CS 391

JDBC

Basic Steps in Using JDBC

1. Import required packages

2. Load driver

Java Database Connectivity 3. Define Connection URL

(JDBC)
4. Establish Connection

5. Create a Statement object

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Basic Steps in Using JDBC

(cont.)

6. Execute query / DML

7. Process results

8. Close connection JDBC

Details of Process

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JDBC: Details of Process JDBC: Details of Process

2. Loading driver
1. Import package ƒ Need to load suitable driver for
ƒ Import java.sql package underlying database
ƒ import java.sql.*; ƒ Different drivers for different databases
are available
ƒ For MS Access
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

ƒ For Oracle
Class.forName(“oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver ");

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JDBC: Details of Process JDBC: Details of Process, cont.

3. Define Connection URL
4. Establish Connection
• To get a connection, we need to specify URL
of database. • Connection con = null;

• Use driver manager to get the connection object

• If you are using a JDBC-ODBC driver you
need to create a DSN. DSN is the name of your con = DriverManager.getConnection(conURL);

DataSource – If the Db requires username and password you

can use overloaded version
• String usr = “umair";
• If the name of your DSN is “personDSN” then • String pswd = “java";
the url of the database will be • Connection con = null;

con = DriverManager.getConnection(conURL,usr,pswd);
• String conURL = “jdbc:odbc:personDSN”
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JDBC: Details of Process, cont. JDBC: Details of Process, cont.

5. Create Statement 6(a) Execute Query / DML

ƒ A statement is obtained from a Connection object. – executeQuery(sql) method

Statement statement = con.createStatement(); ƒ Used for SQL SELECT queries
ƒ Returns the ResultSet object which is used to access the
ƒ Once you have a statement, you can use it for various rows of the query results
kind of SQL queries
String sql = "SELECT * FROM sometable";
ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery(sql);

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JDBC: Details of Process, cont. JDBC: Details of Process, cont.

6(b) Execute Query / DML 7. Process Results

– ResultSet provides various getXxx
– executeUpdate(sql) method methods that take a column index or name and
returns the data
ƒ Used for an update statement ( INSERT, UPDATE or
DELETE)
– First column has index 1, not 0
ƒ Returns an integer value representing the number of rows
updated. while(resultSet.next()) {
//by using column name
String sql = “INSERT INTO tableName “ + String name = rs.getString(“columnName”);
“(columnNames) Values (values)”;
//or by using index
String name = rs.getString(1);
int count = statement.executeUpdate(sql); }
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JDBC

JDBC: Details of Process, cont. In a nut shell

8. Close Connection • Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);

connection.close();
• Connection con = null;
– As opening a connection is expensive, postpone this
step if additional database operations are expected con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, pwd);

• Statement st = con.createStatement();

• ResultSet rs = st.exectuteQuery(“Select * from Person” );

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JDBC Architecture

1 3 6
creates creates creates
Driver Manager Connection Statement ResultSet

SQL 4 Data 5
2
Establish Link
Driver

Example Code
To DB

Retrieving Data from ResultSet

Database

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Example Code Example Code 14.1

Retrieving Data from ResultSet Retrieving Data from ResultSet (cont.)
//Step 1: import package //Step 5: create the statement
import java.sql.*; Statement st = con.createStatement();
public class JdbcEx { //Step 6: Execute the query
String sql = "SELECT * FROM Person";
public static void main (String args [ ]){
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(sql);
try {
//Step 7: Process the results
//Step 2: Load driver while ( rs.next() ) {
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
String name = rs.getString("name");
//Step 3: Defie the connection URL String add = rs.getString("address");
String url = "jdbc:odbc:personDSN"; String pNum = rs.getString("phoneNum");
//Step 4: Establish the connection System.out.println(name + " " +add +" "+pNum);
Connection con = null;
con = DriverManager.getConnection (url , "“ ,""); } // end while

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JDBC

Example Code 14.1 Compile & Execute

Retrieving Data from ResultSet (cont.)
//Step 8: close the connection
con.close();

