~\'~ :showll C'hcckpo~lil :;,lir;.ci 11ill nee, Dcc ~LLJSCfDN repA 111at lh:ilri!l~ S.phm'~t LhC'.lt:' is nDOnk Ih:rt~h.old, ~pne-atit'H~ d.::JI1IIj'~ (n-19'~ whi:d!. ~1I.~~':iI:5 Iil'i!it fiOt ,~!1ccIqloiru ~ct~vlili()i1 (211. Similarly. illl IQrk!l pr1)g~5inglhr.oLiig1i 1.~~O;:ote [~gje..i1S i~l Ime r>!..'S~nh;8 to 12:% of Ih.e y,ellsl ~~~~ornh.\ ito[·· n~ lc enti)' belore coinp~,e~kmor mINA n:pliC'l.lliml G~ do no! ~i,!l,nlii.l!Umj1\L'11ie [t~]lI~ and thm. [I;I~ llii~rK'I'tttrbed e<:M eye~e.~.'oil~oin~ lork:; bcdow 11i~]:l'res.:1li:lld level Ini::hl r!li I to 8c~ii\"lnc !)
pZYBel'llmt

aCiC~!nUe fOl:k ~'C~t;j1rrt ,. ~e, pausing,

101:1
!!!)

lIB:

'lill II!!

i
l
4-

i:

:50
4Q

I~I

sWlri~l~!'Cp~iCJll~m~IX!fort!' 'l'! !1!Ci:;.i!:-..

Ili!e,f!t~eif'!!Cje-5aii!d N(I!tes

chcckpoinl. ,duri~/:l. G.z-1'I!t nOllclbn::., ~vcproI'iOse lh"'l. beth the' IhnC'ly ::~r;u~~~ fl.C'lween. ion n::'I):~~:c<U'ionand ~c;ro§mion OJnd Ihe lX.":'ervoi:, or U!UIi:C(~o.r~gim;, ,m:..c lh~ ~"lt~I~1 f<!c!(o)l'!';' ~H-

,II

Ii

:» :m
1~' iii
--

Ii I
I_~

~'i

4l!I
:301;1

1" ]'. !j'I,!elr;]et~ C~{I', QpJ'~\ Ge~.IJe .... 2. 1l'..Pi. Wl!illr!~~ G, Ib ~rr. L :fl. l'ianMll, Gi!rn!'J: 00.8.

8,.ms: U:!ll'.oo.

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f~

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4. l.M. SOiilO, M. lo~es, M. l\i!iilri~ Sci~(f'

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ripiI',nj

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'7" $, I'i~Uli, Lmgallet', C

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I.~,;l,

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1'_ l!Mld;~rr.~":S<~~, S- M,. ~~~r, !li!!r;B, :H!l,9 (19951}. 9. f!;. R ~mmnl!lN 01 ~tN'. ('d. 1Ml. '1:5, 7067 .. •• ThlJl

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t2005~.

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ID
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U" :Ii. llIitlii!!lH ~r tit, S;:itii~t 'Z:n. lS 18 U.99\ll 12. ... fit~rQ, A" 'B~I'I~Ii'rll:fi. )Cub, ~ fi. ~; 1.6, 2~79 QOO:;U" u. y. 5~\i: ~f at, S;rien~ ~'l. ~5 ~ Ul996J. ],.11. 8.], BltWer" W. L l~iII1~;rnlll1.'eiI! :55", 16~1 (1:9am, ( B. M. 1H.1.i!ii5!{tf!~~. A. HU,",eflrn!l, ~. Cell.~. 'e~~9[21' (l986t 16. Y. tltl'!)l, itYafW!, M.NiormUfIl, tffJ~ ~r,l. A>Md.Sa'. USA :8e~3~62 {l!:9nt 17, i\\. m ~ ~~,~ aL. fI!Iffl\~. QeJ'le1. 7,,7,5'5 U99.S1. leo I\. 1'Ail1lffli!!1 tt ai, MQt Cd~ tliLlt 2.iQ~ 4~:W ~2(1001 [~" A, Rab~~1i, Y. H~m, Y. ]iangl ,M,. M. li! 8!eIlJW, ,G(!I'lI!!:: (,lintllJll!oiM'l~~ 0111tf1 3!51'. ~2004~. i1 2,0'. G. De !Ii(ro~ d aI" Mll. (l',I/~, ,a~ :ll!0r3:il~2QOgl.

:rt t:. 5hiliii~d~.

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&nt;t

.pel". It

J2],6

(20021. Z2. WJ:(h~n~ I,· 1)<!!al;!~~1 ~I'!d ,r.!. Rh.l~d f!!l'r~.;::!pM ~"'!c.: I!rntl di~ti~ion. iFumlfl1l!)'rmrrUi'~ HabM I1ll!afOltrJl}''wa~ IrOOl Wi'l!1lr~~t G~ 2J)(!C:S~.1.T WM 'ru,ppOOl!i!d1 tl'l" ,ill .-lit

t t

h.I."

~riie (ulie IE.urapeaf)l\ei!'l~9mi'fiQ~ Gl'ilfIt ~!lJj! ,iI "l.:lmM 'I ~~~. ~omlrilct 'ri'om 'lIu! S:~lliIi~IiII~CII'!!ffi.m@nt. W~~ 'if) '!!Ie ~!iero III!boriltOIl)' '!'j~ ~vJ)~l1tld Ii!~ Fill", IlEquf~ !'IIWJ, t(!I;!'~nge; p;ar I~ Fg~d'<!~ii!!<n RWI~de ~il:a!~l', iI'I\~r~ !he ~. ~n, ~aill'lr.llt)i'!'m~ $.1!j)J'.!tifli'!-4I i!.)' iIlIl!' Oaflli!ih N~l1ir.lll. Soi:i~n~~ llti!l1~rdIllolJlndl. 1ht,A~1!I li!oorilC!)' 'I'f,lJ~~Upp~t~!iI !!)'~m~ 1!,I.!t( l!lI·ltlti' to:'

S!I!!j1i:portin!fj1 CIli1fllle

Ma~e\rlal,

WM'l',~~~rm9,~.,r~gilcOlilIEl1ll:rLIIlli31515;~:l11(pa,~l!lrm:1

lPilg. ,4. E~irmlii~atiji1!J replkat~Of1I l!llilPfldlimuts re$ttI~s se!!Jm!J~I'~ll)j'1 5mc,6~9 ()~11is.,tAJ S>e9!fie9}~;tiM ()ir 'iriJ te10;487!ag ]1'1 sm(6,'9 al1ldi sm(6-9 j'Ob:J.J wa!iIi1:s.. (B) S@lgr'C!I:at~Qn()f felO:48.7 tag ]1i1 smc6-'9~ $fflc6'~9 rpa13M, <31'ti:! smc;6·$i Job'iJ rponSd stl'ain.~" ((~ Dia:gramlill,llif. rlllpr15e.r11:a.1~(lUD the S1lg~e:gatiolil Ilir <If ~\l!s:t cl1romQSQm~);JI~ifll WI' (llild! smc6~9' mlJ~nl'S. (1[Ii) [l~l\t!yed ~p\ka'!:!cnrw~ 1f! yl~S'l ,c~~!s d~ lIiIot ~rigiger 0111 :re.p~ittltijlJll,"tielil1l Leliiolll clh~:~:poinit ~rr'Dr 00 rs, ~n (A)'lImi (IB)illlotiictlteSI) flrem tbree'illl dependent p

fflIIlt;rr~l~ mYJ Vl!)II

Mdl

i!.ililm,iXI~,

Ftg!Oo n t'li)6 :R~4er!lO~~

Ie-xperimeruts.

1:7 Au!Jl.m 2.oo~> :ilOCt1Ptedi,;!S klnuiIfjI 2007

lO,·n2~~i~ifiCi!.lU~Cl~

REPORTS

IF'roml ,Sw,iimmlingl to Walki,ng' willhl a, Salamander R,obol Drive!n by 8 S:piln,al Co'rd Model
,11I1L'lll(je'illlil ~]speelil:..l", ,~~,e<ssalldll'o ]
l(r'e'£p~,:tIl Dimiitlri

Ryt:zko, 2.~ )tlliillill-Millrri@

Cil1iJlel,gu'E!niU

hij!ll l;:':I;!'L';(lf drhe. 111';$,11fOvidcs ,;)j n~dllr ..ni'lMlhr rn);).:ll\'im" ~~~~!~ ')j,~1J1,l!1V~L;: fri"'~i!l\'lI!iw (J 5), ;Il~~ ~pl~~n.~why ~ :,",~fulI1InUq~ r~]~t~,!iC~'iS m1!;~ ..rnlK;~u~1y htghw ih8lt wt~lkil!~ In"ll;lUi.~lci~ (J. $,. I~yp)d~i", F~r~h~ 4k ~!:rc dri\"I,;, lid) (llf,CiUnlR'S 1'!)jJ\,~ 1rn~.. 'Oi~r~i(; ~~ GlL!.t;n<;!:c~, !l~u t~lt;,' boo,}, (1iscill.,rto~. This i:"'1;~]bill.~ mh~ l'<9a~idijabCn,..~ ~n~1;g!;J~Ui~j' dunnJjl Lilli; ~wil~h
<lW!t9!l1I<lI~!c;jIII~i <'\\Iil~h~~gIlllt.;-.twCl;;!l \~Jking ~il)It'iWII~kil1~ 10 s<Wiilillt1,nifig .md dll1.~ arbcmi!\I~;C:lj, g M~ki~g 1LndN,wil'~~lt~tllg ~ruqllill.~ltt·y rni'l,,~--'~3, 5~ 1 The ["'nUillooe~ .ils. (;l:im,~d or~. 'booy CPO asda ~ilnh ('Pel implcm~n!.. d a::. Ill, s.j'steun of e rol1lll~1cd 11()1lIitl~3r oscilllm.tilli':t (FiS, '~f\,I. SilnilfLr

