PL/SQL Examples

1)/*DISPLAYING THE FIRST FIFTY EVEN NUMBERS BY USING PL/SQL

BLOCK*/
declare
i number;
begin
for i in 1..50
loop
if mod(i,2)=0 then
dbms_output.put_line('THE EVEN NUMBERS ARE'||i);
end if;
end loop;
end;

2)/*DISPLAYING THE FIRST FIFTY ODD NUMBERS BY USING PL/SQL

BLOCK*/
declare
i number;
begin
for i in 1..50
loop
if mod(i,2)<>0 then
dbms_output.put_line('THE ODD NUMBERS ARE'||i);
end if;
end loop;

3)/*SCOPE AND VISIBILITY OF VARIABLES IN A PL/SQL PROGRAMME*/

declare
one number:=10;
two number:=20;
three number:=30;
begin
declare
four number:=40;
five number:=50;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('THE LOCAL NUMBERS ARE'||' '||four||' '||five);
end;
dbms_output.put_line('THE PRIVATE NUMBERS ARE'
||one||' '||two||' '||three);
end;
end;
4)declare
e emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
select * into e from emp_dup where empno=&eno;
if e.job='MANAGER' then
e.sal:=e.sal+1000;
update emp_dup set sal=e.sal where empno=e.empno;
dbms_output.put_line('the manager and his salary was now'||e.sal);
elsif e.job='CLERK' then
e.sal:=e.sal+300;
update emp_dup set sal=e.sal where empno=e.empno;
dbms_output.put_line('the clerk and his salary was now'||e.sal);
else
e.sal:=e.sal+500;
update emp_dup set sal=e.sal where empno=e.empno;
dbms_output.put_line('the others salary was now'||e.sal);
end if;
end;

4)/*COMPUTE A 10%BONUS FOR THE EMPLOYEE WITH THE EMPLOYEE_ID

7369 AND ASSIGN THE COMPUTED VALUE TO THE V_BONUS VARIABLE BY
USING THE PL/SQL BLOCK*/
declare
v_bonus number;
begin
select sal*0.10 into v_bonus from emp_dup where empno=7369;
dbms_output.put_line('THE BONUS SALARY WAS'||v_bonus);
end;

5)/*AN EXAMPLE OF USING A HOST VARIABLE IN A PL/SQL BLOCK*/

SQL> variable annual_sal number;

begin
select (sal*12)+nvl(comm,0) into :annual_sal from emp_dup where
empno=7369;
end;

SQL> print annual_sal;

6)/*PRINTING THE VALUE OF THE SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER

7369 BY USING THE BIND VARIABLE*/

SQL> variable salary number

begin
select sal into :salary from emp_dup where empno=7369;
end;
SQL> print salary;

7)/*COMPUTE THE MONTHLY SALARY,BASED UPON THE ANNUAL SALARY

SUPPLIED BY THE USER*/

SQL> variable g_monthly_salary number;

SQL> define p_annual_salary=50000;

begin
:g_monthly_salary:=&p_annual_salary/12;
end;

SQL> print :g_monthly_salary;

(OR)

SQL> variable g_monthly_salary number;

SQL> define p_annual_salary=50000;

declare
v_sal number:=&p_annual_salary;
begin
:g_monthly_salary:=v_sal/12;
end;

SQL> print g_monthly_salary;

8)/*COMPUTE AND PRINT THE MONTHLY SALARY ON TO THE SCREEN

USING THE ORACLE SUPPLIED PACKAGE PROCEDURE BASED UPON THE
ANNUAL SALARY SUPPLIED BY THE USER*/

SQL> define p_annual_salary=50000;

declare
v_sal number:=&p_annual_salary;
g_monthly_salary number;
begin
g_monthly_salary:=v_sal/12;
dbms_output.put_line('THE MONTHLY SALARY WAS'||g_monthly_salary);
end;
9)/*CREATE AN ANONYMOUS BLOCK TO OUTPUT THE PHRASE "MY PL/SQL
BLOCK WORKS" TO THE SCREEN*/

SQL> variable g_message varchar2(30)

begin
:g_message:='MY PL/SQL BLOCK WORKS';
end;

SQL> print g_message;

10)/*CREATE A BLOCK THAT DECLARES TWO VARIABLES.ASSIGN THE

VALUE OF THESE iSQL*PLUS HOST VARIABLES AND PRINT THE RESULTS
OF THE PL/SQL VARIABLES TO THE SCREEN*/

SQL> variable g_char varchar2(30)

SQL> variable g_num number

begin
:g_char:='42 IS THE ANSWER';
:g_num:=42;
end;

SQL> print g_char;

SQL> print g_num;

11)/*CREATE AND EXECUTE A PL/SQL BLOCK THAT ACCEPTS TWO

NUMBERS THROUGH iSQL*PLUS SUBSTITUTION VARIABLE
a)USE THE DEFINE COMMAND TO PROVIDE THE TWO VALUES.
DEFINE p_num1=2
DEFINE p_num2=4
b)THE FIRST NUMBER SHOULD BE DIVIDED BY THE SECOND NUMBER
AND HAVE THE THE SECOND NUMBER ADDED TO THE RESULT*/

SQL> define p_num1 =2;

SQL> define p_num2=4;

SQL> variable tot_result number;

SQL> variable result number;

begin
:result:=&p_num1/&p_num2;
:tot_result:=:result+&p_num2;
end;

SQL> print result;

SQL> print tot_result;

12)/*CREATE AND EXECUTE A PL/SQL BLOCK THAT ACCEPTS TWO

NUMBERS THROUGH iSQL*PLUS SUBSTITUTION VARIABLE
a)USE THE DEFINE COMMAND TO PROVIDE THE TWO VALUES.
DEFINE p_num1=2
DEFINE p_num2=4
b)THE FIRST NUMBER SHOULD BE DIVIDED BY THE SECOND NUMBER
AND HAVE THE THE SECOND NUMBER ADDED TO THE RESULT.THE
RESULT SHOULD BE STORED IN A PL/SQL VARIABLE AND PRINTED ON
THE SCREEN*/

SQL> define p_num1 =2;

SQL> define p_num2=4;

declare
result number;
tot_result number;
begin
result:=&p_num1/&p_num2;
tot_result:=result+&p_num2;
dbms_output.put_line('THE TOTAL RESULT WAS'||' '||tot_result);
end;

