1D ELEMENTS

• Simplest type of FE problems

• All object are 1D
• All forces are 1D
• All stresses / strains are 1D
 BASICS

• u=u(x) : Deformations
• ε=ε(x) : Strain
• σ=σ(x) : Stress
• f=f(x) : Body forces
• T=T(x) : Tractive forces
• P=P(x) : Point loads
• σ=Eε, ε=du/dx
Problem

P1 f

P2
 Discritization
Element connectivity Matrix

Elem Node 1 Node 2

No.
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4
4 4 5
5 5 6
6 6 7
 INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS
node1 node2

x1 x2 :Coordinates
ξ=-1 ξ=1 : Local coordinates
q1 q2 : Deformations
(At the nodes)

q2
:Deformation
q1 within the element

Linear Interpolation N1, N2: Shape functions

 LINEAR SHAPE FUNCTIONS
N1 =(1 - ξ) / 2
N1 N2 N2 =(1 + ξ) / 2

u = N1 q1 + N2 q2 = (1 - ξ) / 2 * q1+ (1 + ξ) / 2 * q2

Relationship between local and global coordinates-

ξ = -1+ 2*(x-x1)/(x2-x1)
 STRAIN:
ε = du/dx
= du/dξ * dξ/dx
N1 =(1 - ξ) / 2
u=N1q1+N2q2
N2 =(1 + ξ) / 2

dξ/dx = 2/(x2-x1)
= 2/Le
du/dξ = (-q1+q2)/2

therefore-
ε = 1/le [-1 1][q1 q2]T
= Bq
Where B is the element strain matrix and
B== 1/le [-1 1]
As B is constant, this element is CONSTANT
STRAIN ELEMENT
That means strain inside the element does not
vary.

STRESS:
σ = EBq
 P.E. approach
Π = 1
2 ∫σ
T
∈ Adx − ∫ F Adx −
u T
∫ Tdx −
u T
∑uP
i i
L L L

∑
e
1
2∫σ
T
∈ Adx − ∑
e
∫ F Adx −
u T
∑
e
∫ Tdx −
u T
∑QP i i
L L L

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
STRAIN ENERGY FORCED TRACTIVE POINT
FIELD FORCE FORCE LOADS

Total energy of the body is the sum of P.E, of all

Elements.
 ELEMENT STRAIN ENERGY
Ue = 1
2∫ σ T
∈ Adx
L

= 1
2 ∫ q T
B T
EBqAdx
L
⎡ ⎤
= 1
2 EAq
T
⎢⎣ ∫L B T
Bdx ⎥⎦ q
⎡ 1 ⎤
= 2 EAq .⎢ ∫ l [− 1 1] [− 1 1]dx ⎥ q
1 T T
2

⎣L e
⎦
T 1 ⎡
1 − 1⎤
= 2 EAq 2 ⎢
1
⎥ ∫ dx q
le ⎣ − 1 1 ⎦

⎡1 − 1⎤
= 2 EA q ⎢
1 T
⎥ q
le ⎣− 1 1 ⎦
 1 T
Ue = q ke q
2
ke is element stiffness matrix
AE ⎡1 − 1⎤
ke = ⎢ ⎥
Le ⎣− 1 1⎦
 CONTRIBUTION OF THE
FORCES TO PE
BODY FORCES

∫ q T
N T
fAdx = fAq T
∫ dx
N T

⎡ ∫ N 1dx ⎤
= fAq ⎢T
⎥
⎣∫ 2 ⎦
N dx
1
N1 ∫ N1dx = area under the triangle.
= ( x2 − x1 ) / 2 = Le / 2

node1 node2
x1 x2
 le ⎡1⎤
= fAq T
⎢1⎥
2 ⎣ ⎦

fAl e ⎡1⎤
=q T
⎢1⎥
2 ⎣ ⎦

= q f e = element body force vector

T

Thus, body force on element gets split equally at

two nodes.

ft 2 ft 2
TRACTIVE FORCES

∫ u Tdx = ∫ q N Tdx
T T T

⎡ ∫ N1dx ⎤
= q T⎢
T
⎥
⎣ ∫ N 2 dx ⎦
Tl e ⎡1 ⎤
= q T
⎢1 ⎥
2 ⎣ ⎦
= q Te T [TOTAL TRACTIVE FORCE ON THE
ELEMENT CAN BE ASSUMED TO BE
SPLIT EQUALLY AT THE NODES]

Tt 2 Tt 2
 POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential energy for an element is-