Tihe ll<lln:£ilioll'l hom aquali~. to tl1!rrl1!~U'i[l& LOOOlil1lo,ti'onVa", <II I~;e~d~~opmE1ntiil'l \ v~rffi,bra,t:e evo~Lltloll,. We pre'5emit ill ~piinat (oro mneel dlnd HsimptemE1il1tatiol1il"l an allT1,Fliili'lliom salama:m:iler rmot tna'l lCiemo:nS<tr:atfi!:s how a .[lIrilililitive l1e!IJlral cir''ClIIii~ lor S'I'IlFTImlJm!:! Gill bE! 1E!x.tendeclbcy pilY~l!nelilcaUy mOI',e< re[I!J~t limb oiScilD.ats:ry (iel'lteJS to !axpl!aiim !!hI! ahi~itf (If saJilRlo'l nd'@rs 'M! switch 1b~~wl!ii?l"Is\vimmfn~ ,jil!nd m ~kililgl.lli~ m,lD[h~ll 5l!Qg~ts, IFleuralll1ll!lmiillllismlS. Jor rnladiul€ltian of !;i~k!(itiJ.,ti~:F@ni~:n., and type of

'!JM~lhat ar@II"[email protected] f.~fan '~l!ia;pad:'S, It pr~iclt:; !hat Umb '~$(il~tCirf mfttflts ,11:1!V@' llrw~,r ]ntrin~1t: r:r~ql!lefl.d~ thalnl body o5d'll~lO~ '~e,rU~rs,~dl \lie' ~rill~efI~ bi!olJ:lg!(ai. dail:a Sl!P'Port!IIlD this, a
~ll,i ~r..al1'JlldlJr. (iU :il'llillili bi,' ~,ml'.~~, ~.g'l,.rd, "Li-d,: as lill;l 'tl1'lHupocl flitlSl dtl~iy [I,~~!~:'Ib.~lng. dIe lirsl. t..;~:rc:.I:ri!l~ V(;ri('liJ'Glre~ ,alid I'l!,p.re~ S1..'.f!!.~.nhL.'ftl For"', a ].;.J,..\Y"lliu~fl!lL1 fimn wil~(;h ~h~

fO ImHJUt'!)' nUI!(J~L~J J ).~hi:!! Lm"'l illgpropcr! iC$ of ~ M o~illmory cC.I~~er Ihl! o!'lCillmocms 'oo!wcen t1Uf)lI~ of nl{lb,1nl.lll! mn <leI i\'i~)i nd p~ri(I(Js of a re.;,t~l~ nlmi,~~i\,:'d y 11i!!~~l!!i!i: of<! ~~h;if'~ b ,(~ciU;u~,
witM cml!IDU~cliill'ipljtLldL;":

:;'1(k'So,r (he ~1)iIHlI room ,md

g,~\Il("I~ !Jr.i\,dill~ \W~Vl.'l ~JJ.t('&,jXIltd iII.!!; ID fieli~'(! ~williarniJ:lg wh\!!l O ::acl.i\91.00. by N-I1iI~lhy 1.fi.af>p.:1JJ"~~ut.c mll .apl1'licflb t!(lnia~ i"oli1~Li'd sp~I1u1 ~n.r'iJ pn;iflill<l!·iO:ll:;. (i'1. The

IIl~Ulf·d~l1;JIDC~]; OT lh~~~n~\ICItHi.)llIL" r o:f !illL;'~imh:.; cl:I(3Jlg>L;'lii from OiqIil~UI~(:o WmtWi1d t IbmiJ.blg~J.'l!J l.i:J11h CPl"i are lClC"J:LiL'tILi1. Ihe~iclll e.aHi IJ~ ~nfctru[ll~ J" 21" .~t~&c:Ilpllbk: of rapid 1,1'switeh illi!!! IJCl.WC'!.!lJi I.WO ~Qro'Ji\l[l~i;a·lIi s.cgnuc·ms; :Ibr liE !hJdili~b.~ aJ'idinl the d'Of"Jef!~~.lodes:. ,wiml1.'i.l~g,~"d w8Udng (.i -5}, TIle swil'l'D~ hJil1l1b.lIr S.~gJl'1(!l1ts for [ill'! hind.llirnbi;, (13, /.ri. " ~ui~~g mede is ,~imjllllr 10 ~ut of ~lC' 13Jl1prey. ,L Looo.iU'olion ~,~Ibe im~lljced by simple cloclrical \"'111:.'.1'1:.' 300 I'r are 'Ihe s.tine Vruli3blk,'Srep rc.sCI11O! ing tl~c phasea~dllhc' ;m11)1 ntlldco fosc:i,rl allOY i; \'t sl~mll.ll!l.uion of t~c ~~lescru:;eplml~!(00001fIm~or 1 prhn iiiVi! fish, w itl1 I:~sl a", lal II ndMJal'i;onsbeing m~dI~IdC[C'm1I'LI1C' .UIS,lnmn,.;,k 1~IUC'JlC'Y and amLnw pmptlgmcd .<Is.lrn\!e,~ing. waves ['min 'lilC'ail:l 1.0 OC'guon I(MLR) rocatoo in the tniclbLldln U.i'~ pilintdC'. and ujif: .<Ii po.~~iq:: rnt<;mrlt C(ltUI~h~\gs c w.a1 ~a~~,uitiadc: the 1~l'I1bs re Ihld'cd b:lck~~'ard. Ol~ ~evd>;of :olinmk!!~irnl indL!CCtile ,,~~~W kin,g gil i:t a by l'irm ~lln~'~Idl. Ill!,;' "d·;nn.,''l11Cicr!i'\:'r.'i~d~ !in!l S.b'iIII'Cr and, !II foOHrelihUl'~ilnld.h~lt'ir s.~imu~I~~ml i~~~I1.I(;(.'liil~IW~e!l oSCiU<\!,{lP.' <!!~ d~lim,'{1 !Ire w'!:;:igilli:!'. tig' wld IP~!!I!,"<C'u!'(,~ %', A PKlI'ii.'l~v,,~ bi {1!'ici~.hu[D1)I' ~~~Jl:lt ,~tCI1'P~~lg ~'Iil.iu which di~lgomllly ~>;PifM.l."~. .. r,upjd *""'i!cb J!liI!h!:l b"!"'T ... ,vinunillg nlod~"ln

l!;VOllItioll.:lll),

locmnot.hJJl

li'~lb:;; !lrU m~:W1.;"dwg(;lhl.lrwh;:h:;

I.hl,l boo),l1!mi-:!Li;

bODh mU!;:I~OIi~

S:~sh'lp(.'<.I ,~t:il!ldil,g waves wli!h n~od(,'s at~hc giRIII>.!,(.~ (5). lJJNill.Jillh~ s,;.bmn:mdC'.t mi .m mlli l1iimlml!l{.k1.. \\'~
.1idda'(~ IhK"C

runiclmn~tUl~

i&"m::;.; rd.uCd

~o

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~chrn(.(:; IOCOilI1.tll.ioJl: ~~) t~IC Il:lOd~lie.~~uioll~ ulli(b~ g.one by .he: ,spnnal 1\J,eoilrol.or drelil.its Jurili1glhl! C:\lOltilifm~ry ~l:fnlsJtiim from !IqUfflitic 10 ter:ut:strifil locomOl lOll: (iii) the 11I1Ie(;hm~i SIll", I1cccssmy IOf

((iord ilmlu!Oll (rr ~~mb!)ltd axial mD\iemC',~us: and t(j~t)Ihe mcCh;mlS111l! .... I~ml lU'ldedic~ai! lmn~ilioJJs inci!.!ood by j'ihn~)!je decl.nc<11 l1dnu!laHofil or lite lllrnin 5'lC!fIi, \Vc crcild!'l~~h~"l\C quc;sli{)!1~ \'\~ dl Ihe .t!dp ilrllL!l~rico:d !1100~ (~f l'i; ~d"mOl!lder·s d Sp:IJliIJ !COld that we hwp~emcm and t~~ 011 ;]I ,~<lJ;lnl;u'ldcr~Hkcmiooc C31~l\:ilc of f;wimrning a:n'<i w,l~ki~!,g, Cmlj'i~"'I~IC~ll~l. Ihi.~~H,.dy ~1:5o "k~llon~ r~ <I ~'i'~r.;lti[}]l ()i"hQW.~~ool~I;. . nbc lII~o;,."d {lI,,;;;~bL{)I(lMk;;'l1 L

or

111rxld~. ;1I1d i:11 !iC[IiInJ:. 11:),ll!'biokl.gy (.~ulhdpin

clc,..,iign:i:ngrol:xll lo.tUll:1otOC'lU oorbiroUl:rs,

1\:; irl {l!hcr vCilCbn:u~ uJiliulals, SliIl!I:UTIill1dcf by 3 'cc!11rnll}m~Cm gCficrul.C!r {CffiH i:, t~)..As ill the Imllprcy ~9'. /lJ, mt.d in the .X~/wpn.'f ,e.lili'ilwyo 0 I., ,I J}. dK: CPG rQr m.;:l<ll nlOl~oll Ihe b\,""Idy ('[l(J is dislJ'ibuu:d alol1lgmhlc entire l~ngtl1 ohhc :iirilml OJrd. II lbnn~Il doolblc
!,:..;Jl.iI:;: m:c gCfl.crn~ccl