13)/*BUILD A PL/SQL BLOCK THAT COMPUTES THE TOTAL

COMPENSATION
FOR ONE YEAR
a)THE ANNUAL SALARY AND THE ANNUAL BONUS PERCENTAGE VALUES
ARE DEFINED USING THE DEFINE COMMAND
b)PASS THE VALUES DEFINED IN THE ABOVE STEP TO THE PL/SQL BLOCK
THROUGH iSQL*PLUS SUBSTITUTION VARIABLES.THE BONUS MUST BE
CONVERTED FROM A WHOLE NUMBER TO A DECIMAL(FOR EXAMPLE,15
TO 0.15).IF THE SALARY IS NULL,SET IT TO ZERO BEFORE COMPUTING
THE TOTAL COMPENSATION. EXECUTE THE PL/SQL BLOCK*/

SQL> variable g_total number

SQL> define p_salary =50000

SQL> define p_bonus =10

begin
:g_total:=nvl(&p_salary,0)+nvl(&p_salary,0)*(&p_bonus/100);
end;

SQL> variable g_total number

14)/*DISPLAYING THE DEPARTMENT NAME SALES THROUGH PL/SQL

BLOCK*/
declare
v_deptno number;
v_dname varchar2(30);
v_loc varchar(30);
begin
select deptno,dname,loc into v_deptno,v_dname,v_loc from dept
where dname='SALES';
dbms_output.put_line('THE DEPARTMENT NAME SALES DETAILS WAS'||' '||
v_deptno||' '||v_dname||' '||v_loc);
end;

15)/*DISPLAYING THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS OF 7369 THROUGH PL/SQL

BLOCK*/
declare
p emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
select * into p from emp_dup where empno=7369;
dbms_output.put_line('THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS WAS'||' '||p.empno||' '
||p.ename||' '||p.sal||' '||p.job||' '||p.deptno);
end;

16)/*RETURN THE SUM OF THE SALARIES FOR ALL EMPLOYEES IN THE

SPECIFIED DEPARTMENT*/

declare
v_deptno number:=30;
v_sum_sal number;
begin
select deptno,sum(sal) into v_deptno,v_sum_sal from emp_dup
where deptno=v_deptno group by deptno;
dbms_output.put_line('THE SUM OF SALARY OF DEPTNO30 WAS'||v_sum_sal);
end;
17)/*ADDING THE NEW EMPLOYEE TO THE EMP_DUP TABLE THROUGH
PL/SQL BLOCK*/

begin
insert into emp_dup values(7778,'GVR','manager',66,sysdate,
6000,300,50);
end;

SQL> select * from emp_dup;

18)/*UPDATING THE EMPLOYEE SALARY WITH 800 THAN EARLIER

AMOUNT AND WITH JOB AS manager*/

declare
p emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
select * into p from emp_dup where job='manager';
update emp_dup set sal=p.sal+800 where job='manager';
end;

19)/*DELETE ROWS FOR THE DEPARTMENT 10 AND PRINT THE NUMBER

OF ROWS DELETED USING SQL CURSOR ATTRIBUTES*/

SQL> variable rows_deleted varchar2(30)

begin
delete from emp_dup where deptno=10;
:rows_deleted:=(sql%rowcount||' '||'rows_deleted');
end;

20)/*CREATE A PL/SQL BLOCK THAT SELECTS THE MAXIMUM

DEPARTMENT NUMBER IN THE DEPARTMENTS TABLE IT IN AN iSQL*PLUS
VARIABLE.PRINT THE RESULTS TO THE SCREEN*/

SQL> variable max_deptno number

declare
v_max_deptno number;
begin
select max(deptno) into v_max_deptno from dept;
:max_deptno:=v_max_deptno;
end;

SQL> print max_deptno;

21)/*INSERT INTO A NEW DEPARTMENT INTO THE TABLE
a)USE THE DEFINE COMMAND TO PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT
NAME.NAME THE DEPARTMENT EDUCATION
b)PASS THE VALUE DEFINED FOR THE DEPARTMENT NAME TO THE
PL/SQL BLOCK THROUGH A iSQL*PLUS SUBSTITUTION VARIABLE.ADD 10
TO THE MAX DEPARTMENT FOR THE NEW DEPARTMENT
c)LEAVE THE LOCATION AS NULL*/

SQL> define department_name='EDUCATION';

declare
v_deptno number:=50;
v_dname varchar2(30):='&department_name';
begin
insert into dept(deptno,dname) values(v_deptno,v_dname);
end;

SQL> select * from dept;

22)/*CREATE A PL/SQL BLOCK THAT UPDATES THE LOCATION FOR THE

DEPARTMENT NUMBER 50
a)USE THE DEFINE COMMAND TO PROVIDE THE LOCATION.NAME THE
LOCATION AS 'DELHI'
b)PASS THE LOCATION THROUGH THE iSQL*PLUS SUBSTITUTION
VARIABLE.

SQL> define location='NRT';

declare
v_loc varchar2(30):='&location';
begin
update dept set loc=v_loc where deptno=50;
end;

SQL> select * from dept;

23)/*CREATE A PL/SQL BLOCK THAT DELETES THE DEPARTMENT NUMBER

50
a)USE THE DEFINE COMMAND TO PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT NUMBER
b)PASS THE VALUE TO THE PL/SQL BLOCK THROUGH A iSQL*PLUS
SUBSTITUTION
VARIABLE.PRINT TO THE SCREEN THE NUMBER OF ROWS AFFECTED*/

SQL> define p_deptno=50;

SQL> variable g_result varchar2(30)

declare
v_deptno number:=&p_deptno;
result varchar2(30);
begin
delete from dept where deptno=v_deptno;
result:=(sql%rowcount||(row(s) deleted');
:g_result:=result;
end;

SQL> print g_result;

SQL> select * from dept;

24)/*CREATE A PL/SQL BLOCK SUCH THAT IF THE EMPLOYEE NAME WAS

'SMITH' THEN SET THE MGR_ID TO 100*/

declare
p emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
select * into p from emp_dup where ename='SMITH';
if p.ename ='SMITH' then
p.mgr:=100;
update emp_dup set mgr=p.mgr where ename='SMITH';
end if;
end;

SQL> select * from emp_dup where ename='SMITH';

25)/*CREATE A PL/SQL BLOCK SUCH THAT IF THE EMPLOYEE NAME WAS

'SMITH' THEN SET THE DEPT_ID TO 80 AND JOB AS 'SA_REP'*/

declare
r emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
select * into r from emp_dup where ename='SMITH';
if r.ename='SMITH' then
r.job:='SA_REP';
r.deptno:=80;
update emp_dup set job=r.job where ename='SMITH';
update emp_dup set deptno=r.deptno where ename='SMITH';
end if;
end;

SQL> select * from emp_dup where ename='SMITH';

26)/*CREATE A PL/SQL BLOCK SUCH THAT IF THE EMPLOYEE NAME IS
'SMITH' AND ALSO THE EMPLOYEE SALARY IS LESS THAN 4000 THEN SET
THE DEPTNO TO 60*/

declare
p emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
select * into p from emp_dup where ename='SMITH';
if p.ename ='SMITH' and p.sal>4000 then
p.deptno:=60;
update emp_dup set deptno=p.deptno where ename='SMITH';
end if;
end;

