WELCOME

TO

PRESENTATION

ON

GRID INTERACTIVE ROOF TOP

By Alok Gupta
Chief Engineer (Distribution)
SOLAR PV SYSTEM Central Electricity Authority 1
 BENEFITS OF ROOF TOP PV SYSTEMS
 NO NOISE

 REDUCED LOSSESS BECAUSE OF DISPERSED GENERATION AND

LOCAL CONSUMPTION

 NO HARMFUL EMISSIONS

 VERY SAFE AND HIGHLY RELIABLE

 PV MODULES CAN BE RECYCLED

 PV SYSTEM BRINGS ELECTRICITY TO REMOTE AREAS

 CAN BE AESTHETICALLY INTEGRATED INTO BUILDINGS

 IMPROVES THE ENERGY SECURITY

 EASY TO INSTALL
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 BENEFITS OF ROOF TOP PV SYSTEMS

NO COMPLICATION IN TECHNOLOGY LIKE TURBINES,

BOILER, MIRRORS

FREE SUN LIGHT AND NO FUEL CHARGES

SIMPLE CONVERSION OF DC INTO AC

INSTALLTION TIME ONLY 4-6 MONTHS

PRACTICALLY NO MAINTENANCE

ONLY CLEANING OF MODULES FROM DUST IS REQUIRED

3
REQUIREMENTS OF GRID INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS
1. TECHNOLOGY

2. CONFIGURATION

3. TYPE OF SCHEMES

4. METERING

5. VOLTAGE LEVELS

6. POWER QUALITY

7. PROTECTION

8. SCADA

9.SIZING AND SPECIFICATIONS

4
 1.TYPE OF TECHNOLGY-PV
CRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS

• CELLS CUT FROM SINGLE CRYSTAL (MONOCRYSTALLINE)

• CELLS CUT FROM A BLOCK OF CRYSTALS (POLYCRYSTALLINE)

• EFFICIENCY RANGES BETWEEN 12% AND 17%.

• MARKET SHARE ABOUT 90%.

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 TYPE OF TECHNOLGY-PV
THIN FILM CELLS

• CONSTRUCTED BY DEPOSITING EXTREMELY THIN LAYERS OF

PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS ON MATERIALS LIKE GLASS,
STAINLESS STEEL OR PLASTIC

• LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS COMPARED TO THE MORE MATERIAL

INTENSIVE CRYSTALLINE TECHNOLOGY

• PRICE ADVANTAGE BUT LOWER EFFICIENCY FROM 6% TO 12%.

6
 20

15

10

0
Mono crystalline, 17

Poly crystalline, 18

Amorphous silicon, 6

Tandem micro crystalline, 8.5

Cadmium telluride, 11

7 Copper indium gallium selenide, 12

TECHNOLOGY-PV MATERIAL EFFICIENCIES(%)
 2. CONFIGURATION- Without Battery

SI
Inverter Solar PV
SM

GI SW SE
G S1
r
i GM
d
CI

GE Consumer
CM

Normally solar is
connected with the
grid. When grid fails SM-Solar Meter
inverter controlled
GM-Grid Meter
switch S1 will open
automatically. CM-Consumer Meter
8
 CONFIGURATION-A: With Battery

SI
Inverter Solar PV
SM

GI SW SE
G S1
r
I GM
d
CI

GE Consumer
CM

CE
Inverter
Cum
Normally solar is connected SM-Solar Meter
Charger
with the grid. When grid
fails inverter controlled GM-Grid Meter
switch S1 will open. Battery CM-consumer Meter
9
 CONFIGURATION- B With Battery

SI
Charge Solar PV
Inverter
controller
SM Cum
Charger
G GI
r S1 SE Battery
I
d GM
SW CI
GE
Consumer
CM
CE
SM-Solar Meter
Normally solar is GM-Grid Meter Battery Charging is through
connected with the DC Bus so SM always
grid. When grid fails CM-consumer Meter measures Net Solar
inverter controlled generation ie. Gross
switch S1 will open excluding battery Charging
automatically.
10
 3. TYPE OF SCHEMES
Sl No Scheme Description
1 Grid interactive Solar PV System without Battery.
2 Grid interactive Solar PV System with full load Battery
backup.
3 Grid interactive Solar PV System with Partial load Battery
backup
4 Grid Interactive Solar PV System With Full Load DG
Backup
5 Grid Interactive Solar PV System With Partial Load DG
Backup
6 Grid Interactive Solar PV System With Full Load Battery
and DG Backup
7 Grid Interactive Solar PV System With Partial Load
11
Battery and DG Backup
 4. METERING

NET METERING FEED IN TARIFF (Net) FEED IN TARIFF(GROSS)

 Net Energy  Net Energy Principle  Gross Energy Principle

Principle
 Tariff Different for  Tariff Different for both
 Tariff Same both Export and Export and Import.
for Import Import.
and Export.  ExportTariff genearlly 3-
 ExportTariff genearlly 4 times Import tariff
3-4 times
Import tariff

12
 BOTTELNECK OF NET METERING
 IT DOES NOT REWARD PERFORMANCE

 IT DOES NOT WORK WELL IF A BUILDING IS NOT

OCCUPIED BY THE OWNER.