}catch (Exception sqlEx) {

System.out.println(sqlEx);
}

} //end main

}//end class

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Useful Statement Methods

• executeQuery
– Executes the SQL query and returns the data in a table
(ResultSet)

– The resulting table may be empty but never null

More on JDBC ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(“select * from table");

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Useful Statement Methods Example Code

Executing SQL DML Statements

• executeUpdate /* This progarm will take two command line argument

that are used to update records in the database */
– Used to execute for INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE SQL import java.sql.*; //step 1
statements
public class JdbcDmlEx {
– The return is the number of rows that were affected in the public static void main (String args [ ]){
database
try {
– Supports Data Definition Language (DDL) statements //steps 2 to 5
CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE and ALTER TABLE Class.forName(“driver name”);

Connection con=null;
int num = stmt.executeUpdate("DELETE FROM Person " + con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, pwd);
"WHERE id = 2");

Statement st = con.createStatement();
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Example Code Example Code

Executing SQL DML Statements (cont.) Executing SQL DML Statements (cont.)
//Step 6: Execute the Query / DML //Step 8: close the connection
String addVar = args[0];
con.close();
String nameVar = args[1];
}catch (Exception sqlEx) {
String sql = “UPDATE Person ” +
“ SET address = ‘ “ + addVar + ” ’ ” + System.out.println(sqlEx);
“ WHERE name = ‘ “ + nameVar + ” ’ ” ;

int num = st.executeUpdate(sql);

}

} //end main
//Step 7: Process the results of the query

System.out.println(num + “ records updated”); }//end class

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Useful Statement Methods

Compile & Execute
(Continued)
• getMaxRows( ) / setMaxRows(int)
Before execution – Determines the number of rows a ResultSet may
contain
– Unless explicitly set, the number of rows are unlimited
(return value of 0)

• getQueryTimeout( ) / setQueryTimeout(int)
– Specifies the amount of a time (seconds) a driver will
wait for a STATEMENT to complete before throwing a
SQLException
After execution

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Different Types of Statements

• Overview
– Through the Statement object, SQL statements are sent
to the database.
– Three types of statement objects are available:
1. Statement
– for executing a simple SQL statements
2. PreparedStatement Prepared Statements
– for executing a precompiled SQL statement passing
in parameters
3. CallableStatement
– for executing a database stored procedure

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Prepared Statements Prepared Statement, Example

(Precompiled Queries)

• Idea PreparedStatement pStmt =

con.prepareStatement("UPDATE tableName " +
– If you are going to execute similar SQL statements “SET columnName = ? " +
multiple times, using “prepared” (parameterized) “WHERE columnName = ?");
statements can be more efficient
• First marked parameter(?) has index 1.
– Create a statement in standard form that is sent to the
database for compilation before actually being used
pStmt.setString(1, stringValue);
pStmt.setInt (2, intValue);
– Each time you use it, you simply replace some of the
marked parameters (?) using some set methods
pStmt.executeUpdate();

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Example Code: Modify JdbcDmlEx.java

Executing Prepared Statements

/* Modification to the last example code

to show the usage of prepared statements */

import java.sql.*; // step1

public class JdbcDmlEx {

Example Code
public static void main (String args [ ]){

try {
Using Prepared Statements //steps 2 to 4
Class.forName(“driver name”);

Connection con=null;
con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, pwd);

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Example Code: Modify JdbcDmlEx.java Example Code: Modify JdbcDmlEx.java 15.1

Executing Prepared Statements Executing Prepared Statements
//Step 5: Create the statement
PreparedStatement pStmt = null; //Step 7: Process the results of the query
System.out.println(num + “ records updated”);
String sql = “UPDATE Person SET address = ? WHERE name = ? ” ;
pStmt = con.prepareStatement(sql); //Step 8: close the connection

