Class XII - Math

Chapter: Differential Calculus

Concepts and Formulae
S.No Chapter Formula

1 Continuity & 1.1 Continuity of a function

Differentiability

A function f(x) is said to be continuous
at a point c if,
lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(c)
x → c− x →c+

1.2 Algebra of Continuous Functions

If f and g are continuous functions, then

(f ± g)(x) = f(x) ± g(x)is continuous

(f.g)(x) = f(x).g(x)is continuous
f f(x)

  (x) = (where g(x) ≠ 0)is continuous
 g g(x)

1.3 Differentiability of a function

A function f is differentiable at a point c
If, LHD=RHD
f(c + h) − f(c) f(c + h) − f(c)
i.e lim− = lim+
h→0 h h→ 0 h

Derivative of a function f is f’(x) which

f(x + h) − f(x)
is f ' (x) = lim
h→0 h

Every differentiable function is
continuous, but converse is not true.

1.3 Algebra of Derivatives

If u & v are two functions which are

differentiable, then

(u ± v)' = u'± v '

(uv)' = u' v + uv ' (Product rule)
'
u u' v − uv '

v = (Quotient rule)
  v2

1.4 Derivatives of Functions

d n

x = nxn −1
dx
 d

( sin x ) = cos x
dx
d

( cos x ) = − sin x
dx
d

( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
d

( cot x ) = −co sec2 x
dx
d

( s ecx ) = sec x tan x
dx
d

( co s ecx ) = −co sec x cot x
dx
d 1


dx
( )
sin−1 x =
1 − x2
d 1


dx
( )
cos−1 x = −
1 − x2
d 1


dx
(
tan−1 x =) 1 + x2
d 1


dx
( )
cot −1 x = −
1 + x2
d 1


dx
(
sec−1 x =)
x x2 − 1
d −1


dx
(co sec−1 x =)
x x2 − 1
d x


dx
( )
e = ex
d 1

(log x ) =
dx x

1.5 Chain Rule

dt dv
If f = v o u, t = u(x) & if both and ,
dx dx
exists then,
df dv dt
= .
dx dt dx

1.6 Implicit Functions

If it is not possible to “separate” the variables
x & y then function f is known as implicit
function.
1.7 Logarithms
log ( xy ) = log x + log y
x
log   = log x − log y
y
( )
log x y = y log x
logb x
loga x =
logb a
1.8 Logarithmic Differentiation
Differentiation of y=ax
Taking logarithm on both sides
log y = log a x .
Using property of logarithms
log y = x log a
Now differentiating the implicit function
1 dy
. = log a
y dx
dy
= y log a = ax loga
dx

1.9 Parametric Differentiation

Functions of the form x = f(t) and y = g(t)
are parametric functions.

dy
dy
= dt
dx dx
dt
dy dy dt
= ×
dx dt dx
1.1 Mean Value Theorems
0

Rolle’s Theorem: If f : [a, b] → R is
continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
on (a, b) such that f (a) = f (b), then
there exists some c in (a, b) such that
f’(c) = 0

Mean Value Theorem: If f :[a, b] → R
is continuous on [a, b] & differentiable
on (a, b). Then there exists some c in
f(b) − f(a)
(a, b) such that f ' (c) = lim
h→ 0 b−a
2 Application of 2.1 Increasing & Decreasing functions
derivatives Let I be an open interval contained in
domain of a real valued function f. Then f is
said to be:

Increasing on I if x1 <x2 in I
⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2) for all x1,x2 ∈ Ι

Strictly increasing on I if x1 <x2 in I
⇒ f(x1) < f(x2) for all x1,x2 ∈ Ι

Decreasing on I if x1 <x2 in I
⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2) for all x1,x2 ∈ Ι

Strictly decreasing on I if x1 <x2 in I
⇒ f(x1) > f(x2) for all x1,x2 ∈ Ι

Theorem:
Let f be a continuous function on [a,b]
and differentiable on (a,b).Then
(a)f is increasing in[a,b] if f’(x)>0for each
x∈(a,b)
(b) f is decreasing in[a,b] if f’(x)<0 for each
x∈(a,b)
(c) f is constant in[a,b] if f’(x)=0 for each
x∈(a,b)

2.3 Tangents & Normals

The equation of the tangent at (x0, y0)
to the curve y = f (x) is:
y – y0 = f ′(x0)(x – x0)
dy

Slope of a tangent = = tan θ
dx

The equation of the normal to the
curve y = f (x) at (x0, y0) is:
(y-y0)f’(x0)+(x-x0)= 0
−1

Slope of Normal =
slope of the tan gent

2.4 First Derivative Test

Let f be a function defined on an open
interval I. Let f be continuous at a critical
point c in I. Then

If f ′(x) > 0 at every point sufficiently
 close to and to the left of c & f ′(x) < 0
at every point sufficiently close to and
to the right of c, then c is a point of
local maxima.

If f ′(x) < 0 at every point sufficiently
close to and to the left of c, f ′(x) > 0
at every point sufficiently close to and
to the right of c, then c is a point of
local minima.

If f ′(x) does not change sign as x
increases through c, then point c is
called point of inflexion

2.5 Second Derivative test

Let f be a function defined on an interval I &
c ∈ I. Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then

x = c is a point of local maxima if f ′(c)
= 0 & f ″(c) < 0.

x = c is a point of local minima if f′(c)
= 0 and f ″(c) > 0

The test fails if f ′(c) = 0 & f ″(c) = 0.
By first derivative test, find whether c
is a point of maxima, minima or a
point of inflexion.

2.6 Differential Approximations

Let y =f(x),∆x be small increments
in x and ∆y be small increments in
y corresponding to the increment
in x,i.e., ∆y = f(x+∆x)-f(x).
Then

 dy   dy 
∆y =   ∆x or dy =   ∆x
 dx   dx 
∆y ≈ dy and ∆x ≈ dx