SQL> select * from emp_dup where ename='SMITH';

27)/*IF THE DEPTNO WAS 60 OR THE HIREDATE IS GRATER THAN THE '01-
DEC-1999' FOR THE EMPLOYEE NAME WAS SMITH THEN SET THE MGR_ID
TO 101*/
declare
p emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
select * into p from emp_dup where ename='SMITH';
if p.deptno=60 or p.hiredate>'01-dec-1999' then
p.mgr:=101;
update emp_dup set mgr=p.mgr where ename='SMITH';
end if;
end;

SQL> select * from emp_dup where ename='SMITH';

28)/*THE VALUE IS ACCEPTED FROM THE USER USING A SUBSTITUTION

VARIABLE. BASED ON THE VALUE ENTERED BY THE USER,THE PL/SQL
BLOCK EVALUTES THE VALUE OF THE V_APPRAISAL ON THE VALUE OF
THE V_GRADE VALUE*/

declare
v_grade varchar2(5):=('&p_grade');
v_apprisal varchar2(15);
begin
if v_grade='A' then
v_apprisal:='EXCELLENT';
elsif v_grade='B' then
v_apprisal:='VERY GOOD';
elsif v_grade='C' then
v_apprisal:='GOOD';
elsif v_grade='D' then
v_apprisal:='BAD';
end if;
dbms_output.put_line('THE APPRISAL CATEGORY WAS'||v_apprisal);
end;

29)/*INSERTING THE VALUES OF THE DEPARTMENT BY USING THE BASIC

LOOP*/
declare
v_deptid number;
v_loc varchar2(15):='NRT';
v_dname varchar2(15):='CREDIT';
v_counter number:=1;
begin
select max(deptno) into v_deptid from dept;
loop
insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc) values((v_deptid+v_counter),v_dname,v_loc);
v_counter:=v_counter+1;
exit when v_counter>3;
end loop;
end;

SQL>SELECT * FROM DEPT;

30)/*INSERTING THE VALUES OF THE EMPLOYEES BY USING THE WHILE

LOOP*/
declare
v_counter number:=1;
v_ename varchar2(15):='GVREDDY';
v_job varchar2(15):='SRINU';
v_empno number;
begin
select max(empno) into v_empno from emp_dup;
while v_counter<=3 loop
insert into emp_dup(empno,ename,job) values((v_empno+v_counter),
v_ename,v_job);
v_counter:=v_counter+1;
end loop;
end;

SQL>SELECT * FROM EMP_DUP;

31)/*INSERTING THE VALUES OF THE DEPT TABLE USING THE FOR
LOOP*/
declare
v_deptno number;
v_dname varchar2(15):='DEBIT';
v_loc varchar2(15):='GUNTUR';
begin
select max(deptno) into v_deptno from dept;
for i in 1..3
loop
insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc) values((v_deptno+i),v_dname,v_loc);
end loop;
end;

SQL>SELECT * FROM DEPT;

32)/*a)CREATE THE MESSAGE TABLE WITH RESULTS AS ONE

COLUMN.WRITE A PL/SQL BLOCK TO INSERT NUMBERS INTO THE
MESSAGES TABLE
b)INSERT THE NUMBERS 1 TO 10,EXCLUDING 6 AND 8
c)COMMIT BEFORE THE END OF THE BLOCK
d)SELECT THE MESSAGES TABLE TO VERIFY THAT YOUR PL/SQL BLOCK
WORKED*/

begin
for i in 1..5
loop
insert into messages values(i);
end loop;
insert into messages values(7);
for i in 9..10
loop
insert into messages values(i);
end loop;
commit;
end;

SQL> select * from messages;

CURSORS

1)/*RETRIEVING THE FIRST 8 RECORDS OF THE EMP_DUP TABLE BY

USING THE CURSORS*/

declare
cursor emp_cursor is select empno,ename from emp_dup;
r emp_cursor%rowtype;
begin
open emp_cursor;
loop
fetch emp_cursor into r;
dbms_output.put_line('THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS WAS'||r.empno||r.ename);
exit when emp_cursor%rowcount>=8;
end loop;
close emp_cursor;
end;

2)/*RETRIEVING THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE DEPARTMENT

WAS 20 USING THE CURSORS*/

declare
cursor dept_cursor is select * from emp_dup where deptno=20;
r emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
open dept_cursor;
loop
fetch dept_cursor into r;
dbms_output.put_line('THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS FOR DEPT20 WAS'||r.empno||' '
||r.ename||' '||r.job||' '||r.sal||r.deptno);
exit when dept_cursor%rowcount>=5;
end loop;
close dept_cursor;
end;

3)/*RETRIEVING THE FIRST 10 RECORD OF THE EMPLOYEE TABLE USING

CURSORS*/

declare
cursor emp_10 is select empno,ename from emp_dup;
r emp_10%rowtype;
begin
open emp_10;
loop
fetch emp_10 into r;
dbms_output.put_line('THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS WAS'||r.empno||' '||r.ename);
exit when emp_10%rowcount>=10;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('THE NO OF RECORDS DISPLAYED ARE'||
emp_10%rowcount);
close emp_10;
end;

4)/*RETRIEVING THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE

TABLE AND INSERTING INTO TEMP_LIST TABLE BY USING CURORS AND
RECORDS*/

declare
cursor temp_insert is select empno,ename from emp_dup;
emp_record temp_insert%rowtype;
begin
open temp_insert;
loop
fetch temp_insert into emp_record;
exit when temp_insert%notfound;
insert into temp_list(empid,tname) values(emp_record.empno,emp_record.ename);
end loop;
close temp_insert;
end;

5)/*RETRIEVING THE EMPLOYEE RECORDS FOR DEPARTMENT 20 USING

CURSOR FOR LOOPS*/

declare
cursor emp_cur is select deptno,ename from emp_dup where deptno=20;
begin
for emp_record in emp_cur
loop
dbms_output.put_line('THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS WAS'||emp_record.deptno||
' '||emp_record.ename);
exit when emp_cur%notfound;
end loop;
end;

6)/*RETRIEVING THE EMPLOYEE RECORDS FOR DEPARTMENT 20 USING

CURSOR FOR LOOP SUBQUERY*/

begin
for emp_rec in (select empno,ename,job,deptno from emp_dup where
deptno=20)
loop
dbms_output.put_line('THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS WAS'||emp_rec.empno||' '
||emp_rec.ename||' '||emp_rec.job||' '||emp_rec.deptno);
exit when sql%notfound;
end loop;
end;

