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1 Q Why threads block or enters to waiting state on I/O?

A Threads enters to waiting state or block on I/O because other threads can execute while the I/O operations are performed.

2 Q What are transient variables in java?

A Transient variables are variable that cannot be serialized.

3 Q How Observer and Observable are used?

Subclass of Observable class maintain a list of observers. Whenever an Observable object is updated, it invokes the update
A () method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has a changed state. An observer is any object that
implements the interface Observer.

4 Q What is synchronization
Synchronization is the ability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Synchronization stops
A multithreading. With synchronization , at a time only one thread will be able to access a shared resource.

5 Q What is List interface ?

A List is an ordered collection of objects.

6 Q What is a Vector
A Vector is a grow able array of objects.

7 Q What is the difference between yield() and sleep()?

When a object invokes yield() it returns to ready state. But when an object invokes sleep() method enters to not ready
A
state.

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8 Q What are Wrapper Classes ?

A They are wrappers to primitive data types. They allow us to access primitives as objects.

9 Q Can we call finalize() method ?

Yes. Nobody will stop us to call any method , if it is accessible in our class. But a garbage collector cannot call an object's
A
finalize method if that object is reachable.

10 Q What is the difference between time slicing and preemptive scheduling ?

In preemptive scheduling, highest priority task continues execution till it enters a not running state or a higher priority task
A comes into existence. In time slicing, the task continues its execution for a predefined period of time and reenters the pool
of ready tasks.

11 Q What is the initial state of a thread when it is created and started?

A The thread is in ready state.

12 Q Can we declare an anonymous class as both extending a class and implementing an interface?
A No. An anonymous class can extend a class or implement an interface, but it cannot be declared to do both

13 Q What are the differences between boolean & operator and & operator
When an expression containing the & operator is evaluated, both operands are evaluated. And the & operator is applied to
the operand. When an expression containing && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluated. If the first operand
A
returns a value of true then only the second operand is evaluated otherwise the second part will not get executed. && is
also called short cut and.

14 Q What is the use of the finally block?

Finally is the block of code that executes always. The code in finally block will execute even if an exception is occurred.
A
finally will not execute when the user calls System.exit().

15 Q What is an abstract method ?

A An abstract method is a method that don't have a body. It is declared with modifier abstract.

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16 Q what is a the difference between System.err and System.out
Submit an article A We can redirect System.out to another file but we cannot redirect System.err stream
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17 Q What are the differences between an abstract class and an interface?
About A An abstract class can have concrete method, which is not allowed in an interface. Abstract class can have private or
protected methods and variables and only public methods and variables are allowed in interface. We can implement
more than one interface , but we can extend only one abstract class. Interfaces provides loose coupling where as
abstract class provides tight coupling.

18 Q What is the difference between synchronized block and synchronized method ?

A Synchronized blocks place locks for the specified block where as synchronized methods place locks for the entire
method.

19 Q How can you force garbage collection in java?

A You cannot force Garbage Collection, but you can request for it by calling the method System.gc(). But it doesn't
mean that Garbage Collection will start immediately. The garbage collection is a low priority thread of JVM.

20 Q How can you call a constructor from another constructor ?

A By using this() reference.

21 Q How can you call the constructor of super class ?

A By using super() syntax.

22 Q What's the difference between normal methods and constructors?

A Constructors must have the same name of the class and can not have a return type. They are called only once, while
regular methods can be called whenever required. We cannot explicitly call a constructor.

23 Q What is the use of packages in java ?

A Packages are a way to organize files in java when a project consists of more than one module. It helps in resolving
name conflicts when different modules have classes with the same names.

24 Q What must be the order of catch blocks when catching more than one exception?
A The sub classes must come first. Otherwise it will give a compile time error.

25 Q How can we call a method or variable of the super class from child class ?

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A We can use super.method() or super.variable syntax for this purpose.

26 Q If you are overriding equals() method of a class, what other methods you might need to override ?
A hashCode

27 Q How can you create your own exception ?

A Our class must extend either Exception or its sub class

28 Q What is serialization ?
A Serialization is the process of saving the state of an object.

29 Q What is de-serialization?
A De-serialization is the process of restoring the state of an object.

30 Q What is externalizable ?
A It is an interface that extends Serializable. It is having two different methods writeExternal() and readExternal. This
interface allows us to customize the output.

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Articles 31 QDoes garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?
A Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is also possible for
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programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection. And there is no guarantee that Garbage
Contact us Collection thread will be executed.
About
32 QWhat is a native method?
A A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.

33 QWhat are different type of exceptions in Java?

A There are two types of exceptions in java. Checked exceptions and Unchecked exceptions. Any exception that is
is derived from Throwable and Exception is called checked exception except RuntimeException and its sub
classes. The compiler will check whether the exception is caught or not at compile time. We need to catch the
checked exception or declare in the throws clause. Any exception that is derived from Error and
RuntimeException is called unchecked exception. We don't need to explicitly catch a unchecked exception.
34 QCan we catch an error in our java program ?
A Yes. We can . We can catch anything that is derived from Throwable. Since Error is a sub class of Throwable we
can catch an error also.