 NET METERING DOES NOT EASILY ACCOMMODATE THIRD

PARTY INVESTORS

 NET METERING DOES NOT ALLOW AN INVESTOR TO

EASILY CAPTURE THE FUTURE VALUE OF THE
ELECTRICITY PRODUCED.

 NET METERING PROVIDES DIFFERENT PRICES FOR PV

ENERGY FOR DIFFERENT CUSTOMER CLASSES.

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 MERITS OF FEED IN TARIFF(FIT)
FIT PROMOTES FASTEST EXPANSION OF RENEWABLE ELECTRIC
POWER AT THE LOWER COST.

FIT IS MORE TRANSPARENT THAN OTHER SCHEMES SUCH AS

TAX CREDITS, OR R&D SUBSIDIES.

FIT IS FUNDED THROUGH COSTS SPREAD AMONG ALL ELECTRICITY

UTILITY CONSUMERS AS PART OF THEIR REGULAR BILL.

FIT IS PERFORMANCE BASED, ONLY PAYING FOR THE ACTUAL

OUTPUT OF RENEWABLE GENERATION AND NOT GIVEN AS A GRANT
FOR PURCHASING THE EQUIPMENT.

FIT IS SIMPLE AND LOWER ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS.

FIT CAN FOSTER TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT THRIUGH RAPID

DEPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE.

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METERING STATUS– FOREIGN COUNTRIES
NET METERING
USA,CANADA AND UK
FEED IN TARIFF

AFRICA(4)-Algeria, Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa

AUSTRALIA
AMERICAS-Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, Nicaragua, US

EUROPE- Austria, Croatia, Cyprus,Czech Reublic,Denmark,

France, Germany,
Asia-India, Estonia,Greece,Hungry,Ireland,Italy,Lativia,
Indonesia, Korea(S), Pakistan,Phillipines,Sri Lanka,
Lithuania,Luxemberg,Macedonia,Malta,netherlands,Portugal,
Thailand
Slovak Republic,Spain,Switzerland,Ukraine

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 METERING REQUIREMENTS
MEASURE LOAD CONSUMPTION

MEASURE SOLAR GENERATION

MEASURE BATTERY CHARGING CONSUMPTION

MEASURE GRID IMPORT AND EXPORT

TYPE OF METERING

 FEED IN TARIFF FINALISED BY JNS MISSION

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 METERING ARARNGEMENT

SI
Inverter Solar PV
SM

GI SW SE
G S1
r
I GM
d
CI

GE Consumer
CM

Normally solar is
connected with the SW is manual
grid. When grid fails SM-Solar Meter
controlled lockable
inverter controlled GM-Grid Meter switch
switch S1 will open
automatically. CM-Consumer Meter
17
COMPLIANCE TO CEA REGULATIONS ON
METERING

 LOCATION

 ACCURACY

 PERIODICITY OF TESTING

 PARAMETERS

 TAMPER FEATURES

 DATA DOWNLOADING FACILITY

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ENERGY METERS-SPECIFICATIONS
 Applicable IS 13779 or IS 14679

 Regulations CEA Metering Regulations 2006

 Accuracy Class- 1.0 or better up to 650 V

0.5 S or better- above 650 V- up to 33 kV
0.2 S above 33 kV

 Metering Parameters - Both Export and Import

- 8 time zones
- Maximum demand
- Down loading facility
- Tamper recording
- Six billing cycle data

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 5. VOLTAGE LEVELS

 UP TO 10 kW -LOW VOLTAGE SINGLE PHASE SUPPLY.

 UPTO A LEVEL OF 100 KW- 3 PHASE LV SUPPLY

 MORE THAN 100 KW AND UPTO 1.5 MW- 11 KV LEVEL.

 MORE THAN 1.5 MW AND UPTO 5 MW- 33 KV LEVEL.

SYSTEM VOLTAGE VARIATION- ± 10%

THESE VOLTAGE LEVELS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED KEEPING ADEQUATE MARGIN

ON THE FEEDERS.UTILITIES MAY ADOPT DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS

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 VOLTAGE LEVELS

WHILE DISCUSSING WITH MNRE THE CHANGES ARE BEING

MADE IN CONNECTIVITY

 UP TO 10 kW -LOW VOLTAGE SINGLE PHASE SUPPLY.