7)/*RETRIEVING THE FIRST FIVE EMPLOYEES WITH A JOB HISTORY*/

declare
cursor emp_job is select * from emp_dup;
r emp_job%rowtype;
begin
open emp_job;
loop
fetch emp_job into r;
dbms_output.put_line('EMPLOYEE #:'||r.empno||'held the job of'
||r.job||'from'||r.hiredate);
exit when emp_job%rowcount>5;
end loop;
close emp_job;
end;

8)/*
a) Firstly create a top_dogs table with salary as column
b) Use the define command to provide the value of n for displaying thetop earners(n)
of the company
c) In a loop use the isql*plus substitution parameter created and gatherthe salaries of
the top n people from the employees table.there should be no duplication in the
salaries.if the two employees earn the samesalary,the salary should be picked up only
once
d) Store the salaries in the top_dogs table*/

declare
cursor emp_sal is select distinct sal from emp_dup order by sal desc;
r emp_dup.sal%type;
begin
open emp_sal;
loop
fetch emp_sal into r;
dbms_output.put_line('THE TOP SALARY WISE'||r);
insert into top_dogs(salary) values(r);
exit when emp_sal%rowcount>&order_sal;
end loop;
close emp_sal;
end;
9)/*UPDATING THE SALARY FOR 10% THOSE SALARIES ARE LESS THAN
3000
BY USING "UPDATE OF" CLAUSE AND WHERE "CURRENT OF" IN THE
CURSORS*/

declare
cursor upd_curr is select e.empno,e.ename,e.job,e.sal,
d.deptno,d.loc,d.dname from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno and
d.deptno=30 for update of sal NOWAIT;
begin
for emp_rec in upd_curr
loop
if emp_rec.sal<3000 then
update emp set sal=emp_rec.sal*1.10 where current of upd_curr;
end if;
end loop;
end;

10)/*FOR GETTING INTO THE DISPLAY OF THE DEPT AND EMP TABLES
TOGETHERLY*/
declare
cursor emp_dept is select d.deptno,d.dname,e.ename,e.job,
e.hiredate,e.sal from emp e,dept_id d where e.deptno=d.deptno;
begin
for emp_record in emp_dept
loop
if emp_record.deptno <>30 then
dbms_output.put_line('departmentnumber:'||emp_record.deptno||
'department name'||emp_record.dname);
end if;
end loop;
for emp_record in emp_dept
loop
if emp_record.deptno<>30 then
dbms_output.put_line(emp_record.ename||emp_record.job||emp_record.hiredate
||emp_record.sal);
end if;
end loop;
for emp_record in emp_dept
loop
if emp_record.deptno=30 then
dbms_output.put_line('departmentnumber:'||emp_record.deptno||
'department name'||emp_record.dname);
end if;
end loop;
for emp_record in emp_dept
loop
if emp_record.deptno=30 then
dbms_output.put_line(emp_record.ename||emp_record.job||emp_record.hiredate
||emp_record.sal);
end if;
end loop;
end;

11)/*ANOTHER TYPE OF THE SAME ABOVE PROBLEM*/

declare
cursor emp_dept is select distinct d.deptno,d.dname,e.ename,e.job,
e.hiredate,e.sal from emp e,dept_id d where e.deptno=d.deptno;
a dept_id.deptno%type;
b dept_id.dname%type;
begin
select d.deptno,d.dname into a,b from dept_id d where deptno =10;
dbms_output.put_line('departmentnumber:'||a||
'department name'||b);
select d.deptno,d.dname into a,b from dept_id d where deptno =20;
dbms_output.put_line('departmentnumber:'||a||
'department name'||b);
for emp_record in emp_dept
loop
if emp_record.deptno<>30 then
dbms_output.put_line(emp_record.ename||emp_record.job||emp_record.hiredate
||emp_record.sal);
end if;
end loop;
select d.deptno,d.dname into a,b from dept_id d where deptno =30;
dbms_output.put_line('departmentnumber:'||a||
'department name'||b);
for emp_record in emp_dept
loop
if emp_record.deptno=30 then
dbms_output.put_line(emp_record.ename||emp_record.job||emp_record.hiredate
||emp_record.sal);
end if;
end loop;
end;
PROCEDURE

1)----------PROCEDURE--------------------------------------------------------------------------
create or replace procedure get_order_lines(order_number in number,output1 out
varchar2) as
cursor c2(header_id in number) is select line_number, substr(ordered_item,1,20)
item,ordered_quantity,unit_selling_price from oe_order_lines_all oel
where HEADER_ID = header_id;
line_number number(10);
ordered_item varchar2(25);
ordered_qty number(10);
unit_selling_price number(10);
HEADER_ID NUMBER(10);
begin
SELECT HEADER_ID INTO HEADER_ID FROM OE_ORDEr_HEADERS_ALL
WHERE ORDER_NUMBER = ORDER_NUMBER;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(HEADER_ID);
open c2(HEADER_ID);
loop
fetch c2 into line_number,ordered_item,ordered_qty,unit_selling_price;
dbms_output.put_line(line_number||' '||ordered_item||' '||ordered_qty||' '||
unit_selling_price);
output1:= line_number||' '||ordered_item||' '||ordered_qty||' '||unit_selling_price ;
end loop;
close c2;
exception
when no_data_found
then null;
end;

2)-------------PROCEDURE------------------------------------------------------------------------
create or replace procedure get_header_id(order_number number, output2 out number) is
header_id number(10);
ord_number number(10);
begin
select order_number into ord_number from dual;
select header_id into header_id from oe_order_headers_all where order_number=
ord_number;
dbms_output.put_line(header_id);
output2 := header_id;
end;

3)-------------PROCEDURE------------------------------------------------------------------------
create or replace procedure get_order_lines(header_id in number,output1 out varchar2) as
head_id number(10);
line_number number(10);
ordered_item varchar2(25);
ordered_qty number(10);
unit_selling_price number(10);
order_amnt number(15);
BEGIN
select header_id into head_id from dual;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(HEAD_ID);
select line_number,substr(ordered_item,1,20)
item,ordered_quantity,unit_selling_price,nvl((ordered_quantity*unit_selling_price),0)
Amount into line_number,ordered_item,ordered_qty,unit_selling_price,order_amnt from
oe_order_lines_all
where header_id = head_id ;
dbms_output.put_line(line_number||' '||ordered_item||' '||ordered_qty||' '||
unit_selling_price||' '||order_amnt);
output1:= line_number||' '||ordered_item||' '||ordered_qty||' '||unit_selling_price||' '||
order_amnt ;
exception
when NO_DATA_FOUND
then null;
end;
1)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
a number;
begin
select sal
into a
FROM emp
where empno = 7839;

dbms_output.put_line(a);
EXCEPTION
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;