35 QWhat is thread priority?

A Thread Priority is an integer value that identifies the relative order in which it should be executed with respect to
others. The thread priority values ranging from 1- 10 and the default value is 5. But if a thread have higher
priority doesn't means that it will execute first. The thread scheduling depends on the OS.

36 QHow many times may an object's finalize() method be invoked by the garbage collector?
A Only once.

37 QWhat is the difference between a continue statement and a break statement?

A Break statement results in the immediate termination of the statement to which it applies (switch, for, do, or
while). A continue statement is used to end the current loop iteration and return control to the loop statement.

38 QWhat must a class do to implement an interface?

A It must identify the interface in its implements clause. Also it must provide definition for all the methods in the
interface otherwise it must be declared abstract.

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39 QWhat is an abstract class?

A An abstract class is an incomplete class. It is declared with the modifier abstract. We cannot create objects of the
abstract class. It is used to specify a common behavioral protocol for all its child classes.

40 QWhat is the difference between notify and notifyAll method ?

A notify wakes up a single thread that is waiting for object's monitor. If any threads are waiting on this object, one
of them is chosen to be awakened. The choice is arbitrary and occurs at the discretion of the implementation.
notifyAll Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor. A thread waits on an object's monitor by
calling one of the wait methods.

41 QWhat does wait method do ?

A It causes current thread to wait until either another thread invokes notify or notifyAll method of the current
object, or a specified amount of time has elapsed.

42 QWhat are the different states of a thread ?

A The different thread states are ready, running, waiting and dead.

43 QWhat is the difference between static and non static inner class ?
A A non-static inner class can have an object instances that are associated with instances of the class's outer class.
A static inner class can not have any object instances.

44 QWhat is the difference between String and StringBuffer class ?

A Strings are immutable (constant), their values cannot be changed after they are created. StringBuffer supports
mutable objects.

45 QWhich is the base class for all classes ?

A java.lang.Object.

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46 Q What is the difference between readers and streams?
Articles A
Readers are character oriented where streams are byte oriented. The readers are having full support for Unicode data.
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Contact us 47 Q What is constructor chaining ?
About A When a constructor of a class is executed it will automatically call the default constructor of the super class (if no explicit
call to any of the super class constructor) till the root of the hierarchy.
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- WidgetBucks.com 48 Q What are the different primitive data type in java ?
A There are 8 primitive types in java. boolean , char, byte, short, int long, float, double.

49 Q What is static ?
A static means one per class. static variables are created when the class loads. They are associated with the class. In order
to access a static we don't need objects. We can directly access static methods and variable by calling classname.
variablename.

50 Q Why we cannot override static methods?

A Static means they are associated with a class. In static methods , the binding mechanism is static binding. So it must be
available at the compile time.

51 Q What is the difference between static and non static variables ?

A A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. There will be only one
value for static variable for all instances of that class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object
instance.

52 Q When does a compiler supplies a default constructor for a class?

A If there is no other constructor exist in a class, the compiler will supply a default constructor.

53 Q What are the restrictions placed on overriding a method ?

A The overridden method have the exact signature of the super class method, including the return type. The access specified
cannot be less restrictive than the super class method. We cannot throw any new exceptions in overridden method.

54 Q What are the restrictions placed on overloading a method ?

A Overloading methods must differ in their parameter list, or number of parameters.

55 Q What is casting ?

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A Casting means converting one type to another. There are mainly two types of casting. Casting between primitive types and
casting between object references. Casting between primitive numeric types is used to convert larger data types to smaller
data types. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type
reference.

56 Q What is the difference between == and equals ?

A
The equals method can be considered to perform a deep comparison of the value of an object, whereas the == operator
performs a shallow comparison. If we are not overriding the equals method both will give the same result. == will is used
to compare the object references. It is used to check whether two objects are points to the same reference.

57 Q What is a void return type ?

A A void indicates that the method will not return anything.

58 Q What will happen if an exception is not caught ?

A An uncaught exception results in the uncaughtException() method of the thread's ThreadGroup, which results in the
termination of the program.

59 Q What are the different ways in which a thread can enter into waiting state?
A There are three ways for a thread to enter into waiting state. By invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by
unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method.

60 Q What is a ResourceBundle class?

A The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a program to create the
program's appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run.

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61 Q What is numeric promotion?
Articles A Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger
Submit an article numeric type. In numerical promotion, byte, char, and short values are
converted to int values. The int, long and float values are converted to the
Contact us desired types if required.
About
Q What is the difference between the prefix and postfix forms of the ++
WidgetBucks - Trend Watch - WidgetBucks.com62 operator?
A The prefix form first performs the increment operation and then returns
the value of the increment operation. The postfix form first returns the
current value of the expression and then performs the increment
operation on that value.

63 Q What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?

A Synchronized methods are methods that are declared with the keyword
synchronized. A thread executes a synchronized method only after it has
acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized
statements are similar to synchronized methods. It is a block of code
declared with synchronized keyword. A synchronized statement can be
executed only after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class
referenced in the synchronized statement.