Πe = 1
2 q T
k e q − q T
f e − q T
Te − ∑ P
q T

Total Potential energy-

Π = ∑Πe = ∑ 1
2 q T
k e q − ∑ Fe
q T

⎡
Fe = ⎢
fAl e
+
Tl e fAl
⋅ e
+
Tl e ⎤
⎣ 2 2 2 2 ⎥⎦
CONSIDER A SET OF ELEMENTS

Element No. Node 1 Node 2

1 1 2

2 2 3

3 3 4

4 4 5

5 5 6

1 e1 2 e2 3 e3 4 e4 5 e5 6

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
 [q1 q 2 ] [q 2
T
q3 ] [q3
T
q 4 ] [q 4
T
q5 ]
T

ELEMENT DISPLACEMENT MATRIX

Q = [q1 q2 − − − qn ]
T
q3
GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT MATRIX

E1A1 ⎡ 1 −1⎤ E2 A2 ⎡ 1 −1⎤ E3 A3 ⎡ 1 −1⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥L
l1 ⎣−1 1 ⎦ l2 ⎣−1 1 ⎦ l3 ⎣−1 1 ⎦

ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX

 ⎡ E1A1 E1A1 ⎤
⎢ l − 0 0 − − n ⎥
l
⎢ 1 1
⎥
E A E A E
⎢− 1 1 1 1 + 2 2 A E A
− 2 2 0 − − − ⎥
⎢ l1 l1 l2 l2 ⎥
⎢ E2 A2 E2 A2 E3 A3 E3A3 ⎥
⎢ 0 − + − ⎥
K= ⎢ l2 l2 l3 l3
−⎥
⎢ E3 A3 E3A3 E4 A4 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 − + ⎥
⎢ l3 l3 l4 ⎥
⎢ . ⎥
⎢ . ⎥
⎢ E A ⎥
⎢ . n n ⎥

⎢⎣ ln ⎥⎦

1 L1 2 L2 3 i Li I+1
 GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX
1 2 3 4 5 6 .......... n

K = 1⎡k111 k112 0 0 0 0 ..... 0⎤

2⎜k121 k122+k211 k212 0 0 0 ..... 0 ⎜
3⎜0 k221 k222+k311 k312 0 0 ..... 0 ⎜
4⎜0 0 k321 k322+k411 k412 0 ..... 0 ⎜
5.

.
n ⎣0 0 ....... km21 km22⎦
where
ki11, ki12, ki21, ki22: stiffness matrix elements of element
number i.
 PROPERTIES OF K
• Symmetric
• Banded
• Can be sparse (if numbering is not
appropriate)
• Is N X N (where N is the number of nodes
in a 1 D problem)
SPARSE ‘K’ MATRIX
1 6 2 3 4 5

Elem No. Node 1 Node 2

1 1 6
2 6 2
3 2 3
4 3 4
5 4 5
THE RESULTING K MATRIX: SPARSE AND NON-
BANDED

1 2 3 4 5 6

K = 1⎡k111 0 0 0 0 k112 ⎤
2⎜0 k222+k311 k312 0 0 k212 ⎜
3⎜0 k321 k411+k322 k412 0 0 ⎜
4⎜0 0 k421 k422+k511 k512 0 ⎜
5⎜0 0 0 k521 k522 0 ⎜
6⎣k121 k212 0 0 0 k122 + k211⎦
 ASSEMBLING GLOBAL FORCE MATRICES
FROM ELEMENT MATRICES

F = [(F + P1 )(F + F + P2 )(F 22 + F 31 + P3 )

e
11
e
12
e
12
e e

(F 32 + F 41 + P4 )...]
e e T

= ∑ (f e
i
+ e
T i)+ P = ∑F i + P
e

Where
F e i1 : force on node 1 of element i
F e i2 : force on node 2 of element I
Pi : point load on node number i
⎡ fAili Tli fAili Tli ⎤
⎢ 2 + 2 2
+ ⎥
2⎦
⎣
ELEMENT FORCE MATRIX
OR
[ fi1 fi2 ]
F = [ f11 f12 + f21 f22 + f31 f32 + f41 . . .]
T

GLOBAL FORCE MATRIX

 TOTAL PE USING GLOBAL MATRICES

∏ = ∑1 / 2 * q T * ke * q − ∑ q T * f e − ∑ q T * T e − ∑ Pi * ui

= ∑1 / 2 * q T * ke * q − ∑ q T * F e − ∑ Pi *ui

= 1/ 2 *Q * K *Q − Q * F
T T

where
Q = [q1 q2 q3 q4 .... qn]T
K : Global stiffness matrix
F : Global Force matrix
GALERKIN ' S APPROACH

