Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER SYSTEM

•Name the basic elements

of a computer system
•Architecture of digital
computer
•Explain the computer-
oriented control system
 PDA
Hand-held (HPC)

Desktop

Laptop/Notebook

Workstation

Server
 Basic Elements of a Computer
OUTPUT
DEVICE

INPUT
DEVICES

PROCESSOR
UNIT
Basic Elements of a Computer
P
R
U
O
INPUT N OUTPUT
C
DEVICES I DEVICES
E
•Mouse •VDU
S T
•Keyboard •Printer
S •Speaker
•Joystick
•scanner
O •plotter
R
HARDWARE
 Four functions of computer

Input Processing Output

Storage
 DEFINITION

A computer is an
electronic device
that executes the
instructions in a
program
 SOFTWARE
 OS
 windows 2003
 MS-DOS

 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Microsoft word
 Microsoft Excel
 etc
Computer Components:
Top Level View
COMPUTER SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
& BUSES

BAS
CPU / DATA
BAS
MICRO- ALAMAT
PROCE
SSOR CONTROL
BUS

INTERFACE
RAM ROM DEVICE

INPUT OUTPUT
DEVICES DEVICES
 MICROPROCESSOR
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

SERIAL
I/O

RESET ADD
RES
CPU PIC S RAM ROM DMAC UART PIO
DEC PARALLEL
CLOCK ODE I/O
R
 BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF A
COMPUTER

 CPU
 Cip memory – RAM ROM
 Address decoder chip
 Input and output interface chip : )
( PIO and UART )
 Direct memory access controller (DMAC)
 Programmable interrupt controller (PIC)
 Bus structure
Types of a computer

Mainframes

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Server
 Focus of this module
 This module is focus on the
control system that controlled
by a microcomputer or
controller system – also known
as computer-oriented control
system
Microcomputer
 Relatively small, inexpensive computer based
on a microprocessor chip
 Typically includes Personal computer
 Designed for business, scientific application,
hobbyist or for domestic use.
 Can execute millions of instruction per second
 May consist of CPU, RAM, ROM, Keyboard,
Video display etc
Microcontroller
 Single-chip IC that contains a
microprocessor , a memory and I/O
circuitry.
 Suitable for dedicated-application
system
 Cheaper
 Perform Arithmetic, logic and control
Microprocessor
 Is a single LSI chip
 Performs arithmetic, logic and control
 Contains ALU and CU
 CPU and microprocessor are
synonymous
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 COMPUTER-ORIENTED
CONTROL SYSTEM
 Means that the system is controlled
by computer(PC) or controller
 Usually , it is for process control
purposes
 3 elements involved :
INPUT PROCESS INPUT
 Types of computer-oriented
control system
 DCS (Distributed control system)
 PLC (Programmable Logic

Controller)
 PC (Personal Computer)

 Embedded controller
 COMPUTER
•it has a powerful CPU
GENERAL-
•For multiple application
PURPOSE system
COMPUTER
•Personal computer

•The system is dedicated

DEDICATED- to perform some particular
APPLICATION job
SYSTEM •Simple and Least cost
•Microwave
 DEDICATED-APPLICATION
SYSTEM
 Where the system is dedicated to
perform a single task or a single group
of tasks
 Examples : Microwave, ECU, Calculator
 A microcomputer/controller receives
input information
 Executes a sequence of instruction to
process the information
 Provides output
 Example of dedicated-application
system
Engine status Display System
 The input information (engine parameter:
temperature, oil pressure,etc) is converted to an
electrical quantity by some type of transducer.
 The electrical quantities are then converted to a
digital form to be inputted to the microcomputer
system (µC)
 The µC processes the input data
 Then outputs the information to the display panel
Engine parameter :
Temperature, Fuel consumption
rate, oil pressure

Display
Sensor ADC DAC panel
µC
 CONTROL SYSTEM
 Dedicated-application mostly
people called it as control
system
 Generally it has 2 categories :

1. closed system
2. open system
CLOSED SYSTEMS:
When designing a control system it is good  
practice to consider it as a number of stages. For
example;
A simple weather station can be looked upon as
the following;

                                                            

                                                            
 INPUT: PROCESS: OUTPUT:
The heat from the Data is received by The temperature
sun causes the the computer and levels are printed
temperature it is processed. out. This is one
sensor to produce The processed form of output.
data and this is data is displayed
sent to the on the monitor as
computer. a graph.

The temperature is constantly monitored and

this is called feedback. As long as the sensor
works, the computer processes and the
printer prints out - feed back is taking place.
 For example

An Automatic Sprinkler System

An automatic water sprinkler system has been
ordered by a farmer. The system must have
sensors that detect dry weather and turn on
water sprinklers to water valuable crops.
The company manufacturing the system have
decided that a starting point is to think in terms of
INPUT - PROCESS - OUTPUT and also include
FEEDBACK. The basic plan is set out below.
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
How will the What device(s) will This may be a
dryness of the be needed to sprinkler device
soil be sensed? control the output? which is turned
Perhaps an A computer could on when the
electrode can be monitor incoming computer
used. data and control the detects the need
output, a simple for water.
program will be
required.

FEEDBACK
Feedback is
constant as the
computer
continually checks
the moisture level of
the soil.
This is the layout to the systems diagram for the automatic
sprinkler system.

                                                                 
                                                        
The moisture sensor detects when the soil
is dry. The darlington pair is a simple
electronic device that amplifies the signal
sent by the sensors so that the computer
can read it. Without the darlington pair it is
possible that the signal from the sensor
could be too weak to be read by the
computer. This would mean that the
sprinkler system would not be turned on.
When the sensor determines that the soil
is moist/damp the signal to the computer
ends and the computer turns off the
sprinkler. This is called FEED BACK.
                                          

                            
 CONTROL SYSTEMS - OPEN SYSTEMS
A system that does not have feedback is an open
system.

An open system normally works once and then

stops. A good example is seen below. A digital camera is
used to take a photograph, it is transferred to the computer
where processing of the picture takes place and finally a
printout is produced. This is a closed system because there
is no feedback and no attempt is made to improve the
picture.
The person taking the picture decides to improve the final
printout, using graphics software. He prints out the
photograph several times and alters the photo with the
software. Is the system still an open system or has it now
changed to a closed system with feedback?
  
When drawing a systems diagram the boxes are labelled
and there is no need to draw pictures representing each
stage. However, when attempting course work, adding
 
drawings                                                                      
helps present the diagram in a more graphical
way. The open systems diagram shown below represents
use of a digital                                                          
camera which is shown graphically above.
QUESTION:
Draw a systems diagram for a domestic alarm system.
Show clearly input, process and output. Explain the
need for feedback.
 Exercises

1. Name the basic elements of the computer

2. Draw the block diagram of the computer
system .