64 Q How can we create a thread?

A A thread can be created by extending Thread class or by implementing
Runnable interface. Then we need to override the method public void run
().

65 Q What is the difference between a switch statement and an if statement?

A If statement is used to select from two alternatives. It uses a boolean
expression to decide which alternative should be executed. The expression
in if must be a boolean value. The switch statement is used to select from
multiple alternatives. The case values must be promoted to an to int
value.

66 Q What is hashCode?
A The hashcode of a Java Object is simply a number (32-bit signed int) that
allows an object to be managed by a hash-based data structure. A
hashcode should be, equal for equal object (this is mandatory!) , fast to
compute based on all or most of the internal state of an object, use all or
most of the space of 32-bit integers in a fairly uniform way , and likely to
be different even for objects that are very similar. If you are overriding
hashCode you need to override equals method also.

67 Q What is an I/O filter?

A An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another,
usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to
another.

68 Q What is the difference between RandomAccessFile and File?

A The File class contains information the files and directories of the local file
system. The RandomAccessFile class contains the methods needed to
directly access data contained in any part of a file.

69 Q What is final ?

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A A final is a keyword in java. If final keyword is applied to a variable, then

the variable will become a constant. If it applied to method, sub classes
cannot override the method. If final keyword is applied to a class we
cannot extend from that class.

Q What is the difference among JVM Spec, JVM Implementation, JVM

70
Runtime ?
A The JVM spec is the blueprint for the JVM generated and owned by Sun.
The JVM implementation is the actual implementation of the spec by a
vendor and the JVM runtime is the actual running instance of a JVM
implementation

71 Q How is the difference between thread and process?

A A process runs in its own address space. No two processes share their
address space. Threads will run in the same address space of the process
that owns them.

72 Q What is the difference between Vector and ArrayList ?

A Vector is synchronized, ArrayList is not. Vector is having a constructor to
specify the incremental capacity. But ArrayList don't have. By default
Vector grows by 100% but ArrayList grows by 50% only.

73 Q What is the difference between Hashtable and HashMap ?

A Hashtable is synchronized . but HashMap is not synchronized. Hashtable
does not allow null values , but HashMap allows null values.

74 Q What are the access modifiers available in Java.

A Access modifier specify where a method or attribute can be used. Public is
accessible from anywhere. Protected is accessible from the same class and
its subclasses. Package/Default are accessible from the same package.
Private is only accessible from within the class.

75 Q Why java is said to be pass-by-value ?

A When assigning an object to a variable, we are actually assigning the
memory address of that object to the variable. So the value passed is
actually the memory location of the object. This results in object aliasing,
meaning you can have many variables referring to the same object on the
heap.

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Articles 76 Q What do you mean by immutable ? How to create an immutable object ?
Submit an article A Immutability means an object cannot be modified after it has been initialized. There will not be
any setter methods in an immutable class. And normally these classes will be final.
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About 77 Q What is class loader in java ?
A A class loader is a class that is responsible for loading the class. All JVM contains one class
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78 Q What is a weak reference ?
A A weak reference is the one that does nor prevent the referenced object from being garbage
collected. The weak reference will not keep the object that it refers to alive. A weak reference is
not counted as a reference in garbage collection. This will make the memory use more effective.

79 Q What is object cloning?

A It is the process of duplicating an object so that two identical objects will exist in the memory at
the same time.

80 Q What is object pooling?

A Creating a large number of identical short lived objects is called object pooling. This helps to
minimize the need of garbage collection and makes the memory use more effective.

81 Q What is garbage collection?

A Garbage collection is the process of releasing memory used by unreferenced objects. It relieves
the programmer from the process of manually releasing the memory used by objects .

82 Q What is the disadvantage of garbage collection?

A It adds an overhead that can affect performance. Additionally there is no guarantee that the
object will be garbage collected.

83 Q What is a Dictionary?
A Dictionary is a parent class for any class that maps keys to values., In a dictionary every key is
associated with at most one value.

84 Q What is JAR file ?

A JAR stands for Java Archive. This is a file format that enables you to bundle multiple files into a
single archive file. A jar file will contains a manifest.mf file inside META-INF folder that
describes the version and other features of jar file.

85 Q Why Java is not fully objective oriented ?

A Due to the use of primitives in java, which are not objects.

86 Q What is a marker interface ?

A An interface that contains no methods. Eg: Serializable, Cloneable, SingleThreadModel etc. It is
used to just mark java classes that support certain capability.

87 Q What are tag interfaces?

A Tag interface is an alternate name for marker interface.

88 Q What are the restrictions placed on static method ?

A We cannot override static methods. We cannot access any object variables inside static method.
Also the this reference also not available in static methods.

89 Q What is JVM?

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A JVM stands for Java Virtual Machine. It is the run time for java programs. All are java programs
are running inside this JVM only. It converts java byte code to OS specific commands. In addition
to governing the execution of an application's

byte codes, the virtual machine handles related tasks such as managing the system's memory,
providing security against malicious code, and managing multiple threads of program execution.

90 Q What is JIT?
A JIT stands for Just In Time compiler. It compiles java byte code to native code.

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91 Q What is java byte code?
Articles A Byte code is an sort of intermediate code. The byte code is
Submit an article processed by virtual machine.

