Assignment

Name Muhammad Arsalan

Roll No FA09-Bec-058

Submitted to Engr.Waqar-un-Nisa
Engr.M.Aslam
 PUMPS
Water Pumps:-

Pumps are devices that cause the motion of a fluid, usually by generating a
change in pressure. Most pumps use mechanical motion to produce this
change in pressure. The motion is usually repetitive, and can be either
reciprocating or rotary.

Selection of a Pump:-

A water system needs to move the water produced from the source to its
customers. In almost all cases in Minnesota, the source is at a lower
elevation than the user so the water must be raised to a higher level. Some
type of pumping equipment must be used to generate the pressure for
raising the water to the higher elevation.
Many different types of pumps can be used with the selection
depending on the work that needs to be done. One type would be used for
transferring water from a well to a tower; another would be better suited for
pumping sludge containing a lime byproduct from a softening plant; still
another would be used for feeding a chemical into the water for treatment.
Among the considerations in selecting a pump are the maximum flow
needed in gallons per minute (gpm), the head it needs to pump against, and
the accuracy needed for flow control.

Centrifugal Pumps:-

It delivers a constant flow of water at a constant pressure for any given set
of conditions, the centrifugal pump is ideal for delivering water to customers.
Most well pumps are centrifugal pumps. They are ideal for use in the
distribution system since they do not produce pulsating surges of flow and
pressure. This pump operates on the theory of centrifugal force. As the
impeller rotates in the pump case, it tends to push water away from the
center of the rotation. As the water is pushed away from the center of the
impeller, additional water is pulled into the eye, or center, of the impeller.
The water that has been pushed to the outside of the impeller is removed
from the pump through the discharge piping. This water will have a pressure
that is determined by the pitch of the impeller and the speed at which the
impeller is turning.

Working Mechanism of a Centrifugal Pump:-

A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process

plant. Its purpose is to convert energy of a prime mover (a electric motor or
turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of
a fluid that is being pumped. The energy changes occur by virtue of two
main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute or diffuser. The impeller
is the rotating part that converts driver energy into the kinetic energy. The
volute or diffuser is the stationary part that converts the kinetic energy into
pressure energy.

Generation of Centrifugal Force

The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into eye (center) of a
revolving device known as an impeller. When the impeller rotates, it spins
the liquid sitting in the cavities between the vanes outward and provides
centrifugal acceleration. As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low-
pressure area is created causing more liquid to flow toward the inlet.
Because the impeller blades are curved, the fluid is pushed in a tangential
and radial direction by the centrifugal force. This force acting inside the
pump is the same one that keeps water inside a bucket that is rotating at the
end of a string.

Liquid flow path inside a centrifugal pump

Conversion of Kinetic Energy to Pressure Energy:-

The key idea is that the energy created by the centrifugal force is kinetic
energy. The amount of energy given to the liquid is proportional to the
velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The faster the impeller
revolves or the bigger the impeller is, then the higher will be the velocity of
the liquid at the vane tip and the greater the energy imparted to the liquid.
This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by
creating a resistance to the flow. The first resistance is created by the pump
volute (casing) that catches the liquid and slows it down. In the discharge
nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its velocity is converted to pressure
according to Bernoulli’s principle.
 Pump curves relate flow rate and pressure (head) developed by
the pump at different impeller sizes and rotational speeds. The centrifugal
pump operation should conform to the pump curves supplied by the
manufacturer. In order to read and understand the pump curves, it is very
important to develop a clear understanding of the terms used in the curves.

General Components of Centrifugal Pumps:-

A centrifugal pump has two main components:

I. A rotating component comprised of an impeller and a shaft
II. A stationary component comprised of a casing, casing cover, and
bearings.

The general components, both stationary and rotary, are depicted in Figure.
The main components are discussed in brief below. Figure shows these
parts on a
photograph of a pump in the field.

General components of Centrifugal Pump

Stationary Components:-
Casing:-

Casings are generally of two types: volute and circular. The impellers are
fitted inside the casings.
1. Volute casings:-

Volute casing build a higher head; circular casings are used for low head and
high capacity. As the area of the cross-section increases, the volute reduces
the speed of the liquid and increases the pressure of the liquid.
 2. Circular casing
Circular casing have stationary diffusion vanes surrounding the impeller
periphery that convert velocity energy to pressure energy. Conventionally,
the diffusers are applied to multi-stage pumps.

Suction and Discharge Nozzle:-

The suction and discharge nozzles are part of the casings itself. They
commonly
have the following configurations.

