Introduction to Computer Science 1 uuuGef

Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf)

Computer (uGefysLwm)
1/ uGefysLwmqkdonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;ukd owif; odkYr[kwf tajz tjzpfodkU wGufcsuf
vkyaf qmifaf y;aompuf jzpfygonf/ uGeyf sLwmonf ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd wdwu
d sus? vsiv
f sijf refjref
ESifh rSefrSefuefuef vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifaom tDvufxa&mepf ESifh pufrIqdkif&mpufypönf;[kvnf;
t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdEkdifygonf/
Data → Processing → Information
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)

Computer

Hardware Software
- Input Hardware
- Output Hardware System Software Application Software
- Processing & Memory Hardware - Operating System ( Customize / Packages )
- Utility Programs - Word Processing
- Secondary storage Hardware
- Language Translators - Spread Sheet
- Communications Devices
- Database
- etc. - Graphic , etc.
History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;)
2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIorkdif;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
pOf ckEpS f Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; tjrefEIef;
1/ 1200 - Decimal pepfukdtajccHaom
ayoD;wGufcsufrI
2/ 1800 - Automatic Mechanical
Calculator
3/ 1896 - Punch Card Machine
4/ 1950 1st Gen: Vaccum tube 1000 cal/sec
5/ 1960 2nd Gen: Transistors 10×1st Gen
6/ 1965 3rd Gen: Integreated Circuit(IC) 100×2nd Gen
7/ 1970 4th Gen: Microprocessor 50×3rd Gen
8/ 1980 5th Gen: Artificial Intelligence(AI) Million Inst/sec
Introduction to Computer Science 2 uuuGef
Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;)
3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh
csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf;
tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-
(u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvG e f j rif h r m;aom
pGr;f aqmifEidk rf &I NdS y;D a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefz;dk &Syd gonf/ Super Computer
rsm;tm; odyÜHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe
jyKvyk jf cif; ponfv h yk if ef;rsm;wGif tok;H jyKygonf/ ¤if;uGeyf sLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg
oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; &Sdygonf-
(1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum;
(2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP
(3) tBuD;rm;qkH; ½kyf0w¬Ktwkdif;twm
(4) tjrifrh m;qk;H wefz;dk
( c ) Mainframe Computer / t½G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu
onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf
rjrifrh m;aomfvnf; Bu;D rm;aompGr;f aqmifEidk rf I ESihf odak vSmifEikd rf I &Syd gonf/ Main-
frame rsm;tm; tzJ G U tpnf ; BuD ; rsm;wG i f Data rsm;tm; A[k d w G u f c suf r I
jyKvyk af y;&eftwGuf tok;H jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vkid ;f rsm;? tmrcH vkyif ef;
rsm;? pmykv Yd yk if ef;rsm;? wuúov dk rf sm;? taumuftcGerf sm;ponfww Ykd iG f tok;H jyKonf/
( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf csw d q
f ufEikd af omTerminal
ta&twGuf ESihf pGr;f aqmifEikd rf KS enf;onf/ uGeyf sLwmjzifh wGucf suv f yk af qmifjcif;
vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
(C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / t½G,ftpm;ao;i,fí
tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD; pm;yJG ay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro
Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfco k Ydk csw f ufíTerminal tjzpf tok;H jyKjcif;
d q
jzifh Personal Computer ESihf Workstation tjzpf(2)rsKd ; tok;H jyKEidk o f nf/ Micro
Computer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif
us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg
onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; t½G,yf rmPay:rlwnfí atmufygtwkid ;f
cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-
(1) Desktops
(2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)
Introduction to Computer Science 3 uuuGef
(3) Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds)
(4) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less)
(5) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&;í Data
rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;edkifonf/
Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;)
4/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Hardware / uGeyf sLwm&Sd xdawGUukid w f ,
G í
f &aom ypön;f ud&,
d mrsm;ukd ac:qkd
ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor
( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fír&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd
ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaom y½dk*&rf)?
Application Software (tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;)/
( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypönf;ukd ac:qdk
ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS

Program (y½dk*&rf)
5/ Program qkdonfrSm ñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
¤if;ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ Programming
language generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonf-

Generations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)

pOff Generation Language

1/ 1st Generation Machine language
2/ 2nd Generation Assembly language
3/ 3rd Generation High-level language
4/ 4th Generation Very high-level language
5/ 5th Generation Natural language

Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk)

6 AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf
Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol
Introduction to Computer Science 4 uuuGef
rsm;ESio
hf ufqidk &f mbmom&yf uRr;f usio f yl nm&Sirf sm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,&l ygonf/ AI onf
odyÜHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf
xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqidk &f m uRr;f usio f l Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:?
tawGUtBuKH ? A[kow k rsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sirf sm;\tultnDjzifh Program
rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/
Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuKH A[kow k rsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usiw f iG f us,jf yefpY mG tok;H cs
Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/
( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\
wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay;í Computer
tm; ckid ;f apjcif;? Computer ESihf tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G af qmif½u G jf cif;ukd pGr;f aqmif
Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck
tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(1) Natural Language Understanding
(2) Natural Language Generation
( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay;
vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/
(C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kcH rH I enf;ynmESihf puf½yk ef nf;ynmrsm;ukd
aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf-
(1) Robotic System / puf½kyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m
ypönf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypönf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf
xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Robot tm;
Program rsm;xnfhoGif;í owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif;ü trsdK;rsdK;
vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/
(2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tm½kHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd
tm½kcH jH cif;? toHudk tm½kcH jH cif; ponfph epfrsm;tjzpf trsKd ;rsKd ;&SEd idk yf gonf/
Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tm½kc H í
H
olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd
atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf Automatic
Machine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/
Introduction to Computer Science 5 uuuGef
( i) Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS
&&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m
owif; tcsut f vufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfo h iG ;f xm;aom A[kow
k tajccH
onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif
jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf puf½kyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;?
Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/
( p) Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm
wpfckESifh ywfoufí enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm
jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f
aqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;
(Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowl-
edge Base)Haygif;pyfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk)
7/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wk;d wufxe G ;f um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wk;d wuf
xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semi-
conductor Technology wk d ; wuf x G e f ; um;vmonf h t wG u f a Mumif h tvG e f j ref q ef j cif ; ?
pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hard-
ware qki d &f menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGio f Ydk ykaYd qmif ay;aeygonf/
*syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf
xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \
&nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-
(u) jrifhrm;aom todÓPf&Sdap&ef/
( c ) vlrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdYr&if;ESD;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/
( * ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
(C) tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/
( i ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmif½Guf&ef/
(q) ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/
( Z ) tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrI oufomap&efwkdYjzpfygonf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 6 uuuGef
Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance
(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)

Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)

1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfygonf-
(u) System Unit
( c) Monitor
( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse
(C) Printer ponfhypönf;rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/

System Unit
2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypönf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf-
(u) PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ]
( c) FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
( *) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [ IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/UDMA66/SCSI ]
(C) CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ]
( i) Mother Board [ AT/ATX]
( p) Interface Card / Controller Card
(q) Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]
( Z) VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP]
(ps) Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]
(n) Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM]
( #) Cache Memory
( X) CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip]
( !) ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX]
( ¡) Backup Battery
(P) Others
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 7 uuuGef
Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)

System Unit
yHk (1)

Monitor

Speaker Speaker

Scanner Dot- Matrix Printer

Dot-matrix printer
Scanner Tower System

Mouse
uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef
Keyboard

Personal Pen
Computer Laptop
Computer PDA
trsK;d tpm;rsm;
Computer
Pen computer
(Per
(Per sonal
ersonal
PDA
Digital (Handheld
Digital computer)
Pocket organizer Laptop computer

Asistant)

Computer Casing Desktop

trsKd;tpm;rsm; Casing Tower
Desktop box Casing

Plotter
Tower box
Computer
Accessories Modem
Modem
uGeyf sLwmqufpyfypön;f rsm;
Laser printer

Plotter
Laser Printer
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 8 uuuGef
Mother Board / Main Board
3/ Personal Computer wpfv;kH wGif ta&;Bu;D qH;k tpdwt
f ydik ;f rSm Main Board (odrYk [kw)f
Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD;
ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0if
ygonf/ Mother Board wpfcka½G;cs,f&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;
&rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(u) Processor trsKd;tpm;
( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm;
( *) Mother Board Speed
(C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI
( i) Main Memory yrmP
( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm;
(q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX)
( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial,
Parallel, Interface ..... )
(ps) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI
(n) Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI
( #) Mother Board Chip Set
( X) Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

Bus, Slot and I/O Card

4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfonf/ Mother
Board twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&mü Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK;
tpkta0; rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSeq f ufo,
G í
f tvkyv
f yk yf gonf/ Mother Board \ Bus Design
EIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg Bus
trsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Processor Bus
( c) Address Bus
( *) Memory Bus
(C) I/O Bus
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 9 uuuGef
External Half (or) Full of CPU Speed
CPU Cache L2
CPU Back Side Bus
Cache
Processor Bus
480-528MBPS

Processor Bus

800-1064MBPS
60/66MHz
Front Side Bus
PC 100/133
Memory

Chipset Memory RAM

AGP Chipset Memory RAM
PC 66
Memory 528MBPS
I/O Bus

Classic Mother Pentium Pro/

I/O Bus
Board Design PII/PIII Design
(Dual Independend Bus)
yHk (2)

5/ tjcm; Device rsm;ESihf CPU tjyeftvSef qufo,

G af qmif½u
G Ef ikd &f ef I/O Bus (odrYk [kw)f
Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm;ü
atmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf-
(u) Sound Card
( c) Video Card
( *) Network Interface Card (NIC)
(C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc
ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;)

6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/O
Bus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf
jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif;
( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif;
( *) Video ESifhywfoufí vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/

7/ t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/O

Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
(u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture)
( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 10 uuuGef
( *) EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)
(C) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus)
( i) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
( p) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)

8/ Personal Computer wGiy f g&Sad om omref Mother Board wpfcw k iG f CPU, Chipset,
Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsi;f csi;f qufo, G af qmif½u
G af eyHrk mS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf/

CPU

External
Processor
Cache
Bus
(High Speed)

Bus
Built-In I/O Bus Controller I/O Bus Slotted
I/O (Slow Speed) Chips (Slow Speed) I/O

Memory
Bus
(High Speed)
yHk (3)
RAM

Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;)
9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypönf;rSm CPU
jzpfygonf/ CPU qdo k nfrmS A[dx
k ed ;f csKyo
f nfh ,lepfwpfcjk zpfNy;D Computer wpfv;kH \ OD;aESmuf
[kvnf; ac:qkEd ikd yf gonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfv;kH \ 'ór*Pef;qdik &f m wGucf surf rI t S y
tjcm;wGucf surf EI iS hf Processing qdik &f mrsm;udk vkyaf qmifay;Edik yf gonf/ 'ór*Pef;udk wGucf suf
Edkifaom FPU (Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU udk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGif xnfhoGif;í
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk
IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 11 uuuGef
Intel Processor Specifications
Processor CPU Std. Internal Data-Bus Address- Max- Multimedia
Clock Voltage Register Width Bus Memory Instructions
Size Width
8088 1x 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 1M
8086 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 1M
286 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M
386SX 1x 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M
386SL 1x 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M
386DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486SX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
487SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486SL** 1x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486DX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486DX4 2-3x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
Pentium OD 2-5x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
Pentium 60/66 1x 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G
Pentium 75+ 1.5-3x 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G
PentiumMMX1.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G MMX
Pentium Pro 2-3x 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G
Pentium II 3.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMX
Celeron 3.5-7x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMX
Pentium !!! 4.5-8x 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G SSE(MMX,3D)
MMX=Multi Media Extensions
SSE=Streaming SIMD(Single Instr
SSE=Streaming uction Multiple Da
Instruction ta) Extensions
Data)
Z,m; (1)
10/ Intel ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;udk
Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t&

Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEeI ;f onf Mother Board \tjrefEeI ;f ESihf rwlnED ikd yf g/ Processor
\tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board
\tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSB
Speed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay;
a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf
tq rnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf-
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 12 uuuGef
CPU Type/Speed CPU Clock Motherboard Speed
Pentium 60 1x 60MHz
Pentium 66 1x 66MHz
Pentium 75 1.5x 50MHz
Pentium 90 1.5x 60MHz
Pentium 100 1.5x 66MHz
Pentium 120 2x 60MHz
Pentium 133 2x 66MHz
Pentium 150 2.5x 60MHz
Pentium 166/P6 2.5x 66MHz
Z,m; (2) Pentium 180/P6 3x 60MHz
Pentium 200/P6 3x 66MHz
Pentium 233/PII 3.5x 66MHz
Pentium II 300 4.5x 66MHz
Pentium II 350 3.5x 100MHz
Pentium II 450 4.5x 100MHz
Pentium !!! 500 5x 100MHz
Pentium !!! 533 4x 133MHz
Pentium !!! 667 5x 133MHz
Pentium !!! 733 5.5x 133MHz
Pentium !!! 800 8x 100MHz

Memory (rSwfÓPf)
13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPU
rSajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDüvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;üvnf;aumif;?
tcsuftvufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/

14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory Card
trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí
cGJjcm;edkifygonf/

15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh
wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf
Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif Memory
Card rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm; wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAM
ponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 13 uuuGef
Monitor (armfeDwm)
16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( Liquid
Crystal Display ) udkoHk;aom Monitor [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Monochrome
( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor )
( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor )
(C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array )
( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array )
( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array )

17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yH&k yd \

f tvif;tarSmifEiS hf rsuEf mS jyifukd tay:
atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;yg½SdNyD;?
aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/

9 Pin 00000 15 Pin

0 0 0 0 00000
Mono, CGA, EGA 0 0 0 0 0 VGA, SVGA, XVGA
00000
Connector Connector
yHk (4)

18/ Monitor ESiw

hf zJG uftoH;k jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGirf rd t
d oH;k jyKvakd om
Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m;

Resolution 16 Colors 256 Colors 64K Colors 16.7M Colors

640 x 480(VGA) 0.15MB 0.29MB 0.59MB 0.88MB
800 x 600(SVGA) 0.23MB 0.46MB 0.92MB 1.37MB
1024 x 768(XGA) 0.38MB 0.75MB 1.5MB 2.25MB
1280 x 1024(SXGA) 0.63MB 1.25MB 2.5MB 3.75MB
1600 x 1200 0.92MB 1.83MB 3.66MB 5.94MB

VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths

Z,m;(5)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 14 uuuGef
½Sif;vif;csuf/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESihf 16 Million Color az:jyEdik af om Frame wpfcu
k kd
Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card ü Memory yrmP 2.25MB
vdktyfrnfjzpfí vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/

Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;)

19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95
Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[lí awGU½SdEdkifygonf/

PS2 Keyboard Connector yHk (5) 101 Keyboard AT Keyboard Connector

( 6-Pin -Female ) ( 5-Pin -Female )

Mouse
20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/
toHk;rsm;qHk; trsKd;tpm;rSm Serial Mouse jzpfonf/

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 Serial Mouse Connector

PS2 Mouse Connector

yHk (6) Mouse & Mouse Pad

PC Hardware & System Maintenance 15 uuuGef
Printer
21/ Printer qdo k nfrmS Data rsm;? ½kyyf rkH sm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Guaf y:odYk
xkw,f al ompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdik ;f ESprf sK;d cJjG cm;Edik yf gonf-
(u) Impact Printer
( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/

Impact Printer
22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif -
(u) Daisywheel Printer
( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/

23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfaom Printer
trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/

Daisy Wheel Printer

24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf;
ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf
aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvHk;rsm;yg½Sdonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom pm½Guf\tus,f
wpfavQmufwGif Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfa½GUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvHk;udk ½dkufESdyfonf/

Dot Matrix Printer

25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom
pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pin
ta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [lí trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/

24 Pin 9 Pin Dot Matrix Printer

Printer Head Printer Head
yHk (7)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 16 uuuGef
Non-Impact Printer
26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif -
(u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl)
( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKíyHkazmf)
( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [lí awGU½SdEdkifygonff/

Laser Jet Printer

yHk (8)

Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfygonf -
(u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGi½f adS om
AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;
(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet
Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csw
d q
f uf wyfqifyg/ (odrYk [kw)f
(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf
wyfqifyg/
( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGA
Interface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
(C) System Unit ½Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm;
wyfqifyg/
( i) System Unit ½Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 17 uuuGef

( p) System Unit wGi½f dS Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/
(q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/
( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (G) ½Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector
tm; wyfqifyg/
( ps) UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ AC
Source rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf
wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/
(n) Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC Source
ESifh UPS tMum;xm;í toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/
( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI ½Sd^r½Sd ppfaq;yg/

Rear Panel of AT System Unit

DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F)

AC OUTLET (B)
○○○○○○○○○○○○○
( TO MONITOR)
○○○○○○○○○○○○
AC INLET (A)

DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)

○ ○ ○ ○ ○

KEYBOARD INPUT (D)

VGA INTERFACE (C)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
SERIAL 2
PARALLEL PORT (F)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
.............
............
PARALLEL SERIAL 1 PARALLEL & SERIAL
.............
............ .....
.... INTERFACE
SERIAL PORT (E)
tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS
O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef

GAME IN SPK Speaker wyfqif&ef

........
....... SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G)
.....
MIC OUT
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY yHk (9)
..... O/P xkwf&ef ae&m
VGA Port
MIC wyfqif&ef
VGA INTERFACE (C)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 18 uuuGef
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)
(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS System
Unit wGif½Sdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) ½Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif
Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;
(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet
Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csw
d q
f ufwyfqifyg/ (odrYk [kw)f
(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf
wyfqifyg/
Rear Panel of ATX System Unit

Keyboard (F)
PS/2

(E)
PS/2 Mouse
AC OUTLET (B)

AC INLET (A)

PORT
USB
o

o
yHk (10)
....
..... .....

○ ○ ○ ○ ○
.............
............

○○○○○○○○○○○○○
COM B

○○○○○○○○○○○○

LPT PORT (G)

....

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS

O/Pudk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef
o o

Speaker wyfqif&ef
.....
..... VGA INTERFACE (C)
SPK
○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Game Port IN
........ SOUND CARD
COM A

....... INTERFACE (D)

MIC OUT

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY

O/P xkwf&efae&m
o
o

MIC wyfqif&ef
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 19 uuuGef

( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aom VGA/

SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C)½Sd Interface wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
(C) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard
Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odr Yk [kw)f tjcm;Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqif toH;k jyK
vdkyguPS2 Keyboard Input Port (F)wGif Adapter cHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
( i) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse Connector
tm;wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf) tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqiftoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu
COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/
( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGif Printer
Data Cable tm; wyfqifyg/
(q) AC Source ESihf Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wduk ½f u
kd cf sw
d q
f uf
wyfqifyg/
( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK port wGif speaker Connector
tm; wyfqifyg/
( ps) UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source
rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf wyfqif
toHk;jyK&rnf/
(n) Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGif Surge
Protector udkcHí UPS t0ifwGif wyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/
( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI½Sd^r½Sd aocsmpGm ppfaq;yg/

Starting the Computer (For DOS)(DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm;pwiftvkyfvkyfapjcif;)

29/ Disk Operating System (DOS) toHk;jyKuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; zGifhEdkif
ygonf-
(u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/
( c) System Unit a½SU½Sd Power On/Off Switch (or) Button udk On yg/
( *) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/
(C) acwåtMumwGif "C" Prompt (C:\>-) (or) Command Prompt (or) MS-
DOS Prompt ay:vmygu Computer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifjyDjzpfonf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 20 uuuGef
Starting the Computer (For Windows 9x)
(Windows 9x toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftvkyfvkyfapjcif;)
30/ Windows 9x Operating System uGeyf sLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdik ;f zGiEfh ikd yf gonf-
(u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/
( c) System Unit a½SU½Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/
( *) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/
(C) acwåtMumwGif Window Desktop Screen ay:vmu Computer tm; pwif
toHk;jyKEdkifjyDjzpfonf/

Shut Down the Computer (For DOS) ( DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;)

31/ Disk Operating System (DOS) toHk;jyKuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkif
ygonf-
(u) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folders rsm;? Application Softwares
rsm; tm;wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyfyg/
( c) aemufqHk; Screen ü C:\>- (C Prompt or Command Prompt or MS-DOS
Prompt)ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/
( *) System Unit a½SU½Sd Power On/Off Switch udk Off vkyfyg/
(C) Monitor Power Switch udk Off vkyfyg/
( i) AC Source rS Switch udk Off vkyfyg/

Shut Down the Computer (For Windows)

(Windows toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;)
32/ Windows 9x Operating System oH;k AT uGeyf sLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdik ;f ydwEf ikd f
ygonf-
(u) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folders rsm;? Application Softwares
rsm;tm; wpfckNyD;wpfck Close vkyfyg/
( c) Windows Desktop Screen atmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS Start Button udk
Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl + Esc Key udkwGJíESdyfyg/
(odkYr[kwf) Window 9x Keyboard rsm;wGif Window Key udkESdyfyg/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 21 uuuGef
( *) Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11)
(C) Shut Down udka½G;í Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
Short Cut taejzifh Alt + F4 Key udkwGJíESdyfyg/
( i) Shut Down Windows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)
( p) Shut Down Option Button udka½G;í Click vkyfNyD; OK udk Click vkyfyg/
(q) " It's now safe to turn off your computer ? " Message ay:onfxa d pmifyh g/
rSwfcsuf/ ATX System jzpfygu þpmwef;ray:bJ tvdktavQmuf Turn
Off jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
( Z) System Unit a½SU½Sd Power On/Off Switch (or) Button udk Off vkyfyg/
( ps) Monitor Power Switch udk Off vkyfyg/
(n) AC Source rS Switch udk Off vkyfyg/

yHk (12)
yHk (11)

Start-Up Procedure for PC(uGefysKwmwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)

33/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH udk rD;zGiv
hf u
kd o
f nfEiS hf atmufygtqifrh sm;twdik ;f aqmif½u
G Nf y;D Ready
tqifhodkY a&muf½SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf-
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 22 uuuGef
(u) Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf
rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNy;D DC Voltage (4) rsKd;
(+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4)
rsK;d udk ±5% Error twGi;f tNr&J adS eatmif Maintainvkyaf y;aejcif;jzifh Regu-
lated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkwaf y; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode
Power Supply trsK;d tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ ±5% Error qdo k nfrmS 5V Output
twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V
Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qH;k &S& d rnfjzpfNy;D 12.6V tjrifqh ;kH &S&d rnfjzpfonf/
( c) Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated
Output Voltage \ ± 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V
ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh
5.25V twGi;f &Sr d o
S mvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odjYk yefyaYkd y;onf/
PG onfvdar®mfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSU
tvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck
Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysuw f ikd ;f Mother Board udk rxdcu kd af p&efEiS hf
Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
( *) Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif;
ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfhí wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh
AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818
MHz)xkwaf y;onf/ 4if;vdi I ;f udk Digital Clock toGiaf jymif;,l&ef vdt k yfonf/
(C) Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk Clock
Generator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/
( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m
Frequency rsm;odkY tqwifí Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory,
Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponft h pdwt
f ydik ;f toD;oD;odYk ay;ydoYk nf/
( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/
Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if;
twGi;f wGif Program udk puf½rkH x S w k v
f yk pf Ofuwnf;u owfrw S af y;vduk yf gonf/
ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf-
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 23 uuuGef
(1) Power On Self Test (uGey f sLwmrD;zGichf sed rf pS í pwifppfaq;rIjyKvyk jf cif;)
(2) Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;)
(3) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef qufo, G rf I
udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)

Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;)

34/ POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif
xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk,
CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/

35/ POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports,

Parallel Ports rSwÓ f Pf (Memory) wdu Yk kd ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vkyí f &&Sad om Hardware
tajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS Boot
Strap odYk a&muf&y
dS gonf/ tu,fírSm;,Gi;f rI&ydS gu Monitor ay:wGief yH gwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? Error
Message ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/

Start -Up Procedure For PC

(PCwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqih)f CMOS

MOTHER BOARD Internal

Regulated Battery
DC Output 3V
ROM-BIOS
(i) POST
→
(± 5% Error)
+5 Digital
(Power On Self
AC P →-5
Analog
Clock
Test)
→ →
Generator

1234567
+12 1234567
1234567
S
Clock

1234567 (ii) Boot Strap

230V/110V U →
-12
→PG
Crystal
→
Switched (Oscillator) (iii) Low Level
Mode Read Interface
Power
Supply → Other
Devices
Only
Memory
→ Basic
Input
Output
yH(k 13)
System
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 24 uuuGef
(ii) Boot Strap Boot Strap Program Code

Boot Strap
Program I/O.SYS
Main 2 3
Memory MSDOS.SYS
4
Seg F ROM-BIOS Program
Loader CONFIG.SYS
1 5
COMMAND.COM
yH(k 14) 6
Seg 2 7 AUTOEXEC.BAT
Seg 1
WIN.COM
Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;)
36/ Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk
toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmif½Gufay;onf/
37/ Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/
ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm
pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR)
odrYk [kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Sad eaom
Master Boot Record (MBR) rS Boot Strap Program Code ud k
uGeyf sLwm\rSwÓ f Pf (Memory) ay:odYk wifyaYkd y;Ny;D 4if;wGiyf g&So
d nfh Instruc-
tion rsm;udk rdkufc½dky½dkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/
( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&Sd System
File (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS
(4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odYk quf
vufwifay;onf/

38/ Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD;
vkyaf qmifay;aom IO.SYS File udyk xrOD;pGm Memory ay:odYk wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 25 uuuGef
39/ 4if;aemuf Memory ay:odaYk &muf&NdS yjD zpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request udak jz&Si;f
aqmif½Gufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/

40/ IO.SYS onfqufvufí CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNy;D Memory ay:odYk wifay;
onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm
pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif Hardware
Device topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdi k w
f iG f xnfo
h iG ;f
ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwo f nfh Device rsm; wyfqif
xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/

41/ 4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdik u f kd qufvuf&mS azGNy;D Memory
ay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh
Directory wGif &Sad Mumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdik o
f nf/ COMMAND.COM zdik o f nf
DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif
bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&Sv d Qif "Missing Command Interpreter"
[k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/

42/ qufvufíaemufq;kH tqifw h iG f COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT

File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmif½Gufapvdk
aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfppk nf;íxnfo h iG ;f xm;onfzh ikd f jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk
COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x
pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfívnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh
jzpfapygonf/

Low Level Interface

(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;)
43/ BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsi;f csi;f udk tjyeftvSef qufo, G af qmif½u
G rf u
I kd
OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard Disk
rS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 26 uuuGef
Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows)
(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)
44/ Window rS atmufazmfjyygtwdkif; Scan Disk jyKvkyfEdkifygonf-
(u) Start → Programs → Accessories → System Tools → Scan Disk udk
tpOfvdkuf Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
( c) Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyfyg/
(1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/
(2) Scan Disk vkyfvdkaom Drive A: (or) Drive C: a½G;í Right Click
vkyyf g/
(3) Short Cut Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(15)
(4) Short Cut Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyfyg/
(5) Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(16)
(6) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools udka½G;yg/
(7) Check Now, Button udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk (15)

yHk (16)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 27 uuuGef
( *) Scan Disk Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(17)
(1) 4if;wGif Drive A: (or) Drive C: udk xyfNyD; a½G;cs,fEdkifonf/
(2) Files & Foldersudk ppfaq;vdv
k Qif Standard Option Button udk a½G;yg/
(3) Surface udk ppfaq;vdkvQif Through Option Button udka½G;yg/
(4) Automatically Fix Error, Check Box udk Select vkyfyg/
(5) Start Button udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk (17)

(C) Scan Disk NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu Scan Disk Results Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18)
( i) Close Button udk Click vkyfyg/

45/ DOS Mode rS Scan Disk jyKvyk &f ef atmuf

ygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
yH(k 18)
(u) "C "Prompt (C:\> - )wGif Drive
A: udk Scan Disk vkyfrnfqdkygu -
C:\>SCANDISK A: ? Drive
C:udk Scan Disk vkyfrnfqdkygu
C:\> SCANDISK C:½dkufNyD;
ENTER KEY udk ESdyfyg/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 28 uuuGef
( c) Disk ay:wGif Scan Disk vkyfaeaMumif; Screen udkjrif&rnf/ yHk(19)
( *) rdrd Scan Disk vkyfaom Drive udkppfaq;NyD;pD;aMumif;udkaz:jyaom Screen
udkjrif&rnf/ yHk(20)
(C) 4if; Screen wGif Hard Disk rsufESmjyifudk ppfaq;jcif; ( Surface Scan )
jyKvkyfrnfvm;[kar;rnf/
( i) jyKvkyfvdkvQif Yes Button udka½G;yg/ rjyKvkyfvdkvQif No Button udka½G;yg/
( p) Yes Button udka½G;ygu wpfzufygyHk(21) twdkif; Surface Scan jyKvkyfaeyHkudk
Monitor Screen wGifjrif&rnfjzpfonf/
(q) Surface Screen jyKvkyfí NyD;qHk;ygu Scan Disk vkyfjcif;jzifh rdrdjyKvkyfaom
Drive wGif Surface rsuE f mS jyif tysut
f qD; ½S^d r½Su
d jkd yaom Monitor Screen
udkjrif&rnf/ yHk(22)
( Z) 4if; Screen rS View Log udak ½G;jcif;jzifph pfaq;rItqifq h ifw
h iG f Problem &d^S r&dS
Result rsm;udk azmfjyay;ygrnf/ yHk (23)
( ps) OK a½G;ygu Microsoft Scan Disk Screen jyefíay:vmrnf/ yHk(19)
(n) 4if;rS Exit udak ½G;ygu Microsoft Scan Disk Program Ny;D qH;k Ny;D "C " Prompt
udkjyefvnfa&muf½Sdrnfjzpfygonf/

Microsoft ScanDisk

ScanDisk is now checking the following areas of drive C:

Media descriptor
File allocation tables
Directory Structure
yHk (19)
File system
Free spaces
Surface scan

< Pause > < More Info > < Exit >
? % Complete
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 29 uuuGef

ScanDisk has finished testing the file structures of drive C.

If you want, ScanDisk can also perform a surface scan on this drive.
During a surface scan, ScanDisk checks the physical surface of the disk
and identifies any areas that may be failing. In most case, ScanDisk can
recover the data from such areas.

A surface scan on drive C will take about 55 minitues.

You can stop the scan at any time by choosing Exit.

Do you want to perform a surface scan now?

< Yes > < No >

yHk (20)

Surface Scan
Drive C:
1,579,302 Clusters
1234
1234123 123 1234
123 1234
123123
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234123 1234
1234
1234
1234
12341234
12341234
1234
1234
1234
12341234 1234
1234123412341234
1234123 123 1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
12312312341234
1234
1234
1234
123
1234
1234
1234
1234
1231234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
123
1234
1234
1234
123
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
12341234
123 1234
123
12341231234
12341234123
5,598 Examined
123 123
1234
1231231234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
123
1234
123123412341234 1231234
1234
1231234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234123123
123 123
1234
1234123
123 123
1234 1234
1234
1234 1234
1234
1234 123
1234
1234
1234
1234
12341234
1234 1231234 1234
12341234
1234 1234
1234 1234123 123 0 Found Bad
1234123 1234 1234
1234
1234
1234
12341234
1234 12341234
1234123 1234 1234
1234 1234
1234 1234
1234 1234
1234 1234
1234
12341234
1234
1234123
12341234 1234 1234
12341234
1234123412341234
123
1231234
1234 12341234
1234123412341234 1234
1231234 1234
1234 1234
1234
1234
12341234
12341234
12341234
1234 1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234123
1234
123 1234
123
1234 123
1234
12341234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234123
1234
1234 1234
12341234
12341234 1234
1234 = 2,393 Clusters
12341234123
1234
123 123
1234
123 1234
123
1234 1234
123
1234 12341234
1234
1234
1234
12341234 1234123
1231234
12341234
1234
1234
12341234 1234123412341234
1234
1234
1231234
12341234 1234
1234123
1234
123 1234 123
123
1234 1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234 1234
1234
1231234
12341234 123412312341234
1234
123
1234 1234
12341234
1234
123 1234
1234
1234 123
1234 1234
1234
123
1234
1234
123
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
123
1234
123
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234 1234 123
1234 1234 1234
1234
1234
Unused Clusters
1234
1234
yHk (21)
1234 123
1234
123
1234 1234
1234 123
1234
123 1234
12341234
1234
1234
1234
12341234 123
1231234
1234 1234 1234
1234
1234
12341234 123
1234 1234
1234
123 1234
12341234
1234
1234
1234
12341234
1234 1234 123 1234
123412341234 1234
1234
12341234 123 1234
1234 1234
12341234
1234
1234
1234
12341234
1234 1234 123 1234
1234
12341234
1234 123
123
1234
1234
1234
1234 1234
1234 1234
1234 123
123
1234
1234
1234
1234 Some Used Clusters
1234
123 1234
1234 12341234
12341234 1234
1234 1231234 1234 1234
1234
1234
12341231234
1234
1234
12341234
1234
1234
1234
1234
123
1231234
1234 1234 1234
1234123412341234
123
1234
12341234123 123 1234
1234
123
1234
123123
123
123 1234
1231234
1234
1234
1234
1234
12341234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
123
1234
1231234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
Used Clusters
12341234123
1234
12341234123 123 1234
123 123 1234
12341234
1234
1234 1234
1234 1234
1234 1234
1234
1234 1234
1234 1234123
123412312341234
12341234 1234
12341234123
123 1234
123 123 12341234
1234
1234
1234
12341234 1234 12341234 B Some Bad Clusters
1234
123 1234 123123 1234123412341234123412341234123412312341234

< More Info > < Exit >

? % Complete
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 30 uuuGef

Microsoft ScanDisk

ScanDisk did not find any problems on drive C.

yHk (22)

< View Log > < Exit >

Microsoft ScanDisk
Log file generated at 02:02 pm on Friday, July, 28, 2000.
ScanDisk checked drive A for problems, with the following results:
File allocation tables
Directory Structure
ScanDisk did not find any problem.
File allocation table yHk (23)
ScanDisk did not find any problem.
File system
ScanDisk did not find any problem.
Surface scan
ScanDisk did not find any problem.