R~p!\;~ril:.'O~lk' btlnil prridut1.'t! by ~h(~ L1.'1Ili~\Yr. In 1J!C 1<l_mprc}'r!!ld tltl~ S;."llEil!llJ.V!dcr. ~K' ..l1n· ~~)I MlR !'i~inlllUl"Ii[ln hi.l!v~~ in'H 1]f:!('iIi;'Fl,'cd ~Il[1111 1~]L1Ud~~ : :Jl1cl Crl\Xi;l!C'llC}i of lillU::i~ dC'J"IC'l1d om the :;IfI10U!ll tOl\;ti~nl!llllf(ifm (I j" 22)-T}fp~."y. '<\, Il(~'l~l. { cl~I:.iSt,'S 0.11'<\J;r!l'l1:,r'"ih;:Sand [1pt1(.'UI' 10 I~!l roTllllmn \ pro~'H,'lityIt)f v("nd:mt[(;looom:m~Jr tt~lltlX!rll~ 16), iliorIL~k,in!!l drri\!to: is {Lppllicd. Ihlil;'\: iPim~, Cfl!l be dblilligiLlishcd: Ih .fL slIh~hre,.,>holcl plsase Wilhollll A~~iiOlI~h 1IlE:;:;,Cdam :ilhow ~h;.; ~nciITl! org.."lniZ<lLtion ,of tl~e ~OO(I.~~'J)t.Qir['PCr, tl~cy do I~m bu.r'SIS: t~ au Oa."C'nlmil1gp!lflSC whCilt: lite file. i), qU~ley and m;nplli~liilk~ Ofbtll£ti inlcreasc \\' hh rhe cl(,pl~in how 1.1~edilii~reill o~mmory Q~'i1:ClS arc cQ)upJ:C(~ ro.gclhc'1"3mIIil0\',Ih~ arc (liriJ'IICi1I by drive': and (iii) 3. satlu'Ution phase ':V.~len:: li!nL~rs ~ couunillld siwmh. r'Or gail, gcnCli!.t~(m .md ~m}du~~- S~JI)p oscilla~~ng. \Ve rep:l.icfLLC this cll:Tecl by [ImJ. Weh<!JVC (_k:vc!opo[la.llmncricall moc:le:~ on.hc il1!l:ro:il!da'ij!lI 'pieccwlif.C' lineill' srlll!lill.ioll HI ~~cti:on. sa l'a!nolndcrCPG toe.xplm-c dlCS~ qw;:\~.tons., \1I'I~kil \vhkh 8imilariy ImXllll<lIC,~ Ihe JmLinsk; litlqucncy ::'!mi ;,iUT!Jliir]llcl~'V~wId RfHcctudla],g to .a drive ~g~lnI. are i'l;'k......l~to all tt.'lJ:npt;ld~ P!lCVklll~ mUllCficld ! l~' betwee~~a 1000'o'cNIS.ciUatLon ~ul;.'S~mh:l, (J~. ,mld 'l1{)d~b;,07 It}} hi.l!v~I)J\n,jd~'d ]n~!l!!1t~;;~no i po~ Limll:;md body O:'b'CiJI~[OTS sndeunech<!lnisn~5 for gill.! tnuisidoll. btQl fm.i~ed Ill'll ~11l]:lCI' mlC. d!ti.~~., t'Ll;1.:p'mridcd WHlll diiTcn:nl :iimll!ra[iol~ lbn,Ug~.~. wc.",~~alll~hJ; ~\ilL It slim1.!lm tOIl c~.)C'rintii!m de" wi~h tiN' l,imb OOdUalit)~ ..yslCl:!li.i!lk,dly Q8cill,,~!\4;;ribt;.1cl,<Lbovc (,I .1) ;Ind •.he ()iJf;cr.mlirnllhal swim· illl,! .1] 10\\'C1I'rrcqllC'JlC'i.g~ lh,lJ:! bt;xl.y o."d~b.l.Q!~ 1'!Il:~' ~nillg .Ih."f.!'u~~I;;,~iL}.'i;111.' :>y~li,;m,uk;1IIIy bi£l!u;:r limn w,llking 1'rI;1;g~ltim.:iJ.."," mhG M~]I.C drive ~hYP'D!IN,'S;)i; 4) mid lol'JllUl1lling .. ~ " f)l!Jir n1KJ(lcl i~ ~';Il.'(1 {Xl .rollf I~.'Iilin h}'podl!..~. Iri,VCL- t~re~!mld ~lliI:;IIl (~]yr~ll.lli;'!'Iii:> J). E:,;.Q!..!rJl ~.br Ilypntlltl;~is 'I; n~l::!ru(l;y CPG .i.<; like I:hal. (If Lhe Iuuln.ng., il~:I, ~)~ci'l,hnorsrureiy{~ the ~r1!UiI11: dll,V(: r.f.
rn;.lIl!11cl1q' or J~'Kllrml .~~lPn}iPIClFXi.,

~iml;11 to '!JI~c s~nnublion SU'C:lJgtBl" Gmlh<i!:llsitloU.'t

chain of a,>,cili<JIiltl:1i'Y C~lItCi'S '~groWlps, of ~lm~c.~.hi~il, ,r.hynhmic OJIcl:i\ i~y~ ~ooalc,d

m:U1D:11S
0111

'oot~1

1S'~ 01 (~~te~ afi!d COf!1!i1Q11ll;anon :5l:Ien~, [.eft ~. ~wilul! f~d6r~~d~ la!J5ilml! (ElJIH}, Somali 14. rn·1.0L5 ~ntl', M.nUfIlil:rud,. '~INlSEIW.U862. Bor,dMIJ.I:.HIID17, j:"i!OO:. \!.J1i~iI' BO~ Z, ~~~L!l\. f~'3~-OO7, rOO(t. ~ "'1'0 \~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1fen~e illlIOuI_dI be addlre~. auki1';ij~Il'~~I@~,p1U1lli

lamprey ilnd ~ll!fmOOLL"ly ptodlll,Ccs [LllVClillg <lICliv<ltOO, '\\ ,~~I il tonic drive (~iC~ <lI s1)rt;. pic OOminli'lJUii;:sum\Ilmxm). 1111: timb CrG. ,'\,'hel~ a~~~<lIed. fo,i.t(S dl£:wlX'i1e I"G boo ~l:,~k ~ng mode. ~ P·(!~"liCl!!.~l}''~'d ~n 'll l'. IIy!pCI!!h~ Is ~; 111e'sI]'cnglhs of i1lC COLIp:i~l&" Ifi'OJU li<I'ID!o b&;iy G.1:CillrLllm>al1e~m~rthan ~~OSC .mn b._"l(]!y to body GSCillh~CII'S and fklln bGd.}' 10, litnb C&'iIL11l.~:s. "[~~b!, al ibl.II'S (he Iirnb C'PG~o ''0\, ~mdc'''lh~ m[lnr.d!c~"
WIf>'CS W~'l~l

:9lch
''''';1.'1

,,~C 'OOllp~irlg pilfi!lTiK:ter.; wg and ~ .fIre~l thtll.t lhe Ixldy C~{j producc.s~n'<l,>eli!llg.

cs {h}' iXI'~llc::;i:s I) and thc UI111.'1('P(i Pi\Jd)Ul::CS ' IlJ,e$<I~mM;;!I!I~r:iitl;:ppillg.lh~rc @;' n~~lil'ecliol1ill Cl)ltIpli~l,!!t. ~}om .Ilimb oscill.l:ai:m~to I.:ix:xiy oocil!. lat{)~" (fig. I A) w.hoo.e ~'ilrerlglhs are Im~cr ilmn. Iho.~w.i,lhiillli~c l'lOdy C~G~hypolllcsis 2). More de,,,iis mul pillillnctcrs :l1'C pmv~OOI in the S,1I1'1po:it~ngOn ~iuleM~,~~i<ll J). O RGoo~ ,aro inc!.9/.;~~:UW.y U9ll0 Ol~ lOOl~ 'toh."S\
h~illtW..~ Cn!.1ctvuing bioJ'ogiOl;:,d

IE',rnait

or~h(:vodJ' CI);G to I]~UCC !r.llvdliL1,g W~I'\.1."l5 ~l 'to jl1tMlllQ; ~1!1Ji!\g W;;~\IC,,'" W:I)1)(lid);.~~. 3: Limb otiCiUato~ ,L;:iun!1t'l,l al('~lb!J.,': ;it hi,~ qllll~,nti~llilli ils,. K')' ~Iil:nlit:!IliD ;SI.o~ ffie1 ~~~cil1g d I Ul
C!'lcy