//Step 6: Execute the Query }catch (Exception sqlEx) {

String addVar = args[0]; ………..
String nameVar = args[1]; }

pStmt.setString(1 , addVar); } //end main

pStmt.setString(2, nameVar); }//end class
// sql = “UPDATE Person SET address = “defence” WHERE name = “ali” ”

int num = pStmt.executeUpdate();

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JDBC

Compile & Execute

Before execution

Result Set

After execution

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ResultSet
• Overview Row numbers
ResultSet
– A ResultSet contains the results of the SQL query 0 id Name Address phoneNum

• Represented by a table with rows and columns 1 1 ali model town 9203256

2 2 usman gulberg 8219065

• Maintains a cursor pointing to its current row of data.
3 3 raza defence 5173946
• Initially the cursor positioned before the row (0).

• First row has index 1

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ResultSet (cont.) ResultSet (cont.)

• A default ResultSet object is not updateable • Useful Methods
and has a cursor that moves forward only – next( )
– You can iterate through it only once and only from the • Attempts to move to the next row in the ResultSet
first row to last row.
• If successful true is returned; otherwise, false

String sql = “SELECT * FROM Person”; • The first call to next, moves the cursor to the first row
PreparedStatement pStmt = con.prepareStatement(sql);
– close( )
ResultSet rs = pStmt.executeQuery( );
• Releases the JDBC and database resources
• The result set is automatically closed when the
associated Statement object executes a new query or
closed by method call
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ResultSet (cont.) ResultSet (cont.)

• Useful Methods • It is possible to produce ResultSet objects that are
– getters scrollable and/or updatable (since JDK 1.2).

• Returns the value from the column specified by the

column name or index
String sql = “SELECT * FROM Person”;
– String name = rs.getString(“name”);
– String add = rs.getString(3);
PreparedStatement pStmt = con.prepareStatement( sql,
– double sal = rs.getDouble(“Salary”)
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE );
• Returns the value in a specified format
double byte int Date String ResultSet rs = pStmt.executeQuery( );
float short long Time Object

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ResultSet (cont.) Example Code: ResultSetEx

previous, next & getters methods
• Useful Methods import java.sql.*;

– previous( ) public class ResultSetEx {

• Moves the cursor to the previous row in the public static void main ( String args[ ]) {
ResultSet object.
try {
• Returns true if cursor is on a valid row, false it // load driver & make connection
is off the result set.
String sql = “SELECT * FROM Person”;
• Throws exception if result type is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.
PreparedStatement pStmt = con.prepareStatement( sql,
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE ,
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABlE );

ResultSet rs = pStmt.executeQuery( );
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Example Code: ResultSetEx Example Code: ResultSetEx

previous, next & getters methods previous, next & getters methods
rs.next(); con.close();

System.out.println(“moving cursor forward”); } catch (Exception ex) {

String name = rs.getString(“name”);
System.out.println(name); System.out.println(ex);

rs.next(); }

rs.previous(); }// end main

System.out.println(“moving cursor backward”); }//end class

name = rs.getString(“name”);
System.out.println(name);

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Compile & Execute ResultSet (cont.)

• Useful Methods
– absolute(int)
• Move the cursor to the given row number in the
ResultSet object
• If the row number is positive, moves the cursor forward
with respect to beginning of the result set.
• If the given row number is negative, the cursor moves to
the absolute row position with respect to the end of the
result set.
– For example, calling absolute(-1) positions the cursor
on the last row; calling absolute(-2) moves the cursor
to next-to-last row, and so on.

• Throws exception if result type is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.

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ResultSet (cont.) ResultSet (cont.)

• Useful Methods • Useful Methods
– updaters (for primitives, Object & String) – updateRow( )
• Used to update column values in the current row • Updates the underlying database with new
or the insert row. contents of the current row of this ResultSet
object.
• Do not update the underlying database

• Each update method is overloaded.