< OK > < Save Log >

46/ Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-

(u) Start => Programs => Accessories => System Tools => Disk
Defragmentor udktpOfvdkuf Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
( c) Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyfyg/
(1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/
(2) rdrd Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C: a½G;í
Right Click vkyfyg/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 31 uuuGef
(3) Short Cut Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk (15) udkMunfhyg/
(4) Short Cut Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyfyg/
(5) Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(16)udkMunfhyg/
(6) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools udka½G;yg/
(7) Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyfyg/
( *) Select Drive Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk (24)
(1) Select Drive Window wGif Drive A: (or) Drive C: udk xyfNyD;
a½G;cs,fEdkif onf/
(2) OK Button udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk (24)

(C) rdrda½G;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Window

ay:vmrnf/ yHk (25)
( i) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqi kd ;f vdv
k Qif Pause? &yfqikd ;f vdvk Qif Stop?
tao;pdwfMunfhvdkvQif Show Details udk Click vkyfyg/ yHk (26)
rSwfcsuf / yHkwGif jrif&onfhtwdkif; Cluster udk az:jyaom pwk&ef;yHk
av;axmif h t uG u f r sm; wG i f teD a &mif u ef Y v ef Y p if ; rsm;ud k
awGU½Sdygu Disk wGif Bad Sector ½SdaeaMumif;udk az:jyonf/
4if;uJo h aYkd om Cluster rsm; wajz;ajz;wd;k yGm;vmygu Hard Disk
wGi½f o
dS nfh tcsut f vufrsm;twGuf pdwrf cs&yg/ 4if;Hard Disk
½Sd tcsut f vufrsm;udk Backup jyKvyk o f rd ;f qnf;&efvt kd yfrnfjzpf
ovdk Hard Disk tm; topfvJvS,f&ef vdktyfygonf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 32 uuuGef
( p) Defragmen-ting vkyaf e jcif;Ny;D qH;k oGm; ygu Ny;D qH;k aMumif;udk az:jyonfh Disk
Defrag-menter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk (27)
(q) Defragmenting vkyfjcif;NyD;qHk;NyDjzpfí Yes , Button udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk (25)

yHk (26)

C
yHk (27)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 33 uuuGef
47/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;^ysufpD;rsm;
½SdEdkifygonf-
(u) User Error (toH;k jyKorl sm;rS pufukd pepfwus zGi^hf ydwf rjyKvyk jf cif;? toH;k jyKpOf
ae&ma½TUajymif;jcif;? vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;)
( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½kHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;)
( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zk e f r I e f Y r sm;? Temperature -tyl c sd e f ?
Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyp f pfovH ukd f
qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif;
aESmuf,SufrIrsm;)
(C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm-
(1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;)
(2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI)
(3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhwufoGm;jcif;)
(4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;)
(5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;)
(6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;)
(7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; )

Protecting Electrical Power Problem

(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;)
48/ Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdrYk u S muG,&f ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESihf
Surge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible
Power Supply) udw k qifch í
H toH;k jyK&rnf/ ,©Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem
rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyóem
rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cHí toHk;jyKoifhygonf/
csdwfqufyHkudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yHk(28)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 34 uuuGef

Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;

600VA

yH(k 28)

rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternal

AVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfqufítoHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm
pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor)
twGuf yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/
49/ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd
Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf-

5v Power 20.0 Amps

Less Motherboard (5.0 amps)
4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps)
3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps)
3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps)
CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)
=Remaining power 4.0 amps

12v Power 8.0 Amps

Less 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp)
3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp)
3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp)
Cooling fan (0.1 amp)
CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)
=Ramaining power 4.2 amps

14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA)

15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 35 uuuGef
Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)
50/ uGeyf sLwmtoH;k jyKorl sm; owdjyKvu kd ef m&rnft h csurf sm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
(u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefY½Sif;rIjyKvkyfyg/
( c) uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH tm; rzGirhf D Cable rsm;csw d qf ufxm;rI rSerf rSepf pfaq;yg/ (110
V / 230VwdkYudk*&kpdkufítoHk;jyKyg/
( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/
(C) uGeyf sLwm ON/OFF jyKvyk jf cif;rsm;udk Procedure twdik ;f pepfwus vkyaf qmifyg/
( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif
puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrI½Sd^r½Sd? Version udkufnDrI &dS^r&dS wdkYudk
ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/
( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef
Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/
(q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrI½Sdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or Norton
Disk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu
tywfpOf aqmif½Gufyg/
( Z) uGeyf sLwmtm; Virus tEÅ&m,fru S if;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufq;kH ay: Anti Virus
Program tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwifí Auto Run Edkif&efESifh
rSwfÓPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmif½Gufxm;yg/
( ps) jyifyrS,al qmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq;
NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/
(n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm;
vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif;
rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/
( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu oufqdkif&modkY csufcsif;owif;ydkYwifjy&rnf/
( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½aI vhvmNy;D rS toH;k jyKyg/
( !) System ydik ;f qdik &f mESihf Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrrI sm;
udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&m jyKjyif ajymif;vJ jcif; rjyKvkyf&/
( ¡) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh
ywfoufí jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol
taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 36 uuuGef
Fault finding for PC (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;)
51/ uGeyf sLwm\ vkyaf qmifrt I qifrh sm;udk atmufygvG,u
f &l iS ;f vif;aomyHjk zifh rnfonft
h ydik ;f
wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf-
(u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory,
Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk, Application
Monitor wdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ O/S
( c) POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif Key- Firmware(ROMBIOS)
board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;) Hardware
( *) Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/
(C) Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/
( i) tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvu©PmtcsKUd udk atmufygtwdik ;f jypfcsu&f mS azGEikd yf gonf-
pOf tjypfvu©Pm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;
1/ Power rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)
Power Switch (odkY) PSU
2/ Monitor rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)
Power Switch (odkY) Monitor
3/ POST rvkyf PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif;
(odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyf
4/ Monitor wGifray: Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY)
VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY)
Mother Board/ CPU raumif;
5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm;
rwlnD
6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)Hard
Disk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif;
(odkY) Backup Battery tm;enf;
7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf
Disk Error (odkY) Virus zsufqD;
8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virus
interpreter zsufqD;
Windows 98 37 uuuGef
WINDOWS 98
tcef;(1)
WINDOWS 98 Operating System (WINDOWS 98 pufvnfywfrIpepf)
1/ Windows 98 onf Microsoft ukrÜPDrS wDxGifxkwfvkyfxm;aom 32 bit Operating
System Software wpfckjzpfygonf/ ,cif Windows wdkYESifhEIdif;,SOfvQif Windows 98 onf
Facility ydkif;qdkif&m ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmNyD; toHk;jyK&mwGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/ xl;jcm;onfh
tydkif;rSm Internet Facility, Personal Web Site ESifh New Hardware Device (USB,
Firewire, DVD) rsm;udk Windows 98 twGif; toifhxnfhoGif;ay;xm;aom y½dk*&rfrsm;jzifh
tvdktavsmufod&SdtoHk;jyKEdkifjcif;ponfwdkY ydkrdkyg0ifvmygonf/
Starting Windows 98 (WINDOWS 98 tm;pwifjcif;)
2/ uGefysLwm\ Power rD;cvkwfudkzGifhvdkufygu Start-Up Procedure \ Hardware rsm;
udk prf;oyfppfaq;vkyfaqmifrItydkif;? tajccHtoGif;txkwfy½kd*&rfrsm; pwifaqmif&Gufapjcif;
tydkif; wdkYudk ROMBIOS jzifhppfaq;vkyfaqmifygonf/ 4if;aemuf uGefysLwm\pepfwpfckvHk;udk
xdef;csKyf armif;ESifaompufvnfywfrIpepfjzpfonfh Operating System Files rsm;udk
pwiftvkyfvkyf apjcif;jzifh toifhtoHk;jyKEdkifaomtaetxm;odkY a&muf&Sdygonf/ Windows
98 Desktop Screen udk yHk(1-1)ygtwdkif; awGUjrif&ygrnf/

Shortcut

Icons

uuuGef yH(k 1-1)

Desktop

Start
Button Task Bar
Windows 98 38 uuuGef
Using Mouse (Mouse toHk;jyKjcif;)
3/ Mouse onf toHk;jyKolESifhuGefysLwmwdkYudk ½kyfyHkrsm;tajccHíqufoG,faom GUI
(Graphic User Interface)twGuf pHowfrw S x
f m;aom toGi;f ,lepf(Standard Input Device)
wpfck jzpfygonf/ Mouse wGif cvkwf(2)cktenf;qHk;yg&Sdygonf/ b,fbufcvkwfudk Primary
tjzpf? nmbufcvkwu f kd Secondary tjzpf toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ Mouse udk Mouse Pad (Mouse
udk wifía½GUvsm;rIjyKvkyf&ef pDrH jyKvkyfxm;onfhtjym;)ay:wGif a½TUMunfhygu jrm;wdkav;
onf Desktop ay:ü a½GUvsm;aeonfudk awGU&ygrnf/ ¤if;jrm;wdkav;udk a½G;nTefwH(Mouse
Pointer)[kac:ygonf/ Mouse wpfckonf atmufygtajccHtvkyf(4)rsKd;udkvkyfEdkifygonf-
(u) a½G;ñTew f jH zifah xmufjcif; (Point) / Mouse udk toH;k jyKNy;D Pointer udk Desktop
ay:wGif tvdk&dSaomae&modkY ydkYaqmifay;jcif;udk Point vkyfjcif;[kac:ygonf/
( c) a½G;ñTefwHjzifhaxmufí cvkwfwpfcsufESdyfjcif; (Single Click )/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh
Pointer a&mufaeonfhae&mwGif b,fbuf Button udk wpfcsufESdyfNyD; csufjcif;
vTwfjcif; (Left Click)onf Select vkyfjcif;jzpfygonf/ nmbuf Button udk
wpfcsuEf ydS Nf y;D csujf cif;vTwjf cif;(Right Click)onf Context Menu udk zGijhf cif;
jzpfygonf/
( *) a½G;ñTefwHjzifhaxmufí cvkwfESpfcsufESdyfjcif; (Double - Click )/ Pointer
a&mufaeonfhae&mrS b,fbuf Button udk ESpfcsufqufwdkufESdyfNyD; csufjcif;
vTwfjcif;udk Double Click vkyfjcif;[kac:ygonf/ Application wpfckudk Run
vdkvQif 4if; Application Icon udk Double Click vkyf&ygrnf/
(C) a½G;ñTew f jH zifah xmufí rdrv d &kd modYk qJ, G Nl y;D ae&mcsxm;jcif; (Drag & Drop)/
Mouse Pointer jzifh Object wpfcu k kd a&G;cs,Nf y;D Mouse Button udk zdxm;vQuf
tvdk&dSaomae&modkY a&mufaomtcg vTwfjcif;udk Drag &Drop vkyfjcif;[k
ac:onf/ Object wpfcu k akd ½TUjcif;? Windows rsm;\ t½G,t f pm;ajymif;vJjcif;
ponfwdkYwGif Drag vkyf&ygrnf/

Mouse Pointer Shapes (Mouse Pointer \yHko@mefrsm;)

4/ Mouse Pointer \ yHko@mefonf yHkrSeftm;jzifh b,fbufapmif;apmif; tay:udk
acgif;axmifaeonfh jrm;wdkav; tjzpfay:aeygonf/ Mouse Pointer \ yHko@mefonf
a&muf&Sdaeaom ae&mrsm;ay: rlwnfNyD; atmufygtwdkif; yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJygonf-
Windows 98 39 uuuGef
Windows wGif Standard mouse pointer udktNrJwef;awGUjrif&ygonf/
Graphic object rsm;ESit
hf vkyv
f yk af omtcgwGif Crosshair pointer udk awGUjrif
Edik yf gonf/
tvkyw f pfcv
k yk af eaom tcsed tf wGi;f vkyaf qmifrI rNy;D ao;csed w
f iG f Busy Pointer
udk awGUjrifEdkifygonf/
Text document rsm;xJwi G f Text Select (I-beam) Pointerudak wGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
Graphic yHk (odr Yk [kw)f Object wpfcu k akd &G;Ny;D Drag qGí
J wpfae&mrSwpfae&modYk
a&GUaomtcg Move Pointer udkawGUjrifEdkifygonf/
a'gifvdkuftaetxm;wGif Window wpfcktm; csJU (odkYr[kwf) csKHUaomtcg
Vertical Resize Pointer udk awGUjrifEdkifygonf/
tvsm;vdkuftaetxm;wGif Window wpfcktm; csJU (odkYr[kwf) csKHUaomtcg
Horizontal Resize Pointer udk awGUjrifEdkifygonf/
Window wpfcktm; axmifhjzwf csJU (odkYr[kwf) csKHUaomtcg Diagonal Resize
Pointer udk awGUjrifEdkifygonf/
Windows Help ESifh Web Page rsm;wGif Link &Sdaom Text and Object
rsm;ay: odkY Point vkyfygu Link Select Pointer udkawGUjrifEdkifygonf/
Window (odkYr[kwf) Item wpfckudk owfrSwfxm;onfhae&mxufausmfNyD;
a&TUír&aomtcgwGif Unavailable Pointer udkawGUjrifEdkifygonf/

Using Mouse on the desktop (Desktop ay:wGif Mouse toHk;jyKjcif;)

5/ Windows 98 Desktop ay:wGif Icons rsm;pGm&dS&m My Computer icon udk Click
vkyfygu My Computer icon ta&mifajymif;oGm;ygrnf/ Taskbar ay:&Sd Start button udk
Click vkyfygu Start menu ay:vmygrnf/ Icons rsm;vGwfaeaomae&mwGif Right click
vkyfygu Desktop shortcut pop-up menu wpfckay:vmrnf/ My Computer icon udk
Right click vkyfygu ,cifyGifhaeaom Desktop pop-up menu ydwfoGm;NyD; My Computer
shortcut pop-up menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;wdu Yk ykd ,fazsmufvykd gu Desktop ay:&Sd vGwaf eaom
ae&mudk Click vkyfyg/ Mouse pointer udk Taskbar \tay:tem;odkY wifMunfhyg/ Pointer
shape onf jrm;acgif; ESpc
f yk gonfh Two-head arrow yHak jymif;oGm;ygu Pointer udak tmufzufoYkd
Drag vkyfvQif Taskbar \t&G,fi,foGm;rnf/ Taskbar udk Drag vkyfí Desktop \txuf?
atmuf? b,f? nm odkY vdkovdk xm;&dSEdkifygonf/
Windows 98 40 uuuGef
Opening the Icons with mouse (Icon rsm;tm; Mouse jzifhzGifhjcif;)
6/ My Computer Icon ay:wGif Double Click vkyy f gu yH(k 1-4)yg twdik ;f My Computer
Window yGifhvmNyD; Taskbar ay:wGifvnf; My Computer [k ay:aeygrnf/ xdkYenf;wl
Application ? File ESifh Folder Icons rsm;udk zGifhvdkygu oufqdkif&m Icon udk Double Click
vkyyf g/

Drag the Objects with Mouse (Mouse jzifh Object rsm;tm;qJG,la½TUajymif;jcif;)

7/ Recycle Bin Icon udk Double Click vkyfygu Recycle Bin Window yGifhvmygrnf/
4if;\ Title Bar ay:wGif Point vkyNf y;D tvd&k &Sd modYk Drag vkyMf unfyh gu Recycle Bin Window
onf a½GUygvmrnf/ xdkenf;wl Desktop ay:&Sd Icon rsm;udk Point vkyfí Drag vkyfygu
xm;vdkaomae&modkY a½GUoGm;ygrnf/

Using Start Button (Start cvkyftm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;)

8/ Windows 98 wGif aqmif&GufEdkifonfh vkyfief;tm;vkH;
eD;yg;ukd Screen \ b,fbuf atmufaxmifh&Sd Start Button
jzifh pwif&rnfjzpfygonf/ Program wpfcu k kd pwiftoH;k jyKjcif;?
Windows \ oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;ukd ajymif;vJjcif;? File rsm;udk
½SmazGjcif;? Windows 98 udNk y;D qH;k apjcif;ESihf jyefvnfpwifapjcif;
ponf wdt Yk m; Start Menu ay:wGif awGU&S&d ygrnf/ Start Button
udk Click vkyfvkdufaomtcg Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ ykH(1-2)
Start Menu wGif yg0ifaom Menu Items rsm;\ vkyaf qmifEi kd rf I
rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) Windows Update/ Windows OS Version
topfrsm;ukd Internet rSwpfqifh Microsoft
Web Site okdYqufoG,fí tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD
Update jyKvkyfay;Ekdifygonf/
( c) Programs/ toHk;jyKEkdifaom Applications
rsm;ukd trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;í pm&if;jyKpkazmfjyxm;
ygonf/ rdrtd oH;k jyKvakd om Applications rsm;udk
Program rSwpfqifh pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
yH(k 1-3) yH(k 1-2)
Windows 98 41 uuuGef

yk(H 1-3)

( *) Favorites/ Internet rSwpfqifhqufoG,ftoHk;jyKEdkifonfh Channels rsm;ESifh

Links rsm;udk ESpfouf&mudk tvG,fwul a½G;cs,fí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
(C) Document/ toHk;jyKxm;aom Documents wdkY\ trnfpm&if;rsm;udk az:jy
ay;ygonf/
( i) Setting/ Windows 98 Operating System\t"duusaom Characteristics
rsm;? Hardware/ Software Configuration ? Folder? Desktop ponfh
Control Panel qdi k &f mjyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;? Printer qdik &f mjyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;?
Taskbar & Start menu qd k i f & mjyKjyif a jymif ; vJ j cif ; rsm;ud k
vkyfaqmifay;Edkifygonf/
( p) Find/ rdrd½Smvdkaom Email rsm;? Web pages rsm;? Files rsm;? Folders rsm;udk
rdrd\uGefysLwmtwGif;rSmomru tjcm;csdwfqufxm;aom uGef,ufpepfESifh
Internet txd ulnD&SmazGay;Edkifygonf/
Windows 98 42 uuuGef
(q) Help/ Windows 98 ESifhywfoufí odvdkaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;jyKol
tm; ulnDaqmif&Gufay;ygonf/
( Z) Run/ Folder rsm;twGif;&Sd Program file rsm;? oufqdkif&m Applications
rsm;rS File rsm;? HTML zdkifrsm;udk RUN Dialog box ½Sd Open Text Box wGif
½du
k xf nfí h vnf;aumif;? Browse rStqifq h if&h mS azGívnf;aumif;? Software/
Hardware topfrsm; Install jyKvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
( ps) Shut Down/ uGefysLwmudktoifhapmifhqdkif;Edkifaom Stand by tajctae?
vHkNcKHpdwfcspGmNyD;qHk;apaom Shut down tajctae? Windows System udk
jyefvnfpwifapaom Restart tajctaeESifh Graphic Mode rS Text
Mode(MS DOS)jzifh jyefvnfpwifapaom Restart in MS-DOS mode
tajc taewdkYudk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ yHk(1-4)

ykH(1-4 )

Proper Shutdown Windows 98

(Windows 98 tm;yHkrSeftwdkif;ydwfodrf;jcif;)
9/ uGeyf sLwmudyk w
d v
f v
kd Qif Power rD;cvkwuf kd tvG,w
f ulrydwrf ad p&ef txl;owdjyK&rnf/
xdkodkYjyKvkyfrdygu Computer twGif;½Sd zkdifrsm;? Hardware ydkif;qdkif&mrsm;yg ysufpD;apEkdifojzifh
pepfwus rSefuefpGmydwf&ef atmufygtwkdif; (Proper Shut down )jyKvkyfoihfygonf-
(u) vkyfaeqJ Document tm;vHk;ukd Save vkyfyg/ zGifhxm;aom Application
tm;vkH;ukd ydwfyg/
( c) Start Button ukd Click vkyyf g/ Start Menu rS Shut Down ukd Click vkyyf gu
Shut Down Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Shut Down ukda&G;cs,fí OK
uk d Click vk y f y g/ "It's now safe to turn off your computer."
pmwrf;ay:vm ygu uGefysLwmrD;cvkyfukdydwfyg/
rSwfcsuf/ ATX Power Supply jzpfygu tvdktavsmuf Power off jzpfoGm;ygrnf/
Windows 98 43 uuuGef
tcef;(2)

Understanding the Windows 98 Desktop

(Windows 98 Desktop tay: em;vnfapjcif;)
10/ Windows98 pwiftoH;k jyKvQif yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh Windows 98 Classic Desktop ay:vm
rnf/ Start Menu \ Setting rS Folder Options... udk Click vkyfí General tab udka&G;NyD;
atmufazmfjyyg Windows Desktop rsm;odkY ajymif;vJEdkifygonf-
(u) Web style / Files rsm;? Folder rsm;udk Single click vkyfí tvG,fwul
zGifhEdkifygonf/
( c) Classic style / Files rsm;? Folder rsm;udk Double click vkyfí tvG,fwul
zGifhEdkifygonf/
( *) Custom (Active Desktop) / File, Folder rsm;udkzGifh&ef Double click
(odkYr[kwf) Single click vkyfí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ tvdk&dS&m Web style
(odkYr[kwf) Classic style udk ajymif;vJtoHk;jyKEdkifonf/

Using the Taskbar (Taskbar tm;toHk;jyKjcif;)

11/ Desktop \atmufajc&dS Taskbar ay:wGif Start button ESihf tjcm;y½d*k &rfrsm; yg0ifEikd f
onf/ vuf&dStoHk;jyKxm;aom Program Windows rsm;onf Taskbar ay:wGif &Sdaeygrnf/
Task bar ay:&Sd toH;k jyKvakd om Windows Title Bar udk Click vkyy f g/ Taskbar \ nmbufwiG f
uGeyf sLwm\tcsed ef m&DEiS thf jcm;y½d*k &rfrsm; &dES ikd v
f mygrnf/ Taskbar onf omreftm;jzifh Desktop
\atmufqHk;wGif&SdNyD; txuf? atmuf? ab;b,fnmodkY Drag vkyfí a½GUajymif;Edkifygonf/
yH(k 2-1) Taskbar udk vdt k yfaomtcsed üf om ay:vmap&ef ,m,Dazsmufxm;Edik yf gonf/ Taskbar
udk acwåazsmufxm;jcif;onf Desktop ay:wGif ae&mydkrdk&&Sdojzifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGif jrifuGif;
ydkí aumif;apygonf/
yH(k 2-1)
Using the Toolbars (Toolbar tm;toHk;jyKjcif;)
12/ Windows 98 wGif Internet ESifh Program rsm;udk vQifjrefpGmtoHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Toolbar
rsm;jzifh aqmif½uG Ef ikd yf gonf/ tcsKd U Toolbar rsm;onf Taskbar wGif ay:aeap&ef zefw;D Edik of uJo
h Ykd
tvG,fwuljyefvnfz,f&Sm;Edkifygonf/ Toolbar qdkonfrSm Buttons rsm; pka0;xm;aom Bank
wpfcjk zpfNy;D Commands rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKonf/ Button wpfcu
k kd Click vkyMf unfyh gu oufqikd f
Windows 98 44 uuuGef
onfh Command tvkyv
f yk yf gonf/ Task Bar \ae&mvGwwf iG f Right Click vkyyf gu Shortcut
Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Task Bar ay:wGif az:jyvkdaom Tool Bar ukda&G;cs,fyg/ yHk(2-2)
Windows 98 \ Toolbar rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-

yH(k 2-2)
(u) Address / Address ab;&dS text box wGif Internet address wpfck½dkufxnfhNyD;
Enter ESdyfygu Internet Explorer onf 4if;ae&mudk &SmazGjyovdrfhrnf/
( c) Link / Internet Explorer Links (Web site) rsm;udk aqmif½u
G Ef ikd &f ef csw
d q
f uf
xm;onf/
( *) Desktop / yGifhaeaom Window wpfckonf Desktop ay:zHk;uG,faepOf
Desktop ½Sd Icon rsm;udkoHk;Edkif&eftwGuf Desktop Tool Bar udk oHk;ygonf/
(C) Quick Launch / Internet Explorer, Outlook Express, Your Destop
ESifh Active Chennel Viewer wkdYudk vG,fulpGmtoHk;jyKEkdifapygonf/

Creating a New Tool Bar (Toolbar topfwpfckzefwD;jcif;)

13/ Tool Bar topfwpfck wnfaqmuf&ef Task Bar &S d a e&mvG w f w G i f Right Click
vkyfygu Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Toolbars ukda&G;cs,fí Tool Bar Menu xJ&Sd
New Toolbar udka½G;cs,fygu udk,fydkif Tool Bar topfwpfckudk wnfaqmufEdkifygonf/

Closing the Tool Bar (Toolbar tm;ydwfodrf;jcif;)

14/ Taskbar ay:&dS Toolbar udzk ,f&mS ;vdv
k Qif Taskbar \ae&mvGwu
f kd Right Click vkyyf g/
ay:vmaom Shortcut menu wGif Toolbars udka½G;í z,f&Sm;vdkonfh Tool Bar udka½G;yg/
Windows 98 45 uuuGef
tcef;(3)
What is a Windows? (Windows qdkwmbmvJ)
15/ Windows qkdonfrSm File, Folder, Programs, Icons tp&Sdonfh Data rsm;twGuf
Frame wpfckjzpfygonf/ a&G;cs,frIay:rlwnfNyD; Windows onf Screen \tpdwftykdif;
(okdYr[kwf) wpfckvkH; ae&m,lEkdifonf/ Windows wGifyg0ifaomtoGiftjyifvu©Pmrsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf- yHk(3-1) Maximize Button
Title Bar Menu Bar Minimize Button Close Button
Control menu button

Standard Button
Toolbar

Address Bar

Scroll Box
Border
Horizontal
Scroll Bar

Scroll Arrow

Status Bar

yHk(3-1 ) Vertical Scroll Bar

(u) Control Menu Box / Windows \b,fbufaxmift h ay:qk;H wGiw

f nf½adS om
Icon wpfck jzpfygonf/ Control Menu Box ukd Mouse jzifh Click vkyfygu
Pull Down Menu wpfckusvmNyD; Menu xJwGif Windows \t&G,ftpm;?
Windows ydw& f efEiS hf Windows ukad &GUajymif;Ekid af om Commands rsm;yg&So d nf/
( c) Border/ Windows wpfck\av;bufav;wefrS jrifae&wJh abmiftem;vkdif;
rsm;ukd Border [kac:ygonf/ Windows \t&G,ftpm;ukdajymif;vJay;vkdvQif
Border ukd Mouse jzifh Drag vkyfay;jcif;jzifhajymif;vJEkdifygonf/
( *) Title Bar/ Windows \xdyfqkH;rSm oufqkdif&m Windows trnfukd azmfjy
ay;onfh tvsm;vkduf Band wpfckjzpfygonf/ Title Bar onf Highlighted
jzpfaevQif xkd Windows onf Active jzpfaeygrnf/
Windows 98 46 uuuGef

(C) Minimize Button/ Windows \ nmbuftay:wGi& f NdS y;D tvsm;vdu

k rf sO;f wdk
oauFwyHkygaom Button jzpfygonf/ Windows udk acwåydwfvdkonfhtcg ¤if;
Button udk Click vkyy
f gu Windows onf Screen rS aysmufomG ;Ny;D Taskbar
ay:wGif ay:aeygrnf/ Taskbar ay:u ¤if;udk Click vkyfygu Windows
onfjyefvnf yGifhvmygrnf/
( i) Maximize Button / Restore Button/ Windows \ nmbuftay:wGi& f NdS y;D
Windows yHkoauFwygonfh Button jzpfygonf/ xkd Button ukd Click vkyfyg
(odkYr[kwf) Window \ Title bar udk Double click vkyfyg/ Windows onf
Screen tjynfhaz:jyay;ygrnf/ Windows tm; rlvtaetxm;twdkif;
jyefvnfay:vdkygu Windows ESpfxyfyHk oauFw ygonfh Restore Button udk
Click vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Windows \ Title bar udk Double click vkyfyg/
rlvt½G,ftpm;twdkif; jyefay:vmygrnf/ ¤if; Button ESpfckonf Windows
wGifwpfvSnfhpDay:aeygrnf/
( p) Close Button/ Windows \ nmbuftay:axmifw h iG f MuufajccwfoauFw
yHyk gaom Button jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Button udk Click vkyyf gu Windows ydwo f mG ;
ygrnf/
(q) Vertical Scrollbar/ Windows \ txufESifh atmufrSm&Sdaom tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk Munfhvdkygu Vertical Scrollbar udk a½TUíMunfhEdkifygonf/
( Z) Horizontal Scrollbar/ Windows \ ab;b,fnmrSm&Sdaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;udkMunfhvdkygu Horizontal Scrollbar udk a½TUíMunfhEdkifygonf/
( ps) Menu Bar/ Title bar atmufwi G u
f yfvsuw f nf&adS om Band wpfcjk zpfNy;D ouf
qdik &f m Menu name rsm;udk Click vkyyf gu Commands rsm;ygaom Pull Down
Menu usvmygrnf/
(n) Standard Button Toolbar/ Menu Bar atmufwGif uyfvsufwnf&Sdaom
Band wpfckjzpfNyD; trsm;qHk; toHk;jyKonfh Commands rsm;udk Icons rsm;jzifh
az:jyxm;ygonf/
( #) Status Bar/ Windows \ atmufajcwGi& f adS om Band wpfcjk zpfNy;D Windows
wGifyg0ifaom Icon rsm;tm; Mouse Pointer jzifh Click vkyfonfh 4if; Icon\
Information tm; Status Bar wGif az:jyay;ygonf/
Windows 98 47 uuuGef
Opening a Application Windows (Windows Application wpfcktm;zGifhjcif;)
16/ Application wpfckudk zGifh&ef Start Menu &Sd Program Menu rS rdrdzGifhvdkonfh
Application udk Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Desktop ay:wGif Application Shortcut Icon
wifxm;ygu ¤if; Icon udk Double click vkyfyg/ oufqdkif&m Application Windows yGifhvm
ygrnf/
Switching Between Windows (Windows rsm;tMum;a½TUajymif;tvkyfvkyfjcif;)
17/ Windows rsm;tm; Desktop ay:wGif wpfckruzGifhxm;Edkifaomfvnf; Active jzpfaom
Windows rSm wpfckom jzpfEdkifygonf/ Active windows wpfck\ Title bar onf tjcm;aom
Windows rsm;xufyí kd awmufyaeygonf/ Windows 98 wGif Active windows \ Title bar
onf yHkrSeftm;jzifhtjyma&mif jzpfygonf/ Active jzpfapvdkaom Windows udk Click vkyfyg/
(odrYk [kw)f Taskbar &Sd Active jzpfapvdak om Minimize Window's Button udk Click vkyyf g/

Minimizing All Windows

18/ zGifhxm;aom Windows tm;vHk;udk wpfNydKifwnf; Minimize jyKvkyfvdkygu Taskbar
ay:½Sd vGwfaeaomtydkif;ü Right Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Pop-up menu rS Minimize
All Windows udk a½G;cs,y
f g/ Minimize vkyx
f m;aom Windows rsm;udk rlvtwdik ;f jyefjzpfvv
kd Qif
Taskbar udk aemufwcg Right click wpfBudrfjyKvkyfNyD; Undo Minimize All udka½G;cs,fyg/

Sizing a Window's Borders (Windows rsm;\ab;abmift½G,t f pm;jyKjyifjcif;)