•u:!d

r~

r~')o

I. kIT' , \W k~ l!ic :;pnni;;JI1 oottl 111oodon

rmlmiU'.cr IDbolwho~

{24) . ~IlIjlUDlX~ ~~,Iilli~fMd ~'~u) In l

~S'Q!lir;;, ~I

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
sbow tim! O'ur n,~ medel cOIn ~l~t:mlC Ihr"o,\'1:!!d i rllrt.riPJl wi~h \'<!ri"h~!!; $~cr;l ::md hCiildillg: (J,g". "-'"I;~'t;l~ !h~l~ 1!lQI;;-Q:ru '1x"w;Jy"!br~~,i,~~~iGm'l 1IJNJ Cj'lm011~ ;;,.ldioo lit ;J'II;,I),IRumiI~cd ~11~Jli,;):(ij,illw qli~HbrtiJ\'1,,'ly mn~pjttru- lIu:: ,gaii:s. gl~I~C;r.lft,-d IIln~ tn of dle ,ro,l~ ~.;"lImmllidC'j: arid (iii ~~!J :>~m'!r' I~1L!!]:I~
F'iig. t. (Q~fig:i,ualli~Ui1 ef 'lihe (]~G model (A) ,alnrl sallam~ mldie, robot {B), Tt!.e' rob!Ort is dri~~ al(~l,hi:ll!:e~)'., hi oge l'C1inil.$ JO'F thespij ne (iJ~Ci(k

c~m::cp~ of C'lPGs crn~ ~~ to ro·h!!81, ,~-on~otiQl1 co.mr(l!1 lOr wOOl:,.;; 'I.\,'i~~I1I,lLd~irll;!en iC\l! lnted jl:)inti'<.,
lGht,T &X~'l·!r.l!TIgmbo~ 1iS<gC~jJ'JIl!;:-d ~ "PJlm;."i.

:><i'X <I~tlil!:!ii~d ,hin,b">l

pi~~~ UI1~i~lhc fl:~ <I~lln'!;ll. li:n]L:t\. pcrrQ:llnonJl~~ll1!9~ !1Clmtion. llWro!'1nj(lll rep!~;tlJ,'4' '!h~1~~~iorll;l!

!hrl,.l5t ~~;II ,~bl~"gL~!di,;T :!QJ}11 'IJ)~

~.1lla"tdy~lm~d~ n,J.;:kilfK::n~ti~ :rt!il,l~~l1; (If ~~<Illl~' dt::rs ~Fig. I.BoJl llt'l:ruoo, ean mmllC: ib ~iD!lIrillfihz.;:IS l \l<o\ciIll~ lJ!1L1(h.~ :r~~a.d u!~lvlilltta:~l~ {l!I'~lC s:pil'!c wilh

lfJiylo tll~ ,~UIIIl>t;!\vh~kin si;Il'~IPII~ rnrnd ;l!!!rn.\',:;' d'k: :nhl:111fli.im] lx1\~1.,1b'1sVi,·iirlg Imd slallc~ SG"iPO~lfu; Ilhe mol_gr oonlmnb1i. am b;~roI(In ~!l:l dirr~lCi:

~m

by 10

at malQJ'.s.,

wh~ch

,(}f :!.6 QS(11~~rs wiilih

1fI'~

dis~~n ·the- ~hl!lmali:c \ftell.\I' Glf~n@ rol:iQltj a I'ltl rom rot,i!'!iQml~ .io~nt5 hl,r the limbs (b~ack 'C}!iliml,ern,. (I~ is The UlmITpOSlla of a !:lady 'CP~a douhle cihaJilii fiI,~iJt9 foil' iliilvQl'I'g thE!
splllll 1fIII00~Of!F--a a fI1dl (PG-4,~mill.~atm~ror driving Ule, ~illlilbIrnurm,rs, Ihe 'ClIutput~ Gl,f~'heosdlli!imrl>
~ n mb

reS'!:'ne'igI1DrD'r

COlli"

a,re used to det:ermin,oe'

the se'~lloin~ 'f'f (de-

:5~red,aJ'i~I.e$" ~Elrll l'O IProponiofl"l·D:e'ri:vathle

(P,D) f.eedbi!l~k'[jontroli.e~

torq,L!@S (t~ ro UQ iI tl1~~!' 1{ol.ta'ge Vr) 91rvel1~he adU81l alm'gles, ~. lih!!' C!P'G lilmde1 r'eH~i1{~£Ilen il nd rig ht drives Ii n::pre.~ lilting .ae:5{e,ndi n~, sfgfil[ll£rtr,om~hf' M llFl r,egriCllillin the brain stem, lfhe \f~l.odty, ,dir~(tioll1. (llildlylPe o~'gait e~:nib~tJm by the IroOO~ (ami be ad~!JI~'l.ed by Iilllodiryffin.g the'~e t\~oslgJflat~.

that (i(I:iiluol thlii

!1i'I1!(),t~w

fig. :;:I,., Sl",'il'chin:gri!'Q1'Ii! '~l!'a lking t<l Sil'o'iffl"trnmg, a(~-:ulY Qlf !he (PIG mOO',\llllllhE1nthe ,dri~ S;i~J!ilil t~p',fC!9r~S5h,l',~lyh,,(re~~d, (A) XJ signals from Hle ban body (PG O:5,{~I~iilt.UfS (M~mfltms on th~ to thst (lir :rn9l. lA. IJI fiI~tsaN! ill radians (sc,a'le !Jar e:Jl tJile tol'l right)., 'lh~ ~ed lines mll~tJ;ale Ihe lralil~ili®11i 'rifllnil :Malrnd~ng 1,'i',8J~~ (\'Ai1th syndil·!i'(I!i!Y in the' lfllllnil ~yn:c~roIilY if! thetaili31n~ 1111 (!Ir!lip~~ [email protected]:fool:l~l\\!@~!l ttiil@li.'!'CI,'\\ ,~ <: t <2'0 s) to [r<iI'Ol'elirllgt 'lO'I'.aj~~ (20 So < ,t <36, 5)" {R} ·!!If sngli'lab h(llir~~'he~~ft· lij'mb (lflG O\SdUa~,()!fS, IpsU.lIOO'f-al 'r~f\e- afl~ hindllimbs ~f_i!! 'in al1liph'(j$~., {C) ~if1S<tntan;eo!!l~hQuenci,es rne<l:iure.aas B; in (ycle~.lIhe VilIriiatioJlsill Ihe il'lsl<inti:anseus heql!l'~lld~s among in;divid'ualo~ill~tars :lItliIirlies~'"" 4 s ,a,nd r", ,20$ GClrirl!~pcif'ldto bril'r~mc:elllralions andl dE!ce!eriiltiom Ibefore l"El'.!i(llllldllronizalion. (11)1) :~][;'IlIa_rili!,~~~e 'o~ the i:lrifrVl:!' appl1el:l ~@ana$dllat®rs, ih~ d
right :!1i~~are exactly iln ain'liipha~e~. nu~ IiIl!lmb.erii[;'l~ «m'e~IlO1UrtS

c
f

....
I
II!"

~~d b@dy otSdbtors in artbitro;llJ d~~'Iie'llnits, M@'lfi:eS2Sih~ws

~'ilfllli!~,r~.a'l(l1fr'Qlm lI'I!"llkiWlig to
SWirlllfllTf,]!'!~int lh~ rQbO!l,

i1I~,!:I ulpper

hor~illoJlll<llred Ilines [ones,p.ond 1:0 Uua lo~'ll!r (~~ ~~ 1) (~= 3, d~= 5) o~dll.a~ion tlllre:'>hoM:'lf~r ~imb
<;I!