• For example of String

updateString(String columnName, String value)
updateString(int columnIndex, String value)
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Modify Example : ResultSetEx Compile & Execute

updating existing rows
Import java.sql.*; Before execution
public class ResultSetEx {
….. // main method
….. Load driver, make connection
….. Make updatable resultset

//move cursor to 2nd row of rs

rs.absolute(2);

//update address column of 2nd row in rs

rs.updateString(“address”, “model town’); After execution

//update the row in database

rs.updateRow();
………. // close connection etc
…. //end main
}// end class
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ResultSet (cont.) ResultSet (cont.)

• Useful Methods • Useful Methods
– moveToInsertRow( ) – insertRow( )
• An Updatable ResultSet object has a special row • Inserts the contents of the insert row into this
associated with it i.e. insert row. ResultSet object and into the database.

• Insert row – a buffer, where a new row may be • The cursor must be on the insert row when this
construted by calling the updater methods method is called

• Doesn’t insert row into a result set or into a

database

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ResultSet (cont.) ResultSet (cont.)

moveToInsertRow( ) insertRow( )
Row numbers Row numbers
Updatable Updatable
0 id Name Address phoneNum ResultSet 0 id Name Address phoneNum ResultSet
1 1 ali model town 9203256 1 1 ali model town 9203256

2 2 usman gulberg 8219065 2 2 usman gulberg 8219065

3 3 raza defence 5173946 3 3 raza defence 5173946

4 4 imitiaz cantt 9201211

imitiaz cantt 9201211

Insert Row Insert Row

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Modify Example : ResultSetEx Compile & Execute

Inserting new row
Import java.sql.*;
public class ResultSetEx {
….. // main method
….. Load driver, make connection
….. Make updatable resultset Before execution
//move cursor to insert row
rs.moveToInsertRow();

// updating values into insert row

rs.updateString(“name”, “imitaz’);
rs.updateString(“address”, “cantt’);
rs.updateString(“phoneNum”, “9201211’);

//insert row into rs & db

rs.insertRow(); After execution
……….
…. //end main
}// end class
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ResultSet (cont.) ResultSet (cont.)

• Useful Methods • Useful Methods
– last( ) & first( ) – deleteRow( )
• Moves the cursor to the last & first row of the • Deletes the current row from this ResultSet object
ResultSet object respectively. and from the underlying database.

• Throws exception if the result set is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY • Throws exception when the cursor is on the insert row

– getRow( )
• Returns the current row numner
• The first row number is 1, second row number is 2 and
so on
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Modify Example : ResultSetEx Compile & Execute

deleting existing row
Import java.sql.*;
public class ResultSetEx {
….. // main method
….. Load driver, make connection
Before execution
….. Make updatable resultset

//moves to last row

rs.last( );

int rNo = rs.getRow();

System.out.println(“curr row no: ”+ rNo );

//delete current row (4) from rs & db

rs.deleteRow();
………. After execution
…. //end main
}// end class
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Meta Data

Meta Data

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Meta Data Using ResultSetMetaData

• Idea
• What if you want to know:
– How many columns are in the result set?
– From a ResultSet (the return type of executeQuery), derive
– What is the name of a given column? a ResultSetMetaData object
– Are the column names case sensitive?
– Use that object to look up the number, names, and types of columns
– What is the data type of a specific column?
– What is the maximum character size of a column?
– Can you search on a given column?

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Useful ResultSetMetaData Methods Example Code: MetaDataEx

using ResultSetMetaData
• getColumnCount ( ) import java.sql.*;
– Returns the number of columns in the result set public class MetaDataEx {

• getColumnDisplaySize (int) public static void main ( String args[ ]) {

– Returns the maximum width of the specified column in characters try {

• getColumnName(int) / getColumnLabel (int) Class.forName(“Driver name”);

– The getColumnName method returns the database name of the column
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, pwd);
– The getColumnLabel method returns the suggested column label for
printouts
String sql = “SELECT * FROM Person”;
• getColumnType (int) PreparedStatement pStmt = con.prepareStatement(sql);
– Returns the SQL type for the column to compare against types in
java.sql.Types ResultSet rs = pStmt.executeQuery( );