1. End suction/Top discharge

The suction nozzle is located at the end of, and concentric to, the shaft while
the discharge nozzle is located at the top of the case perpendicular to the
shaft. This pump is always of an overhung type and typically has lower
NPSHr because the liquid feeds directly into the impeller eye.
2. Top suction Top discharge nozzle
The suction and discharge nozzles are located at the top of the case
perpendicular to the shaft. This pump can either be an overhung type or
between-bearing type but is always a radially split case pump.
Seal Chamber and Stuffing Box:-

Seal chamber and Stuffing box both refer to a chamber, either integral with
or separate from the pump case housing that forms the region between the
shaft and casing where sealing media are installed. When the sealing is
achieved by means of a mechanical seal, the chamber is commonly referred
to as a Seal Chamber. When the sealing is achieved by means of packing,
the chamber is referred to as a Stuffing Box. Both the seal chamber and the
stuffing box have the primary function of protecting the pump against
leakage at the point where the shaft passes out through the pump pressure
casing. When the pressure at the bottom of the chamber is below
atmospheric, it prevents air leakage into the pump. When the pressure is
above atmospheric, the chambers prevent liquid leakage out of the pump.

Rotating Components:-
1. Impeller
The impeller is the main rotating part that provides the centrifugal
acceleration to the fluid. They are often classified in many ways.
Based on major direction of flow in reference to the axis of rotation
• Radial flow
• Axial flow
• Mixed flow
Based on suction type
• Single-suction: Liquid inlet on one side.
 • Double-suction: Liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from both
sides.
Based on mechanical construction
• Closed: Shrouds or sidewall enclosing the vanes.
• Open: No shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes.
• Semi-open or vortex type.

2. Shaft
The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the torques
encountered when starting and during operation while supporting the
impeller and other rotating parts. It must do this job with a deflection less
than the minimum clearance between the rotating and stationary parts.
Types of Centrifugal Pumps:-

Centrifugal pumps are used to move fluids through a system of pipes by the
use of a rotating impeller shaft. Fluid is accelerated by the impeller and flows
out to a diffuser. Fluids flow around the pump casing and deposit into rapidly
narrowing areas of pipe to build pressure. These pumps are designed for
high flows and consistent pressure through standard flow heads by creating
a vacuum at the impeller's center to continuously draw more liquid.
Single-Stage Radial Flow:-
With single-stage centrifugal pumps, the pump impeller draws liquid into the
impeller's center and forces it through the impeller vanes. As it exits the
shaft, it travels down the narrow vanes, increasing pressure in the pump and
generating strong flow. This is the most common form of centrifugal pump.
Multistage Centrifugal:-
Multistage pumps contain more than one impeller mounted on a common
shaft or using different shafts. Multistage pumps produce greater overall
pressure and discharge higher quantities of liquid. In the multistage, water
flows inward to the numerous impellers, speeding the flow of water into the
vanes and generating higher pressure than is capable with single-stage
pumps.
Magnetic Drive:-
Magnetic drive pumps use a magnetic field that joins a drive motor and
impeller to pump fluids and increase pressure. They are similar in design to
the single stage, but because of the magnetic field there is no need for a
long shaft, or seals between the motor and impeller. Leaks are virtually
eliminated as well as allowing significant reductions in internal
contamination, wear and friction loss. These are the most expensive types of
centrifugal pumps.
Mechanically Coupled:-
Mechanically coupled pumps use a rotating impeller driven by the shaft with
a motor connected by a strong seal. These are the least expensive
centrifugal pumps available for use, and offer only moderate pressure and
flow rates when compared to the other types. They are also the most prone
to leaks or damage.
Benefits of Centrifugal Pumps:-
The design of centrifugal pumps is simple and allows for quick installation,
easy repair and low maintenance. As a gravity-fed pump these are also self-
priming. Restricting fluid transfer controls the overall flow rate, and it can be
severely restricted for some time without damaging the pump as opposed to
other types of pumps. However, centrifugal pumps should never be run dry.

Applications:-

Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early

applications includes the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water.
Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air
conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical
movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.
Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes
and sizes: from very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid,
from high pressure to low pressure, and from high volume to low volume.

Priming a pump:-

Liquid and slurry pumps can lose prime and this will require the pump to be
primed by adding liquid to the pump and inlet pipes to get the pump started.
Loss of "prime" is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The
clearances and displacement ratios in pumps used for liquids and other more
viscous fluids cannot displace the air due to its lower density.

Pumps as water Suppliers:-

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water

pump, or 'pitcher pump'. It would be installed over a community water
well that was used by people in the days before piped water supplies.
In parts of the British Isles, it was often called "the parish pump". Although
such community pumps are no longer common, the expression "parish
pump" is still used. It derives from the kind of the chatter and conversation
that might be heard as people congregated to draw water from the
community water pump, and is now used to describe a place or forum where
matter of purely local interest is discussed.
Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more
prone to contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified,
consumption of it might lead to gastrointestinal or other water-borne
diseases.
Modern hand operated community pumps are considered the most
sustainable low cost option for safe water supply in resource poor settings,
often in rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump opens access to
deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety
of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps
like the Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy
to maintain with simple parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type
of pumps in some regions of Africa has diminished their utility for these
areas.