2)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
a emp%rowtype;
begin
select *
into a
from emp
where empno =7788;
dbms_output.put_line('empno' || a.empno);
dbms_output.put_line('enmae' || a.ename);
dbms_output.put_line('sal' || a.sal);
exception
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;

3)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
my_grade salgrade.grade%type;
my_losal salgrade.losal%type;
my_hisal salgrade.hisal%type;
begin
select grade, losal, hisal
into my_grade,my_losal,my_hisal
FROM salgrade
where grade = 3;
dbms_output.put_line(my_grade||' '||my_losal||' '||my_hisal);
EXCEPTION
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;
4)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
x number:=20;
y number:=10;
begin
declare
x number:=5;
z number:=99;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('x='||x||' '||'y='||y||' '||'z='||z);
end;
dbms_output.put_line('x='||x||' '||'y='||y);
end;

5)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<<outer>>
declare
x number:=20;
begin
<<inner>>
declare
x number:=5;
begin
<<deep>>
declare
x number:=7;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('x='||x||' '||'Outer x='||outer.x||' '||'Inner x='||
Inner.x);
end;
end;
end;

6)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
a number;
begin
select sal
into a
FROM emp
where empno = 7777;
dbms_output.put_line(a);
EXCEPTION
when NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Caught NDF exception');
 when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;

7)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
name varchar2(30):='&Name';
ct number := 1;
begin
loop
exit when ct = 10;
dbms_output.put_line(ct||' '||name);
ct := ct + 1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('Alias out of the loop!!');
end;

8)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
name varchar2(30):='GVREDDY';
ct number := 1;
begin
while ct <> 10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(ct||' '||name);
ct := ct + 1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('Alias out of the loop!!');
end;

9)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
name varchar2(30):='GVREDDY';
begin
for ct in 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(ct||' '||name);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('Alias out of the loop!!');
end;

10)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
name varchar2(30):='GVREDDY';
begin
for ct in REVERSE 1..9
 loop
dbms_output.put_line(ct||' '||name);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('Alias out of the loop!!');
end;

11)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
name varchar2(30):='&Name';
begin
for ct in reverse 1..9
loop
dbms_output.put_line(ct||' '||name);
return; --Is equivalent of "exit" in C.
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('Alias out of the loop!!');
end;

12)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin
for i in 1..5
loop
for j in 1..5
loop
for k in 1..5
loop
exit when k = 3;
dbms_output.put_line(i||' '||j||' '||k);
end loop;
end loop;
end loop;
end;
13)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin
<<outer>>
for i in 1..5
loop
for j in 1..5
loop
for k in 1..5
loop
exit outer when k = 3;
dbms_output.put_line(i||' '||j||' '||k);
end loop;
end loop;
end loop;
end;
14)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin
for i in 1..5
loop
for j in 1..5
loop
dbms_output.put(j*i||' ');
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(' ');
end loop;
end;

15)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin
for i in (select * from emp)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.empno||' '||i.ename||' '||i.job);
end loop;
end;

16)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
gender varchar2(1) := '&Gender';
begin
if gender = 'F' then
dbms_output.put_line('Hello Mam.');
elsif gender = 'M' then
dbms_output.put_line('Hello Sir.');
else
dbms_output.put_line('Invalid Option.');
end if;
end;

17)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
a number := 10;
b number := 20;
c number:=30;
begin
if a > b then
if a > c then
dbms_output.put_line(a||' is greatest.');
else
dbms_output.put_line(c||' is greatest.');
end if;
 else
if b > c then
dbms_output.put_line(b||' is greatest.');
else
dbms_output.put_line(c||' is greatest.');
end if;
end if;
end;

18)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
v_dummy varchar2(1);
begin
dbms_output.put_line('start111111');
select 'y' into v_dummy
from gl_je_categories
where rtrim(user_je_category_name) = rtrim('allocation ') or
rtrim(user_je_category_name) = rtrim('budget');

exception
when no_data_found then
-- v_error_flag := 'y';
--v_error_message:= substr(v_error_message||',invalid
category',1,240);
--fnd_file.put_line(fnd_file.log,'category is invalid for the line: '||
p_journal_id);
dbms_output.put_line('there is an exception!!!!');
when others then
dbms_output.put_line('****'||substr(sqlerrm,1,100));
--fnd_file.put_line(fnd_file.log,v_sqlerrm);
--fnd_file.put_line(fnd_file.log,'exception in validating category');
--app_exception.raise_exception;
end;

19)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
below_cr_lt EXCEPTION;
my_sal number;
begin
select sal into my_sal from emp
where empno = 7839;

if my_sal < 6000 then

raise below_cr_lt;
end if;
exception
 when below_cr_lt then
dbms_output.put_line('Sorry!!!');
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;

20)-----------------TABLE TYPE (A)---------------------------------------------------------------

declare
type ty_tab is table of number;
v_tab ty_tab := ty_tab();
begin
for i in 1..50
loop
v_tab.extend;
v_tab(i) := (i);
end loop;
v_tab.delete(5); v_tab.delete(10); v_tab.delete(15);
for i in v_tab.first..v_tab.last
loop
if v_tab.exists(i) then
dbms_output.put_line(i||' '||v_tab(i));
else
dbms_output.put_line(i||' has been deleted.');
end if;
end loop;
end;

20)-----------------TABLE TYPE (B)---------------------------------------------------------------

create or replace type vtype1 as object
(pno varchar2(20),pdesc varchar2(20),udm number,
price number);
create or replace type vendor1 as table of vtype1;
create table vendor_master (ven_code varchar2(20),
ven_name varchar2(20) ,prod_details vendor1)
nested table prod_details
store as vtemp;
insert into vendor_master values
(
'v001','HCL',
vendor1
(
vtype1('p001','XYZ',5,100),
vtype1('p002','ABC',6,150),
vtype1('p003','PQR',7,200)
) );
insert into vendor_master values
(
'v002','WIPRO',
vendor1
(
vtype1('p004','XYZ',5,100),
vtype1('p005','ABC',6,150),
vtype1('p006','PQR',7,200)
)
);

22)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select
length(ename) -length(translate(ename,'1aeiouAEIOU','1')), ename
from emp

23)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
gn number(3) := &Number_Please;
lt number(2) := gn / 2;
ct number(2) := 3;
begin
if gn = 2 or gn = 3 then
goto prime;
elsif mod(gn,2) = 0 then
goto noprime;
else
while (ct <= lt)
loop
if mod(gn,ct) = 0 then
goto noprime;
end if;
ct := ct + 2;
end loop;
goto prime;
end if;
<<noprime>>
dbms_output.put_line(gn||' is not prime.');
goto pend;
<<prime>>
dbms_output.put_line(gn||' is prime.');
<<pend>>
null;
end;
24)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
cursor c1 is select * from dept;
drec dept%rowtype;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into drec;
exit when c1%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line(drec.dname||' '||drec.loc||' '||drec.deptno);
end loop;
close c1;
end;