19/ Windows wpfckudk Restore vkyfxm;vQif Windows \ Border rsm;udk Drag qGJí
Windows \t½G,ftpm;udk atmufygtwdkif;a½TUajymif;Edkifygonf-
(u) axmihfpGef;rSajymif;jcif;/ Mouse pointer tm; Windows \ axmifph eG ;f odYk a½TUyg/
Pointer onf Two-headed arrow yHkoP²mefodkY ajymif;csdefwGif csKHvdkcsJUvdk
aomOD;wnfbufay:rlwnfí Left Mouse Button jzihf Drag vkyfyg/ vdktyf
aom t½G,ftpm;odkY a&mufvQif Mouse tm;zdxm;aom vufudkvTwfvdkufyg/
( c) tem;rsm;rSajymif;jcif;/ Mouse pointer onf Windows \ tem;rsm;ay:odkY
a½TUvQif Two-headed arrow yHo k P²mefoYkd ajymif;oGm;ygrnf/ csKv
H ckd sUJ vdak om
OD;wnfbufay: rlwnfí Left Mouse Button jzifh Drag vkyfyg/ vdktyfaom
t½G,ftpm;odkY a&mufvQif Mouse tm;zdxm;aom vufudkvTwfvdkufyg/
Windows 98 48 uuuGef
Using Scrollbars (Scrollbar rsm;toHk;jyKjcif;)
20/ Windows wpfcw k iG f jrifuiG ;f rqefo
Y nfrsm;udk Munfv
h v
kd Qif Scrollbars rsm;udk toH;k jyKí
MunfhEdkifygonf/ Horizontal Scrollbar ESifh Vertical Scrollbar [lí &SdNyD; atmufygtwdkif;
toHk;jyKEdkifygonf-
(u) wjznf;jznf;csi;f Munfv h ykd gu Scroll Arrow rsm;udk Mouse Pointer jzifh Click
vkyfMunfhEdkifygonf/
( c) tjrefausmMf unfv h ykd gu Scroll Button ESihf Scroll Arrow Mum;&Sd vGwaf eaom
ae&mudk Mouse jzifh Click vkyfyg/
( *) awmufavQmuftjrefMunfv h ykd gu Scroll Button udk Drag qGí
J rdrMd unfv
h akd om
taetxm;odkYa&mufatmif a½TUMunfhEdkifygonf/
Moving a Windows (Windows wpfct k m;a½TUajymif;jcif;)
21/ Windows udk Desktop Screen ay:wGif a&TUvdak om Windows \ Title Bar udk Mouse
jzifh Drag vkyfjcif;jzifha½TUEdkifygonf/
Arranging Windows on the Desktop
(Desktop ay:wGif Windows rsm;tm; tpDtpOfcsxm;jcif;)
22/ Windows rsm;udk wpfNyKd iw f nf;wpfcx
k ufruzGix hf m;rnfqykd guWindowsrsm;onf wpfck
udw
k pfcyk o
kH P²meftrsK;d rsK;d jzifO
h verlap jzpfaeMuygrnf/ 4if;wduYk kd atmufygtwdik ;f pDay; Edik yf gonf-
(u) Cascading Windows/ Taskbar ay:&Sd vGwfaeaomtydkif;wGif Mouse
Pointer jzifh Right Click vkyy f g/ ay:vmaom Shortcut Menu rS Cascadeudk
a½G;cs,yf gu zGix hf m;aom Windows rsm;onf yH(k 3-2)wGif azmfjyxm;onft h wdik ;f
pDpOf ay;xm;onfudkawGU&ygrnf/

yHk(3-2)
Windows 98 49 uuuGef

yHk(3-3)

( c) Tiling Windows/ Windows rsm;udk tvsm;vdu k f pDpOfvv

kd Qif Tile Windows
Horizontally udk toHk;jyK&ygrnf/ Windows rsm;udk a'gifvdkuf pDpOfvdkvQif
Tile Windows Vertically udk toH;k jyK&ygrnf/ Desktop \vGwaf eaom ae&mrSm
Right Click vk y f N yD ; ay:vmaom Shortcut menu rS Tile Windows
Horizontally (odkYr[kwf) Tile Windows Vertically udk a½G;cs,fyg/ xdktcg
Windows rsm;onf yH(k 3-3)ESifh (3-4)wdw
Yk iG f azmfjyxm;onhf pDpOfay;xm;onfukd
awGU&ygrnf/

yHk(3-4)
Windows 98 50 uuuGef
Closing all Windows (Windows rsm;tm;vHk;ydwfodrf;jcif;)
23/ Windows rsm;udk tvkyv f yk Nf y;D aomtcg jyefyw
d yf g/ Windows rsm;udk vG,u
f pl mG ydwv
f kd
ygu Close button udk Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Taskbar ay:&Sd oufqdkif&m Application
Windows Title Bar udk Right click vkyí f ay:vmaom Shortcut menu rS Close udk a½G;cs,yf g/
yHk(3-5) tcsKdUaom Application Windows rsm;udk ydwfygu zdkifrsm;udkodrf;&ef Message
ay;wwfygonf/ yHk(3-6)

yHk(3-5)

yHk(3-6)

rSwfcsuf/ (1) Win98 toH;k jyKueG yf sLwmrsm;wGif wpfcgwpf&H acwå&yfwo hH mG ;aom tajctae
(Hang)rsK;d ESihf BuKH awGUEdik yf gonf/ xdt k cg Ctrl + Alt+ Delete ESyd yf gu Close
Program Dialogbox ay:vmrnf/ 4if;wGif awGU&dS&aom Program rsm;rS
Not responding jzifh ,SOfwJGazmfjyaom Program udk a&G;cs,fí End Task
jyKvkyf&rnf/ aemufqHk;wGif Shut Down jyKvkyf&rnf/
(2) CD toHk;jyKolrsm;taejzifh raumif;aom CD ROM rsm;udk xnfhzwfvQif
vnf;aumif;? CD Drive raumif;vQifvnf;aumif;? zwfr&aom Format
jzpfvQifvnf;aumif; Hang jzpfaomtajctaersKd; BuHKawGUEdkifojzifh owdjyK
oifhonf/ (xnfhxm;aom CD ROM udk csufcsif; jyefxkwfyg/)
(3) rnforYkd Qajz&Si;f Edik jf cif;r&db S J Hang oGm;aomtajctaersK;d BuKH awGUygu System
Unit &dS Reset Button udk ESdyfí Restart jyKvkyf&rnf/ (Keyboard \Num
lock udk tBur d Bf urd Ef ydS yf gu Num lock rD;vH;k zGi^hf ydwrf vkyv f Qif Hang jzpfae
aMumif; odEdkifygonf/)
Windows 98 51 uuuGef
tcef;(4)

Windows 98 Help
24/ Windows 98 \ Help System onfatmufaz:jyygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh toHk;
jyKoltm; tultnDay;Edkifygonf-
(u) Windows 98 ESihfoufqdkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzMum; ½Sif;vif;ay;jcif;?
( c) Windows 98 tm; rnfuJhodkYtoHk;jyK&rnfudk tqifhvdkuf½Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;?
( * ) Internet ESifhqufoG,fí Software qdkif&m Update jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;?
(C) uGefysLwmpepfydkif;qdkif&m csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;udk tajz½Smay;Edkifjcif;/
Opening the Help Windows (Windows 98 Help tm;zGifhjcif;)
25/ Start Button ukd Click vkyfNyD; Help ukda&G;cs,fygu Help Windows yGifhvmrnf/
yHk(4-1) Help Windows wGif atmufazmfjyygtwkdif; Left Windows ESifY Right Windows
(2)ckyg&Sdygonf-
(u) Left Windows wGif atmufyg Tab rsm; yg&Sdygonf-
(1) Contents Tab/ wlnD&mtcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;xm;onfh rmwdumZ,m;
wpfck jzpfygonf/
(2) Index Tab/ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tu©&mtpDtpOftvdkuf pDxm;NyD;
Munfhvdkonfh taMumif;t&mudk tvG,fwul &SmazGMunfhEdkif ygonf/
(3) Search Tab/ Munfhvdkonfh taMumif;t&mudk ½kdufxnfhay;vdkufygu
tvG,ftul &SmazGMunfhEdkifygonf/
( c) Right Window onf Left Windows rSa½G;cs,x f m;aom Contents \ tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk tao;pdwf az:jyay;ygonf/ Help Window Toolbar wGif
atmufygwdkY yg&Sdygonf-
(1) Hide/Show Button/ Hide/ Show Button onf Help windows rS
Left windows udkazsmuf&ef^ jyo&eftwGuf toHk;jyKygonf/ Left
Windows ay:aecsdefwGif Hide Button udk Click vkyfygu Left
Windows aysmufoGm; ygrnf/ 4if;tcsdefwGif Show Button udk Click
vkyfygu Left Windows jyefay:vmygrnf/
(2) Back Button/ Back Button udk zGifhxm;aom Help Page View
aemufodkY wpfckcsif; jyefoGm;vdkonfhtcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/
Windows 98 52 uuuGef

(3) Forward Button/ Forward Button udk Help Page View rsm;a&SUodYk
wpfckcsif; oGm;vdkonfhtcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/
(4) Web Help Button / rdrdtoHk;jyKaomuGefysLwmonf Internet ESifh
csdwfquf toHk;jyKygu World Wide Web rS Microsoft Help udk
Munfh½Ivdkonfh tcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/

yHk(4-1)
(5) Option Button/ Option Button onf Help Option udk List
vkyfjy&eftwGuf toHk;jyKygonf/ Option udk Click vkyfygu Option
Menu ay:vmrnf/
Windows 98 53 uuuGef
tcef;(5)
Arrange the Icons on the Desktop (Desktop ay:wGif Icon rsm;jyefpp D Ofjcif;)
26/ Desktop ay:&Sd Icon rsm;udk tpDtpOfwus pDvykd gu Desktop ay:½Sd vGwaf omae&mwGif
Mouse jzifh Right click vkyy f g/ ay:vmaom Shortcut Menu rS Arrange Icon udak ½G;cs,yf g/
Arrange Icon Pop- up Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk (5-1)
Shortcut Menu wGif by Name (trnfrsm;udk tu©&m
tpDtpOftvdu k pf jD cif;)? by Type (trsK;d tpm; tvdu
k pf jD cif;)?
by Size (t½G , f t pm; tvd k u f p D j cif ; )? by Date
(aeY&uftvdkufpDjcif;)? Auto Arrange (tvdktavQmuf
tpOftvdkuf pDay;jcif;) wdkYtm; a&G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ yHk(5-1)

Changing the Icon (Icon ajymif;vJjcif;)

27/ Mouse Pointer udk Desktop ay:½Sd vGwfaomae&mwGif Mouse jzifh Right Click
vkyfyg/ ay:vmonhf Shortcut menu rS Properties udk a½G;cs,fygu Properties Dialog Box
ay:vmrnf/ yHk(5-2) 4if;rS Effects Tab udka½G;cs,fyg/ Effect view \ Desktop Icons Box
rS rdrad jymif;vdo
k nfh Icon wpfcu
k akd ½G;cs,í
f Change Icon Button udk Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmonhf
Change Icon box rS rdrdESpfoufaom Icon yHkwpfckudka½G;cs,fí OK udk Click vkyfyg/ yHk(5-3)
Display Properties Box odkYjyefa&mufygrnf/ OK udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk(5-2)
yHk(5-3)
Windows 98 54 uuuGef
Changing a Background of the Desktop (Desktop \aemufcu H akd jymif;vJjcif;)
28/ Desktop \ Background udk atmufygtwdkif;ajymif;Edkifygonf-
(u) Mouse Pointer udk Desktop \ Icon rsm;vGwfaomae&mwGifxm;í Mouse
jzifh Right Click vkyfygu Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties udk
a½G;cs,fyg/
( c) Display Properties Dialogbox \ Wallpaper List rS Graphic wpfckudk
a½G;cs,fyg/ Preview wGif rdrda½G;cs,fonfhyHk ay:vmygrnf/
( *) yHktm; Center (Screen \ tv,fwiG af y:jcif;)? Tile (yHw
k pfcx
k ufyí
kd ay:jcif;)?
Stretch (Screen tjynfhay:jcif;)wdkYudk Display Drop-down List Box wGif
a&G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ NyD;vQif OK udk Click vkyfyg/
Putting Pattern of a background (aemufcu H ykd o
kH @meftrsK;d rsK;d jzifx
h nfo
h iG ;f jcif;)
29/ Desktop background \ Pattern udk atmufygtwdkif;xnfhay;Edkifygonf-
(u) Mouse Pointer udk Desktop \ Icon rsm;vGwfaomae&mwGifxm;í Mouse
jzifh Right Click vkyfygu Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties udk
a½G;cs,fyg/
( c) Display Properties Dialogbox \ Wallpaper List rS None udka½G;cs,fNyD;
Pattern udk Click vkyfyg/ Pattern Dialogbox wGif rdrdxnfhvdkonfh Pattern
wpfckudka&G;ygu Preview wGif yHkpHay:vmygrnf/ yHk(5-5)
( *) a½G;cs,rf rI sm;Ny;D ygu OK udk Click vkyyf gu Display Properties Dialog box
odkYjyefa&mufoGm;rnf/ OK udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk(5-5)
Windows 98 55 uuuGef
Screen Saver
30/ uGeyf sLwmudt k oH;k jyKaepOf Keyboard ESihf Mouse wdu Yk kd rxdbxJ m;ygu owfrw S x
f m;aom
tcsed jf ynfv
h Qif Screen ay:wGif rdrad ½G;cs,o
f wfrw S af y;xm;onfyh akH y:vmjcif;udk Screen Saver
jyKvkyfonf[kac:onf/ Screen Saver jyKvkyf&ef Desktop \ae&mvGwfwGif Right Click
vkyfygu Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties udk a½G;cs,fí Display Properties
Dialogbox rS Screen Saver Tab udka½G;cs,fyg/ Screen Saver Drop-down List box wGif
rdrdxnfhvdkonfh Screen Saver wpfckudk a½G;cs,fNyD; Preview MunhfEdkifygonf/ yHk(5-6) Wait
Text box wGif owffrSwfay;vdkonfhtcsdefudk a½G;cs,fNyD;ygu OK udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk(5-6)

Changing Windows Colors (Windows \ta&mifrsm;udkajymif;vJjcif;)

31/ Windows \ta&mifajymif;vJ&ef Desktop \ae&mvGwfwGif Right Click vkyfygu
Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties udk a½G;cs,fíDisplay Properties dialog
box rS Appearance tab udka½G;cs,fyg/yHk(5-7) Scheme drop-down list wGif Color Scheme
wpfckudka½G;cs,fygu Windows \ta&mifajymif;oGm;rnf/ Item drop-down list wGif
ajymif;vdkaom Item udka½G;cs,fyg/ Color List Box wGif rdrdESpfoufaom ta&mifwpfckudk
pdwfBudKufa½G;cs,fNyD;ygu OK udk Click vkyfyg/

Screen Resolution
32/ Windows \Screen Resolution ajymif;&ef Desktop \ae&mvGww f iG f Right Click
vkyfygu Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties udk a½G;cs,fíDisplay Properties
Windows 98 56 uuuGef
dialog box rS Setting tab udka½G;cs,fyg/ Setting view ay:vmrnf/ yHk(5-8) Colors drop-
down list box wGiftoHk;jyKrnfh Colors wpfckudk a½G;cs,fyg/ Resolution udk ajymif;vJvdkygu
Screen area rS Slider udk vdkovdka½GUNyD;aemuf OK udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk(5-7)

Slider
yHk(5-8)
Windows 98 57 uuuGef
tcef;(6)
Using the Setting of Start Menu (Start Menu \ Setting tm; toHk;jyKjcif;)
33/ Start Menu &dS Setting udka½G;cs,fNyD; ay:vmaom Setting menu rS Taskbar &
Start Menu udk Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Taskbar Properties Dialog Box yHk(6-1) rS
atmufazmfjyyg Option (4) ckudk a½G;cs,fEdkifygonf-
(u) Always on Top / Taskbar udk Desktop ay:wGifzGifhxm;aom Windows
rsm;ESifh twl ay:vdkygu a½G;cs,fyg/
( c) Auto Hide / Application Windows zGifhxm;pOf Taskbar udk ,m,Dazsmuf
xm;vdv k Qif Auto Hide udk a½G;cs,yf g/ Taskbar Hide vkyx
f m;aom ae&may:odYk
Pointer a&mufvQif Taskbar udk ,m,Djyefay:apygonf/
( *) Show Small Icons in Start Menu / Start Menu \t½G,ftpm;udk
rlvt&G,ftpm;xuf ao;i,ffvdkygu a½G;cs,fyg/
(C) Show Clock box / Taskbar ay:wGif tcsdefem&Dudk jyvdkygu a½G;cs,fyg/

yH(k 6-1)

Short Cut
34/ Start Menu wGif Programs Short Cut rsm;xyfxnfv
h ykd gu atmufygtwdik ;f vkyaf qmif
Edkifygonf-
(u) Start Button udk ESy
d Nf y;D Setting menu rS Taskbar & Start Menu udk a½G;cs,yf g/
Taskbar Properties dialog box ay:vmrnf/
Windows 98 58 uuuGef
( c) 4if;rS Start Menu Program tab udk a½G;cs,fyg/ Application Program
topfwpfck xyfxnfh&eftwGuf Add Button udk Click vkyfygu Create
Shortcut dialog box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(6-2)
( *) Command line text box wGif rdrdxnfhvdkonfh Program File udk½dkufxnfhyg
(odkYr[kwf) Browse udk Click vkyfí xnfhvdkonfh Program File udk
&SmazGa½G;cs,fí Open udk Click vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif Next button udk Click
vkyfyg/
(C) ay:vmaom Select Program Folder box yH(k 6-3)wGif Start Menu udk a½G;cs,f
í Next udk Click vkyfyg/ (tu,fí Folder topfjzifhxnfhvdkygu New
Folder udk Click vkyfí Folder name udk ½dkufxnfhNyD;aemuf Next udkClick
vkyfyg/)
( i) Finish udk Click vkyfyg/ 4if;aemuf OK udk Click vkyfyg/

yH(k 6-2)
Windows 98 59 uuuGef

yH(k 6-3)

Changing the Sound (toHajymif;vJjcif;)

35/ uGefysLwmudk toHk;jyKpOf tcsufay;oHrsm;xGufapvdkygu Start Menu &dS Setting rS
Control Panel udka½G;cs,fyg/ ay:vmaom Control Panel Dialogbox yHk(6-4)rS Sound udk
Double click vkyfygu Sound Properties Dialog box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(6-5) xnfhvdkonhf
Events: wpfckudk a½G;cs,fyg/ Name: rS toHxGufvdkonfh Sound file udka½G;cs,fyg/ toHerlem
Mum;vdkygu Preview: rS „udk Click vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif OK udk Click vkyfyg/

yH(k 6-4)

yH(k 6-5)
Windows 98 60 uuuGef
Changing the Date and Time
(&ufpJGESifhtcsdefajymif;vJjcif;)
36/ uGefysLwm\ &ufpGJ? tcsdefem&D jyifqifvdk
ygu Start Menu &dS Setting udka½G;cs,fyg/
ay:vmaom Menu rS Control panel rS Date/
Time udk Double click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom
Date / Time Properties dialog box yHk(6-6)&dS
Date box wGif jyifvdkaom Date udk a½G;cs,fyg/
em&DyakH tmuf&dS Time Box wGif jyifvakd om Time
udka½G;cs,fyg/ NyD;vQif OK udk Click vkyfyg/

Mouse Setting (Mouse tm;cvkyf\ yH(k 6-6)

tjrefEIef;? yGdKifwm\yHko@mef vIyf½Sm;rIudk
owfrSwfjcif;)
37/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh b,fbuf Button udk
Primary ES i f h nmbuf Button ud k
Secondary tjzpf toHk;jyKMuygonf/ b,f
buf Button udk Secondary ESifh nmbuf
Button udk Primary tjzpf ajymif;vJtoH;k jyK
Ed k i f y gonf / Start Menu rS Setting &d S
Control Panel udka½G;cs,fyg/ 4if;rS Mouse
udk Double click vkyyf g/ Mouse Properties
dialog box yH(k 6-7) rS atmufygwdu Yk kd jyifqif
Edkifygonf- yH(k 6-7)
(u) Buttons / Button Con-figuration rS Left-handed udak ½G;cs,yf gu b,fbuf
Button onf Secondary ? nmbuf Button onf Primary odaYk jymif;oGm;rnf/
b,fbuf Button ay:&Sd tjyma&mifonf nmbuf Button ay:odaYk jymif;oGm;yg
rnf/ Double-click Speed udkjyifvdkygu Slider udk Slow/Fast odkYa½GUay;yg/
( c) Pointers / ESpfouf&m Pointer yHkpHwpfckudkjyifqifvdkygu a½G;cs,fyg/
( *) Motions / Pointer Speed jyifqif&ef ESihf Pointer Trail ay:vdyk gu a½G;cs,yf g/
Windows 98 61 uuuGef
tcef;(7)
Disk Drives (odkavSmifypönf;rsm;)
38/ uGefysLwmwpfvHk;wGif Hard-disk Drive ESifh Floppy-disk Drive [lí Drive 2 ck
tenf;qH;k yg&Syd gonf/ Hard Disk onf tcsut f vufyrmPrsm;pGm odak vSmifEikd yf gonf/ Floppy
disk onf tcsuftvuftenf;i,fudkom odkavSmifxm;EdkifNyD; tcsuftvufrsm;udk Backup
jyKvyk &f efEiS hf wpfae&mrSwpfae&modYk a½GUajymif;&ef toH;k jyKygonf/ Drive rsm;udk cGjJ cm;Edik &f eftwGuf
tu©&mrsm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; owfrSwfEdkifygonf-
(u) Hard-disk Drive wpfcEk iS hf Floppy-disk Drive wpfckyg&dSjcif;/ Hard-disk
udk C: [kowfrSwfNyD; Floppy-disk udk A: [kowfrSwfygonf/
( c) Hard-disk Drive ESpfckESifh Floppy-disk Drive ESpfckyg&dSjcif;/ Hard-disk
wpfcuk kd Primary Hard-disk tjzpf C: [kowfrwS Nf y;D ? usef Hard-disk wpfcu k kd
Secondary Hard-disk tjzpf D: [kowfrSwfavh&Sdygonf/ Boot jyKvkyfrnfh
Floppy-disk udk A: [kowfrSwfí usef Floppy-disk udk B: [k owfrSwfEdkif
ygonf/
( *) Hard-disk wpfckudk Partitions rsm;cJGoHk;jcif; / Partitions (3)ckcGJxm;vQif
C: D:, E: [k owfrSwfEdkifygonf/ Partitions rsm;udk vdktyfovdk cJGEdkifygonf/
(C) CD-ROM Drive yg&Sjd cif; / Hard-disk rsm;twGuf tu©&mowfrw S Nf y;D rS CD-
ROM Drive twGuftu©&mudk owfrSwfygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh CD-ROM
Drive twGuf D: [k owfrSwfygonf/
( i) Server Drive yg&Sdjcif; / Server Drive udk trsm;tm;jzifh F: tjzpf owfrSwf
ygonf/

Folders and Files

39/ Folder topfrsm;ukd ud, k w
f ikd f zefw;D Ekid yf gonf/ Program rsm; Installation jyKvyk yf gu
trsm;tm;jzifh Folder topfrsm; tvdt k avQmuf wnfaqmufygonf/ Folder wpfcw k iG f Folders
rsm;? Files rsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;Edkifygonf/ tajccH File trsKd;tpm; (2) ckrSm Program File
ESihf Data File wkjYd zpfygonf/ File Name ukd tu©&m 255 vk;H xd ay;Ekid yf gonf/ File Extersion
ukd tu©&m(3)vkH;om ay;Ekdifygonf/ File Name wGif tu©&mrsm;? *Pef;rsm; ESifh Space rsm;
yg0ifEkdifaomfvnf; (/, >, ;, ?, *, <, \, !) rsm;ukd rokH;Ekdifyg/
Windows 98 62 uuuGef

yH(k 7-1)

Using My Computer
40/ Desktop ay:&Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyfygu My Computer
Window yH(k 7-1) yGivhf mNy;D Folder (odrYk [kw)f Drive \ Contents rsm;udak z:jyygonf/ Disk-
drive, Folder rsm;udk ul;,l^a½GUajymif;Edi k jf cif;? trnfajymif;Edik jf cif;ESizhf sujf cif;wdu
Yk kd vkyaf qmif
Edkifygonf/ View menu &dS Large Icons, Small Icons, List, Details wdkYjzifh jrifuGif;udk
ajymif;vJEdkifygonf/ View menu &dS Arrange Icons udka½G;ívnf; Folder, File rsm;udk by
Drive Letter, by Type, by Size ,by Free Space, Auto Arrange wdkYjzifh pDEdkifygonf/

Using Windows Explorer

41/ Start Button udk Click vkyfNyD; ay:vmaom Start Menu rS Program ukda&G;cs,fyg/
4if;rS Windows Explorer ukd Click vkyfyg (odkY) Start Button udk Right Click vkyfNyD;
ay:vmonhf Menu rS Explore udk Click vkyfyg/ ykH(7-2) Left Windows wGif Disk-drives
ESihf Folder rsm;yg0ifNyD;? Right Windows wGif Left Windows a&G;cs,fxm;aom Disk-drive
(okdY) Folder rsm;\ Contents rsm;ukd azmfjyay;ygonf/ Desktop (odkY) MyComputer (odkY)
Drive (okdY) Folder rsm;udk 4if;atmufyg&dSaom Folder rsm;tm; jzefYrxm;vQif 4if;wdkYa&SUwGif
[+] oauFw&dSNyD;? jzefYjyxm;vQif [-] oauFwjyygonf/ Windows Explorer jzifh Disk-drive,
Folder rsm;wGif tvdk&dSonfh Folder ESifh File rsm;udk &SmazGEdkifjcif;? wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY
ul;,l^a½GUajymif;Edik jf cif;? trnf ajymif;Edik jf cif; ESihf zsujf cif;wdu
Yk kd vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf/ Windows
Explorer \jrifuGif;udk View menu &dS Large Icons, Small Icons, List, Details wdkYjzifh
ajymif;vJMunfh½IEdkifygonf/ View menu rS Arrange Icon udka½G;ívnf; Folder, File rsm;udk
by Name,by Type,by Size ,by Date, Autoarrange wdkYjzifh tvdk&dSovdk pDpOfEdkifygonf/
Windows 98 63 uuuGef
Control Menu Button Title Bar Menu Bar
Minimize Button Maximize Button

Close Button

Standard
Button
Toolbar
Address Bar

Right Pane
Window

Pane Divider

Left Pane
Scroll Bar
Window

Scroll Box

Scroll Arrow
Status Bar Menu Bar

yHk (7-2)
Standard Buttons Toolbar
42/ Exploring Windows \ Toolbar wGif atmufyg Standard Buttons rsm;yg&Syd gonf-
(u) Back / wpfcNk y;D wpfck Click vkycf ahJ om Drive, Folderrsm;odYk aemufjyef oGm;vdk
onfhtcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/
( c) Forward / Back jzifhoGm;cJhaom Drive, Folderrsm;rS a&SUodkY jyefoGm;vdkaom
tcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/
( *) Up / vuf&dS Folder rS wpfqifjh rifah om Up One Level odYk oGm;vdy
k gu toH;k jyK
ygonf/
(C) Cut / Folder (odkYr[kwf) File rsm;udk ae&mopfodkY a½GUajymif;vdkonfhtcgwGif
toHk;jyKygonf/
( i) Copy / Folder (odkYr[kwf) File rsm;udk ul;,lvdkonfhtcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/
( p) Paste/ Cut/Copy jzifh a½GUajymif;^ul;,lxm;aom Folder/File rsm;udk
tjcm;wpfae&m&modkY jyefxnfhvdkonfhtcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/
Windows 98 64 uuuGef

yH(k 7-4)
yH(k 7-3)

(q) Undo/ trSm;wpfckckvkyfrdojzifh rlvtwdkif;jyefjzpfapvdkvQif toHk;jyKygonf/

( Z) Delete/ File/ Folder rsm;udk zsufvdkonfhtcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/
( ps) Properties/ Type: , Location:, Size:, Date: ESifh Attributes: wdkYudk
od½Sdvdkonfhtcg toHk;jyKygonf/
(n) View/ Large Icons, Small Icons, List, Details yHkpHrsm;odkY ajymif;vJMunfhvdk
onfhtcgwGif toHk;jyKygonf/
Selecting Drives, Folders, Files (Drives, Folders, Files rsm;tm;a½G;cs,fjcif;)
43/ Exploring windows rSm Drive, Folder, File rsm;udk a½G;cs,v f ykd gu rdrad ½G;cs,v
f akd om
Drive (or) Folder (or) File udk Mouse pointer jzifh Click vkyfyg/ Click vkyfvdkufaom
Drive (or) Folder (or) File onf Highlighted jzpfoGm;rnf/ (3½ Floppy [A:] Drive udk
a½G;cs,fvdkygu Floppy Drive xJodkY 3½ Floppy Disk tm;xnfhxm;&rnf/)
(u) Folder, File rsm;udkqufwdkufa½G;cs,fjcif; / a½G;cs,fvdkaom Folder/File
udk Click vkyfNyD;aemuf Keyboard rS Shift key udkESdyfvQuf aemufqHk;a½G;cs,f
vdkaom Folder/ File udk click vkyfyg/
( c) Folder, File tm;vHk;udka½G;cs,fjcif; / a½G;cs,fvdkaom Folder udk Click vkyf
NyD;aemuf Edit menu rS Select All udka½G;cs,fyg/ (Shortcut Ctrl + A)
Windows 98 65 uuuGef
( *) tvd&k aSd om Folder, File rsm;udak ½G;cs,jf cif;/ Right Window &daS ½G;cs,v
f adk om
Folder/File udk Click vkyfNyD;ygu Keyboard rS Ctrl key udkESdyfvQuf xyfrH
a½G;cs,fvdkaom Folder/ File wdkYudk Click vkyfyg/ (Left Window wGif xdkuJhodkY
rjyKvkyfEdkifyg/)

Copy or Move the Files/Folders (Files/Folders rsm;tm;ul;,ljcif;? a½TUajymif;jcif;)

44/ Windows Explorer toHk;jyKí Files/Folders wdkYudk ul;,l^a&TUajymif;jcif;udk
atmufygtwkdif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Files/Folders udu k ;l ,ljcif; / ul;,lvo
kd nfh Drive/Folder/File wdu Yk akd ½G;cs,yf g/
Standard Button toolbar rS Copy Button udk Click vkyfí ul;xnfhvdkonfh
Drive/Folder udka½G;cs,fNyD; Paste button udk Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Edit
menu rS Copy udk Click vkyfí ul;xnfhvdkonfh Drive/Folder udka½G;cs,fNyD;
Paste udk Click vkyfyg/
( c) Files/Folders udak ½TUajymif;jcif; / a½TUajymif;vdo k nfh Folder/ File udak ½G;cs,yf g/
Standard Button toolbar rS Cut button udk Click vkyí f xm;vdo k nfh Drive/
Folder udk a½G;cs,fNyD; Paste button udk Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Edit menu
rS Cut udk Click vkyfí xm;vdkonfh Drive/Folder udka½G;cs,fNyD; Paste udk
Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) File menu rS Send To udka½G;cs,fí yHk(7-5) 4if;rS
xm;vdkaom Disk/Folder wpfckckudk Click vkyfyg/

Creating the Shortcut (Shortcut zefwD;jcif;)

45/ Program/ File wdkYudk Shortcut jyKvkyfvdkygu atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Windows Explorer rSjyKvkyfjcif;/ Windows Explorer udkzGifhNyD; Shortcut
jyKvkyfvdkonfh Folder/Program/File ay:wGif Right Button udkzdvQuf Drag
vkyfoGm;NyD; Shortcut xm;vdkonfhae&modkYa&mufvQif zdxm;aomvufudk vTwf
vdkufyg/ ay:vmaom Menu rS Create Shortcut(s) Here udk Click vkyfyg/
yH(k 7-5)
yH(k 7-5)
Windows 98 66 uuuGef
( c) Using Send To rSjyKvkyfjcif;/ Shortcut jyKvkyfvdkonfh Folder/Program/
File udka&G;cs,fí File Menu rS Send To udk Click vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif Desktop
[create Shortcut] udk Click vkyfyg/ yHk(7-6)

yH(k 7-6)

Creating a new Folder (Folder topf wnfaqmufjcif;)

46/ Exploring windows wGif Folder topfwpfckwnfaqmufvdkaom Drive/Folder udk
a½G;cs,fyg/ (Oyrm- 3½ Floppy disk wGif Folder wnfaqmufvdkygu Floppy-disk A udk
xnfhNyD;rS Left Window rS 3½ Floppy [A:] udka½G;cs,fyg/) File Menu rS New udk
a½G;cs,Nf y;D aemuf Folder udk a½G;cs,yf gu Right Windows wGif New Folder wpfcak y:vmrnf/
ay;vdkaomtrnfudk ½dkufxnfhNyD;vQif Enter key udkESdyfyg/

Deleting a File or Folder (File odkYr[kwf Folder udk zsufjcif;)

47/ Windows Explorer wGif zsuv f o kd nfh Folder/File wdu
Yk akd ½G;cs,yf g/File menu rS Delete
key udE
k ydS yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f a½G;xm;onfh Folder/ File ay:wGif Right Click vkyí f ay:vmaom
Context Menu rS Delete udE k ydS yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f Standard Toolbar rS Delete Button udEk ydS yf g/
ay:vmonfh Confirm File Delete Dialog box wGif Yes udk Click vkyfyg/