Contact us 92 Q What is method overloading?

About A Method overloading is the process of creating a new method
with the same name and different signature.
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A Method overriding is the process of giving a new definition
for an existing method in its child class.

94 Q What is finalize() ?
A Finalize is a protected method in java. When the garbage
collector is executes , it will first call finalize( ), and on the
next garbage-collection it reclaim the objects memory. So
finalize( ), gives you the chance to perform some cleanup
operation at the time of garbage collection.

95 Q What is multi-threading?
A Multi-threading is the scenario where more than one threads
are running.

96 Q What is deadlock?
A Deadlock is a situation when two threads are waiting on
each other to release a resource. Each thread waiting for a
resource which is held by the other waiting thread.

97 Q What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration?

A Iterator differ from enumeration in two ways Iterator allow
the caller to remove elements from the underlying collection
during the iteration with well-defined semantics. And ,
method names have been improved.

98 Q What is the Locale class?

A A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political,
or cultural region

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99 Q What is internationalization?
A Internationalization is the process of designing an
application so that it can be adapted to various languages
and regions without changes.

100 Q What is anonymous class ?

A An anonymous class is a type of inner class that don't have
any name.

101 Q What is the difference between URL and URLConnection?

A A URL represents the location of a resource, and a
URLConnection represents a link for accessing or
communicating with the resource at the location.

102 Q What are the two important TCP Socket classes?

A ServerSocket and Socket. ServerSocket is useful for two-
way socket communication. Socket class help us to read and
write through the sockets. getInputStream() and
getOutputStream() are the two methods available in Socket
class.

Q Strings are immutable. But String s="Hello"; String s1=s

103
+"World" returns HelloWorld how ?
A Here actually a new object is created with the value of
HelloWorld

104 Q What is classpath?

A Classpath is the path where Java looks for loading class at
run time and compile time.

105 Q What is path?

A It is an the location where the OS will look for finding out
the executable files and commands.

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Articles 106 Q What is java collections?
Submit an article A Java collections is a set of classes, that allows operations
on a collection of classes.
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About 107 Q Can we compile a java program without main?
A Yes, we can. In order to compile a java program, we don't
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servlet). Because main is the starting point of a java
program.

108 Q What is a java compilation unit.

A A compilation unit is a java source file.

109 Q What are the restrictions when overriding a method ?

A Overridden methods must have the same name, argument
list, and return type (i.e., they must have the exact
signature of the method we are going to override,
including return type.) The overriding method cannot be
less visible than the method it overrides( i.e., a public
method cannot be override to private). The overriding
method may not throw any exceptions that may not be
thrown by the overridden method

110 Q What is static initializer block? What is its use?

A A static initializer block is a block of code that declares
with the static keyword. It normally contains the block of
code that must execute at the time of class loading. The
static initializer block will execute only once at the time of
loading the class only.

111 Q How does a try statement determine which catch clause

should be used to handle an exception?

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A When an exception is thrown , the catch block of the try

statement are examined in the order in which they appear.
The first catch block that is capable of handling the
exception is executed. The remaining catch blocks are
ignored

112 Q How parameters are passed to methods in java program ?

A All java method parameters in java are passed by value
only. Obviously primitives are passed by value. In case of
objects a copy of the reference is passed and so all the
changes made in the method will persist.

113 Q If a class doesn't have any constructors, what will happen?

A If a class doesn't have a constructor, the JVM will provide a
default constructor for the class.

114 Q What will happen if a thread cannot acquire a lock on an

object?
A It enters to the waiting state until lock becomes available.

115 Q How does multithreading occurring on a computer with a

single CPU?
A The task scheduler of OS allocates an execution time for
multiple tasks. By switching between different executing
tasks, it creates the impression that tasks execute
sequentially. But actually there is only one task is executed
at a time.

116 Q What will happen if you are invoking a thread's interrupt

method while the thread is waiting or sleeping?
A When the task enters to the running state, it will throw an
InterruptedException.

117 Q What are the different ways in which a thread can enter
into waiting state?
A There are three ways for a thread to enter into waiting
state. By invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O,
by unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock, or
by invoking an object's wait() method.

118 Q What are the the different ways for creating a thread?
A A thread can be created by subclassing Thread, or by
implementing the Runnable interface.

119 Q What is the difference between creating a thread by

extending Thread class and by implementing Runnable
interface? Which one should prefer?

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Core Java Interview Questions

A When creating a thread by extending the Thread class, it is

not mandatory to override the run method (If we are not
overriding the run method , it is useless), because Thread
class have already given a default implementation for run
method. But if we are implementing Runnable , it is
mandatory to override the run method. The preferred way
to create a thread is by implementing Runnable interface,
because it give loose coupling.

120 Q What is coupling?

A Coupling is the dependency between different components
of a system

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121 Q How is an interface?
Articles A An interface is a collection of method declarations and
Submit an article constants. In java interfaces are used to achieve multiple
inheritance. It sets a behavioral protocol to all
Contact us implementing classes.
About
122 Q What is an abstract class?
WidgetBucks - Trend Watch A An abstract class is an incomplete class. An abstract class
- WidgetBucks.com is defined with the keyword abstract . We cannot create an
object of the abstract class because it is not complete. It
sets a behavioral protocol for all its child classes.