l:~
I

~~~g
'5

i ; ;~~:
101i5 20

.25

TIme I~'s]

ao

::
35

40

REPORTS
.'11:~ sigll:Jiis rf('lm~he Icii atll! riigill, body ~Qks jOTll~ in the 11ock. lh~ body"lhn~ OXlmlnaosc ~~mCl!~inr d!e <'Pun:; rnotofl5.. ;Il~don ~hc pl1<1$\,"" tion in l1!O.h Iherorot "nd til(! r!C<!!ISiil.lim~1!!1{1cr '(]';or th~ ~ imh Q~c;:!l~:atofl'i rafl~lL;'~imt~ ~lKl'[[Jrs., ~J~li~ ~~ k~'!g~h(2.~,. Im;:w.l'i.i~~ the o!i~

'bt,,'1\\~Q\,'f1 ~le

limn 11191of the resl s<llal'lil.;.'!ncler. ill \\o'hich Ihc

~~;!"im ..~ '~ilero~di;;:lll;;'\;c~m~ntincreases nQOOi~ !iJT

I~<; nl{m~wni~,;!ln~, hc;;~dlf.l~"!i~ {FiI,l,4,q.ln nmn

nh~ n;D!Jo~.nhcn;~" :I, Il~n~r il.~!h~~~!I\'l,;l:Olllt; j~bl

~S~"lJ p),~, :I~d~tUO:ll"]~(;'.'li~l ~nlhntb>1ltinll+ll lor

I,.Il!llirm t;JI:~PL-ril'n1ll;;rll.~, V5). n1iC l'iI~oBd P!iMh;I;Coi ~ abniipl, lmll~;li[jl'i bt!W,.;cll !5!'li~ lii]l1p~Y ~' V".uyirig !hc drive j f~g.] ~ IJUrD'ig \!',nllldilJ!l (ii,c."at low ~ri"I:. i Ihc 51ro~lg (i'f\tiplliul,~ rffilll' Ilin~b 10 ooqy t:J~jlhlltib'i:. ~i,)1t:C n.11i! rod)' ["F'{j to (~illlllte !It II r,0\,,"' frcquet'I.'CJ1 w [lh m, S~..J1a!XlIiI st."klldil~ VI"<I\,!!.a'> ill~hc elee~romyo~lll {Ei\llO) lIL.'Q')roi~lg...;, {5l', 1lw.::: fi:equ,,",1.cy aJlI:l ID'l,lllliIU::lcofo....;cinL1liol'l ... i'lCreil~ rroponk~ll1ln)1 wi'!l~lhc dJ~\~. i\:U f = :W ~nh~ liJnh Q!'Cilhltl;lU5 S>\~urd~~ ..<ll'l!d!h~ indllct\'> a rapid !!lai! mUl~~t~fll]. t<l

\'\I,dki!~ i\1l!ll;;'rn:; 'l~mt~ C'IOl~istc!lltwiuh tJ,~ or ~h~~1 ~"w~lu!1ib. Jt.. Q~W~~ in MLR ~turl'i-

Tt~~c IlG ~ili:!dc~Ip:roJu[,'C'<~ SW,i~~iu~~ng Ri m

~;d'i~~}ml

dlilL~ do

the

aLl£r~l""lm,iiOJl of ~lt; ~'I;;ld 01' , ..~!lkil.l!!. hi~lt:1r ~!n,"(ll!I~I:J!;.Y ,llid ml~p%~~,II:1c orr~

c:inmio~ls" lhi; t~I"Jlki'ig velechics ,wl\.lin!lld mq.ge from OJB In OJm Inf~,U.WI ~D II body k~IIg1!lt!tt ( ,(I. .. f 1111t:'1~li"'t; !i'tnill'i. ~mt}(ll i.: ~lowI.TI!l11In"lfl n;~!#lii, wh.lrhwnlilotr; fll \'dOC~LLL'li' 1111 r.m,gt 01'0.1 to 0.4 'chL:' ixldy k1l!!,I!l't'iI.~. The dmbrei1.~c c:a~! he (,::li:~jlal.lled by lite- ~lJ~ICrrreq,ll~i'l<ciC$ H~dI in dne moot. 11 ~c ),wjm~ning modi! th~ IX'!bot is a~so COI1.<;.b.IC'IlI, '\Ill ith dlill of <I rca Ii sa !a.!ll1\11Wcy(Fig ... ,.

or

The

'llm'c~:illl:l \\lfl!\!(!

or body

Ulld~.I.n~O:II aU(iws.

dl~ high:r-~:retll)l1~'ltcY SWiIbl111il!ll: 111i:l(f.!;_ l'r;I\l.,.d~'Ig W,H(''"l few ,"'~I'hmting, are l\llc,~d. ,~f,LJ as in [he EM(iruoorui.].~ V). lll.ei.\!~r.w~·lli~-J;l\'.... .\es Ul· ~ C~~ ill nmpl!!W1d.l''!Ild 'kq~il:Y ,~,nh!i.: dri"'~~
fi,Jrlh~ incJl_~~. lIrllii Ih~ bod)' ~ill~~ ~.db ~ht'tlr 'i,I~y oscil.i!:uiDJ1 L1tlC:Jtah;1 cLnkl f:ilA'1lP)f;C.u~!llin!g,. ( lli~ 1t1l1l:lCracaJI 1fl~'~1E aMLtx: Wln.11 d!lfliLioo ~dnlC'IJI~tic nlfm~'y.'>II!s of tl~c g."Il1 tmlilshiOiDS. \1!'lttc;111 lotu"::lll'llll! u~Il'\lclli~lg 'Wa'"VCi> in 11.£ lClDdy asis 8i~ UillJl. ot'lSi;.'f'\IOO sillll!.l~I.anOO\t,;~ywilb limb 1'110\ 'Cf'l1lCJ'IIS, t<{). l\nCllhcr :iII1pOutmt sin:lIJIa!i:i!y Wi~l I~C MlR llIumlllkl!tio~ o;,~rl rl't1l11.">;wId \'",ilh I'W(}ITijllg.>l in!~(p(ll~ O!) is b; Sll'IJ) incroL'C of ~it'qJ)'Ml;(:i(,,:; dIlnril1!g 1IJ1~ ~rnt1lSiljo:nrmlll \/l'llJkitlg to s\vinlJilling. IJil 1L1Cmodct ~hclimlh 'OSCm;_llQrn; SIDW cb\lJ'n ~1C' I'hyQ1I1IlS dumlg w;i1king.rnld once silC!ll. t'fllpiill}! ro1C~iSC flilsh.'f ,~winmmi!!g rhy~lm'l~ ,rjltC 10 I~"C h~gJj~!ZrilllrHl';;'ii(; ~m(lWI~ill'C-i!.os.of !~l.;!~. ffiti~bllllN_ lll'il-oi (':;)In,d...rl
(;xplminl "vbay ~k1l1~nlU:lcr wOIlkiug ~i'n(])IJ1('il11C: do not o~t;rbp (3., J1,

the sab:rl'Wld~~f'mootto PI'OlJlC'I hself tb~""md ~n \\'<l!~CI: The bl~r.l!~'i!'ht1l~becn!cn~, ~~i!1!1i:~ar10 ~. lik~ly results fro!n .l CMlhi ~~,~u of lh!tlt; f1Lt.:'io~ ~hn~iJ of ahc s.o:lIJtqITl'<lIW!C'~. wilh j'XIi~u=-of Illinurn~.i di"r)"~fll(."n!. mwdi ~!g Jm~n h{;,ltl:f;) I[~il(f!~.4. '1~:lllN:'[l~ mooth,~" k'l\7i,rt;(: hqu,;;ncii(';.>;. rt.w~r I A <imd B. <lm~'\'$~,The cn\'c~Ol'K.' mro:inml :1 :l~" a.c'lIm~i,Jd jo:i 11K :md .. less Ill:oBk'd body ~lml1 end d:t~}Il1!.ct:;'n:u.;·m ~,"'~ ~!Irnll:}~ i(;ump~c;"l plOmc P: tt'('lJtlil_ Nom.:!h~~(;'%. consideri ng Ihe- rela-

hi~ld~i,l]fib~rdh:, This is ~~rob.llMy h'Ulg:c joi:nl. ;;(~ilh-c gi,tlJ~e arlO '~h,~ incn;:;;lM.'d !1l"~1I flf !hchill~~hmh ,!ll00lllk: ~irrl"Cl1"~~i1I!d i~I;I¢t;'~i'it;:Ii:I:... CC!!iI~i!s'Il;ltlwilh ~hn~'~ui~d~r k~ih.:W'i~tit:-;lind :EMG l\.':Cardi:ngs,.mi, 1i!1,t!iJIIJ 11I1iou w~\'eleu~.i!1Ilh of one 1xM:11' 1!t:I~~t~1 i ii' ~~:wiilla~ I'i~d C\ooC'J:1 when lI:ic n\"'1~i~i1.c:r r oscH· o I!I:ttoIH' h mooiified w:ith the drive, The s'lvim" ~nlin~\.'ckldtiJ!3 MIl£C n\)~n tI"<l"i IIi 0'.12. nil/s (O,.O~;100.14 boo)! h.'ill,g~ll;;:'S). re~m.iv,e terms, in Ih~ rob01 :i.whm: nm~e slowl), Ih,m P. ',L'(IMOii (Ikun 1(1.4 t(! ~ 2 lh!i1d)'! k~lg~k"A1). di~~-cn(:e .. The
~1Ilb,OV(: iiI"::

because !he flack of..

or

~~5

-~..-c---·\"?-=f'_6

res

an(.l :~,\il1rttrnirl.!:l b1b~llin\e diiillncl