 UPTO A LEVEL OF 100 KW- 3 PHASE LV SUPPLY

 MORE THAN 100 KW AND UPTO 2 MW- 11 KV LEVEL

(Non dedicated feeder).

 3 MW ON DEDICATED FEEDER- 11 kV LEVEL

 ABOVE 3 MW-33 kV LEVEL 21

 6. POWER QUALITY

DC INJECTION INTO GRID

HARMONICS

RIPPLE CONTROL ON DC SIDE

VOLTAGE UNBALANCE

VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

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 POWER QUALITY-DC INJECTION INTO GRID
Standard designated as: Country Threshold values

IEC 61727 Thailand 1% (of rated AC current)

IEEE 1547 USA 0.5% (of rated AC current)
EN 50438 Europe Not specified
IEEE 929 Thailand (until 0.5% (of rated AC current)
2008)

UL 1741 USA 0.5% (of rated AC current)

AS 4777 Australia 0.5% (of rated AC current)
VDE 0126-1-1 Germany 1A

Synergrid C10/11 Belgium 1% (of rated AC current)

DK5940 Italy 0.5% (of rated AC

G83 United Kingdom 20 mA (recommended) 23
POWER QUALITY- STANDARDS HARMONICS
Standard designated as: Standard applicable in:
IEC 61000-3-2 Europe and abroad

IEC 61000-3-12 Europe and abroad

IEC 61727 Thailand
IEEE 1547 USA
EN 50438 Europe
IEEE 929 Thailand (until 2008)
UL 1741 USA
AS 4777 Australia
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 POWER QUALITY- HARMONICS IEC 61727
TOTAL CURRENT HARMONIC DISTORTION <5% AT RATED INVERTER OUTPUT

25
POWER QUALITY- SUGGESTED HARMONICS LEVELS
The limits for harmonics shall be as stipulated in the
CEA Regulations on grid connectivity.

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 POWER QUALITY- RIPPLE CONTROL ON DC SIDE
 Depending on inverter topology and with or without transformer, the
ripple on the DC side may appear very different.

 Very low AC 2x50Hz ripple on the DC side have been noticed by

suppliers due to the energy flow in the inverter.

 A transformer-less inverter has no galvanic separation between AC

and DC side. The voltage to ground is influenced by AC and
depending on the topology of the inverter even full AC sin wave may
appear on the DC side (on top of DC voltage level - measured to
earth)

 for other topologies, there will be no AC ripple on DC side

 There seems to be no standard available for ripple control for PV

systems 27
 IT IS PROPOSED THAT RIPPLE CONTENT SHALL NOT EXCEED 5%
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE AND FLUCTUATIONS

VOLTAGE UNBALANCE- 3%

VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

 Repetitive Step Changes-1.5%.

 For Occasional Fluctuations-3%.

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 7. PROTECTION- ISLANDING FROM THE GRID

NO GRID VOLTAGE

The inverter shall sense the grid supply

interruption and disconnect the roof top solar
system from the grid within 20-50 millisecond
in case of grid failure.

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PROTECTION- VOLTAGE MONITORING AND CONTROL

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PROTECTION- VOLTAGE MONITORING AND CONTROL

Under Voltage and Over Voltage

It is proposed that grid voltage be monitored

continuously and in the event of voltage
going below 80% and above 112.5%, the
solar system shall be disconnected from the
grid within two seconds as per AS4777
standard (Australia).

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 PROTECTION - others
 DC AND AC OVERCURRENTAND OVERLOAD PROTECTION AGAINST
SHORTCIRCUIT (INDIVIDUAL STRINGS AND MODULES)

 LIGHTENING PROTECTION

 GROUND FAULT PROTECTION SYSTEM.

 REVERSE POLARITY PROTECTION

 BATTERY OVERCHARGING AND OVER DISCHARGE PROTECTION

 BATTERY OVERLOAD PROTECTION.

 THERMAL ACTIVATED COOLING FAN FOR INVERTER

 OTHER PROTECTION AS PER MANUFACTURER’S PRUDENT

PRACTICE.
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 8. SCADA
 SCADA for above 25 kWp System.

 SCADA for following functions

 real time data logging

 event logs
 supervisory control
 Operational modes
 Set point editing

 The data acquisition system (DAS) furnishes

• DC parameters – Volts, Current & kW.