∫σ
T
∈ (φ )dV − ∫ σ fdV − ∫ φTdS − ∑ φ P = 0
T T

v v s

φ = φ (x )
dφ
⇒∈ (φ ) =
dx
φ = NΨ
⇒∈ (φ ) = B Ψ
Ψ = [φ 1 φ2 ] T
u = Nq
∈= Bq
σ = EBq
INTERNAL WORK DONE

∫ σ T
∈ (φ )dV = ∫ q T
B T
EB Ψ Ae dx
ν

= q EA e B B Ψ ∫ dx
T T

=q T
[EA l B B ]Ψ
e e
T

⎡ EA e ⎡1 − 1⎤ ⎤
=q ⎢ T
⎢− 1 ⎥ ⎥ Ψ
⎣ le ⎣ 1 ⎦⎦

= q keΨ
T
Virtual work due
∫ φ = ∫ Ψ
T T T
fdV N fA e dx
To body forces- ν

= Ψ T fA e ∫ N T dx
Ae l e
=Ψ f ∫ dξ
T T
N
2
⎡ N 1d ξ ⎤
A e e ∫
l
=Ψ fT
⎢ ⎥
2 ⎢∫ N 2dξ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Ae l e ⎡1⎤
=Ψ fT
⎢ ⎥
2 ⎣1⎦
= Ψ T Fe
 SIMILARLY TRACTIVE WORK DONE
Tl e
∫ φ T
Tdx = Ψ T
T e where T e = [1 1 ]T

ν 2
Thus Galerkin's Equation Becomes

∫ σ T
∈ (φ )dv − ∫ φ T
fdv − ∫ φ T
tds − Σ φ T
P=0
ν S S

∑ e
q T
k Ψ − ∑ Ψ T
f e − ∑ Ψ T
Te − Ψ T
P=0
⇒ ∑ q T k e Ψ − ∑ Ψ T Fe = 0
e e

[Ψ 1 L L Ψ i Ψ i + 1 L L Ψ n ]
⎡ E1 A1 E1 A1 ⎤
⎢ l − ⎥
l1
⎢ E1 A E1 A1 E2 A2 ⎥
⎢− 1 1 + ⎥
⎢ l1 l1 l2 ⎥
⎢ − ⎥
⎢ ⎥Q
⎢ − ⎥
⎢ Ei −1 Ai −1 Ei Ai
+
EA
− i i ⎥
⎢ li −1 li li ⎥
⎢ Ei Ai Ei Ai Ei +1 Ai +1 ⎥
⎢ − + ⎥
⎢⎣ li li li +1 ⎥⎦

⎡ Q1 ⎤
⎢ . ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ E i Ai E i Ai Ψ i E i Ai Ψ i +1 E i A i ⎤ ⎢ . ⎥
⎢ L L Ψ i − Ψ i +1 − + ⎥⎢ Q ⎥
⎣ l i li li li ⎦⎢ i ⎥
⎢ Q i +1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ . ⎦
In global form-

Ψ T Q K − Ψ T F = 0........Galerkin ' s approach

1 T
Π = Q KQ − Q F ...... P.E . approach
T

2
 TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM
• Find Deformations Qi’s

1. Define Boundary conditions

2. Apply minimization of PE

• Find strains ε = B * q
Find stresses σ = E ε = E B q
 SOLVING FOR Q

[
Q = Q1 Q2 . . . . . Qn ] T

F = [F F ]
T
1 F2 . . . . . n

⎡ K 11 K 12 . . K 1n ⎤
⎢K K 22 . . K 2 n ⎥⎥
⎢ 21
K =⎢ . ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ . ⎥
⎢⎣ K n1 K n2 K nn ⎥⎦
 ⎛ Q1 K 11Q1 + Q1 K 12 Q2 + Q1 K 13 Q3 + .....Q1 K 1n Qn + ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22 Q2 + Q2 K 23 Q3 + .....Q2 K 2 n Qn + ⎟
Π = 1 ⎜. ⎟
2⎜ ⎟
⎜. ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ Qn K n1Q1 + Qn K n 2 Q2 + Qn K n 3Qn + .....Qn K nn Qn ⎠
− (Q1 F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3 F3 + .....Qn Fn )
= 1 Q T KQ − Q T F
2
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Q p1 = a1, Q p 2 = a2 ....
[ e. g . Q2 = 0, Q5 = 0, ...]
− SINGLE POINT CONSTRAINT
LET US CONSIDER AS AN EXAMPLE
Q1 = a1