25)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
cursor c1 is select * from dept;
drec dept%rowtype;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into drec;
exit when c1%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line(drec.dname||' '||drec.loc||' '||drec.deptno);
end loop;
close c1;
dbms_output.put_line('===============================');
FOR I IN C1
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(I.dname||' '||I.loc||' '||I.deptno);
END LOOP;
end;

26)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
cursor c1(d number) is select * from emp where deptno = d;
cursor c2 is select * from dept;
begin
for i in c2
loop

dbms_output.put_line('==============================================');
dbms_output.put_line(i.deptno||' '||i.dname||' '||i.loc);

dbms_output.put_line('==============================================');
 for j in c1(i.deptno)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(j.ename||' '||j.job||''||j.sal);
end loop;
end loop;
end;

27)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
tn varchar2(30) := '&Table_Name';
cn varchar2(30) := '&Column_Name';
type refCursorType is ref cursor;
rcv refCursorType;
str varchar2(30);
val varchar2(30);
begin
dbms_output.put_line(cn);
str := 'Select '||cn||' from '||tn;
open rcv for str;
loop
fetch rcv into val;
exit when rcv%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(val);
end loop;
close rcv;
end;

28)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
n ff.a%type;
begin
insert into ff(a)
values
(98);
commit;
select a into n
from ff
where a = 98;
dbms_output.put_line(n);
exception
when DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX then
dbms_output.put_line('Insertion failed as such a value already exists.');
when NO_DATA_FOUND then
dbms_output.put_line('No such number.');
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;

29)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
cursor c1 is select * from dept;
drec dept%rowtype;
begin
open c1;
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into drec;
exit when c1%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(drec.dname||' '||drec.loc||' '||drec.deptno);
end loop;
close c1;
exception
when CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN then
dbms_output.put_line('Forgot!! You have an open cursor.');
when INVALID_CURSOR then
dbms_output.put_line('Hey!!! You have not opened the cursor.');
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;

30)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
cursor c1 is select * from dept;
drec dept%rowtype;
begin
open c1;
if c1%ISOPEN then
dbms_output.put_line('Cursor is open.');
else
dbms_output.put_line('Cursor has to be opened.');
end if;

loop
fetch c1 into drec;
exit when c1%rowcount = 3;
dbms_output.put_line(drec.dname||' '||drec.deptno);
end loop;

close c1;
end;
31)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--create table acct (bal number, no number);
--insert into acct(bal, no) values(345, 2);
declare
min_bal constant number := 500;
over_drawn exception;
withdrawl_amt number := 1000;
mybal number;
begin
select bal into mybal
from acct
where no = 2;

if mybal - withdrawl_amt < 500 then

raise over_drawn;
else
update acct set bal = bal - withdrawl_amt
where no = 2;
commit;
end if;
exception
when over_drawn then
dbms_output.put_line('Sorry!! sir/madam minimum balance is Rs.500/-.');
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;

31) A---------DOING THE DML OPERATIONS BY USING

EXCEPTIONS-----------
declare
r emp_dup%rowtype;
begin
select * into r from emp_dup where empno=7463;
if r.sal>2000 then
r.sal:=r.sal/(r.sal-r.comm);
update emp set sal=r.sal where empno=7463;
dbms_output.put_line('THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS WAS'||r.empno||r.ename||
r.job||r.sal||r.comm||r.deptno);
end if;
exception
when no_data_found then
insert into emp_dup(empno,ename,job,sal,comm,deptno)
values(7463,'chsr','manager',8000,8000,40);
when too_many_rows then
delete from emp_dup where empno=7463;
when zero_divide then
update emp_dup set sal=r.sal+1000 where empno=7463;
end;

31) B------------------ANOTHER USER-DEFINED

EXCEPTION--------------------------
declare
r emp_dup%rowtype;
moresal exception;
begin
select * into r from emp_dup where empno=7463;
if r.sal>2000 then
raise moresal;
end if;
exception
when no_data_found then
insert into emp_dup(empno,ename,job,sal,comm,deptno)
values(7463,'chsr','manager',8000,8000,40);
when too_many_rows then
delete from emp_dup where empno=7463;
when zero_divide then
update emp_dup set sal=r.sal+1000 where empno=7463;
when moresal then
dbms_output.put_line('THE SALARY WAS MORE THAN EXPECTED');
end;

32)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin
lock table acct in exclusive mode nowait;
exception
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;

33)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
table_locked exception;
pragma exception_init(table_locked, -00054);
begin
lock table acct in exclusive mode nowait;
exception
when table_locked then
dbms_output.put_line('The table is locked. Please try after some time.');
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;
34)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--create table ratio(a number, b number, r number)
--insert into ratio(a, b, r) values (4,5,6);
--commit;
declare
cursor c1 is select * from ratio for update;
rrec ratio%rowtype;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into rrec;
exit when c1%notfound;
begin
update ratio set r = rrec.a / rrec.b
where current of c1;
commit;
exception
when ZERO_DIVIDE then
update ratio set r = 0 where current of c1;
commit;
end;
end loop;
close c1;
end;
/

35)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
no_data_found exception;
n number;
begin
select sal into n
from emp
where empno = 7777;
dbms_output.put_line('Employee no 7777 is drawing'||n);
exception
when standard.no_data_found or no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('Caught no data found');
when others then
dbms_output.put_line('Caught others exception');
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;
36)--------------------Procedures---------------------------------------------------------------------
create or replace procedure Playwin(no in number, prize out number) as
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Your ticket Number is '||no);
dbms_output.put_line('You have got a prize!! Keep Playing...');
prize := ((no / 3) * 24 )+ 4 ;
end;
/
=================36 X==========================================
declare
tno number:= 123456;
prize number;
begin
playwin(tno, prize);
dbms_output.put_line('You have become '||prize||' pati.');
end;

37)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create or replace function CompInt(pri in number
,noy in number
,roi in number)
return number
is
ci number;
begin
ci := pri * power((1 + roi/100),noy);
dbms_output.put_line('ci '||ci);
return ci;
end;
=============37 X==========================================
declare
c number;
begin
c := CompInt(100,1,10);
dbms_output.put_line('The compound interest = '||c);
end;

