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    A2 Biology Homeostasis Assignment: by Samir Babaldin

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    Nahla Tammam
    The document discusses homeostasis and how living things actively maintain stable internal conditions for survival. It describes the internal environment and factors that must be controlled, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, and electrolyte levels. Control systems use negative and positive feedback loops to sense changes and trigger responses to maintain homeostasis.

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    A2 Biology Homeostasis Assignment: by Samir Babaldin

    Uploaded by

    Nahla Tammam
    62 views13 pages
    The document discusses homeostasis and how living things actively maintain stable internal conditions for survival. It describes the internal environment and factors that must be controlled, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, and electrolyte levels. Control systems use negative and positive feedback loops to sense changes and trigger responses to maintain homeostasis.

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    Homeostasis 1

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    The document discusses homeostasis and how living things actively maintain stable internal conditions for survival. It describes the internal environment and factors that must be controlled, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, and electrolyte levels. Control systems use negative and positive feedback loops to sense changes and trigger responses to maintain homeostasis.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    62 views13 pages

    A2 Biology Homeostasis Assignment: by Samir Babaldin

    Uploaded by

    Nahla Tammam
    The document discusses homeostasis and how living things actively maintain stable internal conditions for survival. It describes the internal environment and factors that must be controlled, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, and electrolyte levels. Control systems use negative and positive feedback loops to sense changes and trigger responses to maintain homeostasis.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    A2 BIOLOGY

    Homeostasis Assignment

    BY SAMIR BABALDIN
    Homeostasis
    Homeostasis, from the Greek words
    for "same" and "steady," refers
    to any process that living things
    use to actively maintain fairly
    stable conditions necessary for
    survival…
    Sections of homeostasis

     Homeostasis

     The Internal Enviro


    nment

     Control Systems
    Sections of homeostasis

     Feedback Systems in
    Homeostasis

     Body Systems and H


    omeostasis
    Homeostasis

     A person threatened by the environment (or informed of an


    approaching pleasure or danger) prepares for action. The body
    mobilizes reserves of energy and produces certain hormones such as
    adrenalin, which prepare it for conflict or flight. This mobilisation
    can be seen in familiar physiological reactions. In the presence of
    emotion, danger, or physical effort the heart beats faster and
    respiration quickens. The face turns red or pales and the body
    perspires. The individual may experience shortness of breath, cold
    sweats, shivering, trembling legs. These physiological manifestations
    reflect the efforts of the body to maintain its internal equilibrium.
    Action can be voluntary--to drink when one is thirsty, to eat when
    hungry, to put on clothing when cold, to open a window when one is
    too warm--or involuntary--shivering, sweating.
    Internal components of homeostasis

    1. Concentration of oxygen
    and carbon dioxide
    2. pH of the internal
    environment
    3. Concentration of nutrients
    and waste products
    4. Concentration of salt and
    other electrolytes
    5. Volume and pressure of
    extracellular fluid
    Control Systems

    Open systems are linear


    and have no feedback,
    such as a light switch.
    Closed Systems has two
    components: a sensor
    and an effector, such as a
    thermostat (sensor) and
    furnace (effector). Most
    physiological systems in
    the body use feedback to
    maintain the body's
    internal environment.
    Control Systems

    Extrinsic
    Most homeostatic systems are extrinsic: they are controlled from outside the body.
    Endocrine and nervous systems are the major control systems in higher animals.
    The nervous system depends on sensors in the skin or sensory organs to receive stimuli
    and transmit a message to the spinal cord or brain. Sensory input is processed and a
    signal is sent to an effector system, such as muscles or glands, that effects the response to
    the stimulus.
    The endocrine system is the second type of extrinsic control, and involves a chemical
    component to the reflex. Sensors detect a change within the body and send a message to
    an endocrine effector (parathyroid), which makes PTH. PTH is released into the blood
    when blood calcium levels are low. PTH causes bone to release calcium into the
    bloodstream, raising the blood calcium levels and shutting down the production of PTH.
    Some reflexes have a combination of nervous and endocrine response. The thyroid gland
    secretes thyroxin (which controls the metabolic rate) into the bloodstream. Falling levels
    of thyroxin stimulate receptors in the brain to signal the hypothalamus to release a
    hormone that acts on the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
    into the blood. TSH acts on the thyroid, causing it to increase production of thyroxin.
    Control Systems

    Intrinsic

    Local, or intrinsic, controls usually involve


    only one organ or tissue. When muscles use
    more oxygen, and also produce more carbon
    dioxide, intrinsic controls cause dilation of
    the blood vessels allowing more blood into
    those active areas of the muscles. Eventually
    the vessels will return to "normal".
    Feedback Systems in Homeostasis

    Negative feedback control mechanisms (used by most of the body's


    systems) are called negative because the information caused by the
    feedback causes a reverse of the response. TSH is an example: blood
    levels of TSH serve as feedback for production of TSH.
    Positive feedback control is used in some cases. Input increases or
    accelerates the response. During uterine contractions, oxytocin is
    produced. Oxytocin causes an increase in frequency and strength of
    uterine contractions. This in turn causes further production of oxytocin,
    etc.
    Homeostasis depends on the action and interaction of a number of body
    systems to maintain a range of conditions within which the body can best
    operate.
    Negative feedback control mechanisms

     negative feedback The  negative feedback loop A


    stopping of the synthesis of biochemical pathway where
    an enzyme by the the products of the reaction
    accumulation of the products
    inhibit production of the
    of the enzyme-mediated
    reaction. enzyme that controlled their
    formation.
     negative feedback
    control  Occurs when
    information produced by the
    feedback reverses the
    direction of the response;
    regulates the secretion of
    most hormones.
    Positive feedback control

     Biochemical control  positive feedback


    where the control  Occurs
    accumulation of the when information
    product stimulates produced by the
    production of an feedback increases
    enzyme responsible and accelerates the
    for that product's response.
    production.
    Body Systems and Homeostasis

     Eleven major organ systems are present within animals,


    although some animals lack one or more of them. The
    vertebrate body has two cavities: the thoracic, which
    contains the heart and lungs; and the abdominal, which
    contains digestive organs. The head, or cephalic region,
    contains four of the five senses as well as a brain encased
    in the bony skull. These organ systems can be grouped
    according to their functions.

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