A BECOMES
Π = 1 (a1K11a1 + a1K12Q2 + a1K13Q3 + ...+ a1K1nQn +
2
+ Q2 K21a1 + Q2 K22Q2 + Q2 K23Q3 + ...+ Q2 K2nQn +
+ a3K31a1 + Q3K32Q2 +
.
.
Qn Kn1a1 + Qn Kn2a2 + ........+ Qn KnnQn )
− (a1F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3F3 + ...+ Qn Fn )
MINIMUM P . E . PRINICIPLE :
∂Π
=0
∂Qi
⎧1
∂Π ⎪ ( K 21 a1 + Q2 K 22 + K 23 Q3 + .....K 2 n Qn +
= 0⎨ 2
∂Q2 ⎪⎩ K 12 a1 + Q2 K 22 + K 32 Q3 + .....K n 2 Qn ) − F2 = 0

⎧1
∂Π ⎪ ( K a + Q2 K 32 + K 33 Q3 + .....K 3n Qn +
= 0⎨ 2 31 1
∂Q3 ⎪⎩ K 13 a1 + Q2 K 23 + K 33 Q3 + .....K 3n Qn ) − F3 = 0
..

⎧1
∂Π ⎪ (Ki1a1 + Q2 Ki 2 + Ki3Q3 + .....+ KinQn +
= 0⎨ 2
∂Qi ⎪⎩K1i a1 + Q2 K 2i + K3i Q3 + .....K niQn ) − Fi = 0
 Q 2 K 22 + Q3 K 23 + ......... + Q n K 2 n = F2 − K 21 a1
Q 2 K 32 + Q3 K 33 + ......... + Q n K 3 n = F3 − K 31 a1
.
Q 2 K i 2 + Q3 K i 3 + ......... + Q n K in = Fi − K i1a1
⎡ K 22 K 23 K 24 . . . K 2 n ⎤ ⎡ Q 2 ⎤ ⎡ F2 − K 21 a1 ⎤
⎢K K 33 K 34 . . . K 3 n ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ Q3 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ F3 − K 31 a1 ⎥⎥
⎢ 32
⎢ . ⎥⎢ . ⎥ = ⎢ . ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ . ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢. . ⎥
⎢⎣ K n 2 K n3 K n4 . . . K nn ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Q n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Fn − K n1a1 ⎥⎦
⇒ K 1Q 1 = F 1

K’= OBTAINED FROM K BY DELETING 1ST ROW AND COLUMN

Q’= OBTAINED FROM Q BY DELETING Q1

F’ = OBTAINED FROM F BY DELETING F1 AND SUBTRACTING Ki1a1
FROM FI
 IF INSTEAD OF Q1 = a1, WE HAD Qi=ai THE SAME STEPS SHALL BE
CARRIED PUT BY DOING THESE OPERATIONS ON ith ROW AND COLUMN.

REACTION AT THE SUPPORT (NODE 1 IF Q1 = a1)

ELIMINATION METHOD

K11Q1 + K12Q2 + K13Q3 + .... + K1nQn = F1 + R1

⇒ R1 = K11Q1 + K12Q2 + K13Q3 + .... + K1nQn − F1
 ENALTY APPROACH
•

ATTACH A SPRING OF STIFFNESS C

DEFLECT THE FIXED END BY a1

a1
DEFLECTION OF NODE 1-Q1
C e e e e e
wall 1 2 3 4 5

q1
AS C → ∞, Q1 → a1
-DEFLECTION OF SPRING δ = Q1 − a1

1 C (Q1 − a1 ) [P.E. of SPRING ]

2
Us =
2
Π = 1 C (Q1 − a1 ) 2 + 1 QT KQ − QT F
2 2
= 1 C (Q1 − a1 ) 2 +
2
1 (Q K Q + Q K Q + Q K Q + ... + Q K Q +
2 1 11 1 1 12 2 1 13 3 1 1n n

Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22Q2 + Q2 K 23Q3 + ... + Q2 K 2 nQn +

.
.
Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22Q2 + Q2 K 23Q3 + ... + Q2 K 2 nQn )
− (Q1 F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3 F3 + ... + Qn Fn )
∂Π
=0
∂Qi
∂Π
= 0 →CQ1 − Ca1 + K11Q1 + K21Q2 + K13Q3 +.....K1nQn − F1 = 0
∂Q1