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Example Code: MetaDataEx (cont.) Example Code: MetaDataEx (cont.)

using ResultSetMetaData using ResultSetMetaData
String id, name, add, ph;
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
while (rs.next())
{
int numColumns = rsmd.getColumnCount(); id = rs.getString(1);
System.out.println(“Number of Columns:” + numColumns); name = rs.getString(2);
add = rs.getString(3);
String cName; ph = rs.getString(4);
for (int i=1; I <= numColumns; i++) System.out.print(id);
{ System.out.print("\t");
cName = rsmd.getColumnName(i); System.out.print(name);
System.out.print(cName); System.out.print("\t");
System.out.print("\t"); System.out.print(add);
} System.out.print("\t");
System.out.print(ph);
// changing line
System.out.println("");
System.out.println(""); }
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Example Code: MetaDataEx (cont.) Example Code: MetaDataEx

using ResultSetMetaData Compile & Execute

con.close();

} catch (Exception ex) {

System.out.println(ex);
}

}// end main

}//end class

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DatabaseMetaData Using DatabaseMetaData

• What if we want to know • Idea

– What SQL types are supported by DBMS to create table?
– From a Connection, derive a DatabaseMetaData object
– What is the name of a database product?
– What is the version number of this database product? – Contains the comprehensive information about the database as a
– What is the name of the JDBC driver that is used? whole
– Is the database in a read-only mode?

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Using DatabaseMetaData Useful DataBaseMetaData Methods

• getDatabaseProductName ( )
• Idea – Returns the name of the database product name

– From a Connection, derive a DatabaseMetaData object • getDatabaseProductVersion ( )

– Returns the version number of this database product
– Contains the comprehensive information about the database as a
whole • getDriverName( )
– Returns the name of the JDBC driver used to established the connection

• isReadOnly ( )
– Retrieves whether this database is in read-only mode.
– Returns true if so, false otherwise.

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Example Code: Modify MetaDataEx Example Code: Modify MetaDataEx

using DataBaseMetaData using DataBaseMetaData
import java.sql.*;
String pName = dbMetaData.getDatabaseProductName();
public class MetaDataEx { System.out.println(“Database: ” + pName);

public static void main ( String args[ ]) {

String pVer = dbMetaData.getDatabaseProductVersion();
try { System.out.println(“Version: ” + pVer);

Class.forName(“Driver name”); String dName = dbMetaData.getDriverName();

System.out.println(“Driver: ” + dName);
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, pwd);

DatabaseMetaData dbMetadata = con.getMetaData(); boolean rOnly = dbMetaData.isReadOnly();

System.out.println(“Read-Only: ” + rOnly);
……
……

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Example Code: Modify MetaDataEx Example Code: Modify MetaDataEx

using DataBaseMetaData Compile & Execute

// create Statement & execute query

// process results

con.close();

}catch ( Exception ex) {

System.out.printl(ex);
}
} // end main
} // end class
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RowSet
• A JDBC RowSet object holds tabular data in a way
that makes it more flexible and easier to use than a
result set.

• Interface RowSet configures the database

connection and prepares query statements
RowSet automatically.

• It is part of package javax.sql.

• It is part of J2SE, but it is normally used in the

context of J2EE.
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RowSet (cont.) RowSet (cont.)

There are two kinds of RowSet objects: JDBC provides the five versions of the
RowSets.Two of them are:
• Connected
1. JdbcRowSet
– Makes the connection to the database and stays connected
until the application ends – Connected RowSet that wraps a ResultSet object,
allowing scrolling and updating.
• Disconnected – It is most similar to a ResultSet object.
– Connects, queries the database, then closes.
– Connection can be reestablished for updates.

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RowSet (cont.)

2. CachedRowSet
– Disconnected RowSet that is scrollable and updateable.
– It caches the data of a ResultSet in memory.
– Manipulate data and make changes to data while it is JDBC Drivers
disconnected.
Types
– Reconnect to the data source to write changes back to it.
– It is also serializable, so it can be sent across a network.