Recycle Bin (trIdufyHk;)

48/ Recycle Bin onf rvdktyfonfrsm;udk pGefYypfEdkifaom trIdufyHk;ESifh wlygonf/ xdkYtwl
Recycle Bin onfvnf; rvdktyfaom Files rsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;aomae&m jzpfygonf/
Windows twGif; Files rsm;udk Delete vkyfonfhtcg Recycle Bin wGif odrf;xm;ygonf/
Recycle Bin udk Empty rvkyfrcsif; zsufxm;aom Files rsm;udk jyefvnfq,fwifEdkifygonf/
Empty vkyNf y;D jzpfygu jyefvnfrq,fwifEi
kd yf g/ Recycle Bin udk Empty rvky&f rD zsux
f m;aom
Files rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; jyefvnf&,lEdkifygonf-
Windows 98 67 uuuGef
(u) Recycle Bin rS Files rsm;udk Restore vkyfjcif; / Desktop ay:&dS Recycle
Bin udk Double Click vkyfyg/ Restore vkyfvdkonfh Folder/ File wdkYudk
a½G;cs,fNyD;? File menu rS Restore udk click vkyfygu zsufxm;aom Folder/
File onf rlvae&modkY jyefa&mufoGm;ygrnf/ yHk(7-7)
( c) Recycle Bin rS Files, Folders rsm; zsufjcif; / Desktop ay:&dS Recycle
Bin udk Double Click vkyfyg/ File menu rS Empty Recycle Bin udk
a½G;cs,fyg/ File wpfckcsif;pDudkvnf; a½G;cs,fí zsufEdkifygonf/

yH(k 7-7)

Renaming Folder & File (Folder ESifh File trnfajymif;jcif;)

49/ Windows Explorer udkzGifhNyD; trnfajymif;vdkaom Folder^ File wdkYudka½G;cs,fyg/
File menu rS Rename udka½G;cs,fyg/ (odkYr[kwf) a½G;cs,fxm;onfh Folder^ File ay:wGif
Right click vkyfí ay:vmaom Context Menu rS Rename udka½G;cs,fyg/ trnfopfudk
½dkufxnfhNyD; Enter key udkESdyfyg/ (owdjyK&efrSm File Extension onf rlvtwdkif;jzpf&ygrnf/)

Searching Files or Folders (Folder/File rsm;udk½SmazGjcif;)

50/ Windows Explorer \ Tool menu &dS Find rS Files or Folders udka½G;ygu Find
dialog box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(7-8) 4if;wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&G;cs,fEdkifygonf-
(u) Name & Location / trnfjzifh ½Smvdkygu Named Box wGif &Smvdkaom
trnfukd ½duk x
f nfyh g/ Files xJwiG f yg0ifaompmyd'k w
f t
Ykd m; &Smvdyk gu Containing
text box wGif ½dkufxnfhyg/ Look in drop-down list box wGif Drive udk
a½G;cs,fyg/ Include Subfolder udka½G;xm;yg/
Windows 98 68 uuuGef

( c) Date / &ufpGJjzihf &Smvdkygu Date tab udk Click vkyfNyD; Find all Files udk
Click vkyfí Modified /Created/ Last accessed wpfckckudk a½G;cs,fyg/
&ufpEGJ pS cf t
k wGi;f &Smvdyk gu Between udk Click vkyNf y;D &ufprGJ sm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f yg/
(odkYr[kwf) During the previous wdkYudktoHk;jyKvdkygu Click vkyfí Drop
down list box wGif v (odkYr[kwf) &ufudk a½G;cs,fyg/
( *) Advanced / File trsKd;tpm; ESifh t½G,ftpm; tvdkuf &Smvdkygu Of type:
ab;&dS box wGif File trsKd;tpm;udkvnf;aumif;? Size is: ab;&dS box wdkYwGif
File \ti,fqHk;^tBuD;qHk; t½G,ftpm;udk a½G;cs,fyg/
(q) a½G;cs,frIrsm;NyD;qHk;ygu Find Now button udk Click vkyfyg/ &SmazGawGU&Sdcsuf
rsm;udk atmufwGifaz:jyay;ygrnf/ aemufxyf Files topfxyfrH&Smvdkygu
txufygtwdkif; qufvufvkyfaqmifyg/

yk(H 7-8)
Windows 98 69 uuuGef
tcef;(8)
How to Tell How Much Room Is On a Disk
(odak vSmifypön;f rsm;ay:wGiaf e&mrnfrQvw
G o
f nf^toH;k jyKonfuo
kd ½d adS pjcif;)
51/ ,cif OS rsm;? Hardware rsm;onf Hard Disk rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif tueft Y owfrsm;
pGm &Syd gonf/ ,cktcgwGif Hard Disk rsm;onf ,cifuxuf pGr;f tm;aumif;rGev f monfEiS t
hf wl
ae&mydkrdkqefYvmygonf/ File rsm;udk odkavSmif&eftwGuf File System ESifh Hard Disk ay:wGif
rnfrQvGwfonfudk od&Sd&efvdktyfygonf/ Hard disk ay:wGif usef&dSrnfhae&mvGwf yrmPESifh
File System udk od&SdEdkif&ef atmufygtwdkif; aqmif½GufEdkifygonf-
(u) My Computer (odkY) Windows Explorer twGif; Address drop down list
box (odkY) All Folders list rS aeí My Computer udka½G;yg/
( c) oHk;rnfh Drive C: udka½G;yg/ tu,fí Web Style udk toHk;jyKcJhvQif Windows
\ b,fbufwGif Capacity udkaz:jyaeaom Graph yHkwpfckay:vmygrnf/
( *) Standard Button tollbar rS
Properties udk Click vkyfyg/
(odkYr[kwf) Mouse jzifh Righ
click ud k E S d y f í ay:vmaom
Shortcut menu rS Proper-
ties udka½G;cs,fyg/ a½G;cs,f
xm;aom Drive \ Proper-
ties dialog box ay:vmrnf/
yHk(8-1)

52/ tjyma&mif o nf toH k ; jyKxm;aom

tydkif; jzpfNyD; c&rf;a&mifonf ae&mvGwfaom
tydkif;jzpfygonf/ Labeludk ajymif;Edkifygonf/
Disk rsm;ud k v nf ; ppf a q;jyif q if E d k i f j cif ; ?
Backup Files rsm;\ tajctaeudk ppfaq;
ay;jcif;? Disk udk cJaG 0oH;k pGcJ iG ahf y;jcif; ESihf Disk yHk(8-1)
yrmPudk csKHU&eff Tools rsm; yg0ifygonf/
Windows 98 70 uuuGef
Formatting a Floppy Disk and Create a Windows98 Startup Disk
53/ Floppy Disk wpfctk m; Format/Startup Disk jyKvyk &f efvt
kd yfvmygu atmufygtwdik ;f
vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Formatting / Desktop ay:&dS My Computer udk Click vkyyf g/ 3½ Floppy
Drive wGif Floppy disk udk
xnfNh y;D 3½ Floppy disk [A:]
udka½G;cs,fyg/ File menu rS
Format (od k Y r [k w f ) Right
Click vk y f í ay:vmaom
Context Menu rS Format
udak ½G;yg/ Format dialog box
ay:vmrnf/ yH(k 8-2)Capacity: yHk(8-2)
wGif Disk trsK;d tpm;udak ½G;yg/
Format type wGif tvd& k aSd om
trsd K ;tpm;wpf c k u d k a½G ; yg/
tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k tjref
zsuf v d k v Qif Quick[erase]
option udk a½G;yg/ Reformat
ESifh Disk error udkppfvdkvQif Full option udka½G;yg/ Bootable disk (System
Disk) jyKvkyfvdkvQif Copy system file only option udka½G;yg/ Label: wGif
pmvHk;(11)vHk;txd xnhfoGif;Edkifygonf/ Format jyKvkyfNyD;vQif tcsuf
tvufrsm;az:jyapvdyk gu Display summary when finished udak ½G;Ny;D Start
udk Click vkyyf gu Format Result box ay:vmygrnf/ Ny;D vQif Close udak ½G;ygu
Format dialog box odkY jyefa&mufygrnf/ tjcm; Disk wpfckudk Format
rvkyfvdkygu Close udk Click vkyfyg/
( c) Windows98 Startup Disk / Win98 toHk;jyKuGefysLwmwpfvHk;wGif vdktyf
vQif toHk;jyKEdkifa&;twGuf Bad Sector ryg&dSaom 1.44MB Disk wpfckjzifh
Win 98 Startup Disk jyKvy k í
f oD;oefo
Y rd ;f qnf;xm;oifyh gonf/ jyKvyk ef nf;rSm
Start →Settings → Control Panel→ Add/Remove programs→Startup Disk
→ Create Disk jzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ (Win98 Installation Files/ CD

&dS&efESifh toHk;jyKaom Disk/Computer wdkYwGif Virus uif;&Sif;&ygrnf/)

Windows 98 71 uuuGef
Using Copy Disk (Copy Disk udt k oH;k jyKjcif;)
54/ Floppy disk wpfcrk S tjcm;rsK;d wl Floppy disk wpfco k Ykd Track tvdu
k ?f Sector tvdu
k f
ae&mtwdtustwdkif; tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;udk ul;,lEdkifygonf/ xdkodkYul;,l&mwGif Disk
ESpfck\t½G,ftpm;? trsKd;tpm;? t&nftaoG; wdkY wlnD&efomru Bad Sector ryg&dSap&ef
vdktyfygonf/ atmufygtwdkif; Copy Disk jyKvkyfEdkifygonf-
(u) Drive xJoYkd Floppy disk udx k nfNh y;D Windows Explorer (od)Yk My Computer
udk zGifhyg/
( c) Copy jyKvkyfrnfh Floppy Disk Folder udk a½G;cs,fNyD; File Menu rS Copy
Disk udk a½G;cs,fyg/ Copy disk dialog box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(8-3)
( *) Start udk Click vkyfygu Source Disk(Copy from) xJ&Sd tcsuftvufrsm;
udk zwf,lí Memory wGif rSwfom;aeygrnf/ tcsdeftenf;i,fMumvQif Copy
to disk xnfhay;&ef Copy Disk Dialog Box ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(8-4)
(C) Drive xJrS Source Disk udkxkwfyg/ 4if;aemuf Destination Disk udk xnfhí
OK udk Click vkyfyg/
( i) Copy Disk NyD;qHk;vQif Copy Disk Complete pmwrf;ay:vmygrnf/
( p) tu,fí tjcm; Copy Disk xyfrHjyKvkyfvdkygu txufygtwdkif;jyKvkyfyg/

yHk(8-3)

yHk(8-4)
PageMaker 6.5 72 uuuGef

Adobe PageMaker 6.5

tcef;(1)

Starting PageMaker 6.5 ( PageMaker 6.5 xJodkY0ifjcif; )

1/ ykHrSeftm;jzihf PageMaker 6.5 onf Adobe Folder wGif &Sdygonf/ PageMaker 6.5
odkY pwif0ifa&muf&ef Start button ukd Click vkyfyg/ Start Menu rS Program ukd Point
vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Submenu rS Adobe ukd Point vkyfyg/ xyfay:vmaom submenu rS
PageMaker 6.5ukdPoint vkyfyg/ ,if;aemuf xyfrHay:vmaom submenu rS Adobe
PageMaker 6.5ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(1-1)

yk(H 1-1)

Create a New File (zdkifopfwpfckzefwD;jcif;)

2/ (u) File Menu rS New ukd Click vkyfyg/
(ShortCut Ctrl+N) ykH(1-2)
( c) Document Setup dialog box ay:vmrnf/ ykH(1-3) yk(H 1-2)
( *) Document Setup dialog box rS tcsuftvufrsm;jznhfpGufNyD;? OK Button
ukd Click vkyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 73 uuuGef
Document Setup
(rdrdpm½dkufrnfh pm½Guftae
txm;udkjyifqifjcif;)
3/ Document Setup Dialog
Box wGif rdrv
d yk af qmifrnfh vkyif ef;
jzif h qD a vsmfa om Setting rsm;
Values rsm;ukd a½G;cs,jf znfp
h uG &f rnf-
(u) Page Size - Page
Size box rS owf
rSwx f m;aom pm½Guf
ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK;ukd a½G;
cs,fEkdifonf/ 4if;&Sd
Custom uk d a &G ; NyD ;
tokH;jyKvkdonhf pm
&Guf t&G,ftpm;udk yk(H 1-3)
Dimensions ae&m
ü xnhfoGif;Ekdifonf/
( c ) Orientation - Orientation wGif Tall onf a'gifvu dk t
f aetxm;jzpfNy;D Wide
onf tvsm;vkduf taetxm;jzpfonf/ wpfckukda&G;cs,f&rnf/
( * ) Options - a½G;cs,f&ef atmufygtwdkif; toHk;jyKEdkifonf-
(1) Double-Sided - b,fESifhnm ESpfrsdK;vkH; ½kdufvkdaom pm½GufzefwD;&ef
a&G;cs,f&rnf/ wpfzufwnf;½dkufvdkygu a&G;cs,f&efrvdkyg/
(2) Facing Pages - pmrsufESmrsm;ukd b,fnm,SOfjyo&ef jzpfonf/
(3) Adjust Layout - toifh&SdNyD; Document rsm;wGifomokH;&ef jzpfygonf/
( Z ) Number of Pages - pmrsufESmta&twGuf owfrSwfay;&ef jzpfonf/
( ps ) Start Page - pmrsufESmeHygwftopfrSjyefp&efoHk;ygonf/ Oyrm- pmrsufESm 21
ukd p&eftwGuf Start Page wGif 21 ukd jznfhpGuf&rnf/
PageMaker 6.5 74 uuuGef
(n) Margins - pmrsuE
f mS \ Margin wefz;dk rsm;ukd owfrw
S &f mwGif Double Sided
udak &G;xm;ygu "Inside","Outside","Top"ESihf "Bottom", wdu Yk kd jznf&h efjzpfNy;D ?
a&G;rxm;ygu "Left","Right","Top"ESihf "Bottom", wdu Yk kd jznf&h efjzpfygonf/
(#) Compose to Printer - pm½kdufxkwfrnhf Printer ukd a½G;cs,f&ef jzpfygonf/
(X) OK - a½G;cs,fjznfhpGufxm;aom Setting rsm;twnfjzpfap&ef OK Button ukd
Click vkyfyg/ (okdYr[kwf) Enter Key ukd Press vkyfyg/
(!) Cancel - Document Setup topfzefwD;jcif;tm; rjyKvkyfvkdawmhygu
Cancel Button ukd Click vkyfyg/
(¡) Number - pmrsufESmeHygwf Style rsm;ukd owfrSwf&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonf/

To save a new document (zdkifopfwpfckudkzdkiftrnf

ay;&efodrf;jcif;)
4/ (u) File Menu rS Save ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(1-4)
(Shortcut - Ctrl+S)
(c) Save Publication Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/
yk(H 1-5)
(*) Save Publication Dialog Box \ Filename
box wGif Document Name ukd ½du
k x
f nf&h rnf/
(C) avhusifhrItwGuf Save in box wGif ]]My
Documents}} ay:aeap&ygrnf/ tu,fí
Save in box wG i f tjcm; Folder
trnf j zpf a eygu ,if ; \ nmbuf & S d
rQm;acgif;ykHyg button tm; Point vkyfyg/
ay:vmaom Pull down menu rS ]] My
Documents}} udka&G;yg/
(i) Save Button ukd Click vkyfyg/ yk(H 1-4)
PageMaker 6.5 75 uuuGef

yk(H 1-5)

To open a document (½SdNyD;om;zdkifwpfcktm;zGifhjcif;)

5/ (u) File Menu rS Open ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcut - Ctrl+O)
( c ) ay:vmaom Open Publication dialog box rS zGiv hf adk om File ukd &SmNy;D Click
vkyyf g/
( *) Open Button udk Click vkyfyg (odkY) File Icon ay:wGif Double-Click vkyfyg/
yk(H 1-6)

yk(H 1-6)
PageMaker 6.5 76 uuuGef
To make a dublicate document (zdkifwpfcktm;tjcm;aomzdkifwpfckjzifhxyfrHodrf;jcif;)
6/ zGifhxm;aom Document wpfckudk rdwåLyGm;&ef odkYr[kwf trnfopfwpfckjzifh odrf;vdkygu
File Menu rS Save As ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts- Shift+Ctrl+S) ay:vmaom Save
Publication Box rS File name box wGif rdrad y;vkad om trnfopfwpfcu
k kd ½ku
d x
f nfyh g/ avhusirfh I
twGuf Save in box wGif My Documents ay:atmifvkyfaqmifNyD; Enter ukd ESdyfyg/ yHk(1-5)

To close a document (vuf½SdyGifhaeaomzdkiftm;ydwfjcif;)

7/ (u) File Menu rS Save ukd Click vkyfyg(Shortcut- Ctrl+S)/ ykH(1-9)
(c) File Menu rS Close ukd Click vkyfyg(Shortcut- Ctrl+W)/ ykH(1-10)

ykH(1-9) ykH(1-10)

To quit PageMaker (PageMaker 6.5 rS

xGufcGgjcif;)
8/ PageMaker rS xGufvdkygu File Menu
rS Exit ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcut- Ctrl+Q)
ykH(1-11)

ykH(1-11)
PageMaker 6.5 77 uuuGef
tcef;(2)
PageMaker Screen
(PageMaker 6.5 zdkifwpfckudkzGifhxm;&mwGif Monitor ay:wGif jrif&yHk)
9/ atmufygykHwGif PageMaker Screen erlemykHpHtm; Document wpfckzGifhí az:jyxm;
ygonf/ ykH(2-1)

Title Bar Minimize

Menu Bar
Close

Maximize
Horizontal Rulers
Tools

Vertical
Scroll Bars

Vertical Rulers

yk(H 2-1)

Master Pages Pages Control Palette Horizontal Scroll Bars

Tools box
(tvkyfvkyf&mwGiftqifajyap&efzefwD;xm;aomwefqmyvmrsm;xm;½Sd&m aowåmi,f)
10/ Page Maker wGif Tools Box udk uRr;f usipf mG toH;k jyKwwf&ygrnf/ zdik w
f pfzikd f zGix
fh m;onhf
tcsdefrSpí Tools Box tm; atmufygtwdkif; toHk;jyKEdkifygonf- yHk(2-2)
PageMaker 6.5 78 uuuGef

Tools box

Pointer Text
Rotate Crop
Line Constrained
Rectangle Rectangle Frame yk(H 2-2)
Ellipse Ellipse Frame
Polygon Polygon Frame
Hand Zoom

Pointer Tool - Objectrsm;ukd Select vkyf&eftwGuftokH;jyKonf/

Text Tool - pm½kduf&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonf/
Rotating Tool - ykHESifhpmpkrsm;ukd tvkd&Sdonfh 'D*&Dtwkdif; vSnfhEkdifonf/
Cropping Tool - ykHrsm;ukd vkdtyfovkd jzwfawmuf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Line Tool - tvkd&Sdonfh 'D*&Dtwkdif; rsOf;aMumif;rsm;a&;qJGEkdifonf/
Constrained Line Tool - 180 H? 90 H? 45 H rsOf;aMumif;rsm;qJG&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Rectangle Tool - av;axmifhykHpwk*HESifh pwk&ef;rsm;qJG&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Ellipse Tool - puf0kdif;ESifh bJOykHrsm;qJG&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Polygon - tem;ok;H em;ESihf ok;H em;xufyadk om ykrH sm;qJ&G mwGif tok;H jyKonf/
Rectangle Frame Tool - Rectangle ykHrsm;twGif; pm½kduf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Ellipse Frame Tool - Ellipse ykHrsm;twGif;pm½kduf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Polygon Frame Tool - Polygon ykHrsm;twGif;pm½kduf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Zoom Tool - jrifuGif;ukd csJUjcif;? csHKUjcif;jyKvkyf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Hand Tool - pm½Gufukd vkdovkd txuf? atmuf? b,f? nm a½TUEkdifonf/

To show / hide the Tools box (Tools box udk azmfjyxm;jcif;? 0Sufxm;jcif;)
11/ Tools box ukd ay:ap&ef Window menu rS Show Tools ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(2-3)
Tools box ukd azsmufxm;&ef Window menu rS Hide Tools ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(2-4)
PageMaker 6.5 79 uuuGef

ykH(2-3) ykH(2-4)

Using the rulers (aywefrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;)

13/ rsOf;wHtm; ay:ap&ef View Menu &Sd Show Rulers ukd Click vkyfyg yHk(2-6)/
ay:NyD;rsOf;wHtm; azsmuf&eftwGuf View Menu &Sd Hide Rulers ukd Click vkyfyg yHk(2-7)/
(Shortcut-Ctrl+R) rsOf;wH\okntrSwftm; rdrdtvdk&dSovdk atmufygtwkdif; owfrSwfay;Edkif
ygonf-

yk(H 2-6) yk(H 2-7)

(u) rsOf;wHtm;prSwfokdYa½TUjcif; (To move the Zero Point)/ ae&mopfwpfckqDokdY

rsO;f wH\ oknrSwf tm;a½TUajymif;&eftwGuf Zero Point ay:wGif Click vkyNf y;D
rdrdoknrSwfxm;vkdaomae&mxd Drag vkyfyg? ykH(2-8)
( c) rsOf;wHprSwfjyefvnfowfrSwfjcif; (To reset the Zero Point)/ Zero Point
ay:wGif Double-Click vkyfyg/
( *) rsOf;wHprSwfykHaojyKvkyfjcif;? jyefjzKwfjcif; (To Lock/ Unlock the Zero
Point)/ View Menu rS Zero Lock ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(2-9) rsOf;wHprSwf
yHkaojyKvkyfxm;onfudk jyefjzKwf&ef View Menu rS Zero Lock ukd Click
jyefvkyfyg/

Zero Point
ykH(2-8) yk(H 2-9)
PageMaker 6.5 80 uuuGef
The Colors palette (ta&mifrsm;tqifoifhtoHk;jyK&efaowåmi,f)
14/ Colors palette udk toHk;jyKEdkif&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Colors palette ay:apjcif; (To show the colors palette)
Window Menu rS Show Colors ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcut-Ctrl+J)
ykH(2-10) Colors Palette ay:vmrnf/
(c) Colors palette aysmufapjcif; (To hide the colors palette)
Window Menu rS Hide Colors ukd Click vkyfyg/(Shortcut-Ctrl+J)
ykH(2-11) Colors Palette aysmufoGm;rnf/

yk(H 2-10) yk(H 2-11)

The Control Palette (pmrsm;? pmydk'frsm;udk vdktyfovdkaqmif½GufEdkif&ef zefwD;xm;aom

aowåmi,f)
15/ The Control palette ykH(2-12) onf ykHESifhpmrsm;\ taetxm;? yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk
zefwD;jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonf/
yk(H 2-12)
The Master Pages Palette
(pmrsufESmwdkif;wpfyHkpHwnf;jzpfap&ef zefwD;ay;Edkifonfh aowåmi,f)
16/ Window Menu rS Show Master Pages ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(2-13) Master Pages
palette ay:vmrnf/ yk(H 2-14) (Shortcut- Shift+Ctrl+8) Master Pages Palette onf Master
Pages rsm;ukd zefw;D jyKjyifjcif;jzifh Document \ pmwGif tusKd ;oufa&mufapEki
d yf gonf/ Master
Page wpfckxufykdrkdokH;pJGrSom Master Page Palette ukd tokH;jyK&efjzpfojzifh tNrJrvkdtyfyg/
Master Pages wGif&Sdaom objects rsm;onf Document \ pmrsufESmtoD;oD;wGif ay:ae
PageMaker 6.5 81 uuuGef
vdrrhf nf/ ,if; objects rsm;ukd Document pmrsuEf mS rsm;ay:wGif jyifqifír&yg/ Master Pages
onf pmrsuEf mS toD;oD;wGif pmrsuEf mS eHygwfrsm;ukd tvkt d avsmufxnfo h iG ;f ay;Ekid o
f nf/ Chapter
acgif;pOfrsm;ESihf tjcm;ay:apvkad om pmom;rsm;ukv d nf; pmrsuEf mS toD;oD;wGif ay:apEkid o f nf/
Master Page rsm;ukd xyfymG ;Ekid Nf y;D Style trsKd ;rsKd ;jyKvyk u
f m pmrsuEf mS toD;oD;wGif ay:apEkid o f nf/

yk(H 2-13)

yk(H 2-14)

To sorting the pages (pmrsufESmrsm;udk pDpOfjcif;)

17/ Layout Menu rS Sort Pages ukd Click vkyfyg/ykH(2-15) Sort Pages dialog box
ay:vmrnf/ ykH(2-16) a½TUvkdaom pmrsufESmukd tvkd&Sdaom ae&modkY Drag vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif
OK button ukd Click vkyfyg/

yk(H 2-15)

yk(H 2-16)
To hide/show all Palette at once (wpfBudrfwnf;? wpfNyKdifwnf; aowåmi,ftm;vHk;udk
ay:vmapjcif;? aysmufoGm;apjcif;)
18/ ay:xm;NyD;aom Palette rsm;udk wpfNydKifwnf; azsmufxm;vdkygu Tab Key udk ESdyfyg/
4if;wdkYudk jyefvnfay:apvdkvQif Tab Key udkjyefESdyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 82 uuuGef
tcef;(3)
To create the Text (pmrsm;zefwD;wnfaqmuf&ef)

Text blocks (pmabmifrsm;)

19/ PageMaker onf pmrsm;udk pmabmif (Text block)rsm;jzifh zefw;D xm;Ny;D 4if;pmabmif
rsm;ukd csHKUEkdif? csJUEkdifygonf/

To create a text block (pmabmiftopfwpfckwnfaqmuf&ef)

20/ Text block wpfckudk jyKvkyfvdkygu atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Tools box rS Text tool ay:wGif Click vkyfyg/
(c) Text block wpfckqJG&ef axmifhjzwfrsOf;twkdif; Drag vkyfyg/axmifhjzwfqJG,l
(drag) vkyfpOf Text block \ abmifvkdif; jzpfay:aernf/
(*) rSdwfwkwfrdSwfwkwfay:aeaom Insertion Point ( | ) \aemufwGif pmom;rsm;
p½kdufEdkifygonf/

To change the width of a text block (pmabmifwpfcktwGif;tus,fudkjyKjyifjcif;)

21/ (u) Tools box rS Pointer tool ay:wGif Click vkyfyg/
( c) ½kdufxm;aompmay:wGif Click vkyfygu pmabmifay:vmrnf/
( *) pmabmif\b,f(okdY)nmbuf&Sd handle ukd Click and drag vkyfí tvkd&Sdaom
tus,fokdY qJG,lyg/ykH(3-1)

handle ykH(3-1)
To create link text blocks (pmabmifrsm;udkcsdwfqufzefwD;jcif;)
22/ (u) Tools box rS Pointer tool ay:wG i f Click vk y f y g/ Document \
yxrpmrsufESmay:wGif Pointer xm;í Click vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif pmabmif\
atmufajc&Sd Handle ukd tay:okdYqJGwifyg/ Handle onf teDa&mifBwd*HykH
jzpfoGm;rnf/
PageMaker 6.5 83 uuuGef
(c) teDa&mifBwd*HykHay:odkY Click vkyfygu Pointer \ ykHo@mef ajymif;oGm;rnf/
yk(H 3-2) ,if;pmabmif\ rqefaY ompmrsm;udk rdrt
d vd&k &Sd modYk Pointer csí xm;Edik f
ygonf/ tu,fí rqefYaompmrsm;onf wpfrsufESmxufydkrdkaeygu Layout
menu rS Autoflow udka&G;yg (odkY) Ctrl udk zdxm;ygu Pointer \ yHko@mef
wpfrsKd; xyfajymif;oGm;ygrnf/ yHk(3-3)

yk(H 3-2) yk(H 3-3)

( *) 4if; Pointer udk aemufpmrsufESm\ rdrdtvdk&dS&modkYxm;ygu yxrpmrsufESmESihf

quf p yf v suf & S d a om pmrsm;ud k jznh f a y;jcif ; ? pmrsuf E S m rvH k a vmuf y gu
pmrsufESmrsm; tvdktavsmuftpm;xdk;jcif; rsm;udk jyKvkyfay;ygrnf/

To select a text block (pmabmifwpfckudk a½G;cs,f&ef)

23/ Tools box rS pointer tool ukd Click vkyfyg/ a½G;vkdaom pmabmifay:wGif Click
vkyfyg/

To select more than one text blocks (pmabmifrsm;udkwpfckxufydkía½G;cs,f&ef)

24/ yxrpmabmifudk a½G;cs,Nf y;D vQif Shift ukd ESyd v
f Quf useaf ½G;cs,v
f adk om pmabmif rsm;wGif
Click vkyf&rnf/ (okdY) pmabmifrsm;ukd ikHrdap&ef Drag vkyfí qJG,lNyD; mouse ukd vTwfyg/

To deselect selected text blocks (a½G;cs,jf cif;cHxm;&aompmabmifrsm;ra½G;cs,a

f wmh&ef)
25/ a½G;xm;aom pmabmifrsm;rS vGwfaomae&mwGif Click vkyfyg/ (okdY) Edit Menu rS
Deselect All ukd Click vkyfyg/(Shortcut- Shift+Ctrl+A)

To move one or more text blocks (pmabmifrsm;udkwpfckxufydkía½TU&ef)

26/ Tools box rS Pointer tool ukda½G;yg/ a½TUvkdaompmabmifwdkYukd a½G;yg/ xkdYaemuf
a½TUvkdaomae&mokdY Drag vkyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 84 uuuGef
To delete one or more text blocks (pmabmifrsm;udkwpfckxufydkízsuf&ef)
27/ (u) Tools box rS Pointer tool jzifh zsufvkdaom pmabmifrsm;ukd a½G;yg/
(c) Backspace (okdY) Delete Key ukdESdyfyg/

To rotate a text block (pmabmifwpfckudkvSnfh&ef)

28/ (u) Pointer tool ukd a½G;í vSnfhvkdaompmabmifrsm;ukd a½G;yg/
(c) Rotate tool udk a&G;í Text block tm; vdkovdk vSnfhEdkifonf/ (odkY) Control
palette rS rotating option wGif 'D*&D½kdufxnfhNyD; Enter ukdESdyfyg/ ykH(3-4)

yk(H 3-4)

Rotating option

To select the character/word/paragraph (pm? pum;pk? pmydk'fudka½G;&ef)

29/ Text tool ukd Click vkyfyg/ xkdYaemuf select vkyfvkdaom character \ a&SUrSpí
nmbufokdY drag vkyfyg/ ykH(3-5) a½G;vkdaom word ay:wGif Double-Click vkyfyg/ ykH(3-6)
pmydk'fwpfckvHk;tm; Select vkyfvkdygu pmykd'fay:wGif Triple-click vkyfyg/

yk(H 3-5) yk(H 3-6)

To place a page number on a page (pmrsufESmeHygwfwyfjcif;)

30/ PageMaker wGif pmrsufESmeHygwfrsm; xnfhoGif;vdkygu atmufygenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) wpfrsuEf mS csi;f pmrsuEf mS eHygwfwyfjcif; / Text tool jzifh pmrsuEf mS eHygwf wyfvdk
aomae&mwGif Click vkyfNyD;aemuf Ctrl+Alt+P ukd ESdyfyg/
( c) tvdktavQmuf pmrsufESmeHygwfwyfjcif; / Text tool jzifh Master Page \
pmrsuEf mS eHygwfwyfvadk omae&mwGif Click vkyNf y;D aemuf Ctrl+Alt+P ukd ESyd yf g/
PageMaker 6.5 85 uuuGef
To modify the character
31/ Control Palette ray:ygu Window Menu rS Show Control Palette ukd Click
vkyfyg/ ykH(3-7) pmrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; jyifqifEdkifygonf-
Character
View Small caps Large caps
Tracking
Normal Italic Font Size Kerning

Paragraph Subscript Leading Baseline Shift

View Bold Reverse Superscript Horizontal Scale
Underline Strikethru
ykH(3-7)
(u) To change the font using Control Palette / Text tool jzifh ajymif;
vkdaompmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control Palette rS Font Box ab;&dS rQm;acgif;tm;
Click vkyfygu ay:vmaom List rS tvkd&Sd&m Font ukda½G;í Click vkyfyg/
yk(H 3-8)

yk(H 3-8)

( c) To change the font using Type Menu (Font) / Text tool jzifh ajymif;vkd
aompmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Type Menu rS Font ukd Point vkyfyg/ Fonts list
ay:vmrnf/ 4if; list wGif a&G;&ef Click vkyfyg/ rawGYygu list tay:qkH;&Sd
More ukd Point vkyfyg/ Sub list ay:vmrnf/ rawGUao;u More ukd xyfrH
Point vkyfNyD;&Smyg/ -Win---Researcher ukd a&G;vkdvQif4if; Font ukd Click
vkyfyg/
( *) To change the font using Type Menu (Character) / Text tool jzifh
ajymif;vkdaompmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Type Menu rS Character ukd Click vkyfyg/
ykH(3-10) Character Specifications Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ ykH(3-11)
PageMaker 6.5 86 uuuGef

yk(H 3-9)

yk(H 3-11) yk(H 3-10)