Ih~ V('kK;ily .,nd mlJe Or~l.~t,u:~~l~l:b!!lly (.V,. In addutttmto :-;;l'liilllriLic:;. ill Il(L~!!Ignll);]Dt'('IlL'" the; t g.~~I~ IlrOOlI!l:'£ldb)1 ~ Ie wbo.1. :lnX: ~~ill1Iilar tolll.O,l>(; oi"' ,ji, re;;i .~~mf~iil:I-,(b. ~.rllhc wnlkirlg ~li,1 ",Fi,g. 3). tl:le bndy makc:::;, an. S-;.<;Impc:d Sialli!lhlg w;:we wi.ih ~odks <II.~lC gil:dles. Cn'i(eIOJloC~ :I.ucrnl dis.p~,OOL;"J,''iiCrrilS cotl1f:llil'!;,xi 10 b,h~dlireel~ml of muliml O'ig. 3(;'1 Me qlila~j1nii~\cly :l>imHru- Ib:dh,,; roooi.llilli

Pig, 2 8I1:ow:, al] 'C1JIaJI1!,plic w T:th a f>imlPlc Ib~' ,iI~c't'C<.t.Wof ~111;: 'C. ~h:: model ;ca!lL'l:adily clC'd~wiLh dri\ ~.t1\!lJl}!ly ,,~1I1{1 ;{lil~~i!lU;:llL'll~1n~~:d ~M~~~ l,L"i .lik(lly 1 \ .. QCIl;I,!!p"j gll,~ [il;"Cly 1.xil<Jvi!l,~ .tni!llid) IDld modll'~t~

~p'I:h.",,\liKC:n 1t11cn~I~('N~. wnllkill'lg Imm Ct6!o ~.2 I,ril; :i'\V'im:ll1lillikl1jm1lll1,,6 to 2,~ .~ h'lll1~e I:.: sflilamandcr Pff'll/fJde&1i utI/iNn. '1111 our IltCll!cl~'aIk~ ing.u1d ~""lI'imJn~1I£I-equ::l:lc[e:o mll,gc, ~'Ii\'Cly. I ~i'mn R2 to Oil I.~ and ~ro~1l 10 1.3 I,Ill;. The 0,9 in!!rl~1Si(;r~~lCtlCi~ oflll(; 111001::1hrn,vc been ~Ut.A'.d '(ltl~~lamj, tlIDSe ofnhc: n;;;11~'!3trumllld!.,1"tO ~:il. uth~ ro, w inihc~c:tJXjL~ limm.<j; ell: the 1'O'bm n:Kllm:s, A~l.Il0U,gJil runtg,lSwilhn

IFi !II.. 3. \Malldng ,gait. W Sue{es~M:: rmidl~IJu~IJJf'cflilts r'ec~li1"

stJi'ucled fmm ,di:gilbeclvid:!lo 'rij~ld~· m:~~ Qf :1.8 rna rker by IPoinlt:S (b1acik dCits) dUlring ;ji c:ornPLer~ :!llPppin:g ,cyt:fle of one

cmL...,,---.......------,r------r--;=====::::;J
,........ RQ'bo~ 14 _

- .' - SlallaiTiMMf

~ooMdl!'a~ sglamanoor (~bl:1ly

0.06 Il11S "" 0,.34 lilIoof loo~irfJs)" S'qullIrll'.s lmik.aJle giil"dies. A. du~ ill th~ edrf!mity lDf ,~ limb

nc

or

Ihc sa~'lll'ml.deu.wilh fJniiltrl'liIi~ dh,«)laOOlbCli~lf;; cJn~c ~lJ~hc gjrdl~s, jnot'C t'llt"i:t tn,; hind li111Dgi.rdilc is IOC'II.wc !i:JS'C'I: 110 the tail fO'l"~hcroilOil). 'TIle' a~ bl lHadu b'l~gn." re~ull1lc Ilwl Gnilc ~lllD1lm~~dcrwitlll ~wo!.,,;\C~p{~jJIllS:The ~f'~hC' ro\li;ll i!5. bC:Jl~(I\'Cf iQ.~ "",']ull);:' k:n.W_h, \\!lltO"w,l'i.!h:;,l~P(lirth~:>al!ull'L11di.'f·~ ~,~ildld~c{~ IrD1l'i,Ull~~m.ighn..lind dK: h~td of l!l'l~ l mIJou .u~111k~""i.oIC ilHlC!J]11 Jispl~lttl]kiill:.~bct'l!uIiOC il. n

]rnn(ates ~e1 ,e-s'tiFl1lated foO'!: (QI't tut: Mmhlhe grooild, Thle horizQJ1Jlal lilles :show 'lfl~' O'II'~raU dir'ec~oo ,cnrroMerd ~awL m) S,:;lrn,~ JiliiE!asl,lD'e'ment withl 10 m~~ 001 thi! r;!'iool W~ = .2J!, '~bdty :: 0.0& 111/s. :: OJ); boo.~ ~~.i'!g~s). (<:) [nve~
(oolesp:mdfngl ro ~e

'!an

la~e~ill diSlpl'3{:emenlt5 101 the sail!t!~ooelf ~i'!d t~FQbQt h dartJl jXliint:5 aM e!'1T0f bars, ~Ij)rr,~ool

mam~

0-

n
HHI

ol~all
00

M~rkElIXiS ,~% IBtl.) of

le;o

40

:20

ror t~

W' Ih~ tI~gesand stI:.lnrlilr.a Wiatii1Jf'5 ,til 5 sequences ill v,tlrimls wLOO~~ d sailamanmer and 2:5~enee",ror Ilhe rnoo~ (23'). See also 1lI111\l'ies;S1! aool 52. Ell rl'eante> body 1lE!l!ii(Jlh,

1418

REPORTS
~ively :simple ,d(!Sl.gn or the mhGI. its O\iCirnIi p~r1:O:rnmncc ~"Pl\WC:"l 1111 ckm\.'"i!l~" of ~~1'C'Si!~~ '!B}, ~:!:ll"I!~h;lr';s 1~:!lKl"~ ~~h[lvi"f, ht..;:ru] hunin~e;:[va be il]dw;cd ~l,Irin~ both w,ul"'iu!~; 1lnd :;;'!.""~Il~n~in!:l ~tprl,lyi[lg; ~l~ylllilby

rllc~cal d~ii\'c':l, Clw~'lm~c1'b and rjgl~l side:- of b ~]~~lixidy '['1'_1+ Such ,I I'!I1J;:'J1;h,u[rniSJli1iti. ,.yt;e. i~ rI'iI::~lI~wi'uh 'Ihe at:ti~ii't;:p~!'t(:n)~~ !('t lCU~o:;';l'~iJml or m.,ollffin:sti~cfii'cd dHrbig~~(,Cj,~ lul11il> ini 'mh~ llwilttlni~1g lililt'i!prey. ~SC(' (23) m~,od 11mO'oi'ueSJ,J The Imluci'cll k~Hd~~0 Ih~ 1'il~,lnwili1~rour p,~" 1 die~iQm;, {i) h P:I\o;.'ilie'l:> lll1ulllim'b oscH:lal.oNi> sat!lIr.:Iill:: :n lower tre'4rucm:ics ti~:im body OjCmawfS rth)'r('t,tll($i.~ 3 J, TIle ~!liurali.(!n COli kI be d ue d ll1.ef ~o II ~'hm~ l11oclmlll~n (i.e .. ~umb ruc1JI"ncm;, <i!l1tl inlfin~iC'.lj Iy limili.ldto k~'I'oC'F 1lci.'i!lluJ.:nt h;:',s)and/of ~Ou um;'Ch(m~~~lU~~ :L'tl!~cl!lllU~imd~~~\lIron$ i.e .• !he rt ~11L,,~..;t' !'!~'L1m~!B : iJ~uld ~!llllU1lI'!.c"mi!ling 't!I~ i~ mlli:I!OF.c~mllm!l:i I,g Ih!!.l~imb o.w~lr"llOt}i, if Ihe ,~iM!d eseeeds .. Ih~2'lhold,. r(ii)Ii:)'llOlh~.'li!'i 4 ~l'r(;dict;.. di1,~~r!IDIO!I!(.'II,I~(m :-lij~mds. 00' ~i!li~b• d .ul.' ax i:d ml~d!,!'; ... s.l'mu]:d (.·xhib:~1 ~ni rr~~r);llll ~ ull~aiml o

in~iOOtl.:. hI\.! OOC01.mt .md l~rotX)~iPl,giIIml, Il~ .;!(~ 1h;(i]lJc~dC's Ihl" the same ,tri ,Ie ':.... hen body d~~~nor {h~il!hln;my iXll1X.U ~ogcth~r wilh~hg Q~.il~l;nol'~ ,,,"~;ci59~m,kd frmlll lhn'b Q,~ci~hrt~. ~"'p;1ri!!l~n'!!~'l ,-.1~ow !hit> IlP(~~Uic'ionto h@ Wu~ (.. IN ~~lIX~i!ll;:;,ni"m imrirl"!l;: W'l~ ~~r.H~ilI'~ lb.i"'~I~~~ S~~timl " or lill,': Mllh;:nal'l ~[!ll\,'l;~1~1,;""_1~0![1~~ u) WIJ in !'\Pann! Olili;:m~mN ~:OI!lWrn;wK~ ~ ~~l('mjl: m",-dt(~~ ~miiS!~l r.,~r ille g.(,I~,,~c.;[tiun of lInllll:itip.k: gllih; il~ r~(LuCi. llll :>il1li!ar ttl iltl'; l!~111;lP.l'l:y.[lk'Oylll:lllCtril"1!l.1 d :>tullu~,"'ion Qflih!1!bmin ~lcl'l1!\/iliIiICild ~. hm~.i!1g '\it!!1,-tmJb,,~ Fi!i1~n}" !hiN 'WP.1i;. .ihio l,;o~himutCl< ~proiJouic.~. ~n !oiilhuu:;t!T!dc:u:N.(.h ~Wc r:~~-d tll;1I~"",>liL1iU1!i iet ng 11li;.'f(;.I~ el,llll;;i]I~)'rio 'M:.~~~,;ulr:!~i~hl,~ nll;::LI1t~~· thc!!