123 Q How will you define an interface?

A An interface is defined with the keyword interface. Eg:
public interface MyInterface { }

124 Q How will you define an abstract class?

A An abstract class is defined with the keyword abstract Eg:
public abstract class MyClass { }

125 Q What is any an anonymous class?

A An anonymous class is a local class with no name.

126 Q What is a JVM heap?

A The heap is the runtime data area from which memory for
all class instances and arrays is allocated. The heap may
be of a fixed size or may be expanded. The heap is created
on virtual machine start-up.

127 Q What is difference between string and StringTokenizer?

A StringTokenizer as its name suggests tokenizes a String
supplied to it as an argument to its constructor and the
character based on which tokens of that string are to be
made. The default tokenizing character is space " ".

128 Q What is the difference between array and ArrayList ?

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Core Java Interview Questions

A Array is collection of same data type. Array size is fixed, It

cannot be expanded. But ArrayList is a growable collection
of objects. ArrayList is a part of Collections Framework and
can work with only objects.

Q What is difference between java.lang .Class and java.lang.

129
ClassLoader? What is the hierarchy of ClassLoader ?
A Class 'java.lang.Class' represent classes and interfaces
in a running Java application. JVM construct 'Class'
object when class in loaded. Where as a ClassLoader is
also a class which loads the class files into memory in
order for the Java programs to execute properly. The
hierarchy of ClassLoaders is:

Bootstrap ClassLoaders
Extensive ClassLoaders
System Classpath ClassLoaders
Application ClassLoaders

130 Q What is daemon thread?

A Theards which are running on the background are called
deamon threads. daemon thread is a thread which doesn't
give any chance to run other threads once it enters into
the run state it doesn't give any chance to run other
threads. Normally it will run forever, but when all other
non-daemon threads are dead, daemon thread will be
killed by JVM

131 Q What is a green thread?

A Native threads can switch between threads preemptively.
Green threads switch only when control is explicitly given
up by a thread ( Thread.yield(), Object.wait(), etc.) or a
thread performs a blocking operation (read(), etc.). On
multi-CPU machines, native threads can run more than
one thread simultaneously by assigning different threads
to different CPUs. Green threads run on only one CPU.
Native threads create the appearance that many Java
processes are running: each thread takes up its own entry
in the process table. One clue that these are all threads of
the same process is that the memory size is identical for
all the threads - they are all using the same memory. The
process table is not infinitely large, and processes can only
create a limited number of threads before running out of
system resources or hitting configured limits.

132 Q What is volatile variable?

A A volatile variable is not allowed to have a local copy of a
variable that is different from the value currently held in
"main" memory. Volatile modifier requests the JVM to
always access the shared copy of the variable so the its
most current value is always read.

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Core Java Interview Questions

133 Q Why java does not support multiple inheritance?

A Because the multiple inheritance causes the redundancy.
Also we cannot solve diamond problem.

134 Q What is diamond problem?

A The diamond problem is an ambiguity that can occur when
a class multiply inherits from two classes that both
descend from a common super class

135 Q How many JVM's we can run in a system?

A Any number of JVMs can run in a system. Whenever we
issue the command 'java' a new JVM will start.

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Articles 136 Q Why Java is not 100% pure object oriented language?
Submit an article A Because java uses primitives.
Contact us
137 Q Why ArrayList is faster than Vector?
About A Because Vector is synchronized. Synchronization reduces
the performance.
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138 Q What is the security mechnaism used in java?
A Java uses sand box security model.

139 Q What is sandbox?

A A sandbox is a security mechanism for safely running
programs. The sandbox typically provides a tightly-
controlled set of resources for guest programs to run in,
such as scratch space on disk and memory.

140 Q What is phantom memory?

A Phantom memory is the memory that does not exist in
reality.

141 Q What is reflection?

A Reflection is the process of finding out the different
features of a class dynamically.

142 Q What are the differences between JIT and HotSpot?

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Core Java Interview Questions

A The Hotspot VM is a collection of techniques, the most

important of which is called adaptive optimization. The
original JVMs interpreted byte codes one at a time. Second-
generation JVMs added a JIT compiler, which compiles
each method to native code upon first execution, then
executes the native code. Thereafter, whenever the
method is called, the native code is executed. The adaptive
optimization technique used by Hotspot is a hybrid
approach, one that combines byte code interpretation and
run-time compilation to native code. Hotspot, unlike a
regular JIT compiling VM, doesn't do "premature
optimization"

Q What are the advantages and disadvantages of reference

143
counting in garbage collection?
A An advantage of this scheme is that it can run in small
chunks of time closely linked with the execution of the
program. These characteristic makes it particularly suitable
for real-time environments where the program can't be
interrupted for very long time. A disadvantage of reference
counting is that it does not detect cycles. A cycle is two or
more objects that refer to one another. Another
disadvantage is the overhead of incrementing and
decrementing the reference count each time. Because of
these disadvantages, reference counting currently is out of
favor.