38)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create or replace procedure CalTot(up number, qty number, runtot in out number)
as
begin
runtot := runtot + (up * qty);
end;
=============37 X===========================================
declare
total number := 0;
HamamQ number := 7;
HamamP number := 10;
BaboolQ number := 3;
BaboolP number := 16;
HuggyQ number := 1;
HuggyP number := 80;
begin
CalTot(HamamP, HamamQ, Total);
dbms_output.put_line('Total so far (Hamam) '||Total);
CalTot(BaboolP, BaboolQ, Total);
dbms_output.put_line('Total so far (Hamam,Babool) '||Total);
CalTot(HuggyP, HuggyQ, Total);
dbms_output.put_line('Total so far (Grand) '||Total);
end;

39)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create or replace procedure Greet(n number default 5)
is
begin
for i in 1..n
loop
dbms_output.put_line('Greetings!!!');
end loop;
end;
===============40 X===========================================
begin
Greet(7);
end;

40)-------------------------------Packages-(spec)-------------------------------------------------
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_actions AS -- spec
TYPE EmpRecTyp IS RECORD (emp_id INTEGER, salary REAL);
CURSOR desc_salary RETURN EmpRecTyp;
PROCEDURE hire_employee (
ename VARCHAR2,
job VARCHAR2,
mgr NUMBER,
sal NUMBER,
comm NUMBER,
deptno NUMBER);
 PROCEDURE fire_employee (emp_id NUMBER);
END emp_actions;

============Body=============================================
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_actions AS -- body
CURSOR desc_salary RETURN EmpRecTyp IS
SELECT empno, sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal DESC;
PROCEDURE hire_employee (
ename VARCHAR2,
job VARCHAR2,
mgr NUMBER,
sal NUMBER,
comm NUMBER,
deptno NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (empno_seq.NEXTVAL, ename, job,
mgr, SYSDATE, sal, comm, deptno);
END hire_employee;
PROCEDURE fire_employee (emp_id NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno = emp_id;
END fire_employee;
END emp_actions;

=============40 X ===========================================
declare
begin
--emp_actions.hire_employee('Akash','Analyst',7839,4999,null,10);
emp_actions.fire_employee(5);
end;
/

41)----------------------Spec---------------------------------------------------------------------------
create or replace package ox as
function add(a number, b number) return number;
function add(a varchar2, b varchar2) return varchar2;
function add(a number, b varchar2) return varchar2;
function add(a varchar2, b number) return varchar2;
end;
===============Body============================================
create or replace package body ox as
function add( a number, b number ) return number
is
begin
return (a + b);
end;
function add(a varchar2, b varchar2) return varchar2
is
begin
return a||b;
end;
function add(a varchar2, b number) return varchar2
is
begin
return a||b;
end;
function add(a number, b varchar2) return varchar2
is
begin
return a||b;
end;
end ox;
================41 X============================================
declare
A NUMBER := 12345;
B NUMBER := 56789;
C VARCHAR2(30) := 'RAM ';
D VARCHAR2(30) := ' LAKSHMAN';
RES VARCHAR2(20);
RESN NUMBER;
BEGIN
RESN := OX.ADD(A,B);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RESN);
RES := OX.ADD(A,C);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RES);
RES := OX.ADD(D,A);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RES);
RES := OX.ADD(C, D);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RES);
END;
/
42)--------------------------X--------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
begin
bt.create_acct('ahmed',5000039);
for i in (select * from acct)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.acctno||' '||i.name||' '||i.bal);
end loop;
bt.deposit(1, 50000);
for i in (select * from acct)
loop
 dbms_output.put_line(i.acctno||' '||i.name||' '||i.bal);
end loop;
bt.withdrawl(1, 25000);
for i in (select * from acct)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.acctno||' '||i.name||' '||i.bal);
end loop;
end;
/

43)-------
Triggers--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> CREATE TABLE ABC(A NUMBER , B DATE);

Table created.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER ABC_TR

2 BEFORE INSERT ON ABC
3 FOR EACH ROW
4 BEGIN
5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('A REC IS BEING INSERTED.');
6 END;
7 /

Trigger created.

SQL> SET SERVEROUT ON

SQL> INSERT INTO ABC(A,B) VALUES (1, SYSDATE);
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.

1 row created.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER ABC_DEL_TR

2 AFTER DELETE ON ABC
3 BEGIN
4 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('TABLE IS BEING DELETED.');
5 END;
6 /

Trigger created.

SQL> DELETE ABC;

TABLE IS BEING DELETED.

1 row deleted.
SQL> INSERT INTO ABC
2 SELECT EMPNO, HIREDATE
3 FROM EMP;
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.
A REC IS BEING INSERTED.

16 rows created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> DELETE ABC;

TABLE IS BEING DELETED.

16 rows deleted.

SQL> roll
Rollback complete.
SQL> SELECT * FROM ABC;

AB
--------- ---------
7935
7936 28-NOV-05
7369 17-DEC-80
7499 20-FEB-81
7521 22-FEB-81
7566 02-APR-81
7654 28-SEP-81
7698 01-MAY-81
7782 09-JUN-81
 7788 09-DEC-82
7839 17-NOV-81
7844 08-SEP-81
7876 12-JAN-83
7900 03-DEC-81
7902 03-DEC-81
7934 23-JAN-82

16 rows selected.

SQL> CREATE TABLE ABC_BAK

2 AS
3 SELECT * FROM ABC WHERE 0=9;

Table created.

Trigger Sequence
pre-block
pre-record
pre-text-item
when-new-record-instance
when-new-item-instance
when-validate-item
post-text-item
when-validate-record
post-record
post-block
NESTED TABLES

step1:creation of a type

create type btype1 as object

(bno number, bname varchar2(20),
author varchar2(20));

step2:creation of table of the above type

create type btype1 as object

(bno number, bname varchar2(20),
author varchar2(20));

step3:creation of parent table

create type btype1 as object

(bno number, bname varchar2(20),
author varchar2(20));

step4:inserting the data

create type btype1 as object

(bno number, bname varchar2(20),
author varchar2(20));

create type btype1 as object

(bno number, bname varchar2(20),
author varchar2(20));

step5: selecting

select s.bdetails from empbook s where empno=1002

SQL LOADER

What is SQL*Loader and what is it used for?

SQL*Loader is a bulk loader utility used for moving data from external files into the
Oracle database. Its syntax is similar to that of the DB2 Load utility, but comes with
more options. SQL*Loader supports various load formats, selective loading, and multi-
table loads.

How does one use the SQL*Loader utility?