4if; Box rS Font a&G;&ef ab;&Sd Down Arrow ukd Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom
Font list rS -Win---Researcher Font ukda&G;&ef Click vkyfyg/ Font a&G;Ny;D u
Size a&G;&ef ab;&Sd Down Arrow ukd Click vkyfyg/ay:vmaom Size list 14
ukda&G;&ef Click vkyfyg/ Size list wGif r&Sdu 4if;tuGufwGif Double Click
vkyfNyD; &kdufxnhfyg/ NyD;vQif OK Button ukd Click vkyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 87 uuuGef
(C) Using Character Map / Keyboard Layout wGif razmfjyEkdifaom jrefrm
pmvkH;rsm; ESifh ywfqihfpmvkH;rsm;ukd &kduf&mwGif Character Map tm; tokH;jyK
&rnf/
Oyrm/ ]]opömarwåm}} pmvkH;&kduf&mwGif ywfqihf ]]p}}ESihf ]]w}} tm; Keyboard Layout
&Sd vufuGufjzihf &kdufr&ygu Character Map zGihfí&Sm&rnf/ Character Map
onfomreftm;jzihf Accessories wGif&Sdonf/ 4if;ukdzGihf&ef Start Button ukd
Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Menu rS Program ukd Point vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom
SubMenu rS Accessories ukd Point vkyfyg/ xyfíay:vmaom SubMenu
rS Charmap ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(3-12) Character Map ay:vmrnf/ ykH(3-
13) xkdYaemuf Character Map rS Font a&G;&ef Font ab;&Sd Down Arrow ukd
Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Font list rS -Win---Rasearcher ukd Click
vkyfía&G;yg/ Character Map Layout wGif ywfqihfpmvkH; ]]p}} ukd Right
Arrrow, Left Arrow, Up Arrow, Down Arrow Keys rsm;tokH;jyKí &Smyg/
Arrow Key ukE d ydS í
f a&GUwkid ;f (okrYd [kw)f Mouse ukd Click vkyw f idk ;f pmvk;H onf
Box jzihf csJUíjyrnf/ ykH(3-14) ywfqihf pmvkH; ]]p}} ukd awGUygu atmufajc&Sd
nmbufaxmihfwGif Keystoke (Alt + 0246) ukd rSwfom;NyD; Page Maker
jyefzGihfyg/ pmquf&kduf&ef Cursor csNyD; ]]p}} ukd Alt jzihfwJGí0246 ukd&kdufygu
]]opöm}} pmvkH;&rnf/ ]]arwåm}}ukdvnf; txufygtwkdif;&Smygu az:jyyg
ykHtwkdif;awGU&NyD; Keystoke (Alt + 0229) ukdrSwfom;NyD;quf&kdufoGm;ygu
]]arwåm}} pmvkH;&rnf/ ykH (3-15) Character Map wGif Alt Key rawGYygu
(okdYr[kwf) Alt Key jzihf&kdufr&ygu awGY&Sdaom pmvkH;ukd Select vkyf&ef Select
Button ukd Click vkyfyg/ Copy Button onf rSdefae&mrS vif;vmrnf/ ykH(3-
16)ykH(3-17) NyD;vQif Page Maker ukdjyefzGihfyg/ pmquf&kduf&ef Cursor csyg/
Edit Menu rS Paste ukd Click vkyy f gu ]]opöm}} pmvH;k &&Srd nf/ tjcm;pmvk;H rsm;ukd
Character Map okH;NyD; quf&kdufoGm;yg/
PageMaker 6.5 88 uuuGef

yk(H 3-12)

yk(H 3-13)
PageMaker 6.5 89 uuuGef

yk(H 3-14)

yk(H 3-15)

yk(H 3-16)

Copy
Button
rSdefaeonf
PageMaker 6.5 90 uuuGef

Copy Button yk(H 3-17)

vif;aeonf
( i) pmvk;H rJjyKvyk jf cif; (To make character bold) / Text tool jzifh ajymif;vkad om
pmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control Palette ykH(3-7) rS B ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcut-
Ctrl+Shift+B)
( p) pmvkH;apmif;jyKvkyfjcif; (To make character italic) / Text tool jzifh
ajymif;vkdaompmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control Palette ykH(3-7) rS I ukd Click vkyfyg/
(Shortcut- Ctrl+Shift+I)
(q) pmvk;H atmufrrS sO;f om;jcif; (Underline) / Text tool jzifh ajymif;vkad ompmrsm;ukd
a½G ; yg/ Control Palette yk H ( 3-7)rS U ukd Click vk y f y g/ (Shortcut-
Ctrl+Shift+U)
( Z) pmvkH;rJ+rsOf;om;jcif; (Bold Underline) / Text tool jzifh ajymif;vkdaom
pmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control palette ykH(3-7) rS ESifh wdkYukd Click vkyfyg/
(Shortcut - Ctrl+Shift+B ukd ESdyfNyD; Ctrl+Shift+U)
( ps) pmvkH;rJ+pmvkH;apmif;jyKvkyfjcif; (Bold Italic) / Text tool jzifh ajymif;vkdaom
pmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control palette ykH(3-7) rS ESifh ukd Click vkyfyg/
(Shortcut - Ctrl+Shift+B ukd ESdyfNyD; Ctrl+Shift+I )
PageMaker 6.5 91 uuuGef

(n) Superscript jyKvk y f j cif ; (To make Superscript) / Text tool jzif h
ajymif;vkdaom pmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control Palette ykH(3-7) rS S ukd Click vkyfyg/
(Shortcut- Ctrl+Shift+\)
Oyrm - 8th February 2000, 22 x 35
( #) Subscript jyKvy k jf cif; (To make Subscript) / Text tool jzifh ajymif;vkdaom
pmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control Palette ykH(3-7)rS ukd Click vkyfyg/
S
(Shortcut- Ctrl+\)
Oyrm - H2SO4
( X) pmaMumif;tuGmta0;ukn d §djcif; (To adjust the leading ) / Text tool jzifh
ajymif;vkdaom pmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control Palette ykH(3-7)\ Leading box wGif
tvdk&dS&m wefzdk;udk ½kdufxnfhNyD;vQif Enter ukdESdyfyg/
Oyrm - Leading 12 ESifh Leading 20 wdkY\ ajymif;vJrIudk yHk(3-18) jzifh
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
( !) Tracking ajymif;vJjcif; (To change the tracking) / Text tool jzifh ajymif;vkd
aom pmrsm;ukd a½G;yg/ Control Palette ykH(3-7)\ Tracking box &S d
rQm;acgif;tm; Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Tracking List wGif No Track,
Very Loose, Loose, Normal, Tight, Very Tight wdkYrS tvdk&dS&mudka½G;yg/

Pointer tool selected: Sets

the publication's default type and
paragraph specifications.
} Leading 12

If no publication is open, yk(H 3-18)

the changes apply to text you type

in all new publications you open.

} Leading 20
PageMaker 6.5 92 uuuGef

~-- ! ¹ @ # $ £ % ^ & * ( ) _ + | -¦ Back

` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = \
`- 1 ¡ 2 --² 3 --³ 4 ¤ 5 6 - 7 ½ 8 -¾ 9 0 --’ - ¥ = × \ --¬ Space

-Q Ä -W -ÅÅ E -É -R -T Y -Ü U Ú -I Í O Ó P --Ö { }
Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P { }
q -ä w -å e -é r -® t þ y ü u --ú i í o ó p -ö [ « ] »
Enter
A A -Á -S S -§ -D D -Ð -F -G G -H H -JJ KK L L -Ø :; " ' -¨
Caps Lock F Enter Å
a á -s -ß -d -ð -f -g -h j- -k -l -ø ; ¶ ' -´
Z -Æ X C -¢ V B-- N- -Ñ M-- <-- -Ç >- ?
Shift Z X C V B N M , . / Shift
z -æ x c -© v b n ñ -m µ , ç . /

Ctrl Alt Space Bar Alt Ctrl

SHIFT+KEY CTRL+ALT+SHIFT+KEY
ALT+0130 = ‚ ALT+0134 = † ALT+0138 = Š ALT+0192 = À ALT+0227 = ã
Z -Æ ALT+0131 = ƒ ALT+0135 = ‡ ALT+0139 = ‹ ALT+0194 = Â ALT+0247 = ÷
z Z -æ
KEY(ALONE) CTRL+ALT+KEY ALT+0132 = „ ALT+0136 = ˆ ALT+0170 = -ª ALT+0224 = à
ALT+0133 = … ALT+0137 = ‰ ALT+0191 = ¿ ALT+0226 = â
PageMaker 6.5 93 uuuGef
~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + | Back
` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = \
` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = \ Space

-Q É W Ö E Ó R Ê T Å Y Í U Ã I Ø O Ù -P Ç { Õ } Ú
Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P { }
q é w -ö e ó r ê t å y í u ã i ø o ù p ç [ õ ] ú
Enter
A -Ô -S -Û -D Â -F -À -G -Ï -H - Ð - J Î K Ë L Ä : Æ " "
Caps Lock A S D F G H J K L ; '
a ô s û -d â -f -à g -Gs -h -ð j î -k -ë -l -ä ; æ '
Z -ß X × C Ñ V Ì È -B -N Ò -M Ü < Á > Þ ? ,
Shift Z X C V B N M , . /
z -ÿ x ÷ c ñ v -ì b è n ò m ü , á . þ / .

Ctrl Alt Space Bar Alt Ctrl

SHIFT+KEY
Z -Æ
CTRL+ALT+SHIFT+KEY tu,f'rD? tmeE´m? tmom0wD? {u&D? {0&uf? b&PDvufuu
G yf pHk H jzpfygonf
z Z -æ
KEY(ALONE) CTRL+ALT+KEY
PageMaker 6.5 94 uuuGef
~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + | Back
` ` 1
1
2
2
3 3 4 4 5
5 6
6
7
7
8
8
9 9 0
0 -
-
=
= \
\ Space

q w E R T Y U I O P { }
Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P { }
q w e r t y u i o p [ ]
Enter
A S D F G H J K L : "
Caps Lock
s
Enter
A
a
S D
d
F
f
G
g
H
h
J
j
K
k
L
l ;
;
'
'

Z X C V B N M < > ?
Shift Z X C V B N M , . / Shift
z x c v b n m , . /

Ctrl Alt Space Bar Alt Ctrl

SHIFT+KEY ALT+0147 =“ ALT+0151 = — ALT+0155 = › ALT+0159 = Ÿ ALT+0163 = £

Z ALT+0148= ” ALT+0152 = ˜ ALT+0156 = œ ALT+0160 =   ALT+0164 = ¤
Z
z ALT+0149 = • ALT+0153 = ™ ALT+0157 =  ALT+0161 = ¡ ALT+0165= ¥
KEY(ALONE)
ALT+0150 = û ALT+0154 = š ALT+0158 = ž ALT+0162 = ¢ ALT+0166= ¦

CE_CLASSIC Keyboard Layout ALT ESifh numeric keypad rS eHygwfcvkwfrsm;udk wGJí ESdyf&efjzpfygonf/
PageMaker 6.5 95 uuuGef
tcef;(4)
Paragraph Formatting
(pmykd'ftxm;tokd)
To display the Paragraph Control Palette
(pmydk'ftaetxm;jyKjyif&ef Control Palette ay:apjcif;)
32/ Control Palette ay:raeygu Window Menu rS Show Control Palette ukd Click
vkyfyg/(Shortcut- Ctrl+') NyD;vQif Control Palette rS Paragraph View ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH
(4-1)
Character Paragraph Cursor First Line Space Grid
Apply View Style Option Position Indent Before Size

ykH(4-1)

Paragraph Left Right Justify Left Right Space Align to

View Align Align Force Indent Indent After Grid Option
Center Justify

(u) Horizontal Alignment / ajymif;vkdaom Character udk a&G;yg odkYr[kwf

ajymif;vdak om Paragraph xJwiG f Insertion Point( | ) ukx
d m;yg/ pmom;rsm;onf
omreftm;jzifh Left Align (b,fñt d§ aetxm;)jzifh ay:aernfjzpfonf/ 4if;wduYk dk
atmufygtwkdif; vdktyfovdk ñ§day;Ekdifygonf -
(1) Left Align - b,fñ§djcif;
(2) Right Align - nmñ§djcif;
(3) Center - tv,fñ§djcif;
(4) Justify - b,fnmñ§djcif;
(5) Force Justify - b,fnmokdY qJGqefYíñ§djcif;
( c) Indents / PageMaker wGif Left Indent, Right Indent, First Line Indent
[lí Indents okH;rsdK;&Sdonf/
PageMaker 6.5 96 uuuGef
To change the indents of a paragraph (pmydk'ftuGmta0;udkajymif;&ef)
33/ (u) Paragraph \ pmom;xJwGif Cursor ukd xm;yg/
(c) Control Palette rS Left Indent tuGuf? First Line Indent tuGuf? Right
Indent tuGufwdkYwGif tvdk&dSaomwefzkd;rsm;udk ½kdufxnfhNyD;vQif Enter ukd ESy
d yf g/

yk(H 4-2) Left Indent Right Indent First line Indent

To change the tabs of a paragraph (pmydk'ftwGif; tabs tuGmta0;udkajymif;&ef)

34/ Page Maker rSowfrSwfay;xm;aom Dafault Tab ESihf toH;k jyKorl S pdwBf uKd uo
f wfrw
S f
ay;Edkifaom Custom Tab wdkYudk tvdk&dSovdk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ Custom Tab rsm;rSm Left
Tab, Right Tab, Center Tab ESifh Decimal Tab rsm;jzpfMuonf/ Custom Tab owfrSwfvdk
aom Paragraph xJwGif Insertion Point ukdxm;yg/ Type Menu rS Indents/Tabs ukd Click
vkyfyg/(Shortcut- Ctrl+I) Indents/Tabs dialog box ay:vmrnf/ ykH(4-3) tvkd&Sdaom Tab
rsm;ukd xm;vdkaomae&mwGif Click vkyfyg/ ykH(4-4)
Left Tab Decimal Tab Position
Tab Leader Indicator
Right Tab

Center Tab
yk(H 4-3)

Left Indent/ Right Indent

First Line Indent Default Tab

yk(H 4-4)
PageMaker 6.5 97 uuuGef
tcef;(5)
Drawing (yHkqJGjcif;)

To draw a rectangle or a square (axmifhrSefpwk*H odkYr[kwf pwk&ef; yHkqJG&ef)

35/ (u) axmifhrSefpwk*HykHqJGjcif; / Tools box rS Rectangle tool ukd Click vkyfyg/
Pointer \yHko@efonf ]+} ykHpHokdYajymif;oGm;rnf/ Screen ay:wGif tvkd&dSaom
t½G,ftpm;xd drag vkyfyg/ ykH(5-1)
( c) pwk&ef;ykHqJGjcif; / Tools box rS Rectangle tool ukd a½G;yg/ Pointer
\yHko@efonf ]+} ykHpHokdYajymif;oGm;rnf/ Screen ay:wGif tvkd&dSaom
t½G,ftpm;xd Shift Key wJGESdyfí drag vkyfyg/ ykH(5-2)
( *) axmifhauG;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif; / pwk*H^pwk&ef;wdkY\axmifhrsm;udk axmifhauG;rsm;
zefwD;vdkygu atmufygenf;vrf;wdkYjzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(1) Tools box rSjyKvkyfjcif; / Tools box rS Rectangle tool ay:wGif
Double-Click vkyfygu Rounded Corners box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS
tvdk&dS&m Corner ukd Click vkyfNyD;ygu OK udk Click vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif
pmydk'f (u)? pmydk'f(c)ygtwdkif; jyKvkyfyg/ yHk(5-3)
(2) Element menu rSjyKvkyfjcif; / Tools box rS Pointer tool ukd Click
vkyyf g/ axmifah uG;jyKvyk v
f akd om pwk*^H pwk&ef;wd\Yk tem;wpfcck ak y:odYk
Click vkyy f g/ Element menu rS Rounded Corners udk Click vkyyf g/
4if;rS tvdk&dSaom Corner ukd Click vkyfNyD;ygu OK udk Click vkyfyg/
yH(k 5-3)

yk(H 5-1) yk(H 5-2) yk(H 5-3)

PageMaker 6.5 98 uuuGef
To draw a Ellipse (tDvpf yHkqJG&ef)
36/ (u) bJOykHqJGjcif; / Tools box rS Ellipse tool ukd Click vkyfyg/ Screen ay:wGif
tvkd&dSaom t½G,ftpm;xd drag vkyfyg/ ykH(5-4)
( c) puf0dkif;ykHqJGjcif; / Tools box rS Ellipse tool ukd Click vkyfyg/ Screen
ay:wGif tvkd&dSaomt½G,ftpm;xd Shift Key wJGESdyfí drag vkyfyg/ ykH(5-5)

ykH(5-4) yk(H 5-5)

To draw a Polygon (ydkvD*Gef yHkqJG&ef)

37/ (u) Tools box rS Polygon tool ay:wGif Double-Click vkyy
f g/ Polygon setting
dialog box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;wGif Number of sides wGif vkdtyfaom ta&
twGuf ESifh Star inset wGif tvdk&dSaom &mckdifEIef;udkxnfhyg/ NyD;vQif OK ukd
Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-6)
( c) Screen ay:wGif drag vkyfí tvkd&dSaomt½G,ftpm;txddqJGyg/ ykH(5-7)

yk(H 5-6)
yk(H 5-7)

To draw a Star (Mu,f yHkqJG&ef)

38/ (u) Tools box rS Polygon tool ay:wGif Double-Click vkyy
f g/ Polygon setting
dialog box ay:vmrnf/ Number of sides wGif 5 axmifhMu,ftwGuf "5"
ukd ½kdufxnfhyg/ Star inset wGif ykHrSefMu,ftwGuf 50% ½kdufxnfhyg/ NyD;vQif
OK ukd Click vkyfyg/ yHk(5-8)
( c) Screen ay:wGif drag vkyfí tvkd&dSaomt½G,ftpm;txdqJGyg/ ykH(5-9)
PageMaker 6.5 99 uuuGef

yk(H 5-8)
yk(H 5-9)

To create a line (rsOf;aMumif;qJG&ef)

39/ (u) Line Tool / Tools box rS Line tool ukd Click vkyy
f g/ Pointer \yHo
k @efonf
]+} ykHpHokdY ajymif;oGm;rnf/ Screen ay:wGif tvkd&dSaomt½G,ftpm;xd drag
vkyfyg/ (Line tool ukd Shift Key wJGESdyfí drag vkyfygu Constrained Line
tool uJhodkY toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/)
( c) Constrained Line Tool / Tools box rS Constrained Line tool ukd Click
vkyfyg/ Pointer \yHko@efonf ]+} ykHpHokdY ajymif;oGm;rnf/ 45 H ? 90 H? 180 H ?
270 HrsOf;ajzmifhrsm;qJG&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/ Screen ay:wGif tvkd&dSaom
t½G,ftpm;xd drag vkyfyg/

To resize an existing line (½SdNyD;aomrsOf;tm; t&G,ftpm;jyif&ef)

40/ Tools box rS Pointer tool ukd Click vkyfyg/ tvdk&dS&m object ukd Click vkyfygu
Sizing handle ESpc
f ak y:vmrnf/ ,if; handle udk drag vkyí
f rsO;f t½G,t
f pm;^taetxm;wdu
Yk kd
tvdk&dSonfhtwdkif; jyifqifEkdifonf/

To create a custom stroke (jzwfrsOf;qJG&ef)

41/ (u) Tools box rS Pointer tool jzifh tvdk&dS&m object ukd Click vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif
Element menu rS Stroke ukd Point vkyfygu Stroke menu ay:vmrnf /
4if;rS ESpfouf&mrsOf;yHko@mefukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-10)
( c) Stroke menu wGif azmfjyygrsOf;yHko@mefrsm;udk toHk;rjyKvdkygu Custom ukd
Click vkyfyg/ Custom stroke dialog box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS stroke style
ESifh stroke weight wkdYukd a½G;í OK ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-11)
PageMaker 6.5 100 uuuGef

ykH(5-10)

ykH(5-11)
PageMaker 6.5 101 uuuGef
tcef;(6)
Printing (pm½kdufxkwfjcif;)
To print a document (zdkifwpfckudk½dkufxkwfjcif;)
42/ vuf&dSzGifhxm;aom zdkifudk Printer jzifh ½kdufxkwfvdkygu File Menu rS Print ukd Click
vkyfyg/ (Shortcut- Ctrl+P) ay:vmaom Print dialog box ykH(6-1)rS atmufazmfjyyg vdktyf
onfrsm;ukd a½G;cs,fyg-
(u) Printer a&G;cs,fjcif; / Printer: box rS xkwfvkdonfh Printer trsKd;tpm;udk
a&G;cs,fay;&rnf/
( c) Copies owfrSwfjcif; / ½dkufxkwfvkdonfh ta&twGufudk owfrSwfay;&rnf/
( *) ½du k xf w
k v
f akd ompmrsuEf mS udo k wfrwS jf cif;(Pages) / Ranges: box xJwiG f xkwf
vdak ompmrsuEf mS eHygwfwu
Ykd dk ½ku
d x
f nfyh g/ (Oyrm - pmrsuEf mS 1 rS 5 xd xkwv
f v
dk Qif
1-5 [k½kdufxnfh&rnf/) pmrsufESmtm;vHk;udk ½dkufxkwfvdkygu All udk a&G;cs,fyg/
(C) pm&GufowfrSwfjcif; (Setup) / Printer jzifh ½kdufxkwfvdkaom Paper sizes:
(Letter, Legal, A4 ...)? Orientation: (a'gifvdkuf Portrait? tvsm;vdkuf
Landscape)wdkYudk owfrSwfay;&rnf/
( i) NyD;vQif Print button ukd Click vkyfyg/

yk(H 6-1)
PageMaker 6.5 102 uuuGef
tcef;(7)
Using the Menu (Menu rsm;tm;toHk;jyKjcif;)
Menu Bar
44/ Page Maker \ Menu bar wGif File, Edit, Layout, Type, Element, Utilities,
View, Window, Help ponfh Menu (9)ckyg0ifonf/ rdrdtokH;jyKvkdaom Menu tm; Click
vkyfygu oufqkdif&m Menu yGifhvmygrnf/ 4if; Menu &dS rdrda½G;cs,fvkdaom Item ay:odkY
Point vkyfygu Highlight jzpfvmrnf/ 4if;udk Click vkyfygu Item ESifhoufqkdifaomtvkyfudk
vkyfaqmifoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

File Menu
45/ File Menu wGif atmufygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) New - File topfzGifhvkdvQif File Menu atmufrS New ukd Click vkyfyg/
(Shortcuts - Ctrl+N ) ay:vmonfh Document Setup wGif vdt
k yfonfrsm;udk
a&G;cs,fyg/
( c) Open - PageMaker 6.5 wGif odrf;NyD;aom File rsm;ukd jyefzGifhvkdvQif File
Menu xJrS Open ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+O)
( *) Recent Publication - File Menu xJrS Recent Publication ukd Pointer
wifvkdufonfhtcg aemufqkH;zGifhcJhaom Filersm;ay:vmrnf/ zGifhvkdaom File
ukd Click vkyfyg/
(C) Close - File ukd ydwfvkdonfhtcg File Menu rS Close ukd Click vkyfyg/
(Shortcuts-Ctrl+W)
( i) Save - Flie wpfckukdodrf;vkdvQif Save ukd Click vkyfyg (Shortcuts-Ctrl+S)/
( p) Save As - Flie wpfckukd trnfopfwpfckjzifh odrf;vkdvQif Save As ukd Click
vkyfyg (Shortcuts-Shift+Ctrl+S)/
(q) Print - Printer jzifx
h w
k v
f ydk gu Print ukd Click vkyyf g/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+P)
( Z) Exit - PageMaker rS jyefxu G v
f o
dk nft
h cg Exitukd Click vkyyf g/ ( Shortcuts
- Ctrl+Q ) (okdY) Window \ nmbufxdyfrS Close Button ukd Click vkyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 103 uuuGef
Edit Menu
46/ Edit Menu wGif atmufygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Undo - vkyfaqmifrItcsKdUtm; Edit Menu rS Undo ukd Click vkyfygu
rlvtwkdif;jyef&rnf/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+Z)
( c) Cut - jzwfxkwf,lvkdaom pmESifhykHrsm;ukd Select vkyfNyD; Edit Menu rS Cut ukd
Clickvkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+X ) 4if;onf uGefysLwm\ Memory xJwGif
acwåxm;&dSjcif;jzpfygonf/
( *) Copy - ul;,lvkdaom pmESifh ykHrsm;ukd Select vkyfNyD; Edit Menu rS Copy ukd
Clickvkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+C ) 4if;onf uGefysLwm\ Memory xJwGif
acwåxm;&dSjcif;jzpfygonf/
(C) Paste- Cut jzifjh zwf,jl cif; ^Copy jzifh ul;,ljcif; jyKvy
k x
f m;aom pmESiyhf rkH sm;udk
Edit Menu rS Paste ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+V)
(i ) Clear - zsufvkdaom ykHESifhpmrsm;ukd Select vkyfNyD; Edit Menu rS Clear ukd
Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Del)
(p ) Select All - ykHESifhpmrsm;ukd Select vkyfvkdygu Edit Menu rS Select All ukd
Click vkyfyg/(Shortcuts-Ctrl+A)
(q) Paste Multiple - Copy jzifh ul;,lxm;aom ykHESifhpmrsm;ukd wpfckESihftxuf
yGm;vkdygu Edit Menu rS Paste Multiple ukd Click vkyfyg/ xkdYaemuf Paste
Multiple Box wGif Paste tuGufwGif ul;vkdonhf ta&twGuf &kdufxnhfyg/
Horizontal offset ESifh Verticle offset wkdYwGif vdktyfovdk ½dkufxnfhNyD; OK
ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-1)ukdMunfhyg/

yk(H 5-1)
( Z) Spelling - pmvkH;aygif;owfykHppf&mwGif rdrdppfvkdaom pmykd'fxJü Insertion
Point csyg/ Edit Menu rS Edit Story ukd Click vkyfyg(Shortcuts-Ctrl+E)/
Utilities Menu rS Spelling ukd Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Spelling Box rS
Start Button ukd Click vkyo
f nfth cg pmvk;H trSm;awGUvQif Change to wGijf yNy;D
PageMaker 6.5 104 uuuGef
atmuftuGufwGif teD;pyfqkH;pmvkH;rsm;ukd jyxm;rnf/ jyifvkdygu jyxm;aom
pmvkH;rsm;ukd Click vkyfí Replace ukd Click vkyf&rnf/ rjyifvkdu Ignore ukd
Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-2)ukdMunfhyg/

yk(H 5-2)

Layout Menu
47/ (u) Go to Page - zGifhxm;aom File rS rdrdMunfhvkdaompmrsufESmokdY wkduf½kduf
oGm;vkdvQif Layout Menu rS Go to Page ukd Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom
Box &Sd Page number ae&mwGif pmrsufESmeHywfudk½kdufxnfhí OK ukd Click
vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+Alt+G) ykH(5-3)

yk(H 5-3)

( c) Insert Pages - pmrsufESmrsm; xyfwkd;&ef Layout Menu rS Insert Pages ukd

Click vkyfyg/ xkdYaemuf ay:vmaom Box wGifrdrdxnfhvkdaom pm½Gufta&
twGufESifh a&muf&Sdaeaom pmrsufESm\ a&SU(okdY) aemuf ponfwkdYukd a½G;cs,fNyD;
Insert Button ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-4)

yk(H 5-4)
PageMaker 6.5 105 uuuGef
( *) Remove Pages/ rvkdtyfaom pmrsufESmrsm;ukd jzKwfvkdygu Layout Menu
rS Remove Pages ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykHwGifjyxm;onfhtwkdif; Remove
page(s)wGif "23" ESifh throgh wGif "26" [k ½kdufxnfhxm;ygu pmrsufESm 23 rS
26 wkdifatmif 4 rsufESm xkwfypfrnf jzpfonf/ ykH(5-5)

yk(H 5-5)

(C) Column Guides/ Column rsm;cJí G pm½ku

d v
f ydk gu Layout Menu rS Column
Guides ukd Click vkyy
f g/ ay:vmaom Dialog Box wGif vkt d yfaom Column
ta&twGuf ESihf Column ESpcf Mk um;tuGmta0;wku Yd dk ½ku
d x
f nfNh y;D OK ukd Click
vkyfyg/ ykH(5-6)

yk(H 5-6)

Type Menu
48/ Type Menu wGif atmufygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Font - pmvkH;trsdK;tpm;a½G;&ef/
( c) Size - pmvkH;t½G,ftpm;a½G;&ef/
( *) Leading - pmaMumif;rsm;tuGmta0;ñSd&ef/
(C) Type Style - pmvkH;rsm;\ykHpHa½G;cs,f&ef/
( i) Expert Kerning -pmvkH;\tus,fudk usOf;^us,f&ef/
( p) Expert Tracking - pmvkH;rsm;\tuGmta0;udk usOf;^us,f&ef/
(q) Character (Shortcuts-Ctrl+T) - Font trsdK;tpm;? Size t½G,ftpm; ?
Leading pmaMumif;rsm;tuGmta0;? Horizontal Scale pmvk;H \tus,?f Color
pmvkH;ta&mif? Tint pmvkH;ta&miftEkt&ifhf? Position pmvkH;\Superscript,
Subscript yHkpH? Case pmvkH;ykHpH(Normal, All Cap, Small Cap)? Track
pmvk;H rsm;\tuGmta0;ESihf Type Style wGif Normal, Italic, Reverse, Bold,
Underline, Strikethru wkdYudk a½G;cs,fEkdifonf/ ykH(5-7)
PageMaker 6.5 106 uuuGef

ykH(5-7)

(Z) Paragraph / pmykd'frsm;\tuGmta0;? pmydk'frsm;udkñdS&ef Type Menu rS

Paragraph ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+M)ay:vmaom Paragraph
Specification wGifvkdtyfonfrsm;xnfhoGif;í OK ukdClick vkyfyg/ ykH(5-8)

ykH(5-8)

(ps) Indents and Tabs / pmaMumif;rsm;\ Indents ESifh Tabs wdkYudk vkdtyfovkd
ñd§Ekdifygonf/
PageMaker 6.5 107 uuuGef
Element Menu
49/ Element Menu wGif atmufygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Fill - ta&mifjznfhpGuf&ef/
( c) Stroke-rsOf;aMumif;ykHpHa½G;cs,f&ef/
( *) Fill and Stroke - Fill ESifh Stroke ESpfrsdK;pvkH;ukda½G;cs,f&ef/
(Shortcuts-Ctrl+U)
(C) Text Wrap - ykHrsm;ukd pmykd'frsm;Mum;xnfhoGif;vkdonfhtcg Element Menu
rS Text Wrap ukda½G;yg/(Shortcuts-Alt+ Ctrl+E) ay:vmaom TextWrap
wGif vkdtyfovkda½G;í OK ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-9)

ykH(5-9)

( i) Group - Object rsm; (okdY) Object ESifh Text Block rsm; aygif;vkdvQif 4if;wdkY
ukd Select vkyfí Element Menu rS Group ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-
Ctrl+G)
( p) Ungroup - Group rsm;ukd jyefvnfcJGxkwfvkdonfhtcg tokH;jyKonf/
(Shortcuts-Shift+Ctrl+G)
(q) Lock - ykHESifhpmrsm;ukd ra½TUEkdifatmif Lock vkyf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
(Shortcuts-Ctrl+L)
( Z) Unclock - Lock vkyx f m;jcif;udk jyefjzKwv
f o
kd nft
h cg Unclock ukt
d ok;H jyKonf/
(Shortcuts-Alt+Ctrl+L)
PageMaker 6.5 108 uuuGef
( ps) Polygon Setting - tem;ok;H em;ESihf txufyadk om ykr
H sm;qJ&G ef Element Menu
rS Polygon Setting ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-10)

yk(H 5-10)

(n) Rounded Corners - Rectangle Tool jzifhqJGxm;aom av;axmifhykHrsm;\

axmifhrsm;ukdauG;&ef Element Menu rS Rounded Corners ukd Click vkyfyg/
ay:vmaom Rounded Corner Box &SdykHpH(6)rsdK;rS rdrdvkdtyfonfuakd ½G;í OK
ukd Click vkyfyg/ ykH(5-11)

yk(H 5-11)