144 Q How would you implement a thread pool?

A The ThreadPool class is a generic implementation of a
thread pool, which takes the following input Size of the
pool to be constructed and name of the class which
implements Runnable (which has a visible default
constructor) and constructs a thread pool with active
threads that are waiting for activation. once the threads
have finished processing they come back and wait once
again in the pool.

145 Q What is the difference between throw and throws clause?

A throw is used to throw an exception manually, where as
throws is used in the case of checked exceptions, to tell
the compiler that we haven't handled the exception, so
that the exception will be handled by the calling function.

156 Q What is JAR file?

A A JAR file (short for Java Archive) is a ZIP file used to
distribute a set of Java classes. It is used to store compiled
Java classes and associated metadata that can constitute a
program

147 Q What is a classloader?

A A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading
classes.

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Core Java Interview Questions

Q What is the difference between Comparable and

148
Comparator ?
A The Comparable is for natural ordering and Comparator is
for custom ordering. But we can override the compareTo
method of comparable interface to give a custom ordering.

149 Q What is the difference between List, Set and Map?

A A Set is a collection that has no duplicate elements. A
List is a collection that has an order associated with its
elements. A map is a way of storing key/value pairs.
The way of storing a Map is similar to two-column
table.

150 Q What is the difference between Exception and Error ?

A Error is unrecoverable.

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151 Q What is meant by Open Source ?
Interview Questions A In general, open source refers to any program
Articles whose source code is made available for use or
modification as users or other developers see
Submit an article fit. Open source software is usually developed
Contact us as a public collaboration and made freely
available.
About
WidgetBucks - Trend Watch - WidgetBucks.
Q How do you send data from an applet to
com 152
Servlet ? What are the steps involved in it ?
A You can use the java.net.URLConnection and
java.net.URL classes to open a standard HTTP
connection to the web server. The server then
passes this information to the servlet in the
normal way.

Basically, the applet pretends to be a web

browser, and the servlet doesn't know the
difference. As far as the servlet is concerned,
the applet is just another HTTP client.
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153 Q What is polymorphism?
A It is the ability of an object to behave
differently on different situations for the same
message.

154 Q What is a class, member and local variable?

A Variables declared within a method are local
variables. Variables declared within the class
are member variables. Variables declared
within the class with static modifier are class
variables

Q How do I convert a numeric IP address like

155 66.29.36.130 into a hostname like www.
javacertificate.net
A String hostname = InetAddress.getByName
("66.29.36.130").getHostName();

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Core Java Interview Questions

Q What is the difference between a constructor

156
and a method?
A A constructor is a member function of a class
that is used to create objects of that class. It
has the same name as the class itself, has no
return type, and is invoked using the new
operator. We cannot invoke a constructor
directly. A method is an ordinary member
function of a class. It has its own name, a
return type (which may be void), and is
invoked using the dot operator.

157 Q What are the different inner classes types?

A There are mainly four types available. They are
Member classes, Nested top-level classes,
Local classes, Anonymous classes

158 Q What is Nested top-level classes?

A A class declared within a class with static
modifier is called nested top level class. Any
class outside the declaring class can access the
nested top level class with the declaring class
dot nested top level class. Top-level inner
classes have access to static variables only .

159 Q What is Member classes?

A A class declared inside a class without static
modifier is called member class. Member
classes are just like any other member
methods or member variables.

160 Q What is Local inner classes ?

A Local inner classes are class declared inside a
block of code. They are visible only within the
block of their declaration.

161 Q Can a top level class be private or protected?

A No. A top level class can not be private or
protected. It can have either "public" or no
modifier.

Q How will you invoke any external process in

162
Java?
A By using Runtime.getRuntime().exec(….)

163 Q What is a package?

A To group set of classes into a single unit is
known as packaging. Packages provides wide
namespace visibility.

164 Q What is the use of assert keyword

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Core Java Interview Questions

A Assert keyword validates certain expressions.

It replaces the if block effectively and throws
an AssertionError on failure. The assert
keyword should be used only for critical
arguments (means without that the method
does nothing).

165 Q What is composition?

A Holding the reference of the other class within
some other class is known as composition.

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166 Q What is aggregation?
Articles A It is a special type of composition. If you expose all the
methods of a composite class and route the method call to
Submit an article
the composite method through its reference, then it is
Contact us called aggregation
About
167 Q What are the methods in Object?
WidgetBucks - Trend Watch A clone, equals, wait, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify,
- WidgetBucks.com notifyAll, toString

Q What is the relationship between synchronized and volatile

168
keyword?
A The JVM is guaranteed to treat reads and writes of data of
32 bits or less as atomic. For long or double variable,
programmers should take care in multi-threading
environment. Either put these variables in a synchronized
method or block, or declare them volatile.

Q What factors are used to decide using synchronized or

169
volatile?
A You can make a variable synchronized or volatile under the
following cases: 1) if you are not updating many variables
often in a multithread environment, consider using volatile.
2) If you are updating many variables, consider using
synchronized, because using volatile might be slower.