One can load data into an Oracle database by using the sqlldr (sqlload on some platforms)
utility. Invoke the utility without arguments to get a list of available parameters.
Look at the following example:
sqlldr scott/tiger control=loader.ctl

This sample control file (loader.ctl) will load an external data file containing delimited
data:
load data
infile 'c:\data\mydata.csv'
into table emp ( empno, empname, sal, deptno )
fields terminated by "," optionally enclosed by '"'

The mydata.csv file may look like this:

10001,"Scott Tiger", 1000, 40
10002,"Frank Naude", 500, 20

Another Sample control file with in-line data formatted as fix length records.
The trick is to specify "*" as the name of the data file, and use BEGINDATA to
start the data section in the control file.

load data
infile *
replace
into table departments
( dept position (02:05) char(4),
deptname position (08:27) char(20)
)
begindata
COSC COMPUTER SCIENCE
ENGL ENGLISH LITERATURE
MATH MATHEMATICS
POLY POLITICAL SCIENCE
Is there a SQL*Unloader to download data to a flat file?
Oracle does not supply any data unload utilities. However, you can use SQL*Plus
to select and format your data and then spool it to a file:
set echo off newpage 0 space 0 pagesize 0 feed off head off trimspool on
spool oradata.txt
select col1 || ',' || col2 || ',' || col3
from tab1
where col2 = 'XYZ';
spool off

Alternatively use the UTL_FILE PL/SQL package:

rem Remember to update initSID.ora, utl_file_dir='c:\oradata' parameter
declare
fp utl_file.file_type;
begin
fp := utl_file.fopen('c:\oradata','tab1.txt','w');
utl_file.putf(fp, '%s, %s\n', 'TextField', 55);
utl_file.fclose(fp);
end;
/

You might also want to investigate third party tools like TOAD or ManageIT Fast
Unloader from CA to help you unload data from Oracle.

Can one load variable and fix length data records?

Yes, look at the following control file examples. In the first we will load delimited
data (variable length):
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE load_delimited_data
FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
TRAILING NULLCOLS
( data1,
data2
)
BEGINDATA
11111,AAAAAAAAAA
22222,"A,B,C,D,"

If you need to load positional data (fixed length), look at the following control file
example:
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE load_positional_data
 ( data1 POSITION(1:5),
data2 POSITION(6:15)
)
BEGINDATA
11111AAAAAAAAAA
22222BBBBBBBBBB

Can one skip header records load while loading?

Use the "SKIP n" keyword, where n = number of logical rows to skip. Look at this
example:
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE load_positional_data
SKIP 5
( data1 POSITION(1:5),
data2 POSITION(6:15)
)
BEGINDATA
11111AAAAAAAAAA
22222BBBBBBBBBB

Can one modify data as it loads into the database?

Data can be modified as it loads into the Oracle Database. Note that this only
applies for the conventional load path and not for direct path loads.
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE modified_data
( rec_no "my_db_sequence.nextval",
region CONSTANT '31',
time_loaded "to_char(SYSDATE, 'HH24:MI')",
data1 POSITION(1:5) ":data1/100",
data2 POSITION(6:15) "upper(:data2)",
data3 POSITION(16:22)"to_date(:data3, 'YYMMDD')"
)
BEGINDATA
11111AAAAAAAAAA991201
22222BBBBBBBBBB990112

LOAD DATA
INFILE 'mail_orders.txt'
BADFILE 'bad_orders.txt'
APPEND
INTO TABLE mailing_list
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ","
 ( addr,
city,
state,
zipcode,
mailing_addr "decode(:mailing_addr, null, :addr, :mailing_addr)",
mailing_city "decode(:mailing_city, null, :city, :mailing_city)",
mailing_state
)

Can one load data into multiple tables at once?

Look at the following control file:
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
REPLACE
INTO TABLE emp
WHEN empno != ' '
( empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
ename POSITION(6:15) CHAR,
deptno POSITION(17:18) CHAR,
mgr POSITION(20:23) INTEGER EXTERNAL
)
INTO TABLE proj
WHEN projno != ' '
( projno POSITION(25:27) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL
)

Can one selectively load only the records that one need?
Look at this example, (01) is the first character, (30:37) are characters 30 to 37:
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'mydata.dat' BADFILE 'mydata.bad' DISCARDFILE 'mydata.dis'
APPEND
INTO TABLE my_selective_table
WHEN (01) <> 'H' and (01) <> 'T' and (30:37) = '19991217'
(
region CONSTANT '31',
service_key POSITION(01:11) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
call_b_no POSITION(12:29) CHAR
)

Can one skip certain columns while loading data?

One cannot use POSTION(x:y) with delimited data. Luckily, from Oracle 8i one can
specify FILLER columns. FILLER columns are used to skip columns/fields in the load
file, ignoring fields that one does not want. Look at this example:
LOAD DATA
TRUNCATE INTO TABLE T1
 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
( field1,
field2 FILLER,
field3 )
How does one load multi-line records?
One can create one logical record from multiple physical records using one of the
following two clauses:

CONCATENATE: - use when SQL*Loader should combine the same number of

physical records
together to form one logical record.

CONTINUEIF - use if a condition indicates that multiple records should be treated as

one.
Eg. by having a '#' character in column 1.

How can get SQL*Loader to COMMIT only at the end of the load file?
One cannot, but by setting the ROWS= parameter to a large value, committing can be
reduced. Make sure you have big rollback segments ready when you use a high value for
ROWS=.

Can one improve the performance of SQL*Loader?

A very simple but easily overlooked hint is not to have any indexes and/or constraints
(primary key) on your load tables during the load process. This will significantly
slow down load times even with ROWS= set to a high value.

Add the following option in the command line: DIRECT=TRUE. This will effectively
bypass most of the RDBMS processing. However, there are cases when you can't use
direct load.
Refer to chapter 8 on Oracle server Utilities manual.

Turn off database logging by specifying the UNRECOVERABLE option. This option can
only be used with direct data loads.

Run multiple load jobs concurrently.

What is the difference between the conventional and direct path loader?
The conventional path loader essentially loads the data by using standard INSERT
statements.
The direct path loader (DIRECT=TRUE) bypasses much of the logic involved with that,
and loads directly into the Oracle data files. More information about the restrictions
of direct path loading can be obtain
1)-------------UTL FILE------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare
fh utl_file.file_type;
ln varchar2(300);
v_name varchar2(30);
v_job varchar2(30);
v_sal number(7,2);
pos1 number(2);
pos2 number(2);
begin
fh :=utl_file.fopen (
'd:\oracle\visdb\8.1.6\plsql\temp',
'a.lst',
'r');
loop
utl_file.get_line(fh, ln);
pos1 := instr(ln,',',1,1);
pos2 := instr(ln,',',1,2);
v_name := substr(ln,1,pos1-1);
v_job := substr(ln,pos1+1,pos2 - pos1 -1);
v_sal := rtrim(substr(ln,pos2+1));
insert into utlx
values
(v_name, v_job, v_sal);
-- dbms_output.put_line(v_name||' '||v_job||' '||v_sal);
end loop;
exception
when no_data_found then
utl_file.fclose(fh);
commit;
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm(sqlcode));
end;