• AC parameters – Volts, Current & kW, kVA, kWh,Hz,
PF,MD,TOD parameters, Tamper records

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 9. SIZING AND SPECIFICATIONS
ROOF AREA NEEDED
(SQUARE FEET)
PV MODULE PV CAPACITY RATING (WATTS)
EFFICIENCY
(%)

100 250 500 1000 2000 4000 10000

4 30 75 150 300 600 1200 3000

8 15 38 75 150 300 600 1500

12 10 25 50 100 200 400 1000

16 8 20 40 80 160 320 800

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 SIZING AND SPECIFICATIONS-contd
Seven Roof Top PV Systems considered ranging 0.5
kWp to 50 kWp
Area required 15 Sq meter per kW
Two module 80 kWp and 160 kWp
Inverter Rating equal to DC output of PV System
Single Phase up to 5 kWp and Three Phase up to 50
kWp
Inverter Efficiency 94% or above
Inverter No load losses 1%
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Output Voltage control Limits ± 1%
 FEATURES OF SPV PLANT AT SEWA BHAWAN

• A demonstration Project

• Utilize vacant area of about 375 sq. m. available on the terrace

of the north wing of the building.
• The SPV power plant with proposed capacity of 25 kWp
(@15sqm /kw) would be connected to grid.
• No battery storage has been provided.
• To meet partial load of the building during working days and
feed the surplus power available to the grid during week end
and holidays.
• Annual energy feed of 42 MWh
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FEATURES OF SPV PLANT AT SEWA BHAWAN Contd..
 Efficiency of Inverter/ Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) -94%

 Losses as 3% in the DC and AC system.

 Efficiency of the solar module considered as 16%

 The Plant would operate at an annual capacity utilization

factor of 19%.

 Energy Monthly Variation - 3.33 MWh to a max of 4.13 MWh

 Estimated cost -Rs. 42.5 lakhs (CERC notification).

 The levelised tariff works out as Rs 18.45 per unit.

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1 MW TAIWAN ROOF TOP SOLAR PV SYSTEM

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1 MW TAIWAN ROOF TOP SOLAR PV SYSTEM
LOCATION-TAIWAN
CAPACITY- 1 MW
AREA COVERED - 14,155 Sq meter
NO OF SOLAR PANELS- 8844
INDIVIDUAL MODULE CAPACITY 105 Wp and 125 Wp
NO OF INVERTERS 279
CAPACITY OF EACH INVERTER 3.6 kW
 INVERTER EFFICIENCY >94%
FREQUENCY RANGE 49.3 TO 50.5 Hz
POWER FACTOR 0.99
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 1 MW TAIWAN ROOF TOP SOLAR PV SYSTEM
ANNUAL EXPECTED ENERGY PRODUCTION 1.14 GWH
NO OF LIGHTS 3,300
NO FO GIANT TV SCREENS. –TWO
REDUCES 0.53 Kg CO2 PER 1KWH
 REDUCTION OF ANNUAL CO2 DISCHARGE IS 583,000 KG

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 CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS
 A GUIDE TO CONSUMER FOR PLUG IN PLAY TYPE GRID INTERACTIVE
ROOF TOP SOLAR PV SYSTEM.

 COSTING AND PAY BACK

 CLEARING AGENCY AND CLEARANCES REQUIRED

 MODALITIES OF CONNECTION AGREEMENT WITH DISCOM.

 TARIFF FOR SALE AND PURCHASE

 AWARENESS AMONG USER’S GROUP.

 LIST OF APPROVED SOLAR MANUFACTURERS.

 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATIONS.

 TYPE OF MAINTENANCE REQUIRED.

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 CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS
 SOFT AND LONG TERM FINANCING OPTIONS TILL COST COMES TO
AFFORDABLE RANGE.

 EASY PAYMENT OF FEED IN TARIFF

 AVAILABILITY OF TRAINED ELECTRICIAN.

 GOOD AFTER SALES SERVICE TO REDUCE DOWN TIME.

 AVAILABILITY OF RIGHT KIND OF INVERTERS

 PREPAREDNESS OF DISCOMS FOR ADAPTABILITY OF ROOF TOP

SYSTEMS.

 DISCOMS TO TAKE UP SMART GRID PILOT.

 TYPE OF MAINTENANCE REQUIRED.

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 WHERE WE ARE ON THE LADDER
IMPLEMENTATION

CONSUMER AWARENESS
SUN IS ON RISING
ON ROOF WE HAVE DISCOMS PREPAREDNESS

TO CLIMB A
IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM
SMALL LADDER
QUICKLY CONNECTIVITY STANDARDS

CONNECTIVITY REGULATIONS
NOT YET STARTED

ON GOING POLICY GUIDELINES

COMPLETED MISSION 43
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