Utilities Menu
50/ PageMaker wGif Utilities Menu &dS Plug-ins rS atmufygwdkYudk vdktyfovdk toHk;jyK
Edkifygonf-
(u) Bullet and numbering - trSwp f Of(ok)Yd oauFwrsm; wyfvadk om pmyk'd rf sm;ukd
Select vkyfyg/ Utilities Menu rS Plug-ins ukd Point vkyfí ay:vmaom
Name List rS Bullet and numbering ukd Click vkyfyg/ Bullet and
numbering Dialog Box wGif Bullet (or) Numbering ukda½G;í OK ukd
Clickvkyfyg/ ykH(5-12)
( c) Change Case / ajymif;vkdaompmom;rsm;ukd Select vkyfNyD;aemuf Utilities
Menu &Sd Plug-ins ay:wGif Point vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Drop Down List rS
Change Case ukd Click vkyfí ay:vmaom ykH(5-13) Change Case Box rS
PageMaker 6.5 109 uuuGef

ykH(5-12)

atmufygwdkYteuf ESpfouf&mykHpHukd Click vkyfyg -

(1) lower case - pmvkH;ao;ykHpHajymif;&ef/
(2) UPPER CASE - pmvkH;BuD;ykHpHajymif;&ef/
(3) Title Case - a&SUpmvkH;BuD; aemufpmvkH;ao; ykHpHajymif;&ef/
(4) Sentence case - 0gusyHkpHtwdkif; pmykd'f\pmvkH;rsm;\ykHpHajymif;&ef/
(5) tOGGLE cASE - pmvHk;tBuD;ESifhtao;wdkYudk tjyeftvSefajymif;&ef/
( *) Define Colors - ta&mifrsm;ukd owfrSwftokH;jyKvkdygu Utilities Menu rS
Define Colors ukd Click vkyy f g/ ay:vmaom Define Colors Box rS Newukd
Click xyfvy k yf g/ Colors Options Dialog Box wGif ta&mifrsm;ukd pdwBf uKd uf
a½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ ykH(5-14)

yk(H 5-13)
PageMaker 6.5 110 uuuGef

yk(H 5-14)

View Menu
51/ Screen jrifuGif;udk csHKUjcif;? csJUjcif;jyKvkyf&ef View Menu rS vnf;aumif;? Tools box
rS Zoom tool uktd ok;H jyKívnf;aumif; aqmif&u G Ef idk o
f nf/ jrifuiG ;f udk a&TUajymif;vdyk gu Tools
box rS vufykHo@mef Hand tool ukd Click vkyfí tvkd&dSaomae&mokdY drag vkyfyg/ (okdY)
Tools box rS Pointer tool ukd Click vkyfí Alt udkESdyfNyD; tvdk&dSaomae&modkY drag vkyfyg/
View Menu wGif atmufygwdkY yg0ifygonf-
(u) Display Master Items - Master Page wGif ½kdufxm; aom ykHESifhpmrsm;ukd
pmrsufESmrsm;wGif az:jyvkdvQif View Menu rS Display Master Items ukd
Click vkyfyg/ raz:jyvkdvQif 4if;ukdyif Click xyfvkyfyg/
( c) Display Non-Printing Items - Printer rS xkwfonfhtcg rygvmonfh
t&mtm;vkH;ukd Screen wGif jrifvkdonfhtcg View Menu rS Display Non-
Printing Items ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Alt+Ctrl+N)
( *) Zoom In - Page jrifuGif;cJsU&mwGif View Menu rS Zoom inukd Click ESdyfyg/
(Shortcuts-Ctrl +) xkdokdY xyfumxyfum ESdyfjcif;jzifh jrifuGif;rSm wpfqifh
NyD;wpfqifh ykdus,fvmrnf/
(C) Zoom Out -Page jrifuGif;csHKU&mwGif Zoom Out ukd Click xyfumxyfum
ESdyfjcif;jzifh jrifuGif;rSm ykdusOf;vmrnf/ (Shortcuts Ctrl -)
PageMaker 6.5 111 uuuGef
( i) Actual Size -Page jrifuGif;tm; ykHrSeftwkdif; jrifEkdif ap&ef Actual Size ukd
Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+1)
( p) Entire Pasteboard - pm½Guw f pf½u
G v f ;Hk tjyif pm½Gu\ f tjyifbuf{&d,mrsm;yg
jrifEidk af p&ef Entire Pasteboard ukd Click vkyyf g/ (Shortcuts- Shift+Ctrl+0)
(q) Zoom To- Page jrifui G ;f tm; &mckid Ef eI ;f tvku d f csKH Ujcif;? csUJ jcif;jyKvyk &f ef View
Menu atmuf&Sd Zoom To ukd Click vkyfNyD; tvdk&dSonfh&mcdkifEIef;udka&G;yg/
( Z) Hide Rulers - Horizontal Ruler ESihf Vertical Ruler ukd jrifui G ;f wGif ray:vkd
onfhtcg Hide Ruler ukd Click vkyfyg/ ay:apvkdonfhtcg Show Ruler ukd
Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+R)
( ps) Hide Guides - Guides Line rsm;ukdjrifuGif;wGif ray:vkdonfhtcg Hide
Guide ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+;) ay:apvkdonfh tcg Show
Guides ukd Click vkyfyg/
(n) Snap to Guides - Guides rsm;ukd aywHwi G &f odS nfh tpdwrf sm;twkid ;f a½TUvko d nfh
tcg Snap to Guide ukd Click vkyfyg/(Shortcuts-Shift+Ctrl+;)
( #) Lock Guides - Guides Line rsm;ukd ra½TUapvky d gu Lock Guides ukd Click
vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-AltCtrl+;) Guides Line rsm;ukd a½TUvkdygu 4if; Lock
Guides ukdyif Click jyefESdyfyg/
( X) Clear Ruler Guides - Horizontal Ruler ESifh Vertical Ruler wkdYrS,lí
tokH;jyKaom Guides Line rsm;ukd azsmufvkdygu Clear Ruler Guide ukd
Click vkyfyg/
( !) Send Guide to Back - pmrsm;(okdY)ykHrsm;ESifh Guides Line rsm;a&maxG;ae
onft h cg Guides Line rsm;ukd ykrH sm;? pmrsm;\ aemufoyYdk x Ydk m;vko d nft h cg Send
Guide to Back ukd Click vkyfyg/
( ¡) Bring Guides to Front - Guides Line rsm;ukd ykHrsm;? pmrsm;\ a&SUokdYjyefykdY
vkdonfhtcg Bring Guide to Front ukd Click vkyfyg/
(P) Show Scroll Bars/Hide Scroll Bars - Horizontal Scroll Bars ESifh
Vertical Scroll Bars ukd jrifuGif;wGif ay:vkdonfh tcg Show Scroll Bars
ukd Click vkyfyg/ ray:apvkdonfhtcg Hide Scroll Bars ukd Click vkyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 112 uuuGef
Windows Menu
52/ Windows Menu wGif atmufygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Tile - File rsm;ukd wpfckxufykdírsm;pGmzGifhxm;NyD; jrifuGif;wGif zdkiftm;vkH;ukd
wpfNydKifwnf;jrifvkdygu Windows Menu rS Tile ukd Click vkyfyg/ xkdtcg
zGifhxm;aom File rsm;onf ab;csif;,SOfvQufay:vmrnf/
( c) Cascade - Tile uJo h yYdk if File rsm;pGmukd wpfNyKd iw
f nf; jrifawGUEkid o
f nf/ zGix
hf m;
aom File rsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfckxyfvQuf xufatmufay:vmrnf/
( *) Hide Tools/Show Tools - Tools Box ukdazsmufvkdonfhtcg Windows
Menu atmuf&Sd Hide Tools ukd Click vkyfyg/ jyefay:apvkdonfhtcg Show
Tools ukd Click vkyfyg/
(C) Hide Control Palette/Show Control Palette - Control Palette
ukdazsmufvkdonfhtcg Hide Control Palette ukd Click vkyfyg/ jyefay:
apvko d nfth cg Show Control Palette ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+’)
( i) Show Colors/Hide Colors - Colors Box ukd ay:vkdonfhtcg Windows
Menu atmuf&Sd Show Colorsukd Click vkyfyg/ azsmufvkdonfhtcg Hide
Colors ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+J)
( p) Show Styles/Hide Styles - Styles Box ukd ay:vkdonfhtcg Windows
Menu atmuf&Sd Show Stylesukd Click vkyfyg/ azsmufvkdonfhtcg Hide
Styles ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+B)
(q) Show Layers/Hide Layers -Layers Box ukd ay:vkd onfhtcg Windows
Menu atmuf&Sd Show Layersukd Click vkyfyg/ azsmufvkdonfhtcg Hide
Layers ukd Click vkyfyg/ (Shortcuts-Ctrl+8)
( Z) Show Master Pages/Hide Master Pages - Master Pages Box ukd
ay:vkdonfhtcg Windows Menu atmuf&Sd Show Master Pages ukd Click
vkyyf g/ azsmufvdk onft h cg Hide Master Pages ukd Click vkyyf g/(Shortcuts-
Shift+Ctrl+8)
( ps) Show Hyperlinks/Hide Hyperlinks - Hyperlinks Box ukd ay:vkdonfh
tcg Windows Menu atmuf&dS Show Hyperlinks ukd Click vkyyf g/ azsmufvdk
onfhtcg Hide Hyperlinks ukd Click vkyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 113 uuuGef
Help Menu
53/ Help Menu wGif atmufygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Help Topic - PageMaker ukd acgif;pOftvkdufavhvmvkdygu Help Menu rS
Help Topic ukd Click vkyfyg/ 4if;rS Contents, Index ESifh Find wdkYudk a&G;í
od&dSvdkaom taMumif;t&mudk zwf½Iavhvmyg/ (Shortcuts - F1)

( c) Shortcuts - Menu udktoHk;rjyKbJ Keyboard Shortcuts rsm;jzifh vkyfaqmif

Ekdifygonf/ Windows Menu rS Shortcuts ukd Click vkyfyg/ 4if;rS odvkdaom
Shortcuts rsm;ukd &SmazGEkdifonf/
PageMaker 6.5 114 uuuGef

tcef; (8)
Pratical Exercises (vufawGUavhusifhcef;rsm;)

Exercise-1 (avhusifhcef;-1)

erlemyHkpH(1)wGif azmfjyxm;onhf ½Hk;pmyHkpH½dkuf&ef atmufygtwdkif;vkyfaqmifyg-

File Menu \ New ukd ESdyfyg/ ay:vmaom Document Setup \ Page wGif A4,
Oriantation wGif Tall a½G;NyD; Margins \ Left wGif 1.25, Right wGif 0.75, Top wGif 1 ESifh
Bottom wGif 1 ½kdufxnfhNyD; OK ukd ESdyfyg/
Tool Box rS Text Tool ukd a½G;NyD; pmp½kdufrnfhae&mwGif Insertion Point xm;yg/
Win--Resercher Font ESihf Size 15 wkdYukda½G;yg/ NyD;vQif Alignment rS Align Center ukd
a½G;yg/ Type Style tm; Bold a½G;NyD; atmufygacgif;pOftm; ½dkufyg-
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&
umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme
wyfrawmf(Munf;? a&? av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;½kH;
NyD;vQif Enter 2 cgESdyfNyD; Insertion Point tm; atmufwpfaMumif;qif;yg/ Align
Left a½G;NyD; Type Style tm; Nomal ukd ajymif;yg/ NyD;vQif Tap Key 2 cg ESdyfyg/ NyD;vQif
pmerlemwGif jyxm;onfh ]]pmtrSwf....}}ukd ½kdufyg/ Enter ukd ESdyfNyD; Tab 7 cg ESdyfyg/
]]&ufpJG....}} udk½kdufyg/ Enter 2 cgESdyfyg/ NyD;vQif ]]okdY}}ukd ½kdufyg/ Enter 2 cgESdyfNyD;
]]avhusifha&;t&m&SdcsKyf½kH;}} ½kdufyg/ NyD;vQif Enter 2 cgESdyfNyD; ]]taMumif;t&m...}} udk½kdufyg/
NyD;vQif Enter 2 cgESdyfNyD; ]]1/}} ½kdufyg/ Tab 1 cgESdyfNyD; pmom;rsm;quf½kdufyg/ pmaMumif;wGif
jzwfoihfaomae&mrsm;tm; Space wpfcsufjcm;NyD; ½kdufyg/ pmaMumif;qkH;vQif Enter ESdyfyg/ Tab
wpfcsufESdyfNyD; ]](u)}} ½kdufyg/ Tab wpfcsufESdyfNyD; ]]wyf&if;t&mcHAkdvfoifwef;}} ½kdufyg/ Tab
okH;cgESdyfyg/ ]]aemufqufwJG(u)}} ½kdufyg/NyD;vQif Enter ukd ESdyfyg/ tykd'f(c)tm;txufygtwkdif;
½ku
d yf g/ Ny;D vQif Enter 2 cgESyd Nf y;D ]]2/}} ½ku
d yf g/Tab wpfcgESyd Nf y;D ]]jrefrm}} ½ku
d yf g/ Space wpfcsujf cm;Ny;D
]]t}} pmvkH;½kdufyg/ NyD;vQif Insertion Point tm; ]]t}} a&SUokdY oGm;yg/ Time New Roman
Font, Size 13 okdYajymif;NyD; ]]F}} ½kdufyg/ NyD;vQif ]]F t}} pmvkH;wJGtm; Select vkyfNyD; Copy
vkyfxm;yg/ ]]F}} aemufwGif Insertion Point xm;NyD; ]]ont}} ½kdufyg/ Insertion Point tm;
]]t}}aemufokdYxm;NyD; ]]okH;jyKjcif;udpöwGif}} ½kdufyg/ NyD;vQif Copy vkyfxm;onfh ]]F t}} ukd Paste
vkyfyg/ Insertion Point tm; ]]t}}a&SUokdYoGm;NyD; ]]F}} ukd zsufyg/ xkdtcg Insertion Point
PageMaker 6.5 115 uuuGef
ae&monfh Time New Roman Font ESifh Size 13 jzpfaernf/ t*Fvdyfpm jzpfaom ]]Post-
script Font}} ½k d u f y g/ ]]t}}pmvk H ; uk d z suf N yD ; ]]ü}} uk d ½ k d u f y g/ t*F v d y f p m½k d u f & ef t wG u f
txufygtwkdif;vkyfNyD; ]]Win Myanmar Font}} ½kdufyg/ ]]t}} ukdzsufNyD; usefaeaomjrefrmpm
]]onf jrefrm.................. wifjytyfygonf/}} ukd½kdufyg/ Enter 5 cgESdyfNyD; Tab
5 cgESdyfyg/ ]]wyfrawmf(Munf;? a&? av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;}} ½kdufyg/ Enter 2 cgESdyfNyD; ]]rdwåLukd}}
½ku
d yf g/ Enter 2 cgESyd Nf y;D Tab wpfcgESyd yf g/ ]]umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy½f ;Hk .......}} ½ku d yf g/ ]]oif½;dk Z,m;
tqkdjyKwifjyjcif;}} tm; Select vkyfNyD; Bold vkyfyg/

Exercise-2 (avhusifhcef;-2)
erlemyHkpH(2)wGif azmfjyxm;onhf ½Hk;wGif;pmtusOf;csKyfyHkpH½dkuf&ef atmufygtwdkif;
vkyfaqmifyg-
File Menu \ New ukd ESdyfyg/ ay:vmaom Document Setup \ Page wGif A4,
Oriantation wGif Tall a½G;NyD; Margins \ Left ESihf Right wGif 1.5, Top ESifh Bottom wGif 1
½kdufxnfhNyD; OK ukd ESdyfyg/ Tool Box rS Text Tool ukd a½G;NyD; Guide Line \tay:qHk;wGif
Insertion Point xm;yg/ Win--Resercher Font, Size 15 wku Yd adk ½G;Ny;D ]]taMumif;t&m/ 2000
jynhfESpf? yxrav;vywfumvtwGif; oufomacsmifcsda&;aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrItajctae
wifjyjcif;}}udk ½dkufyg/
Enter udk(2)cgESdyfNyD;vQif ]]1/}}udk½dkufyg/ Tab wpfcgESdyfNyD; ]]jynfolYquf qHa&;ESihf
................... azmfjytyfygonf}}udk ½dkufyg/ Enter udk(2)cgESdyfNyD;vQif ]]2/}}udk
½du
k yf g/ Tab wpfcgESyd Nf y;D ]]od&EdS ikd yf g&efEiS fh ................ wifjytyfygonf}}udk ½du k yf g/
Enter udk(6)cgESdyfNyD;vQif Tab (6)cgESy d yf g/ ]]ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;}}ud½k u
kd yf g/ Enter ud(k 2)cgESyd Nf y;D vQif
]]umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(Munf;)}}udk½dkufyg/ ]]2000 jynhfESpf? yxrav;vywfumvtwGif; oufom
acsmifcsda&;aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrItajctae wifjyjcif;}}udka&G;NyD; Bold vkyfyg/ Type Menu \
Indents/Tab udak &G;Ny;D yH(k 8-1)wGijf yxm;onht f wdik ;f Indent zrf;ygu 'kw, d pmaMumif;tponf
]]2}}\ atmufwnhfwnfhrS a&muf&Sdaeygvdrfhrnf/

yH(k 8-1)
PageMaker 6.5 116 uuuGef
pm\b,f^nm&Sdaom Guide Line ay:wGif ]]taMumif;t&m}}ESihf wnhfwnfhrSpí
atmufoYkd Constrainded Line Tool jzihf rsO;f (2)aMumif;qGyJ g/ Text Tool jzihf ]]taMumif;t&m}}\
b,fbufrsOf;ab;wGif wpfvufrcefY Text Block wpfckqGJNyD; ]]30-8-2000}}udk½dkufyg/ nmbuf
rsOf;ab;wGif wpfvufrcefY Text Block wpfckqGJNyD; ]]wifjyvTm}}udk½dkufNyD; Bold vkyfyg/ nmbuf
rsO;f ab; tyd'k (f 1)pmaMumif;tqH;k wGif wpfvufrcefY Text Block wpfcq k NJG y;D ]]tvH(u)}}ud½k u
kd Nf y;D
Bold vkyfyg/

Exercise-3 (avhusifhcef;-3)
erlemyHkpH(3)wGif azmfjyxm;onhf wifjyvTmzdkifwGifuyf&ef tnTef;pm&GufyHkpHrsm; ½dkuf&ef
atmufygtwdkif;vkyfaqmifyg-
File Menu \ New ukd ESdyfyg/ ay:vmaom Document Setup \ Page wGif A4,
Oriantation wGif Tall a½G;NyD; Margins \ Left wGif 0.5, Right wGif 0.5, Top wGif 0.5 ESifh
Bottom wG i f 0.5 ½k d u f x nf h N yD ; OK uk d ES d y f y g/ Tool Box rS Text Tool uk d a½G ; NyD ;
pmp½kdufrnfhae&mwGif Insertion Point xm;yg/ Win--Resercher Font, Size 15 wkdYukda½G;yg/
]]wyfrawmf(Munf;? a&? av) uGefysLwm XmerSL;½kH;}} ½dkufyg/ Enter ESpfcgESdyfNyD;vQif ]]wifjyvTm}}
ukd½kdufyg/ ]]wyfrawmf(Munf;? a&? av) uGefysLwm XmerSL;½kH;}} ukd Win-Amarapura Font ESihf
Size 24 ajymif;yg/ pmaMumif;ESpfckvHk; Select vkyfNyD; Align Center vkyfyg/ ]]wifjyvTm}} ukd
Win-Tangyi Font ESihf Size 36 ajymif;yg? 4if;pmwef;ywfvnfwGif Retangle Tool jzihf
pwk*Hwpfcka&;qGJyg/ 4if;udka&G;NyD; Element Menu \ Stroke rS 5Pt ukd Click vkyfyg/
axmihfauG;&eftwGuf Element Menu rS Rounded Corners ukd Click vkyfyg/ Rounded
Corners Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ Rounded Corners xJrS ESpfouf&mwpfckukd a&G;NyD; OK
ukd Click vkyfyg/ Pointer Tool jzihf Text Block ESihf pwk*Hudka&G;NyD; Element Menu rS Align
Object udkESdyfyg/ Dialog Box wGif HorizontalESihf Vertical wdkYwGif Center udka&G;NyD; OK udk
Click vkyfyg/ Element Menu rS Group udka&G;yg/
4if;udka&G;NyD; Edit Menu rS Copy ukd Click vkyfyg/ Edit Menu \ Paste Multiple
ukd Click vkkyfyg/ Paste Multiple Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;wGif Copy yGm;vkdaom
ta&twGuf 4 ½kdufxnfhyg/ Horizontal Off Set: wGif 0 ½kdufxnfhyg/ Vitical Off Set: wGif
2 ukd½kdufxnfhNyD; OK ukd Click vkyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 117 uuuGef
Exercise-4 (avhusifhcef;-4)
Page Maker jzihf vSyonhf qkwq H yd zf jJ ym;'DZikd ;f yHjk yKvyk &f ef atmufygtwdik ;f vkyaf qmifyg-
Shift Key zdí Ellipse Tool jzifh puf0i dk ;f wpfcq k yGJ g/ tjyma&mifjznfyh g/ ¤if;f xufi,faom
puf0kdif;wpfckqJGyg/ NyD;vQif tpdrf;a&mifjznfhyg/ Polygon Tool jzifh Shift Key udkzdNyD;?
yxrpuf0dkif;xufBuD;aom A[k*Hwpfck qJGyg/ ¤if;A[k*Hukd Select vkyfí Element Menu rS
Polygon Setting ukd a½G;NyD; ay:vmaom Dialog Box wGif Number of Sides wGif 20 ESifh
Star inset wGif 28 ½kdufxnfhyg/ NyD;vQif OK ukd ESdyfyg/ t0ga&mifjznhfyg/
puf0idk ;f (2)ckEiS hf Polygon ukd Select vkyyf g/ Ny;D vQif Element Menu rS Align Objects
ukd a½G;yg/ ay:vmaom Dialog Box wGif Horizontal ESihf Vertical wkdYwGif pppAlign Center
ukd a½G;NyD; OK ukd ESdyfyg/ Object (3)ckpvkH;onf A[kdtrSwfwlnDpGmjzifh &Sdaeygrnf/ A[k*Honf
atmufqkH;? puf0kdif;BuD;onf tv,fESifh puf0kdif;ti,fonf tay:qkH;wGif &Sdaeap&ef Element
Menu rS Arrange jzifh ae&mpDEkdifygonf/ Element Menu rS Group ukd a½G;yg/ yHk(8-2)

yH(k 8-2)

Tool Box rS Contrained Line Tool jzifh t&Snf "0.5" cefY&Sdonfh rsOf;ajzmifh
wpfaMumif;qJGyg/ ¤if;ukd Select vkyfNyD; Element Menu \ Stroke rS 4pt ukd a½G;yg/ NyD;vQif
Edit Menu rS Copy vkyfNyD; Paste Multiple ukd a½G;yg/ ay:vmaom Dialog Box rS Copies
ta&twGuftm; 20? Horizontal offset wGif 0.3 ESifh Vertical offset wGif 0.8 ½kdufxnfhNyD;
OK ukd ESdyfyg/
PageMaker 6.5 118 uuuGef
Polygon Tool jzifh Bwd*HwpfckqJGyg/ ¤if;Bwd*Hukd Select vkyfNyD; Control Palette \
Rotate Option Box wGif "4" ½kdufxnfhyg/ NyD;vQif Element Menu \ Fill rS Paper ESifh
Stroke rS None ukd a½G;yg/ rsOf;ajzmifh 20 ESifh Bud*Hukd Select vkyfNyD; Element Menu \
Group ukd a½G;yg/ ¤if;ukd Copy vkyfNyD; Paste vkyfyg/ 'kwd, Object tm; Control Palette rS
Horizontal Refelecting Button ukd ESdyfyg/ yxrykHESifh 'kwd,ykHwkdY\ xdyfqkH;rsOf;rsm;tm;
wpfxyfwnf;usatmif a½TUyg/ ykH(8-3)
¤if; Object ESpfcktm; a½TUí Element Menu rS Group vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif puf0kdif;
rsm;\atmufajcokdY a½TUNyD; Element Menu \ Arrange rS Sent to Back ukd a½G;yg/
Tool Box rS Text Tool ukda½G;yg/ NyD;vQif Win --AmaraPura Font ESifh Font Size
40 ukd a½G;yg/ NyD;vQif ]]yxr}} [laompmukd ½kdufxnfhyg/ Pointer Tool jzifh ¤if; Text Block
tm; puf0idk ;f \tv,fA[ko d Ydk a½TUyg/ Element Menu \ Arrange rS Bring to Front ukad ½G;yg/

yxr

yk(H 8-3)

yk(H 8-4)
ykH(8-4)wGifazmfjyxm;aom vSyonhf yxrqk wHqdyfzJjym;wpfckukd &&Sdygvdrfhrnf/

Exercise-5 (avhusifhcef;-5)
erlemyHkpH(5)wGif azmfjyxm;onhf Z,m;uGufyHkpH½dkuf&ef atmufygtwdkif;vkyfaqmifyg-
File Menu \ New ukd ESdyfyg/ ay:vmaom Document Setup \ Page wGif A4,
Oriantation wGif Tall a½G;NyD; Margins \ Left wGif 1.25, Right wGif 0.75, Top wGif 1 ESifh
Bottom wGif 1 ½kdufxnfhNyD; OK ukd ESdyfyg/
pmrsufESmwdkif;wGif Z,m;uGuf\rsOf;rsm; ay:aeap&eftwGuf Master Page udk Select
vkyyf g/ Retangle Tool jzihf Guide Line twdik ;f av;axmihu f u
G w
f pfcq
k yJG g/ Ny;D vQif erlemyHpk H
PageMaker 6.5 119 uuuGef
taetxm; twdkif; cefYrSef;NyD;vQif Constrined Line Tool jzihf Z,m;uGufrsm;udk qGJyg/ Mas-
ter Page wGif Z,m;rsm;jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzihf usefaompmrsufESmrsm;wGif 4if;Z,m;uGufrsm;
ay:aeygrnf/
pmrsuEf mS (1)tm;a&G;cs,yf g/ pm½du
k &f ef Insertion Point xm;yg/ Win--Resercher Font
ESihf Size 15 wkdYukda½G;yg/ Tab wpfcsufESdyfNyD;? ]pOf}udk½dkufyg/ NyD;vQif Tab wpfcgpDESdyfNyD;vQif
]udk,fydkiftrSwf}? ]tqihf}? ]trnf}? ]Xme}? ]rSwfcsuf}wdkYudk½dkufyg/ NyD;vQif Type Menu \ In-
dents/Tab udka&G;yg/ Z,m;uGufrsm;\tv,fwGif Center Tab rsm;udk owfrSwfay;yg/
acgif;pOfjzpfonhftwGuf Select vkyfNyD; Bold vkyfyg/ yHk(8-5)
acgif;pOfpmwef;\atmufwGif Insertion Point xm;yg/ Tab wpfcgpDESdyfNyD;vQif
atmufygtwdkif; ½dkufyg-
1 Munf;123456 AdkvfBuD; armifarmif uuuGef

yH(k 8-5)

1 Munf;123456 AdkvfBuD; armifarmif uuuGef

pmrsm;onf Z,m;uGufwdkY\ tpwGifjzpfaeap&ef yHkygtwdkif; Tab rsm;owfrSwfay;yg/

vdktyfonhftaetxm;rsm;udk jyifqifNyD;ygu Enter udkESdyfNyD;? atmufyg trSwfpOftvdkuf
quf½dkufoGm;yg-
2 a&^24567 cJGwuu udkudk uuaxmuf
3 av^18970 wuu armifb uu(av)
4 a&^23456 cGJwuu armifwif uu(a&)
5 av^34567 wuu armif0if; uu(av)
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
pm&Gufjynhf oGm;vQif pmrsufESm()wGif azmfjyxm;onhftwdkif; aemufpmrsufESmodkY ul;yg/
xdkuJhodkY quf½dkufoGm;ygu Z,m;rsm;udk Page Maker wGif tvG,fwulzefwD;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/
PageMaker 6.5 120 uuuGef

Sample-1 (erlemyHkpH-1)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&
umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme
wyfrawmf(Munf;? a&? av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;½kH;

pmtrSwf? 5 ^ 4 ^ 302 ^ OD; 9

&ufpGJ? 2000 jynhfESpf? Mo*kwfv &uf

odYk
avhusihfa&;t&m&SdcsKyf½Hk;

taMumif;t&m/ oif½dk;Z,m; tqdkjyKwifjyjcif;

1/ wyf&if; t&mcHAdkvfoifwef;ESihf wyfMuyfBuD;pma&;oifwef;wdkYwGif uGefysLwmbmom&yf

xnhof iG ;f ydcYk sa&;ESipfh yfvsO;f aom atmufygoif½;kd (tqdjk yK)ESppf t
kH m; vdt
k yfovdak qmif&u
G Ef ikd &f ef
ay;ydkYtyfygonf-
(u) wyf&if;t&mcHAdkvfoifwef; aemufqufwGJ(u)
( c) wyfMuyfBuD;pma&;oifwef; aemufqufwGJ(c)

2/ jrefrm Font toH;k jyKjcif;udpw ö iG f Postscript Font ü Win Myanmar Font onf jrefrm
vufEydS pf ufvufuu G Ef iS fh teD;pyfq;kH jzpfNy;D trsm;qH;k toH;k jyKaom trsK;d tpm;jzpfaMumif; xnho
f iG ;f
azmfjytyfygonf/

wyfrawmf(Munf;?a&? av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;
rdwLå udk
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf½Hk;(Munf;)? wm0efXmecGJ
 PageMaker 6.5 121 uuuGef
Sample-2 (erlemyHkpH-2)

pmrlMurf;a&;om;&ef (odkYr[kwf) ½Hk;wGif;pmtusOf;csKyf

30-8-2000 taMumif;t&m/ 2000 jynhfESpf? yxrav;vywfumvtwGif; oufom

acsmifcsda&; aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrI tajctae wifjyjcif;

1/ jynfolYqufqHa&;ESihf pdwf"gwfppfqifa&; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;½Hk; vuf

atmufcH wyf^ausmif;rsm;\ 2000jynhfESpf? yxrav;vywfumvtwGif;
oufomacsmifcsad &; aqmif&u
G af y;Edik rf I tajctaersm;tm; wifjytyfygonf/ wifjyvTm

2/ od&SdEdkifyg&efESihf vdktyfonfrsm; ñTefMum;Edkifyg&ef wifjytyfygonf/

ppfOD;pD;rSL;('kwd,wef;)

-8-2000 ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)
PageMaker 6.5 122 uuuGef
Sample-3 (erlemyHkpH-3)

wyfrawmf(Munf;?a&?av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;½Hk;

wifjyvTm
wyfrawmf(Munf;?a&?av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;½Hk;

wifjyvTm
wyfrawmf(Munf;?a&?av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;½Hk;

wifjyvTm
wyfrawmf(Munf;?a&?av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;½Hk;

wifjyvTm
wyfrawmf(Munf;?a&?av)uGefysLwmXmerSL;½Hk;

wifjyvTm
PageMaker 6.5 123 uuuGef
Sample-4 (erlemyHkpH-4)

pOf udk,fydkiftrSwf tqihf trnf Xme rSwfcsuf

1 Munf; 123456 AdkvfBuD; armifarmif uuuGef

2 a&^24567 cGJwuu udkudk uuaxmuf
3 av^18970 wuu armifb uu(av)
4 a&^23456 cGJwuu armifwif uu(a&)
5 av^34567 wuu armif0if; uu(av)
Microsoft Excel 2000 124 uuuGef

Microsoft Excel 2000

ed'gef;
1/ Microsoft Excel 2000 oifcef;pmudk avhvmjcif;jzifh worksheet rsm;wGif data rsm;udk
xnfhoGif;jcif;? pm&if;Z,m;rsm;a&;qJGjcif;? data rsm;udkZ,m;rsm;jzifhjznfhpGufí Chart
*&yfyHktrsKd;rsKd;zefwD;Edkifjcif;? ocsFmqdkif&mykpämrsm;wGufcsufEdkifjcif;wdkYudk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 onf Windows Application Packages Software wpfckjzpfNyD;
pm&if;Z,m;ESifh*&yfyHkrsm;udk vG,fulvsifjrefpGm aqmif&GufEdkifaomaMumifh Spreadsheet
Application Software [kvnf; ac:qdkygonf/

Title Bar Minimize Button

Menu Bar MaximizeButton
Standard Tool Bar RestoreButton
Formula Bar CloseButton

Formatting
Toolbar

yHk(1)