~ur.l~p\!!ltlil\'I;'UYN IltHI] H!lliib (:'~nk:"~ 10 body o\log}' foj' cOIJlrollilig nlk~~oct1l'iilo[iM tl.f fObt1L~ CCl'iIIT~ W IIIIImodi fy (lie w111k ill!; gr. i! -I.h~ lIDd.)' WiEhriluhtll)l(! dC'~~ oITI\.~:tI~n. iii ~J:'[t1irukur[or will l.ell,tI to ilm'iKc la'il ...~linl.~wave.~, ::'I.lttl th~re wi] ~l~!I.1lL~:> ofooOFdlinl!liDiQfI Ix:l'IM.."Ci1 timll i11Diot:· ~~il SliC'ad,Y-:,,>lfIle IOOdl1WI·iml ifl rompl:oi:x ~\·iMt· I'IIlCl1.13!;,. 'CI,~Gs,offer Ilt1 iml~~ii1£ al)J~ro,LC~l lO mems.and boo)~mtLiubition: b'lIl, no!du) s.whn· :!ilI1\llm~ tillC' prob~el~l o.n~lnc IrajeclOI)! I:!,CtleUlltt{ll1r milliiJ ~nodc. TIu:' Im~'h~1~licrlJiml ort~li:i:,Sl!ldy IIIii'" H'~bl,<ltC 'by lII::1il'~~h..:~hail cycle h:IHlv!or '(ir CIlLlI,I\::d os-ci~I~(I1'!1 to :pr~lLCI!! Ilil!;;, m{ltrn' ooHwnmld." in :tt'.ru ~11Ot~0I~ i.~!{!I ::ti1O"" h~wn k!u3~1iOd I!oooJIlOtOOul Ihe oo:ruml,tcr com be buill rrom '~Oll of I~rirnili\~~ !im.;.,P(:i·b;Ii'iCd ('{lJ!ll![\oll aUO\'I.'l'one ~. ~dlJ(''I;.~ din]l;,'1:~i~l1>L!ily o,f~he ]oconlnt~u ~'O~I~d B)!])b!('H! :;.wj~nni!u~ CVLq;iuit I!!II(~ < ~-"pl!ain l!hl.)' ~~'!:.~l!l!~i~~t~ of whilL.' n..'1111cllillil1!jl ~.li!llhly Jil(,,1\iblc If) CD1'uin1l,1o!)!l.ly ~~. !F'oII~~;~iO:I1.th~ s.~'I;!i~t'h~t~\1,,\';" 'ltiw~~~,g urd ~j11~ ~'li.:ioci\y,di m;lim~. IIndWIlC or glIit ocooru" sWl'~ng \'I!jj\'el of l~ Wlndll!bllioll~ OIll'dIhe eo(Ip;Ji!!~l]t::Ug bciWt!!I.11~Y Dilld ~i~,tr.... his \II!OIk T ingll(:'l !he cn~ iro!l:r!W~l!).'!o1 O!1H!'d. O

or

or

,I

I,);\mn~

nnkis

or gai,t

!"'~h\il!a.""'W!i Ibi rW!l~(Lt~:f:i!l

I~e\fer!e:n:oe:s.a.lfldNltltl!:5
:;L #lIt ((IoIlelJl, in"~rJt(j1 (oo.ftf:i1 tJ/RkJ,ilm.il; Mtll'tffifflJS i'n Vtrri!'l!mt~ ,~ IH.COhllfl" '~.Ii~lId, S. Gli'~I.IIil~,E.d~. (Wi'lelJ',r!lE'\lil 'falt,l98m, 1'111- 129--166, 2. [,.Q. '(iO)!}, ~. "l,Siluliim, N'~rl1~ ~'~I S{<1'(~OOO!t 3. l.~ JlrOi.l;i1. A.A. !l~lIIi:r • .it ~ 8itJ. 'fiZ, :to;
(1992),

rh~~UllllICII~ '1},5-,211 b~' mJJ.;:i!llg c\o.l\JnL'{mury~nod·

<!. MI. A.. Ashlley- RD~,

5- I. IM'fOIye.i. El:em.. kM. Cll!JellgJJen,. J,. Nwt'Opmy$i{ft 1\1!, 6.~8 (l9'm, 6. p. lIi;Io~ J'l<!,1"Ne;d.~, Wll!\l'i)!J, (. 67. ~l3 U"'~t ']. I,. IOelliOl~. P:, sraM.hmn, 'R,.Diibuc.. ].oM. C'&ihe!~en. ... I- Nwropll¥Bl, :82, l.ojl'~ (il.999). a, M. M1~~~. K. ]b'!'<!J1C'!'i(. II. S!~~. '1/; 1.a.W5QP; R, .t ~jln~ 'n, 40~!l (11991111. 9. A. I:l (ohM. ~. W:iltiI!rrI,Up. Bmrl'illl'S.. 41. 11 (198m, 1I;(l'" S. Gri'ta~r,~ 11., lren~ I'fWf~ .• UI, ,ml '[1~5'5~" :n. M. ~ TIii'.!lolill. A. RQt!JI!tt~.J. ~l. ,(l~~"tiM. ~'~l)
{1'9~4}"

f.aoo~}.

fl.r.

®r!dI1iBLt &p. 8irJ.I. ilO~.olI6:l!

..
-~o

- -.-7 _-J.,.~8

1113 .... Fiig... 4. Swfmilling: 1II1'1ld'e. tAl S;llcce~~ive midililllil Ipro!~k-5,dlJln1rflg ,~ rOOf1Tilp~OO ~~vif1Tilmlirtl,~It:~(t~ ef C
r(liim,eimJliviidual

.2cm

,~!f ,..f ·.•

r

• ~,~-~.. . .... ., ........k .... ' " }"

100m

'12. O. ('001~~. 5. I)" Mell)'W!:'5i. ]'. Simll:!m5, It::,1!', 5illi!t, I- .pj;j~ 5~~'. !l1 (200"~_ O. l. (11~@l!Ig aL. t. N~Jc~ ~~' Q, 'li~9$ rtli.99(ij. ~,!l_ s, ~ikel!y, G, (~h. in ~9 .~rir.oo;~~r. ll(ltrdbooJ; 0 ft. millli~ w. I"m!hl, [jril~ ($priB!l~'. B{!~!ln,1.916), .. PP- 765-792. 15. ],~. '~lcj!Je'!I. C. !lO!lroeHu~. I. ~~WC, 1. Nf,l!)ffJH;i.

.o.~

~,olLily

sa I.a m:lIm1:!Jrer (ve:;: g',,17 riI1I/:!> :;: O.8~ body

,~s;

Hi
'14 . '1:2

~filooOl ~ • ~ Salamal1dar

$, !.ii'Br.n~r, A" 11'.~iI!IDI':iw1oS •. I., IY.i. Iordliln. ~n ,~fjfMt "frw{lJ~ oM M'O.frn" lloMl'l"';"', ~, S~ Ii S!~lm',S. Gnlln~r, A. Stl.\!>I1f~IOI\,I), G.• Sfu:ld. I1d~.~Mi'f i"N!~ CMMdlQ~, IW!.. 19971. liP- 3-::1.9, 17" It ~.l'M:m.rwl. IH. I\gl]eli, 5MW1 AJI.¢, .!ila~, !~~,'~1i!! 1.

2) •.2:43"'1 (.200~h

l~.

(l9S<~),

~~rqgl~5Is:).Salme~~~~mtr~n r

in I~ig~ 3A. A~rOl.'t.5 indicate the' po:il'lts ,of minlmai ~a~rraldisp!.a.ce-

body !!!llIdul[altiliJn (B) Ulld!!!~a~ t: tn{!;1I1:5il'l I!ne' rotllat Mrive '= 4,,0, '~elQcrtv"" rOJll, 1m/5 ~113 booy i ~!mgtnslsj. {Q IEJ1lw~OIll!S ('OIT!aCi $pOfl!.dl ngj to Ute, riI1I.aIDriI'Ia ~ lateual r(!iSJp~(J(elil'l;iNlt5, lrhfil ~la points; and fIT<lJ bars (!orTespomldl tome-

ii If!iIt!nt.from th~Q'!It~.illllrc6re(rll)J'! of '\5110" fvJ'l'lC rd lr<Jiv!Il'l (110 rr~z!lntall Umil50). ,c N!iI'~~ ·lihre·ra¥~lriW!g ~lIa.~ ~r!'me'i.· t a
=

'lle. f!.. J, 11~6io1. (~.rJ. :l!:';l_ ',1llI!1I11, ,I,'1M, O~l<J,II~m,

CrlJil'1II..

a;~, )3]. {2GOolI.

(l. ~~r~,

~, G1'illrn~~', ioi" B Ill. 19 {200JJ, 2,0'" A. .1, ~~ffi'!, A. Cf'~Pl.~. ,M. rCiI!relg!Jm, ,i!lWif~fom:ralil

a v. Ii.. '!"iilliW1l~, t:" A. 'Siigfl\!!rdI.

M,

:;I~:m1l005t

~t',~.
I

s· 4·

Z4. 25.

~. Ko~1L Go 8. EJmeoIJD!JI, :P.~!I1~r. J. N~~N~y:;ig~ 1M, 86~: Um~, $,. Gnll;fi~,r' 'tl (6., Bl'(tm iII'~ !jlDi{1Iii~s.. ti~... 116, :~$1! , U9~8}. SuP!l:DI!ti!lg cnHae' l'IMI'ilie':l: aDd leo);1 a~' ~"'.l!ilablti, lI.m WIY't'e' Ol1'l_ln~_ B. Webb."~~fm4''17, ~:~ (;!ooZ}, ~.~, Camn~ :5, A. ~&imtom!..fJM, (~!'I'I, n,. 375
{J99o'1},

,a~1afJJe'S a,nd5lallda.rd

r~f 6 ~qll!moo~ ~l v~riiglj~ \liei:(;I(jtin [or [h'E! stll!1lllll illlld l!ori1lllidl 2:5s,eqllienci;lsror the r,Q!oot (23),Stle

de~tli(1.ns:

100
.~l:sQ m~i,iie's; 51