170 Q What are the drawbacks of inheritance?

A Since inheritance inherits everything from the super class
and interface, it may make the subclass too clustering and
sometimes error-prone when dynamic overriding or
dynamic overloading in some situation. In addition, the
inheritance may make peers hardly understand your code
if they don't know how your super-class acts.

Q What is the difference between static synchronized and

171
synchronized methods?

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Core Java Interview Questions

A Both are synchronized methods. One is instance method,

the other is class method. Method with static modifier is a
class method. That means the method belongs to class
itself and can be accessed directly with class name and is
also called Singleton design. The method without static
modifier is an instance method. That means the instance
method belongs to its object. Every instance of the class
gets its own copy of its instance method.

172 Q What is the purpose of the Runtime class?

A The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to
the Java runtime system.

173 Q What is the purpose of the System class?

A The purpose of the System class is to provide access to
system resources.

Q Does the code in finally block get executed if there is an

174
exception and a return statement in a catch block?
A If an exception occurs and there is a return statement in
catch block, the finally block is still executed. The finally
block will not be executed when the System.exit(1)
statement is executed earlier or the system shut down
earlier or the memory is used up earlier before the thread
goes to finally block.

Q Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process,

175 What will happen if you start notepad or IE 3 times?
Where 3 processes are started or 3 threads are started ?
A 3 processes will start.

Q What are the restrictions placed on the values of each case

176
of a switch statement?
A At compile time, each case values of switch statement
must evaluate to a an int value.

Q If aaaa is an array then why aaaa.length why not aaaa.

177
length()?
A Because length is a property not a method.

178 Q What is dynamic typing?

A Dynamic typing means type errors are detected at run
time by checking the actual data types of the values
against the required data types

179 Q What is static typig?

A Static typing means type errors are detected at
compile time by checking the inferred data type is
a subtype of the required type

180 Q What is HashMap and Map?

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Core Java Interview Questions

A Map is Interface and HashMap is class that implements

that.

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181 Q What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it?
Articles A Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit
Submit an article that combines a structured set of data with a set of
operations for inspecting and manipulating that data.
Contact us When an object is created using new operator, memory is
allocated to it.
About
WidgetBucks - Trend Watch 182 Q What is UNICODE?
- WidgetBucks.com A Unicode is used for internal representation of characters
and strings and it uses 16 bits to represent each other.

183 Q What is adapter class?

A An adapter class provides a default implementation of all
methods in an event listener interface. Adapter classes are
useful when you want to process only some of the events
that are handled by a particular event listener interface.
You can define a new class by extending one of the
adapter classes and implementing only those events
relevant to us.
Q What is a stream and what are the types of Streams and
184
classes of the Streams?
A A stream is a flow of data from one direction to another. .
There are two types of Streams Byte Streams: Provide a
convenient means for handling input and output of bytes.
And Character Streams: Provide a convenient means for
handling input & output of characters.

185 Q What is the difference between TCP/IP and UDP?

A TCP/IP is a two-way communication between the client and
the server and it is a reliable and there is a confirmation
regarding reaching the message to the destination. UDP is
a one-way communication only between the client and the
server and it is not a reliable and there is no confirmation
regarding reaching the message to the destination.

186 Q What is Inter-Thread communication?.

A Exchange of information between two threads.

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187 Q What is a policy?.

A It's an abstract class for representing the system security
policy for a Java application environment (specifying which
permissions are available for code from various sources).
Java security properties file resides in <JAVA-HOME>/lib/
security/java.security directory.

188 Q What is a thread group?

A A thread group is a data structure that controls the state
of collection of thread as a whole managed by the
particular runtime environment.

Q Why is UTFDataFormatException thrown by

189
DataOutputStream.writeUTF() when serializing a String?
A DataOutputStream.writeUTF() does not support writing out
strings larger than 64K. The first two bytes of a UTF string
in the stream are the length of the string. If a java.lang.
String is larger than 64K, it needs to be stored in the
stream by an alternative method rather than depending on
the default method of storing a String in the stream,
writeUTF.

Q Why is OutOfMemoryError thrown after writing a large

190
number of objects into an ObjectOutputStream?
A The ObjectOutputStream maintains a table mapping
objects written into the stream to a handle. The first time
an object is written to a stream, its contents are written
into the stream; subsequent writes of the object result in a
handle to the object being written into the stream. This
table maintains references to objects that might otherwise
be unreachable by an application, thus, resulting in an
unexpected situation of running out of memory. A call to
the ObjectOutputStream.reset() method resets the object/
handle table to its initial state, allowing all previously
written objects to be eligible for garbage collection.

191 Q How can I get the serialVersionUID of a class?

A By running the serialver tool with the name of the class as
the command line argumet, as shown in the example that
follows: serialver java.lang.String

192 Q What is serialVersionUID ?

A The serialVersionUID is a universal version identifier for a
Serializable class. Deserialization uses this identifier
number to ensure that a loaded class corresponds to a
serialized object.

193 Q What is abstraction?

A An abstraction is an idea, concept, or word which defines
the phenomena which make up the concrete events or
things which the abstraction refers to, the referents.