Status Bar Drawing Tool Bar

Microsoft Excel 2000 125 uuuGef
Starting Microsoft Excel 2000 (Microsoft Excel 2000 tm;pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;)
2/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH udk rD;zGiNhf y;D ygu Windows 9x Operating System wufvmNy;D aemuf
Task Bar ay:&dS Start udk Click vkyfyg/ xdkYaemuf Program tm;a&G;ygu Sub-Menu
wpfckxyfrHay:vmrnf/ 4if; Sub-Menu rS Microsoft Excel udk Click vkyfygu Microsoft
Excel Window yGifhvmNyD;pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ yHk(1) wGifMunfhyg/ yHk(1)udkavhvmjcif;jzifh
Microsoft Excel wGifatmufygtwdkif;tydkif;(2)ydkif;yg0if aeonfudk awGU½Sd&ygrnf -
(u) Microsoft Excel Window ESifh
( c) Application Microsoft Excel Window /
3/ Microsoft Excel Window wGif Title Bar, Menu Bar, Standard Toolbar,
Formatting Toolbar, Formula Bar ESifh Status Bar wdkYyg0ifaeNyD; Application Microsoft
Excel Window wGif Column Heading, Row Heading, Vertical Scroll Bar, Horizontal
Scroll Bar, Tab Scrolling Button ESifh Sheet1, Sheet2, Sheet3, ... rsm;udkawGU½Sd&ayrnf/
,cktcg Microsoft Excel Window \ Title Bar wGif Microsoft Excel Book1
[kay:aernf/ Book1 onf Workbook jzpfNyD; Tab Scrolling Button nmzufwGif Sheet1
rSm Active Sheet jzpfaeonfukd awGU½S&d rnf jzpfonf/ rdrt
d vd½k &dS mtcsut
f vufrsm;udk Column
rsm;? Row rsm;twGif;ü jznfhpGuf&ef tajctaeay;aeayonf/
Menu Bar
4/ Microsoft Excel 2000 Menu Bar wGif File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools,
Data, Window, Help wd k Y u d k a wG Y j rif E d k i f N yD ; ? Menu Bar ½S d Heading rsm;ud k Click
vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Heading rsm;\atmufwGif rsOf;wm;jyxm;aompmvHk;rsm;udk Alter
Key jzifh wJE G ydS jf cif;jzifh vnf;aumif; Pulldown Menu (or) Dropdown Menu rsm;xyfraH y:vm
ayrnf/ Oyrm File tm; Click vkyfíjzpfap? Alt+F ESdyfíjzpfap File atmufwGif Pulldown
Menu wpfckxyfrH ay:vmrnf/ yHk(2)wGifMunfhyg/
Microsoft Excel 2000 126 uuuGef

yHk(2)

5/ Pulldown Menu \ xdyfqHk;wGifawGUjrifae&aom New... onf zdkiftopfwnfaqmuf

&mwGif toHk;jyKygonf/ Excel pzGifhzGifhcsif;yxrOD;qHk; Title Bar wGifay:aeaom Microsoft
Excel Book1 onf Excel \ acgif;pOfr½Sd (Untitled File) omjzpfNy;D Data rsm;jznfp
h u
G ½f u
kd Ef ydS Nf y;D
odrf;qnf;rnfqdkygu File Name awmif;cHrnfjzpfonf/ Excel xJrSrxGufbJ New... udk
xyfrHESdyfygu Microsoft Excel Book2 [kjzpfay:vmayrnf/ xyfrHítopfwnfaqmufygu
Microsoft Excel Book3, Microsoft Excel Book4, Microsoft Excel Book5, ... ponfjzifh
toD;oD;jzpfay:vmayrnf/
6/ Open... rSm rdrdwnfaqmufNyD;om; Excel zdkifrsm;zGifhvdkonfhtcgoHk;onf/ Close rSm
vuf½Sdzdkif(Current File)udkydwfapcsifonfhtcgtoHk;jyKonf/ Save rSm rdrdzdkiftrnf ray;&ao;
aomzdik rf sm;udk odr;f qnf;&mwGiaf omfvnf;aumif;? rlv½SNd y;D zdik rf sm; jyifqifrrG ;f rHNy;D jyeford ;f &mwGif
aomfvnf;aumif;toHk;jyKygonf/ trnfray;&ao;aom zdkifrsm;udkodrf;&mwGif File Name
awmif;rnfjzpfNyD; rlv½SdNyD;om;zdkifrsm;odrf;&mwGif File Name ay;p&mrvdkbJ File Name
ta[mif;jzifhomodrf;oGm;ayrnf/ Save As... rSm vuf½SdyGifhaeaom zdkiftm; tjcm;zdkif
trnftopfwpfcjk zifh odr;f qnf;&efvt kd yfygu odr;f jcif;jzpfonf/ xdt k cg zdik tf rnftopf wpfck
xyfrHawmif;cHrnfjzpfNyD; zdkiftrnfopfwpfck xyfrHay;vdkufygu aemufxyfzdkif topfwpfzdkif
Microsoft Excel 2000 127 uuuGef
&½Sdvmrnf/ Copy ESifhoabmtwlwlyifjzpfNyD; t&efzdkiftjzpf xm;½SdonfhyHkpHjzpf onf/ Page
Setup... onf pm½Gu\ f t½G,t f pm;? pm½Gut
f aetxm;? pm½Gux f w
J iG rf rd ½d u
kd Ef ydS cf sif onfh Margin
rsm;owf r S w f j cif ; ? Header/ Footer wd k Y w G i f rd r d a &;xnf h v d k o nf h p mom;rsm;ud k BuKd w if
owfrw S xf m;&efjzpfonf/ Print Area onf rdr½d u kd xf w
k cf siaf om tcsut f vufrsm;tm; e,ferd w d f
owfrw S jf cif;jzpfNy;D Print Preview rSm Printer jzifrh ½ku
d cf if BuKw
d ifMunfjh cif;jzpfygonf/ xdaYk emuf
Recent File rsm;udkawGU½Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; atmufqHk;wGif Exit tm;awGU½Sd&rnf/ Exit rSm Excel
rSxGufcsifygu 4if;udka½G;cs,f&ef jzpfonf/
7/ Menu Bar \ Pulldown Menu ½Sd File Menu wGifyg0ifaomtcsuftvufrsm;onf
zdkifESifhywfouf&mywfoufaMumif;rsm;jzpfNyD;? xdkYtwl Edit Pulldown Menu atmufwGif½Sd
tcsuftvufrsm;onf Edit jyKvkyf&mwGifqdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ xdkenf;wl
View, Insert, Format, Tools, Data, Window, Help wdkYonfvnf; 4if;wdkYESifhywfoufonfh
qdkif&mqdkif&mudpörsm;udk jyKvkyf&mwGiftoHk;0ifMuygonf/
Editing Data Entries (rdrdxnfhoGif;onfhtcsuftvufrsm;tm;jyifqifwnf;jzwfjcif;)
8/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif Columns rsm;udk A, B, C..., IV jzifhazmfjyNyD; Col-
umns aygif; (28 = 256) ck&dSygonf/ Rows rsm;udk1, 2, 3, ..., 65536 jzifhazmfjyNyD; Rows aygif;
(216 = 65536) ck &dSygonf/ Cell wpfcktwGif;odkY data rsm;xnfhoGif;NyD;aemuf 4if; data rsm;udk
jyifqif&ef cell twGif; (odkYr[kwf) Formula Bar ay:wGif atmufygtwdkif; jyifqifEdkifygonf-
(u) jyifvdkaom Cell twGif;odkY Double-click ESdyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Formula Bar
ay:odkY Click vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Keyboard ay:&dS F2 udk ESdyfyg/ xdkYaemuf Cell
twGif;&dS tcsuftvufay:odkY Insertion Point udkxm;yg/
( c) Cell twGif;&dS rvdktyfaompmom;rsm;udk zsuf&mwGif Insertion Point \
b,fbuf&dSpmrsm;udk Backspace ? nmbuf&dSpmrsm;udk Delete wdkYjzifh zsufEdkif
ygonf/ xdkYaemuf ½dkufvdkaompmrsm;udk Keyboard rS ½dkufxnfhEdkifygonf/
( *) jyifqifxnfhoGif;NyD;ygu twnfjyKEdkif&ef Formula Bar ay:&dS Enter udk
vnf;aumif;? Keyboard ay:rS Enter udkvnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/
twnfrjyKvydk gu Formula Bar ay:&dS Cancel udv k nf;aumif;? Keyboard
ay:&dS Esc udkvnf;aumif; ESdyf&ygrnf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 128 uuuGef
Speeding Up Data Entry (tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vG,fulvsifjrefpGmxnfhoGif;jcif;)
9/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif zGiEhf ikd o
f nfh Sheet ta&twGuu
f kd 255 ckxo
d wfrw
S Ef ikd Nf y;D
tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh acgif;pOfrsm;udk Microsoft Excel 2000 \ worksheet rsm;wGif
tBudrfBudrfxnfhoGif;&efvdktyfygu atmufygtwdkif;vG,fulvsifjrefpGm aqmif&GufEdkifygonf-
(u) Copy ul;vdkaom Cell rsm;udk Select vkyfyg/ yHk(3)ygtwdkif; Cell border \
nmbufatmufaxmifh½Sd Fill Handle udk Click vkyfyg/
( c) ul;,lvo kd nfh Cell \ Fill Handle udak xmufí nmzuf(odrYk [kw)f atmufzufoYkd
Drag vkyfyg/ xdktcg yHk(3)ygtwdkif; Bubble [k ac:aom rdrdul;vdkonfh Con-
tents yg0ifaom Box ay:aernf/

rSwfcsuf/ Worksheet rsm;tcsif;csif; wpfckrSwpfckodkY tjyeftvSeful;,lEdkifygonf/

Fill handle Bubble

yHk(3)

+ 5.50%
Microsoft Excel 2000 129 uuuGef
Entering A Series with Autofill (tvdktavsmuf jznfhoGif;jcif;)
10/ January, February, March uJhodkY vrsm;ESifh Number ? day ? year ESifh tjcm; Item
rsm;tm; tpOfvdkufxnfhoGif;vdkvQif atmufygtwdkif; vG,fulpGm Autofill jyKvkyfEdkifygonf-

(u) Series vkyfvkdaom tkyfpkwpfckudk Cell wpfcktwGif;odkY ½dkufxnfhyg/

( c) xdk Cell udk Select vkyfí Cell \ Fill handle udk Drag vkyfyg/
Oyrm/ Monday rS Sunday txd tpOfvdkufjyKvkyfvdkygu Cell wpfckwGif Monday
udk½dkufí txufygtqifhrsm;twdkif; jyKvkyfygu vG,fulpGmjyKvkyfEdkifygonf/
rSwfcsuf/ Day ? Month ? Year ESifh tjcm; Item wdkYudk Series rvkyfvdkbJ 4if; Content
udkom jyefvnful;,lvdkygu Ctrl udkESdyfí Fill handle udk drag jyKvkyfyg/
Number rsm;twGufrl Ctrl ESdyf&efrvdkbJ drag vkyfEdkifygonf/

Entering The Same Data Over and Over with Autocomplete

11/ wlnDaom Data rsm;udk tvG,fwulxyfrHxnfhoGif;Edkif&ef Data \ yxrqHk;pmvHk;udk
½dkufxnfhygu usef&dSaompmvHk;rsm;½dkufxnfh&efrvdkbJ xnfhoGif;Edkifygonf -

(u) England, Spain, Italy wdkYudk Cell wpfckcsif;ü ½dkufxnfhxm;yg/

( c) ]]e}} udk txuftyd'
k (f u)wGif ½duk x
f nfxh m;aom Cell rsm;\atmufbuf uyfvQuf
Cell wGif qufí½du k x f nfyh gu usepf mvH;k tjynft h pHu
k kd ½du
k x
f nf&h ef rvdb
k J En-
gland [k tvdktavQmuf xnfhoGif;NyD;jzpfygrnf/ (xdkYtwl ]]s}} udkvnf;aumif;?
]]i}} udv
k nf;aumif; ½du
k xf nfMh unhyf gu Spain odrYk [kwf Italy [k tvdt k avQmuf
xnfhoGif;NyD; jzpfygrnf/)
12/ Microsoft Excel onf Entries rsm;udk List wGif tvdktavQmufodrf;qnf;xm;onf/
4if; List udkjyefMunfhí a&G;cs,fvdkygu atmufbufuyfvsuf Cell udk Right click ESdyfí pick
from list ...udka&G;cs,fNyD;Munfh½IEdkifygonf/ pick from list ... xJrS rdrdtvdk&dS&m Content udk
a&G;vdkuf½Hkjzifh tvdktavQmufxnhfoGif;NyD;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 130 uuuGef

Selecting Cells (Cell rsm;tm; a½G;cs,fjcif;)

13/ Cells rsm;&dS tcsuftvufrsm;udk wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh ul;,ljcif;? a&TUajymif;jcif;ESifh
zsufjcif;wdkYtwGuf Cells rsm;udk atmufygoifhawmf&menf;vrf;wpfckckudk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf-

(u) jyKvkyfvdkaom Cells udk Select vkyf&rnf/

( c) wpfqufwnf;jzpfaom Adjacent Cells odrYk [kwf Range wpfcu k kd Select vky&f ef
Upper-left Cell rS Lower-right Cell xd Drag Drown vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
wpfqufwnf;r[kwfaom Nonadjacent Cell rsm;udk Select vkyf&ef Ctrl udk
ESdyfí tvdk&dS&m Cell rsm;udk Select vkyfyg/
( *) Row odr Yk [kwf Column wpfckvHk;udk a&G;vdkygu Row odkYr[kwf Column wdkY\
Header udk Click vkyfyg/ tvdk&dS&m Row odkYr[kwf Column wdkYudk a&G;vdkygu
Ctrl udkESdyfNyD; vdktyfaom Row odkYr[kwf Column udk Select vkyfyg/

14/ Worksheet rS Select jyKvkyfNyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ul;vdkygu Copy button

udkESdyfyg (odkYr[kwf) a&TUajymif;vdkygu Cut button udkESdyfyg/ xdkYaemuftvdk&dS&m Cell wGifxm;í
Paste button udk ESdyfyg/ tu,fí Select vkyfxm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk zsufvdkygu De-
lete button udk ESdyf&ygrnf/

Adjusting Column Width and Row Height

(Column tus,fESifh Row tjrifhwdkYudk vdktyfovdkjyKjyifjcif;)
15/ Column Width ESifh Row Height wdkYudkjyifqiffvdkygu yHk(4)ygtwdkif; Column ESifh
Row wd\
Yk Heading Border wdu Yk kd Drag vkyjf cif;jzifh vG,u
f pl mG jyKvyk Ef ikd yf gonf/ ae&mrqHyh gu
Cell twGif;ü # # # # wdkYudk jyaeygrnf/ twdtusudkufnDrnfh Column Width (odkYr[kwf)
Row Height jzpfap&ef jyKvkyfvdkaom Row odkYr[kwf Column \ Heading Border ay:odkY
Double Click ESdyf&ygrnf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 131 uuuGef
Column width Bubble Grideline

Width: 8.43 (64 pixels) yHk(4)

○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

Merging Cells ( Cell rsm;udk aygif;pyfjcif; )

16/ Tittle ESifh Heading rsm;udk xnfhoGif;&mwGif Cell wpfckwnf;jzihf jyo&ef rjzpfEdkifygu
Cell rsm;udk Merge Cell jyKvkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ Merge Cell jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif;
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf-

(u) Merge jyKvkyfvdkaom Cell \ Range udk Select vkyfyg/

( c) Format, Cell udk Select vkyfygu yHk(5)ygtwdkif; Format Cells dialog box
ay:vmrnf/
( *) Alignment tab udk Click vkyfyg/
(C) Merge Cell udk Click vkyfyg/ Horizontal ESifh Vertical wdkYwGif Center udk
a&G;í OK udk Click vkyfyg/
rSwfcsuf/ Short Cut jyKvyk &f efrmS Formatting Toolbar ay:rS Merge and Cen-
ter button udk Click vkyfEdkifygonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 132 uuuGef

yH(k 5)

Inserting Rows, Column and Cells ( Row odkYr[kwf Column rsm;tpm;xdk;jcif; )

17/ Row odkYr[kwf Column wdkYudk wpfck odkYr[kwf wpfckxufydkrdkí Insert jyKvkyfvdkygu
atmufygtwdkif; aqmif&Guf&ygrnf-
(u) Insert jyKvkyfvdkaom Row \txuf (odkYr[kwf) Column \b,fbufwGif
&dSaom Cell udk Select vkyfyg/
( c) Insert menu udk zGifhí Row, Column (odkYr[kwf) Cells udk a&G;yg/
( *) Cell wpfck (odkYr[kwf) trsm;udk Select vkyfí Cells Right (odkYr[kwf) Shift
Cells Down jzif h Cell \nmbuf (od k Y r [k w f ) atmuf b uf o d k Y Insert
vkyfEdkifygonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 133 uuuGef
Removing Rows, Columns and Cells
( Row odkYr[kwf Column rsm;twGif;½dS tcsuftvufrsm;tm; zsufypfjcif; )
18/ Row odkYr[kwf Column odkYr[kwf Cell wdkYudkzsufvdkygu atmufygtwdkif;vkyfaqmif
Edkifygonf-

(u) zsufvdkaom Row odkYr[kwf Column odkYr[kwf Cell wdkYudk Select vkyfyg/
Cell rsm;ay:wGiv f nf;aumif;? Row Numbers rsm;ay:wGiv f nf;aumif;? Col-
umn Letters rsm;ay:wGiv f nf;aumif; Drag qJjG cif;tm;jzifh Row rsm;? Coloum
rsm;? Cell rsm;udk wpfckxufru ydkrdkí Select vkyfEdkifygonf/
( c) Keyboard ay:&dS Delete udkESdyfyg/

Formatting Values in Excel ( Excel twGif;½Sd udef;*Pef;rsm;\wefbdk;yHkpHrsm; )

19/ Miscrosoft Excel 2000 wGif Numeric values wd\ Yk Numeric format owfrw S cf suf
wdkYudk atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyEdkifygonf-
Excel’s Number Formats

Number Format Examples Description

General 7.6 ½dkufxnfhonfhtwdkif; Value udkazmfjyonf/

31567.239
Number 3400.50 Dafault Number format rSm ‘'órESpfae&mjzpf
onf/
(-120.39) Negative Numbers udk teDa&mif odkYr[kwf uGif;p
uGif;ydwf odkYr[kwf minus sign(-) jzifh azmfjyEdkifonf/
Currency $3,400.500 Default Currency format rSm‘'ór2ae&mjzpfyg onf
($3,400.50) Thousands numbers twGuf Comma xnfhoGif;Edkif
ygonf/ Negative Numbers udk teDa&mif (odrYk [kw)f
uGif;puGif;ydwf (odkYr[kwf) minus sign(-) jzifhazmfjy
Edik o
f nf/
Accounting $3,400.00 Default Accounting format rSm ‘'ór 2 ae&m
$ 978.21 jzpfonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 134 uuuGef
Date 11/7 Default Date format rSm ‘month ESihf day wdu
Yk kd Slash
(/) jzifh cJGjcm;xm;onf/ tjcm; Numeric Format
rsm;udkvnf; Select vkyfEdkifygonf/
Time 10:00 Default Time format rSm ‘hour ESifh minutes wdkYudk
colon (:) jzifh cJGjcm;xm;onf/ Second? a.m ESifh p.m
wdkYudkvnf; azmfjyEdkifygonf/
Percentage 99.50% Default Percentage format rS m 'ór2 ae&m
jzpfonf/
Fraction 1/2 Default Fraction format rSm slash(/) jzifah zmfjyonf/
Scientific 3.40E+03 Default Scientific format rSm 'ór2ae&mjzpfonf/
Text 135RV90 Text format rSm Cell twGif;odkYxnfhoGif;aom Text
ESifh Numbers wdkYudk Text tjzpfazmfjyygonf/
Special 02110 Zip codes? Phone number ESifh Social security
numbers uJhodkY Special characters udk azmfjyygonf/
Custom 00.0% Custom format udz k efw;D &mwGif toH;k jyKygonf/ # rSm
number placeholder udk ud, k pf m;jyKygonf/ 0 rSm zero
placeholder udkudk,fpm;jyKygonf/

Deciding on a suitable numeric format

(oifhawmfaom *Pef;yHkpHudk toHk;jyK&ef owfrSwfjcif;)
20/ owfrSwfvdkaom format udk a&G;cs,f&ef atmufygtwdkif;aqmif&Guf&ygrnf-
(u) owfrSwfvdkaom Cell odkYr[kwf Cell range udk select vkyfyg/
( c) Format, cells udk select vkyfygu yHk(6)ygtwdkif; Format cells dialog box
ay:vmygrnf/ vdktyfygu number tab udk click vkyfyg/
( *) Category list wGif toHk;jyKvdkonfh format udk select vkyfyg/ Sample box
wGif Category \ dafault format udk azmfjyaeygonf/
(C) tvd&k aSd om Additional formatting options udk Select vkyyf g/ OK udk click
vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Enter udk Press vkyfyg/
Microsoft Excel 2000 135 uuuGef

yH(k 6)

Removing Formatting
(yHkpHcsxm;jcif;tm; y,fzsufjcif;)
21/ Cell wpfck odkYr[kwf Cell trsm;rS number format wpfckudk z,f&Sm;vdkygu (odkYr[kwf)
General format odkY jyefvnfowfrSwfvdkygu z,f&Sm;vdkaom Cell wdkYudk select vkyfyg/ Edit
menu rS clear, format udka&G;yg/ 4if; Cell udk select vkyfí Format menu rS Cell udk
zGifhMunfhygu yHk(7)ygtwdkif; General format okdY ajymif;oGm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/

yHk(7)
Microsoft Excel 2000 136 uuuGef
Aligning Entries in Cells
(Cell rsm;twGif;½Sd tcsuftvufrsm;udk b,f? nm? tv,f ñ§djcif;)
22/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif worksheet xJodkY tcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;onfhtcg
Text rsm;udk Left ? Number rsm;udk Right odkY tvdktavsmuf ñdSay;ygonf/ Text ESifh Num-
ber ESpfrsKd;pvHk;ygaomtcg atmufygtwdkif; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf-
(u) ñdSvdkaom Cell wdkYudk select vkyfyg/
( c) Format, cell udk select vkyfyg odkYr[kwf Ctrl +1(Control One) udk Press
vkyfyg/ yHk(8)ygtwdkif; Format cell dialog box ay:vmygrnf/
( *) Alignment tab udk click vkyfyg/ Alignment option ay:vmygrnf/
(C) Alignment wGif Horizontal? Vertical? Orientation? Wrap text? Shrink to
fit ESifh Merge cell wdkYudkvdktyfovdkowfrSwfEdkifygonf/
( i) OK udk click vkyfyg odkYr[kwf Enter udk press vkyfyg/

yHk(8)
Microsoft Excel 2000 137 uuuGef
Formatting Worksheets in Excel, Adding Emphasis to Cells
(Cell rsm;twGif; ½Sd tcsuftvufrsm;udk yHkpHrsKd;pHkjyKjyifjcif;)
23/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif Cell rsm;udk Bold, Italic, Underline ESifh tjcm; Font
Effect rsm;jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ Font ? Font size ESifh Font Color wdkYudkvnf; jyifqifEdkifygonf/
xdkYtjyif Cell rsm;\ Borders ESifh Shading rsm;vnf; xnfhoGif;Edkifygonf/
Adding Borders to Cells (Cell rsm;tm; abmifrsm;cwfjcif;)
24/ Cell \ywfvnfwGif Gridline rsm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh Boundries rsm; xnhfoGif;ay;jcif;
udk owdjyK&ef vdt
k yfygonf/ yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh Gridline rsm;udk Print jyKvyk jf cif;rjyKyg/ Print vky&f ef
a&G;cs,fay;xm;rSom ½dkufxkwfEdkifygonf/ Border rsm;xnfhoGif;jcif;udk atmufygtwdkif;
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf-
(u) Border jyKvkyfvdkonfh Cell {&d,mywfvnfudk Select vkyfyg/
( c) Format,Cellsudk Select vkyfygu yHk(9)ygtwdkif; Format cells dialog box
ay:vmrnf/
( *) Border tab udk click vkyfygu Border option ay:vmygrnf/
(C) Border twGuf color ESifh styles udk choose vkyfyg/
( i) OK udk click vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Enter udk press jyKvkyfyg/

yHk(9)
Microsoft Excel 2000 138 uuuGef
Adding Shading to Cells (Cell rsm;tm; Shading jyKvkyfjcif;)
25/ Cell rsm;udk shading jyKvkyfvdkygu atmufygtwdkif; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf-

(u) Shade vkyfvdkaom Cell wdkYudk select vkyfyg/

( c) Format, cells udk select vkyfyg/
( *) Patterns tab udk click vkyyf g/ yH(k 10)ygtwdik ;f Shading option ay:vmygrnf/
(C) xnfhoGif;vdkaom color udk a&G;cs,fygu Sample wGif a&G;xm;aomta&mif
ay:vmygrnf/ 4if;aemuf Pattern: ab;&dS List box \ Dropdown arrow udk
click vkyfyg/ xnfhoGif;vdkaom pattern shading wdkYudk select jyKvkyfyg/
( i) NyD;vQif OK udk click vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Enter udk press jyKvkyfyg/

yH(k 10)
Microsoft Excel 2000 139 uuuGef
Using Autoformat (BuKdwifowfrSwfxm;onfhyHkpHudk toHk;jyKjcif;)
26/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif toifhtoHk;jyK&eftwGuf Table Format Design (16)ck
yg&dSygonf/ 4if;wdkYudk toHk;jyKvdkygu atmufygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf-

(u) Table format jyKvkyfvdkonfh cell range wdkYudk select vkyfyg/

( c) Format, Autoformat udk select vkyfygu yHk(11)wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;
Autoformat dialog Box ay:vmrnf/
( *) ESpfouf&myHkpHudk &Sm&ef Scroll-down vkyfyg/ tvdk&dS&mudk click vkyfyg/
(C) vdktyfygu Option udk click vkyfyg/ tvdk&dS&m Format udk choose vkyfyg/
( i) OK udk click vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Enter udk press vkyfyg/

yH(k 11)
Microsoft Excel 2000 140 uuuGef
Copying Formats with Format Painter
(Format Painter Icon jzifh Z,m;rsm;udk ul;jcif;)
27/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif tcsuftvufrsm;\ Format rsm;udk tvG,fwul copy
ESifh paste jyKvkyfEdkif&ef atmufazmfjyyg enf;vrf;(2)ckteuf wpfckckudk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf-
(u) Edit menu rS copy ESifh paste special commands udk toHk;jyKjcif;/
( c) Standard toolbar ay:&dS Format Painter button udk toHk;jyKjcif;/

Working with Formulas in Excel, Understanding Formulas

(yHkaoenf;rsm;toHk;jyKí wGufcsufjcif;)
28/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif udef;*Pef;wefbdk;rsm;udk vG,fulpGm wGufcsufrI jyKvkyf
Edkif&eftwGuf Formula rsm;udk toHk;jyK&ygonf/ ocsFmqdkif&moauFwrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;
toHk;jyKEdkifygonf-

Operator Performs Formula Result

+ Addition = A1 + A2 Cell A1ESifh Cell A2

wd k Y r S wef b d k ; rsm;ud k
aygif;yg/
- Subtraction = A1 - A2 Cell A1 rS w ef b d k ; rS
Cell A2 \ wefbdk;udk
Ekwfyg/
* Multiplication = A2 * 3 Cell A2rSwefbdk;udk 3
jzifh ajrmufyg/
/ Division = A1 / 50 Cell A1rS w ef b d k ; ud k
50 jzifh pm;yg/
Combination = (A1+A2+A3)/3 Cell A1 rS A3 xd
wefb;kd wdu
Yk kd aygif;í 3
jzifh pm;yg/
^ Exponentiation = A1 ^ 3 Cell A1 wefbdk;\ 3
xyfudef;udk xnfhyg/
Microsoft Excel 2000 141 uuuGef
Order of Operations (ocsFmqdkif&mOperators rsm;\ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufrItpDtpOf)
29/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif Formula wpfcktwGif;&dS Operation rsm;udk atmufyg
tpDtpOftwdkif;OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufygonf-
(u) Equations within parentheses (uGif;udkOD;pGm&Sif;vif;&ef)
( c) Exponentiation (xyfudef;udk&Sif;vif;&ef)
( *) Multiplication ESifh Division (tajrmufESifhtpm;udk &Sif;vif;&ef)
(C) Addition ESifh Subtraction (aygif;jcif;ESifhEkwfjcif;udk &Sif;vif;&ef)
Entering Formula (yHkaoenf; ½dkufxnfhjcif;)
30/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif Formula a&;oGif;&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmif
Edkifygonf-
(u) Formula xnfhoGif;vdkaom Cell udk Select vkyfyg/

Formula Bar Selected Cell

yH(k 12)
Microsoft Excel 2000 142 uuuGef
( c) ]] = }}udk½dkufNyD;aemuf toHk;jyKvdkaom Formula udkxnfhoGif;yg/ yHk(12)ygtwdkif;
xnfhoGif;cJhonfh Formula udk Formula Bar wGif ay:vmygrnf/
( *) Formula udk xnfhoGif;NyD;vQif Keyboard ay:&dS Enter udk Press vkyfyg
(odkYr[kwf) Formula Bar ay:&dS Enter Button udk click vkyfyg/
Editing Formula (yHkaoenf;udkjyefvnfjyifqifjcif;)
31/ Formula rsm;udk jyifqif&efvt
kd yfygu atmufygtqifrh sm;twdik ;f aqmif&uG Ef ikd yf gonf-
(u) jyifqifvdkaom Formula yg0ifonfh Cell udk Select vkyfyg/
( c) Formula Bar twGif;odkY click vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Keyboard ay:&dS Function
key jzpfaom F2 udk press vkyfyg/
( *) Insertion Point udk a&TU&ef Keyboard ay:&dS Left (odkYr[kwf) Right Arrow
udk toHk;jyKyg/ Insertion Point \ Left udk zsufvdkygu Backspace udk
vnf;aumif;? Right udk zsufvdkygu Delete udkvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
(C) jyifqifNyD;ygu Formula Bar ay:rS Enter Button udk click vkyfyg/
Copying Formulas (yHkaoenf;rsm;udk ul;,ljcif;)
32/ Formula wpfckudk copy jyKvkyfaomtcg ul;,lvdkaom Cell \ Location ESifh wlnD
atmif jyKvkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ Cell wpfckudkaomfvnf;aumif;? Cell range wpfckudkaomf
vnf;aumif; Formula udkul;,l&efvdktyfygu atmufygtwdkif; vG,fulpGmjyKvkyfEdkifygonf-
(u) Cell wpfct k wGi;f &dS Formula udk ul;,lvykd gvQif atmufygtwdik ;f aqmif&u
G Ef ikd f
ygonf-
(1) Copy jyKvkyfvdkaom Formula yg0ifonfh Cell udk click vkyfyg/
(2) Ctrl udk zdESdyfxm;NyD; Formula ul;vdkaom Cell \ Border udk Drag
jyKvkyfyg/
(3) xm;vdkaomae&modkYa&mufvQif zdEdSyfxm;aom Mouse Button udkvTwfyg/
( c) tpOfvdkufjzpfonfh Adjacent Range Cell rsm;&dS Formula udkul;,lvdkygu
atmufygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf-
(1) ul;,lvdkaom Formula yg0ifonfh Cell udk click vkyfyg/
(2) Fill Handle ay:odkY Mouse Pointer udk a&TUyg/
(3) Formula ygaom Cell udk jzwfausmfí Fill Handle udk Drag jyKvkyfyg/
Microsoft Excel 2000 143 uuuGef
Using Function in Excel,Understanding Functions(Function rsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;)
33/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif toifyh g&dNS y;D jzpfaom Function rsm;pGmudk oH;k pJEG ikd yf gonf/
Function rsm;xnfhoGif;&mwGif atmufazmfjyygtydkif;(3)ydkif; yg0if&ygrnf-
(u) Function odkYr[kwf Formula wpfckwGif ]] = }} jzifh tpjyK&rnf/
( c) Function Name yg0if&rnf/
( *) Cell Address yg0if&rnf/
Oyrm - Cells A1, B1ESihf C1wdw
Yk iG &f aSd om wefb;kd rsm;udak ygif;í 4if;wd\
Yk yQr;f rQwefb;dk udk
&Smvdkygu Formula bar wGif ]] = (A1+B1+C1)/3 }} [k uGif;p? uGif;ydwfrsm;jzifh xnfhoGif;
&rnfjzpfygonf/ tu,fí ]] = A1+B1+C1/3 }} [k xnfhoGif;rdygu yQrf;rQwefbdk;tajzrSefudk
&Edkifrnf r[kwfyg/