60 M,Ul!oltM ~(%

40 of 81L)

:20

26. G. smc.m~ .J. A. ~~~I!;o, ~{'t' ~~r. B.'l!3 {l9S9.t 27. M. G!!I:ubit~~. !. :Slf'!'!l~, P.'!L BliJO!ltl<.]I, I. (o~fm. "'O~lIrt1

:le.

~Qt 1$?3(l~';l?),

and 5,2,

W~ ,adlIMI!iil.etil;Je ~~~ (1'001 ~11i~'~ Nlill:iooaU 5ciefl(f' ~Jl!!~lioo anl! ~~ lir,erti1r"ffli~6ti:re de !i! R~~erdjll~ e'! de ~ 1tiedlnfilfij'~·~J!(i f,oilC 03:n6ll.lIi\~ ~1ii!~i1i!ill'fmjl !fI

11419

REPORTS
Bl.1IiIe!:b.. HI, [la~, ,B,lrrneoirwl. A. !~r1J!,
G,.

I.e~.

~nd). 5!ihi!<!llor u~hA, wnmeillt'l;.A. Gl!!a~~rd ~r;]d /l.., bJ~~lldm~hetfp !flI !~ m'li!llmOO ~''lIl1il roI!!ot fi:l~,kjflll~tl~. reM'I. ~nmF. MMiI~d~ r~r pll!W'dlng 'lilt '1) motCf (-on1ifina~ ••

SIllJ;IIlIlJrtfil'l!!:II Oii'dine ~1i!ri.(!l

wr.w.!;Citfl~~m.a!J..(Ior,~wwt>e~!JiI!l!~1I:31SlS®1"M161DCl i\\~t~lfi~b· md~1hW~ ~ FI!i!. 5~1 '!o S:;I' VII~I~ $1

~rDliI.'lOI\II!;

,Refereo~~, <100 N,D1es MOOe-s, S,l ~mjl .)l ~ Dtn!~r ,;1'[10'6,: .~l!p1~i:I ~ l.!ii'iIil~iY 20{]l:;l' 2 10,U26t!i(iBm~~,

usssss

IErcollorgical S;peci,8lion in Soullh At:II,antic Island IFiin,clhes

P'e~~r ,G. IRyollllll~h p'~l!bmf' B,I.olI)m,u.
1

Afl1rHig

binJ:s, Uu:: ~pt;,'(:j,.~.i" .. ;lioli. "

of b~

~U41.-

~i~c s,fh;,'C;i~:.,Uli di n:cn::n~ hl1Z\l;_<i nfiily k:'lul to t-;rl'll~l::rilmic :>po..~~alioj'i (J 2 ~t bi:l[ f('-ioOOlroc l>p,""ei:!~i.G!,tio~ i:. i1ol. kn~O\\\ I\[t) cld~ :.p~,;:ifll~LJ-j'I..\.vilh
bcifl~ reduced dtr,oogh se.:l<L.mld~n1C!-l~liii:lt~ or. I1Bo.t'l: l'Rlucl~. t~'mi:.1Ugll Il'Opl~ ie ~IDIYlnOlllhiSin U 3. J .1). 1~,I:lnd Hnc-hcs h:lVC been ~~sp,ecimll)'~nf1jlL~n1i1l1 ~n lihe d<:,'e~ul~mclu or C\-'Olllllilon:u:y Ih~~tl~')' UJ, .J6).lack'sda..<;;:-;ie ~1!ldynrU!"\i~n's lim:h!i.\... . U6) pJU\ id~d ~lfln1l .'O\~ppon rllr !1~t!'.ull~t~~e m:r!Or.k~1 (lr~pc-.;:.~llI:il[.lll. Al1.lilnl,lgh['(l~"iI,.'i~ sll.H;li~ h~I!,i~ :;.!1{~'Ij,~ dUll h)'bndi7,aQi{l~1 .m.d imrogJ'cssiorl .,m.: n i!1I1pilllIm~ in Ihe C\'vlluion ofD.1.II'l.ri ~~·sl!nch~ (f 7 J 9l' OiLl10, !il!.'t! OOmlllO'!i~i'\'l) im\!r"c;1io~!)': [1I;in" ~~n;:(.::opcci(S dJifT~l\.lrK~ un S;YI1l'l!poI.IIl)l (8), Ihe iii itilllil !:lcvc'i:opm.ml. Urlil:loJPII6togi~1 cliclIALnil}, is S'l:ill cm~si.dc.re[]m~K~\'c· OOOtl[OOin ~kll~l'm U $). 1~-owcv{;"Il.the l:l%"C mJmlAy Oil' i~lintd.,altd :n.ne!! speeles make.." :it di l1:1.clih 1.0 in fer C\"Ollitioil.al)' jil~Jl,~peeil1.ccOtln~lilj(}n

.:1:

Collfif!1'IL .Ml)lollilery"l Tyrollil ~. 6Iro'lnl/~ Wa')lilfle Deilpore;2

E)'.;ampt~$ orr sympaiJric sj;!i~.iati'Olij, ~in mlUJr~ afle' rare lind hotly d~b~IIl\~d1,W~ d1e.~~rib,~ tlth~' Ipar.a,u~l ~pecii'IJtj,~1'I ~,~rinche.~ en two smli'llH i'>larful~ilij, the liri~talf11 ria Cu lliihraalr~hip ~la!!l~' i,l'l th,e, S®UI~'hI!di'ln'lii( O(Jeilll"n. Nl!.s{)spiza lilllmrtin.!DsilIl'lE!'[I ,d.allS1C E'i'.Yllitlp~e of <I sirnlpl.e ,i'lJdlaptiw Iradi<lti,on, wiithr l~'i.I~ ~ies sp min eaehisla rid: .1nI sbu ndant s l'I1IaU-b1Ued d'i~tary 91lmerra l i~1 and as:c,me' La rg)e-~iHe.d spedaltist.. lihe~r m;Orph[llogl~[a~.dfilltluity d~sell)l rnatches the ar';!'alitilli:lte!spec:tmm of seed sil!lM, and gel'let."
'8''I1'id!1II,l]e! lJ99@sts~hil~. tlil ey '8'volvscil indepen de rlt~lI'DI'I e,a;cih ~!iianld. SpE'r:iillt~ol1i scom,pl~E!te QI'I ~hl! 1 S sm'i:I~~F!ri!i~amldl, where there is;" sin!!il~ habitat wlti1 :stficnllgly llimod~l. s!1l!lld s;i2ii!!3lblL!riIti~mm,ll1l1!t is im:i!lm,~I~ete m~ UHl! I.ar9l!l!risi,.lrId, \lIherE! ,[I gn!a~E!r diWT~i~ ,of h,albit.ats has 're:!;tI~tedllr1~luee lineages. .a L!Ir .~t!!ldlysU'!J91e.SLs;that (he bl!lllltinlQ!5 have ulllide;rg,olW pilroll It~leco ~o9ric,i!l s,pe(iialkll1l.

phase. when tire indpie~n

~riljlg m~lCh uftiJ!C2mh.©C'nlh'iI'~' s~}C"Cio- pi:Lll'ic !K~mil!(}ni

:U1.d subseqsent
CXITI.I'I~)fcs W'e

dis:J)C'ffial (11.

u!.'m

~..;oo~ly reprodllcmg 01]3nisus ~m I)saJ]11.OO 10 I\lqliiJc an rul,l'qJJlrie s

9Ill0l1,g S«X"C;l1':S

The 11110.'>1. pbiLL'>ihlc

spt.."Ci!i.e il'l.'>C:Cl::> and Iksh.w,rtlcr

found in host· ~ish (4. W!. .11J.

\\'Cre iSl.)IJtoo

't J ~i}.(),I,I.!r' the 11'.,..,1, dr:crJ:cl;,;'.~noocls 113\,'c been , dcvclopoo )1\!.Uc~bng~lml ,"p'cimion can o(lI!)r::~ur ~h!l1Il1ghn:u!!I!ml 'or ~~XWI~ f,Clecl~ru! in 1~,IP;!!f)i o.r sympauy., \Ii, il'lII p<lrlkll or cO:lnpk:te O/\,'ClilJp be~~','CCfl 1'IO];lHII<1tt0I1S 144i)'. In!liill ~~;]jio:n is drivel] by IroqUC'llCy..aCPC!llk.·,m dii;Ull.Jlllivc selec~im1l. i~~hid! illdividulll nu'll.","" is; (k~~~rrnill'cc:Iby w ~h~ OC!nl~ilit:lI] ,n.f the roPlI~alnon Ihrml!!h 'Cfmril~ pelnciuJl. Ui", .ii:;; termed OIdruPI.U\'c: :;;~X"l:!milit:'m w' ~cUl'.."S d'L{; ~rnpoJJ1llltc~ ot biolog.icfl~ iilillcruCl.~Ql.1S I(.J), 3rrthouI~h adapl:ilvc precesses :dSCJ may reinforce ~gregatiOJlinl. ~1~OPfL~rit'f~lIydcrivro 1~~lCil&"CS I( 7, 8), :lEcolO£irnll sped aI.io.u is II si~ui~f.r process, whereby reprodeeuvc isolritil:m results from

.,..."

......... t:

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divergent selecjion fo.r d~n;c'l'clJt ,enVil'Ollmc:nls, or

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31 5

SICII~NCI!

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