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Core Java Interview Questions

194 Q What is encapsulation?

A Encapsulation describes the ability of an object to hide its
data and methods from the rest of the world

195 Q What is inheritance?

A Inheritance is the ability to create new classes based on
existing classes. It is useful to reuse existing code.

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Q: What is Jakarta Struts Framework?

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*Stuts TOC A: Jakarta Struts is open source implementation of MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern for the
*Apache Struts Introduction development of web based applications. Jakarta Struts is robust architecture and can be used for the
* Struts Controller development of application of any size. Struts framework makes it much easier to design scalable, reliable
* Struts Action Class Web applications with Java.
* Struts ActionFrom Class
* Using Struts HTML Tags
*Struts Validator
Framework
*Client Side Address Q: What is ActionServlet?
Validation A: The class org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet is the called the ActionServlet. In the the Jakarta
*Struts Tiles Struts Framework this class plays the role of controller. All the requests to the server goes through the
*tiles-defs.xml controller. Controller is responsible for handling all the requests.
*Struts DynaActionForm
*Struts File Upload Q: How you will make available any Message Resources Definitions file to the Struts Framework
*Struts DataSource Environment?
*AGGREGATING A: Message Resources Definitions file are simple .properties files and these files contains the messages
that can be used in the struts project. Message Resources Definitions files can be added to the struts-
ACTIONS config.xml file through <message-resources /> tag.
*Internationalization Example:
Struts Resources <message-resources parameter="MessageResources" />
*Struts Books
*Struts Articles Q: What is Action Class?
A: The Action is part of the controller. The purpose of Action Class is to translate the
*Struts Frameworks
HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use the Action, we need to Subclass and overwrite the
*Struts IDE execute() method. The ActionServlet (commad) passes the parameterized class to Action Form using
*Struts Links the execute() method. There should be no database interactions in the action. The action should receive
*Struts Presentations the request, call business objects (which then handle database, or interface with J2EE, etc) and then
*Struts Projects determine where to go next. Even better, the business objects could be handed to the action at runtime
*Struts Software
(IoC style) thus removing any dependencies on the model. The return type of the execute method is
ActionForward which is used by the Struts Framework to forward the request to the file as per the value
*Other Struts Tutorial of the returned ActionForward object.

Q: Write code of any Action Class?

A: Here is the code of Action Class that returns the ActionForward object.
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Questions! Q: What is ActionForm?
A: An ActionForm is a JavaBean that extends org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm.
ActionForm maintains the session state for web application and the ActionForm object is automatically
populated on the server side with data entered from a form on the client side.

Q: What is Struts Validator Framework?

A: Struts Framework provides the functionality to validate the form data. It can be use to validate the
data on the users browser as well as on the server side. Struts Framework emits the java scripts and it
can be used validate the form data on the client browser. Server side validation of form can be
accomplished by sub classing your From Bean with DynaValidatorForm class.
The Validator framework was developed by David Winterfeldt as third-party add-on to Struts. Now the
Validator framework is a part of Jakarta Commons project and it can be used with or without Struts. The
Validator framework comes integrated with the Struts Framework and can be used without doing any
extra settings.

Q. Give the Details of XML files used in Validator Framework?

A: The Validator Framework uses two XML configuration files validator-rules.xml and validation.
xml. The validator-rules.xml defines the standard validation routines, these are reusable and used in
validation.xml. to define the form specific validations. The validation.xml defines the validations
applied to a form bean.
Q. How you will display validation fail errors on jsp page?
A: Following tag displays all the errors:
<html:errors/>

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Jakarta Struts Interview Questions

Q. How you will enable front-end validation based on the xml in validation.xml?
A: The <html:javascript> tag to allow front-end validation based on the xml in validation.xml. For
example the code: <html:javascript formName="logonForm" dynamicJavascript="true"
staticJavascript="true" /> generates the client side java script for the form "logonForm" as defined in the
validation.xml file. The <html:javascript> when added in the jsp file generates the client site validation
script.

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simply good& easy to understand,remember
Posted by bhaskar on Monday, 07.5.10 @ 23:18pm | #97973
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hi
i need java question.plz send me in my Email
Posted by sanjibkumar on Friday, 04.30.10 @ 21:20pm | #96727
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here.
Posted by vishal kumar yadav on Sunday, 04.4.10 @ 12:27pm | #96104
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Q: What is Action Class?

Is action part of controller or View??

Posted by Babdhan on Thursday, 03.4.10 @ 09:56am | #95286
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I need all the questions regarding Struts,Jsp and Servlet and JDBC
Posted by ashok on Friday, 02.12.10 @ 19:18pm | #94800
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Posted by Syam on Thursday, 11.5.09 @ 17:17pm | #92354
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Posted by Bunty Raut on Wednesday, 10.7.09 @ 12:08pm | #91502
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Hi
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Posted by Gupta on Sunday, 04.27.08 @ 11:02am | #57975
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Dear Sir
I m very expire of your site.This is only one palate form where we find all the information on one place.
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Nitya Nand Pandey
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Posted by Nitya Nand Pandey on Monday, 12.24.07 @ 16:40pm | #43585

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