Excel Most Common Functions

(Microsoft Excel wGiftoHk;trsm;qHk;aom Function rsm;)
34/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif toH;k rsm;aom Function tcsKUd rSm atmufygwdjYk zpfygonf-
Function Example Description
AVERAGE = AVERAGE(B4:B9) yQrf;rQwefbdk;udk &Smyg/
COUNT = COUNT(B4:B9) ta&twGufudk &Smyg/
IF = IF(A3>=100,A3*2,A2*2) A3 onf 100 xuf BuD;vQif
(odkYr[kwf) nDvQif A3 ESifh A2
wdkYudk 2 jzifhajrmufyg/
MAX =MAX(B4:B10) tBuD;qHk;udef;udk &Smyg/
MIN =MIN(B4:B10) ti,fqHk;udef;udk &Smyg/
PMT =PMT(rate.nper,pv) acs;aiGqyf&efaiGudk&Smyg/
PMT =PMT(rate,nper,fv) rwnfaiG&&efxnfhoGif;&rnfh
aiGudk&Smyg/
SUM =SUM(A1:A10) aygif;v'fudk &Smyg/
Microsoft Excel 2000 144 uuuGef
Using Autosum (tvdktavsmufaygif;jcif;udk toHk;jyKjcif;)
35/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif udef;*Pef;rsm;udk tvdktavsmuf aygif;ay;Edkifaom
Autosum Function yg&dSojzifh atmufygtwdkif; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf-
(u) Autosum jyKvkyfvdkaom Cell udk select vkyfyg/
( c) Standard Toolbar ay:rS Autosum button udk click vkyfyg/
( *) Excel rS tvdt k avQmufowfrw S af y;aom cell range rSeu f efrrI &dyS gu toH;k jyK
vdkaom cell range udk drag vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Formula udk click vkyfí
Edit jyKvkyfyg/
(C) Formula Bar ay:&dS Enter Button udk click vkyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Key-
board &dS Enter udk press vkyfygu aygif;v'fudk wGufcsufay;ygvdrfhrnf/

Using Autocalculate (tvdktavsmufwGufcsufjcif;udk toHk;jyKjcif;)

36/ Microsoft Excel 2000 wGif udef;*Pef;wdkY\ Average? Count? Count Nums? Max?
Min ESihf Sum wd\
Yk tajzudt
k vdtk avQmufwu G cf suv
f ykd guatmufygtwdik ;f vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf-
(u) Excel worksheet \ Status Bar ay:&dS Autocalculate area wGif Mouse
\ Right button udk click vkyfyg/ None ? Average? Count? Count Nums?
Max? Min ESifh Sum wdkYteuf odvdk&mudk click vkyfyg/
( c) od&dSvdkaom Cell range udk select vkyfyg/
( *) Status Bar ay:&dS Autocalculate area wGio f v
d akd omtajzudk azmfjyaeygrnf/
Using the Formula Palette (toifhyg&dSaom yHkaoenf;udk toHk;jyKjcif;)
37/ Formula Palette udk toHk;jyKyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Function xnfhoGif;vdkaom Cell udk select vkyfyg/
( c) Formula Bar ay:&dS Edit Formula button udk click vkyyf g/ Formula Palette
ay:vmrnf/
( *) xnfhoGif;vdkaom Function udk Function list rS select vkyfyg/
(C) Formula twGuf vdktyfaom cell address udk xnfhoGif;yg/
( i) Cell range udk select vkyfNyD; Expand button udk click vkyfygu Formula
Palette odkY jyefvnfa&muf&dSygrnf/
( p) OK udk click vkyy f g/ a&G;cs,x
f m;aom Cell xJwiG f Function ESihf Cell address
rsm;ay:aeNyD; tajzudk azmfjyaeygrnf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 145 uuuGef

yHk(13)

Caculating data in Excel (Excel wGif Data rsm; wGufcsufjcif;)

38/ Microsoft Excel 2000 jzifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;\ pmar;yJGajzqdkonfhZ,m;
wpfckudk zefwD;í pmar;yJGatmif^½IH;? us½IH;onfh bmomta&twGuf? pkpkaygif;&rSwfrsm;?
&&Srd nft
h qifw
h t
Ykd m; azmfjyygyH(k 13)twdik ;f xnfo
h iG ;f wGucf suaf y;Edik Nf y;D ? OD;pGmpwifwu
G cf su&f rnfh
Result onf I6 wGif &Sdojzifh I6 udk Active Cell jzpfatmif jyKvkyfí Excel 2000 wGif
toifhyg&Sdaom Function rsm;jzifhaqmif½Gufygrnf/ Oyrm-
Syntax; IF(Logical_Test, Value_if_true, Value_of_False)
(wpfenf;tm;jzifh) IF(<Condition>, <True>, <False>)
Syntax; COUNTIF(Range, Criteria)
39/ txufyga&;xkH;ESpfckudktokH;jyKí pmar;yJGatmifjrifygu Pass [k a&;oGif;NyD;? pmar;yJG
us½IH;ygu Fail [k a&;oGif;rnfh Formula wpfckudk I6wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;NyD;ygu Enter
Key udkESdyfyg-
= IF(Countif(D6:H6,"<40")>=1, “Fail”, “Pass”)
Microsoft Excel 2000 146 uuuGef
40/ us½;HI onfb
h momta&twGuf (Amount of Fail) udw
k u
G v
f ykd gu J6 udk Active jzpfatmif
Pointer xm;íatmufyg Formula udka&;NyD;ygu Enter Key udkESdyf&ygrnf-
= IF(Countif(D6:H6,"<40")>=5,"", if(Countif(D6:H6,"<40")=1,"1F”,
If(Countif (D6:H6,"<40")=2,"2F", if(Countif(D6:H6,"<40")=3,"3F",
If(Countif(D6:H6, “<40”)=4,"4F", if(Countif(D6:H6,“<40”)=5,"5F"))))))

41/ pkpkaygif;&rSwf Total onf K6 Cell ae&mwGif jyKvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ Cell Pointer
tm; K6 ae&mwGifcsí =Sum (D6:H6)a&;í Enter udkESdyf&ygrnf/

42/ Roll No T-0001 ausmif;om;wpfa,muftwGufom Result, Amount of Fail, To-

tal wdkYudk wGufcsuf&efjzpfNyD; useftjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;wpfa,mufpDudk wGufp&mrvdkyg/ I6 rS
K6 txd Select Cell jyKvkyfNyD; Fill Handle tm; Point vkyfí ausmif;om;ta&twGuf&SdorQ
Drag and Drop vkyfoGm;jcif;jzifh ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD\ pmar;yJG atmif^½IH;? us½IH;onfh
bmomta&twGu?f pkpak ygif;&rSwrf sm;udk wGucf suNf y;D om;jzpfaernf/ tu,fí ausmif;om;rsm;\
tcsuftvufrsm; rSm;aeygu jyefvnfjyifqifEkdifovdk Formula jyKvkyfxm;aom Cell
rsm;wGifvnf; vdkufavsmnDaxG ajymif;vJoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/

yHk(14)

43/ Data rsm; rSef^rrSef pdppfNyD; tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vkH; rSefuefNyD[k ,lqNyD;rSom Posi-

tion tm; pOf;pm;ygrnf/ 4if;Z,m;wGif Border xnfhrnfqdkygu B5rS L80 txd Selected
Microsoft Excel 2000 147 uuuGef
Cell vkyfyg/ Formatting Tool Bar &Sd Border rS All Border tm; a½G;cs,fyg/ Border
jyKvkyfxm;aom Z,m;wpfae&m&mwGif Cell Pointer csí Menu Bar &Sd Data, Sort udka½G;yg/
xdktcg Sort Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(14) udkMunfhyg/

44/ ausmif;rsm;wGif Position owfrSwf&mü yxrOD;pGm Result atmif^½IH; udk pD&ygrnf/

pmar;yJGatmifygu Pass ? ½IH;ygu Fail [kowfrSwfxm;ojzifh xdyfqkH;pmvkH;rsm;jzpfMuaom P
ESihf F onf ASCII Code t& F onf 69 jzpfíti,fjzpfNy;D ? P onf 79 jzpfojzifh tBu;D jzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumifyh xrOD;pGm Result tm; Bu;D pOfi,fvu kd f (Descending)xm;í 'kw,d OD;pm;ay;jzpfaom
Amount of Fail wGif bmompHak tmifjrifygu Null xm;Ny;D wpfbmomusvQif 1F ESpb f momus
vQif 2F owfrw S xf m;ojzifh i,fpOfBu;D vdu
k f (Ascending)xm;&ef jzpfygonf/ wwd,OD;pm;ay;rSm
pkpkaygif;&rSwfudk BuD;pOfi,fvdkuf (Descending) xm;&ygrnf/

45/ xdktcg Z,m;xJwGif Roll No. tpDtpOftwdkif; r[kwfawmhbJ ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD\

oufqdkif&mtrSwfpm&if;rsm; atmif^½IH;? usonfh bmomta&twGuf teJ^trsm;? pkpkaygif;
&rSwf teJ^trsm;tvdu
k f Row ae&mrsm; ajymif;oGm;ygrnf/ xdaYk emuf yxrOD;qH;k &½So
d nfah e&m
L6 tm; Cell Pointer cs&ef/ 1 tm;½dkufESdyfNyD; Fill Handle tm; Point vkyfí ausmif;om;
ta&twGuf ½SdoavmufqJGcs&ef jzpfygonf/

46/ Position wlaomae&mrsm; ½SEd ikd af omfvnf; Position rSm tpOfvu kd jf zpfaernf/ odjYk zpfí
atmifrw
S wf ?l us½;HI wl? usonfb
h momta&twGuwf ul kd MunfNh y;D Position udk jyefjyif&ef jzpfygonf/
aemufqHk;wGif tvdk&dSaomtajzrsm;udk atmufyg yHk(15)twkdif; wGufcsuf&&dSrnf jzpfygonf/

Charts (*&yfjyKvkyfjcif;)
47/ pm&if;Z,m;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;vG,fulpGmod&dSap&ef ESifh ydkrdkxda&mufonfh
wifjycsufrsm;udk &½Sdatmif Chart udk toHk;jyKMu&ygonf/ Excel 2000 wGif Chart trsK;d tpm;
aygif; (100) ausmfyg0ifí toHk;rsm;aom Chart tkyfpkrsm;rSm (1)Column (2) Bar (3) Line
(4) Pie (5) Area (6) 3D-Column,Bar,Pie ponfwdkYjzpfMuonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 148 uuuGef

yHk(15)

yH(k 16)
Microsoft Excel 2000 149 uuuGef
48/ wpfzufygZ,m;udk Chart qJGvdkvQif yHk(16)ygtwdkif; B5 rS H11 odkY Selected Cell
jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ Standard Toolbar rS Chart Wizard tm;a½G;cs,fygu yHk(17)twdkif;
Chart Wizard Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ Title Bar wGif Chart Wizard - Step 1 of 4 -
Chart Type [k ay:aernf/

yHk(17)

49/ Standard Types ESihf Custom Types ESprf sK;d rS tvd½k &dS m Chart Type tm; a½G;cs,Ef ikd yf g
onf/ Standard Types &dS Chart Type trsKd;tpm;rS Column tm; a½G;cs,fyg/ nmzuf½Sd
Chart Sub-Type rS Clustered Column, compares values across categories tm;
a½G;cs,fyg/ Preview Munfhcsifygu Press and Hold to view Sample tm; Mouse Left
Click ESdyf&ygrnf/ qufvufra&G;cs,fvdkygu Finish udk a½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/

50/ Finish udkra&G;cs,fbJ Next udka½G;ygu yHk(18)ygtwdkif; 'kwd,tqifhtaejzifh Data

rsm;udk Rows odkYr[kwf Columns BuKduf&mudk toHk;jyKNyD; Chart qJGEdkifygonf/ qufvuf
a&G;cs,f&efrvdkygu Finish toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ wwd,tqifhodkY qufvufoGm;csifygu Next
udk a½G;cs,f&ygrnf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 150 uuuGef

yHk(18)

yHk(19)
Microsoft Excel 2000 151 uuuGef
51/ wwd,tqifhwGif yHk(19)ygtwdkif; Titles Tab udk Click ESdyfjcif;jzifh Chart Title? X
0if½kd; ESifh Y 0if½dk; wdkYtwGuf pmom;rsm;xnfhvdku xnfhoGif;Ekdifygonf/ Gridlines, Legend
rsm;udkvnf; pdwfBuKdufxnfhoGif;Edkifygonf/ 4if;aemuf Finish (or) Next udka½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/

yHk(20)

52/ Next udk a½G;cs,fcJhvQif yHk(20)ygtwdkif; pwkw¬tqifhtaejzifh Chart ae&m\vuf½Sd

Data rsm;udk ½duk Ef ydS x
f m;aom Worksheet rSma&;qJrG nf? Sheet topfwpfctk aejzifh a&;qJrG nfukd
cGijhf yKygonf/ omreftm;jzifh vuf½t dS csutf vufxnfx h m;onfh Sheet xJwiG f om a&;qJyG gonf/
NyD;ygu Finish tm; a½G;cs,fygu yHk(21)yg Chart yHktm; &½Sdrnf jzpfygonf/

yHk(21)
Microsoft Excel 2000 152 uuuGef
Printing Worksheets
(Worksheet wpfckwGif½SdaomZ,m;rsm;tm; Printer jzifh½dkufxkwfjcif;)
53/ Printer jzifh½kdufxkwfcsifaom Excel zdkifwpfcktm;zGifhNyD; tvdk½Sd&m Worksheet udk
a½G;cs,fyg/ File, Page Setup... udka½G;ygu yHk(22)ygtwdkif; Page Setup Dialog Box
ay:vmrnf/ Page Tab udka½G;cs,fí Orientation acgif;pOfatmuf&dS ½dkufxkwfvdkonfh pm½Guf
taetxm;tvdkuf Portrait (or) Landscape owfrSwfxm;onfh Options tm; a½G;cs,fyg/

yHk(22)

54/ Printer jzifh½kdufxkwfcsifaom Excel zdkifwpfcktm;zGifhNyD; tvdk½Sd&m Worksheet udk

a½G;cs,fyg/ File, Page Setup... udka½G;ygu yHk(23)ygtwdkif; Page Setup Dialog Box ay:vm
rnf/ Page Tab udka½G;cs,fí Orientation acgif;pOfatmuf&dS ½dkufxkwfvdkonfh pm½Guf
taetxm;tvdkuf Portrait (or) Landscape owfrSwfxm;onfh Options tm; a½G;cs,fyg/
55/ xdaYk emuf wpfzufygyH(k 23)ygtwdik ;f Margins Tab udak ½G;cs,Nf y;D tvd&k &Sd m Left, Right,
Top, Bottom tuGmta0; wdkYudk owfrSwfay;yg/ Center on page acgif;pOfatmufü Hori-
zontally udk Mark jyKvkyfoifhonf/
56/ Header/ Footer tm;a½G;cs,fí wpfzufygyHk(24)ygtwdkif; Header ESifh Footer wdkYwGif
tvd k ½ S d aom pmom;rsm;xnf h o G i f ; &ef Custom Header... ES i f h Custom Footer...
udka½G;cs,fEdkifonf/ Custom Header... ESifh Custom Footer... rSm acgif;pOfomuGmjcm;NyD;
vkyfudkifyHkrSmtwlwl yifjzpfygonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 153 uuuGef

yHk(23)

57/ Custom Header... udk a½G;cs,fí Header \b,fuyf½dkufvdkvQif Left Section wGif
Cursor udx
k nfyh g/ nmuyf½u
kd v
f v
kd Qif Right Section wGif Cursor xnfyh g/ tv,f½u
kd cf siyf gu
Center Section wGif Cursor udkxnfh&ygrnf/wpfzufygyHk(25)wGifMunfhyg/

yHk(24)
Microsoft Excel 2000 154 uuuGef
Font Style udk Mouse Left Click jzifh a½G;cs,y
f gu Header/ Footer wGif a&;om;rnfh
Font, Font Style, Size wdkYyg0ifonfh Font Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ tvdk½Sdovdk
jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifygonf/

yHk(25)

&[Page] udk Mouse Left Click jzifh a½G;cs,fygu Cursor csxm;onfh Left, Right,
Center Section rsm;wGif &[Page] ay:aernf/ 4if;onf tvdktavQmuf pmrsufESm
eHygwfwyfay;jcif; (Automatic Page Numbering) jzpfonf/
&[Pages] udk Mouse Left Click jzifh a½G;cs,fygu Cursor csxm;onfh Section wGif
&[Pages] ay:aernf/ 4if;onf pmrsufESmeHygwfpkpkaygif;jzpfí pmrsufESm 1 rS 10
xd½SdcJhvQif pmrsufESm 1 onf 1/10? pmrsufESm 5 onf 5/10? pmrsufESm 10 qdkygu 10/
10 [k azmfjyvdkaomtcg toHk;jyKonf/
&[Date] udk Mouse Left Click jzifh a½G;cs,fygu Cursor csxm;rnfh Section wGif
&[Date] ay:vmrnf/ 4if;onf System Date jzpfí &ufpJGudkxnfhoGif;vdkygu
toHk;jyKygonf/ Oyrm- 06/07/2000
&[Time] rSm Header (or) Footer \b,f^nm^tv,f tvdk½Sd&m Section wGif
Cursor csxm;ygu &[Time] ay:vmrnf/ 4if;onf System Time udkjyjcif;jzpfNyD;
tcsdefem&Dudk xnfhoGif;vdkonfhtcg toHk;jyKygonf/ Oyrm 9:09 AM, 3:25 PM
&[File] udk a½G;cs,fygu pmrsufESmay:wGif zdkiftrnfudk xnfhoGif;vdkonfhtcg
toHk;jyKonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 155 uuuGef

&[Tab] udk a&G;cs,fygu pmrsufESmay:wGif Sheet1 udk ½dkufxkwfvQif Sheet1

[kvnf;aumif;? Sheet3 ud½k u
kd x
f w
k rf nfqu
kd Sheet3 [kvnf;aumif;azmfjyaernf/ Sheet
Name udk Zaw Zaw trnfajymif;xm;ygu Zaw Zaw [kazmfjyaeygrnf/

58/ txufygtwdik ;f Header/ Footer tm; pdwBf uKu d jf yifqifNy;D ygu yH(k 26)ygtwdik ;f Sheet
tm; a½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ Print area ü Cursor xnfhí ½dkufxkwfcsifonfh Area udkowfrSwf
xnfoh iG ;f ay;Edik yf gonf/ ½du
k x
f w
k v
f o
kd nfZh ,m;rSm wpfrsuEf mS xufy½kd adS evQif pmrsuEf mS wdik ;f Col-
umn wpfckpD\tay:wGif acgif;pOfxnfhoGif;vdkygu Print titles atmuf½Sd Row to repeat at
top ü Cursor xnfhí xdyfqHk;üygvdkonfh acgif;pOf Row tm;xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygrnf/ yHk(22)&dS
Page Setup Dialog Box wGif tvdk&dS&mowfrSwfNyD;vQif Ok udka½G;cs,fyg/ NyD;vQif 4if; File
tm;odrf;qnf;&ef Save vkyfxm;oifhygonf/ Printer jzifh ½dkufxkwfvdkygu File, Print Pre-
view tm;a½G;cs,fygu wpfzufygyHk(27) ygtwdkif; awGU&ygrnf/

yHk(26)
Microsoft Excel 2000 156 uuuGef

yHk(27)

59/ Print Preview wGif½Sdaeaom Print Tab tm;a½G;yguwpfzufygyHk(28) ygtwdkif; Print

Dialog Box ay:vmayrnf/ xdktcg Printer acgif;pOfatmuf&Sd Name List Box wGif Printer
udkBuKduf&ma½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ Print range acgif;pOfatmuf pmrsufESmtm;vHk; (odkYr[kwf) 2 rS
5 xd Range ay;ívnf;aumif;owfrw S Ef ikd o f nf/ Copies acgif;pOfatmuf Number of copies
list box ü 1-32767 xday;Edkifonf/ Print range udkvnf; 1-32767 xdowfrSwfEdkifygonf/
Properties ... Command button udk Click vkyfygu yHk(29)ygtwdkif; pm½GuftrsKd;tpm; A4,
Legal, Letter, ... ponfjh zifah ½G;cs,c
f iG ½hf NdS y;D Orientation ü Tall jzpfygu Portrait [kvnf;aumif;?
Wide jzpfygu Landscape [kvnf;aumif; a½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ ½dkufxkwfrnfh Resolution
Munfvifjywfom;rIteJ^trsm;udkvnf; yHk(30)ygtwdkif; a½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/tm;vHk;jyifqif
owfrSwfNyD;ygu Ok ESdyf&efjzpfygonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 157 uuuGef

yHk(28)

yHk(29)
Microsoft Excel 2000 158 uuuGef

yHk(30)

Save Excel File (Excel File tm; odrf;jcif;)

60/ Excel Workbook xJ½Sd Worksheet wpfckckrS toHk;jyKrnfh pm&if;Z,m;rsm;tm; vdktyf
ovdk jyifqifNyD;ygu odrf;qnf;xm;&ef File, Save tm; a½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ zdkiftrnf owfrSwf
ay;&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg Special Character rsm;udk roHk;&yg-
< > ? [ ] : | *

61/ txufyg Special Character rsm;rSty usef Character rsm;jzifh zdkiftrnfay;ygu

pk p k a ygif ; Character 198 vHk;xufryd k ap&yg/ tjcm;aom Excel zd k if wpf zd k if taejzif h
odrf;qnf;ygurdrdpdwf0if pm;aomzdkifukd Current File tjzpfzGifhxm;NyD; File, Save As ... tm;
a½G;cs,fyg/ Save As Dialog Box ay:vmygu File name List Box wGif oifhawmfaomzdkif
trnfay;NyD; Save udka½G;&efjzpfygonf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 159 uuuGef
Closing Current File (vuf½Sd zdkiftm; ydwfjcif;)
62/ vuf ½ S d t oH k ; jyKaeaom Excel zd k i f t m;yd w f c sif y gu File, Close ud k a ½G ; cs,f y g/
wpfzdkifwnf;omzGifhxm;NyD; 4if;zdkifudk Close vkyfvdkygu Excel Window omusef½Sdaernf/

Opening File (zdkif zGifhjcif;)

63/ Excel zdkiftm; zGifh&ef File, Open udk a½G;cs,fyg/ yHk(31)ygtwdkif; Open Dialog Box
ay:vmygu Look in: \ List Box wGif Excel zdkif½Sdaom Folder odkY ajymif;í tvdk½Sd&m
zdkiftm;a½G;cs,fNyD; Open udka½G;cs,fyg/ File Menu \ Exit tay:wGifvnf; Recent File
rsm;½Sdaewwfonf/ 4if;zdkifudka½G;ygu rzsuf&ao;aomzdkifjzpfvQifyGifhvmygrnf/ Recent File
onf 1 zdik rf S 9 zdik x
f ½d ydS grnf/ 4if;zdik t
f eJ^trsm;udk jyifqifowfrw
S v
f ykd gu Menu Bar ½Sd Tools,
Options... udka½G;í General Tab udka½G;cs,fyg/ Recently use file list udk Unmark
vkyfxm;ygu File Menu &dS Recent File tm; rawGU&awmhyg/ Recently use file list udk
Mark vkyfNyD; nmzuf Entries box wGiftvdk&dS&mzdkifta&twGufay;í Ok udka½G;cs,fyg/

yHk(31)
Microsoft Excel 2000 160 uuuGef
Quiting from Excel 2000 (Excel 2000 rSxGufjcif;)
64/ zdik rf sm;udk zGixhf m;onfjzpfap? rzGix
hf m;onfjzpfap Excel rS tNy;D tydik x f u
G cf siyf gu File,
Exit tm; a½G;cs,fyg (odkYr[kwf) Title Bar wGif½Sdaom Close Button tm; Mouse Left
Click ESdyf&efjzpfygonf/ rdrdzGifhxm;cJhaom File rsm;jyifqifajymif;vJrI½SdcJhNyD; aemufqHk; tBudrf
Save vkyfrxm;cJhygu 4if; File rsm;twGuf odrf;&ef? rodrf;&ef yHk(32)ygtwdkif; Message
ay;ygonf/ Excel rSrxGufbJ qufvkyf&ef Cancel udk a&G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ Yes ESdyfygu
ajymif;vJrIudkodrf;NyD; Excel rS xGufoGm;ygrnf/ No ay;ygu ajymif;vJrIudk rodrf;bJ Excel rS
xGufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/

yHk(31)
Microsoft Excel 2000 161 uuuGef
Data Filter (tcsuftvufrsm;udk pdppfjcif;)
(Auto Filter tvdktavsmuf pdppfjcif;)
65/ atmufyg yHkpH(32)ygZ,m;tm; Excel wGifjznfhpGufyg/ List wpfckckxJwGif Active Cell
jzpfatmifjyKvyk íf Menu Bar ½Sd Data udk yH(k 34)ygtwdik ;f a½G;&ef/ Pulldown Menu ay:vmrnf/
4if;rS Filter udka½G;ygu Sub-Menu wpfckxyfrHay:vmrnf/ 4if; Sub-Menu rS Auto Filter
udk yHk(34)ygtwdkif; a½G;&ef/ xdktcg Database List xJu Field Name wpfckpDwGif Dropdown
Arrow rsm;ay:vmrnf/ Field Name Amount ½Sd dropdown arrow udk Click vkyfygu
wpfzufyg yHk(35)ygtwkdif; List Box ay:vmrnf/ (All) rSm pkpkaygif;udkjyrnf/ yHk(33) yg
(Top 10...) udka½G;ygu Top 10 Auto Filter Dialog Box xyfrHay:vmrnf/

yHk(32)

yHk(33)
Microsoft Excel 2000 162 uuuGef

yHk(34)

yHk(35)

66/ wG i f Dropdown Arrow ud k a ½G ; ygu Bottom ay:vmrnf /

wGif 1 rS 500 xda½G;cs,fcGifh½Sdygonf/ wGif Items ESifh Percent
[líESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ Top onf *Pef;ti,fqHk;? Bottom onf *Pef;tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ Items
rSmyHkrSefoabmjzpfNyD; Percent rSm Top jzpfygu *Pef;tBuD;qHk;rsm;xGufvmrnfjzpfNyD; Bottom
jzpfygu *Pef;ti,fqHk;rsm;xGufvmrnf/ xdkYaemuftcsuftvufrsm; xnfhxm;ygu xnfh
xm;oavmuf ½ S d r nf j zpf N yD ; (Blanks) ud k a ½G ; ygu Data r½S d a omtuG u f x G u f vmrnf /
(NonBlanks) udak ½G;ygu Data r½Sad omtuGuaf y:vmEdi k rf nf r[kwyf g/ (Custom...) udak ½G;ygu
Custom AutoFilter Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/
Microsoft Excel 2000 163 uuuGef
67/ Item ae&mwGif rdrda½G;cs,fxm;onfh Field Name ½Sdrnf/ Field Name atmuf List
Box ESpfae&mwGif Relational Operator rsm;yg0ifonf/ yHk(36)wGifMunfhyg/

yH(k 36)

68/ nmzufrS List Box ESpfckwGif Field Name xJrS qdkif&m Record rsm;yg0ifMuygonf/
4if;\tm;enf;csufrsm;rSm Field Name wpfckomppfcsí&jcif;jzpfygonf/

yHk(37)

69/ Item ae&mwGif rdrda½G;cs,fxm;onfh Field Name ½Sdrnf/ Field Name atmuf List
Box ESpfae&mwGif Relational Operator rsm;yg0ifonf/ yHk(37)wGifMunfhyg/

Advanced Filter (tqifhjrifhaom pdppfjcif;)

70/ az:jyygZ,m;rS Item Field aemufrS ter ESifhqHk;aom trsKd;tpm;rsm; Price/Unit Field
Name rS >= 100000 ESifh udkufnDrnfh Data rsm;udk Condition ESpfckESifh ppfxkwf,l vdkygu
*ter ESifh Row wpfckwnf;a&;&ef/ yHk(39) 4if;onf And oabmw&m;jzpfonf/ Condition
wpfckckESifh udkufnDyguNyD;a&mppfxkwfonfqdkygu atmufwpfaMumif;qif;NyD; a&;&efjzpfygonf/
aemufZ,m;wpfckudkzefwD;&ef/
Microsoft Excel 2000 164 uuuGef

yH(k 38)

71/ xdkYaemuf Menu Bar rS Data tm;a½G;yg/ Filter → Advanced Filter tm;a½G;yg/
xdktcg Advanced Filter Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ List Range wGif $A$3:$D$16
[ka&;oGi;f &ef/ Criteria Range List Box wGif Sheet1!$A $19:$D$20 udak &;yg&ef/ xdaYk emuf
Action acgif;pOfatmufrS Copy to another Location tm; Check vkyf&ef/ xdktcg Copy
to List Box qif;vmNyD; List Box xJwGif Cursor xnfh&ef/ $A$22:$D$22 udka&;oGif;NyD;
Ok udka½G;ygu rdrdppfxkwfcsifonfh Data rsm;&vmrnf/

yHk(39)
Microsoft Excel 2000 165 uuuGef

yH(k 40)

yHk(41)
Microsoft Excel 2000 166 uuuGef

EXERCISE (1) (avhusifhcef;-1)

Name MYANMAR ENGLISH MATHS TOTAL

Ma Ma 55 65 76
Mg Mg 56 76 66
Aung Aung 70 60 60
Aye Aye 45 55 50
Mya Mya 55 50 50
Mg Kyaw 60 70 70
Mg Myint 70 80 75
Ma Yu 56 67 78
Ma Su 66 77 55
Mg Wa 70 45 50

1. Fill the above data into worksheet.

2. Find the total marks.
3. Insert one column at column A and fill the Roll No. .
Example; T-001, T-002, T-003, ...
4. Insert two rows at Row 1 and 2.
5. At Row 1 and 2, type the heading “Result of the Students”
“Standard 9th Section (A)”
6. Align the heading to the center of worksheet, make bold type.
7. Save your worksheet. (RNO-999.XLS) (Example; RNO-012.XLS)
8. Close your worksheet.
Microsoft Excel 2000 167 uuuGef

EXERCISE (2) (avhusifhcef;-2)

Actual Budget for the Five Sales Areas
Area Budget Actual Actual as A% Budget
Bagan 1,200 1,185
Meiktila 3,000 2,770
Kalaw 600 760
Bago 2400 1,860
Pyay 2800 2,880
Total
Maximum
Average

Fill the data into the worksheet and find the required questions.
Actual as A% of budget = Actual value devided by Budget.
EXERCISE (3) (avhusifhcef;-3)
JAN-MAR APR-JUN JUL-SEP OCT-DEC
SALES 14000 15000 16000 24000
COSTS
SALARIES 2000 2300 2000 2300
INTERESTS 600 600 1200 1200
RENT 1200 1200 1200 1200
ADVERTISEMENTS 4900 6600 7000 1600

TOTAL COSTS
PROFITS
1. Fill the above data into worksheet.
2. Find the total costs and profits, by using function and formula.
3. Insert two rows at Row 1 and 2.
Microsoft Excel 2000 168 uuuGef
4. Type the heading at row 1 and 2 “Income Projection 1986” and “Jetson’s Camera
Store”.
5. At heading, change the font to Arial font, size is 12 point and Bold italic style.
Align the heading to the center of worksheet
6. Change the number format (#,##0) style.
7. Draw the require border line.

EXERCISE (4) (avhusifhcef;-4)

Myanmar

English

Science
Maths
Roll No. Name Result

Total
Arts
N-0001 Aung Win 45 54 95 45 82
N-0002 Tun Thaung 65 62 85 65 80
N-0003 Myint Ohn 25 60 84 55 84
N-0004 Naing Tun 85 32 75 66 81
N-0005 Kyaw Kyee 35 23 52 63 65
N-0006 Hnin Hnin Khine 45 40 62 75 45
N-0007 Wint War Tun 65 50 35 85 53
N-0008 Wai Wai Hnin 78 55 86 95 87

1. Fill the above data into worksheet. Calculate the total.

2. At last column, fill the Result field. (Passed or Fail)
3. Save your worksheet with new filename. (RESULTR-000.XLS)
4. Sort your database record by first key as result marks and second key as total.
Microsoft Excel 2000 169 uuuGef
EXERCISE (5) (avhusifhcef;-5)
SRNO. NAME RANK SALARY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY

1. DAW HLA HLA A.L 1650 MATHS YANGON

2. U MYA MG A.L 1625 PHYS MANDALAY

3. U MYA A.L 1650 CHEM MANDALAY

4. DAW SU SU A.P 1750 MATHS YANGON

5. DAW HLA L 1500 CHEM YANGON

6. DAW YEE YEE L 1550 MATHS YANGON

7. U YE AUNG L 1525 PHYS MANDALAY

8. U KYAW AYE TUTOR 1250 PHYS YANGON

9. DAW AYE TUTOR 1225 CHEM YANGON

10. DAW NYO TUTOR 1275 MATHS MANDALAY

11. DAW MYA DEMO 1175 MATHS YANGON

12. DAW SEIN DEMO 1150 CHEM YANGON

13. U AUNG A.P 1700 CHEM YANGON

14. U SOE MYINT DEMO 1200 MATHS MANDALAY

15. DAW WIN WIN DEMO 1150 PHYS YANGON

1. Fill the data into worksheet.

2. Extract the record which met the following condition.
(a) University Yangon.
(b) Rank A.L
(c) Rank Tutor and Department Chemistry.
(d) Rank A.P or L
(e) University Yangon and Department Physics
(f) Rank Lecturer or Salary greater than 1300.
(g) First Name start with “U”
3. Save your worksheet. (STUFR001.XLS)