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JDBC Driver Types JDBC Driver Types (cont.)

• JDBC drivers are divided into four types or levels.
• Each type defines a JDBC driver implementation 1. Type 1: JDBC – ODBC Bridge
with increasingly higher level of platform
independence, performance, deployment and ƒ Translates all JDBC calls into ODBC (Open Database
administration. Connectivity) calls and send them to the ODBC driver.
• The four types are:
ƒ Generally used for Microsoft databases.
1. Type 1: JDBC – ODBC Bridge
ƒ Performance is degraded
2. Type 2: Native – API/partly Java driver
3. Type 3: Net – protocol/all–Java driver
4. Type 4: Native – protocol/all–Java driver

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JDBC Driver Types (cont.) JDBC Driver Types (cont.)

1. Type 1: JDBC – ODBC Bridge 2. Type 2: Native – API/partly Java driver

ƒ Converts JDBC calls into database-specific calls such as

SQL Server, Informix, Oracle or Sybase.
ƒ Partly-Java drivers communicate with database-specific
API (which may be in C/C++) using the Java Native
Interface.

ƒ Significantly better Performance than the JDBC-ODBC

bridge.

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JDBC Driver Types (cont.) JDBC Driver Types (cont.)

2. Type 2: Native – API/partly Java driver 3. Type 3: Net – protocol/all–Java driver

ƒ Follows a three-tiered approach whereby the JDBC database

requests ()are passed through the network to the middle-tier
server
ƒ Pure Java client to server drivers which send requests that
are not database-specific to a server that translates them into
a database-specific protocol.
ƒ If the middle-tier server is written in java, it can use a type
1or type 2JDBC driver to do this
ƒ No need for any vendor database library to be present on
client machines because it is server-based
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JDBC Driver Types (cont.) JDBC Driver Types (cont.)

3. Type 3: Net – protocol/all–Java driver 4. Type 4: Native – protocol/all–Java driver

ƒ Converts JDBC calls into the vendor-specific DBMS

protocol so that client application can communicate
directly with the database server.
ƒ Completely implemented in Java to achieve platform
independence and eliminate deployment issues.
ƒ Performance is typically very good

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JDBC Driver Types (cont.) Summary of Driver Types

Type 1 Type 2
4. Type 4:Native – protocol/all–Java driver

Type 3 Type 4

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Looking Insight General Design Guideline

• JDBC is mostly collection of interfaces. class Employee {

String name;
String sal;
• Connection, Statement, PreparedStatement,
ResultSet and RowSet are all interfaces. // constructor
// getter / setters
Database connectivity & business logic
void insertEmp( ){ all in one class
• Why? // connect database
// execute query
// process results
– Any DBMS interested in providing support for java }
connectivity, need to provide implementation of all the void retrieveEmp ( ){ ….. }
above interfaces.
void calculateTax ( ) { …. }

}
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General Design Guideline Architectures

Business Logic Database Connectivity • Two-tier architecture:
//step 1
public class DAO { Client Machine Database
public class Employee { Java
public DAO ( ) {
Application
J
String name; //step 2 - 5 D
String address; ……….
………. B
// constructor } C
// getter / setters public void insert (String n, String s)
{ • Three-tier architecture:
// make statement
Server Machine
void insertEmp( ){ // execute query + process results Client Machine
}
(middle-tier)
DAO dao = new DAO();
Database
dao.update(name, address); public void insert(….){…..} Java applet or Application J
} HTML browser Server D
protected void finalize() {
(Java)
void calculateTax( ){ ….. } //step 8 – close connection B
}
} } C
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 CS 391
JDBC

On-line Resources
• Sun’s JDBC Site
– http://java.sun.com/products/jdbc/

• JDBC Tutorial
– http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/jdbc/

• List of Available JDBC Drivers

– http://industry.java.sun.com/products/jdbc/drivers/

• API for java.sql

– http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/api/java/sql/
package-summary.html
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