∂Π
= 0 → K21Q1 + Q2 K22 + K23Q3 +.....K2nQn − F2 = 0
∂Q2

∂Π
= 0 → K31Q1 + Q2 K32 + K33Q3 +.....K3nQn − F3 = 0
∂Q3

∂Π
= 0 → Kn1Q1 + Q2 Kn 2 + Kn3Q3 + .....KnnQn − Fn = 0
∂Qn
⎡K11 + C K12 K13 . . K13 ⎤ ⎡Q1 ⎤ ⎡F + Ca ⎤
1 1
⎢ K K22 K23 . . K2n ⎥ ⎢Q2 ⎥ ⎢ F ⎥
⎢ 21 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2
⎥
⎢ K31 K32 K33 . . K3n ⎥ ⎢Q3 ⎥ ⎢ F ⎥
⎢ . =
⎥⎢ . ⎥ ⎢ . ⎥3

⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ . ⎥⎢ . ⎥ ⎢ . ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ Fn ⎥⎦
⎣ Kn1 Kn2 Kn3 . . Knn ⎦ ⎣Qn ⎦
 Multi point constraints-

β1Q p1 + β 2Q p 2 = β 0
for example − a1 = 2 a 2
we can solve it by penaulty approach
Πm = 1 Q KQ +
T 1 C ( β1Q p1 + β 2 Q p 2 − β 0 ) − Q F
T
2 2

Since C has very large value, P.E. takes minimum value

When (β1Qp1+ β1Qp1-β0) is minimum.
The modified stiffness and force matrices are-

⎡ p1 p1 p1 p 2 ⎤
k k ⎡ k p1 p1 + C β1
2
k p1 p 2 + Cβ1β 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥→⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ p 2 p1 p 2 p 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣k p 2 p1 + Cβ1β 2 k p 2 p 2 + Cβ 2 ⎥⎦
2
k k

⎧⎪ Fp1 ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ Fp1 + Cβ 0 β1 ⎫⎪
⎨ ⎬→⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩ Fp 2 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ Fp 2 + Cβ 0 β 2 ⎪⎭
Reactions at support are given by-
R p 1 = − C β 1 ( β 1Q p 1 + β 2 Q p 2 − β 0 )
R p 2 = − C β 2 ( β 1Q p 1 + β 2 Q p 2 − β 0 )
 STEPS INVOLVED IN SOLVING A
1D FE PROBLEM
• Make the Geometric Model

• Make an FE Mesh

• Define the Loading

• Develop Element and Global Matrices

• Define Boundary Conditions

• Develop Modified Global Matrices

• Solving Using Numerical Techniques

A SIMPLE PROBLEM
6” 5.25”
l1=12”
12” Elem 1:1-2

P P=100lb
E=3x107 psi l2=12”
ρ=0.2836lb/in3
12” t=1” Elem_2:2-3

3” 3.75”
k1 = AE /L ⎡1 -1 ⎤ = 15.75 * 107 / 12 ⎡1 -1 ⎤
⎣-1 1 ⎦ ⎣-1 1 ⎦

k2 = AE /L ⎡1 -1 ⎤ = 11.25 * 107 / 12 ⎡1 -1 ⎤
⎣-1 1 ⎦ ⎣-1 1 ⎦

f1 = ρ A L / 2 [1 1]T = 5.25 * 12 *0.2836 / 2 [1 1]T

f2 = ρ A L / 2 [1 1]T = 3.75 * 12 *0.2836 / 2 [1 1]T

 GLOBAL MATRICES
K = 3x107 / 12 ⎡ 5.25 -5.25 0 ⎤
⎜-5.25 9.00 -3.75 ⎜
⎣0 -3.75 3.75⎦

F = [8.93 15.31+100 6.38]T

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Q1 = 0
 MODIFIED MATRICES
K’= 3x107 / 12 ⎡ 5.25 -5.25 0 ⎤
⎜-5.25 9.00 -3.75 ⎜
⎣0 -3.75 3.75⎦

= 3x107/12⎡9 -3.75 ⎤
⎣-3.75 3.75⎦

F’= [8.93 (15.31+100-K21*a1) (6.38-K31*a1)]T

= [115.31 6.38]T

Q’ = [Q2 Q3]T
 FINAL EQUATIONS
K’Q’ = F’

Solving we get:
Q’ = [0.9272 0.9953] x 10-5”

Q = [ 0 0.9272 0.9953] x 10-5”

STRESSES:

σ1 = EB1q = 3x107 * 1/12 [1 -1][0 0.9272x10-5]T

= 23.18 psi
σ2 = EB2q = 3x107*1/12 [1 -1][0.9273 0.9953]T*10-5
= 1.70 psi