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THE POWER OF TECHNOLOGY™

UPS Basics

Rectifier

Inverter

UPS Monitoring

UPS Configuration

Insta Switch
 UPS Basics

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Problems associated with the Utility Supply

The stable Power means

Steady state Voltage = Normal voltage +/- 5 %

Percentage Voltage = within +/- 5 %

unbalance of Normal Voltage
(for 3 phase output)

Standard Frequency = 50 Hz or 60 Hz +/- 6 %

Input Power Factor = better than 0.9

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Basic Requirement of Electrical Power

Sag
or
Under Voltage

WINDOW

Harmonics

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Building Block of Typical UPS
Double conversion online system

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Basic Features of UPS

• Continuity of Power
• Reasonable conditioning of the Power
• Good conversion efficiency
• Adequate protection to Critical Equipments
• Distortion reflected on incoming source should be minimum
• Indications and Annunciations to understand the UPS status

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 Building Blocks of Typical UPS

Rectifier
Converts input 'AC' power to 'DC'. This DC power is fed to the
Inverter and also used to charge the Battery.
RECTIFIER

Inverter
It converts 'DC' power received from Rectifier and/or Battery to the
conditioned & stable AC power. The Inverter design defines the
INVERTER quality of output power.

Battery
It is the alternate source of power. It gets charged from Rectifier /
Charger, when incoming supply is available. And it acts as a backup
BATTERY
source (of 'DC' power) to Inverter, when the supply is not available.

Static Switch
It transfers load intravenously from UPS to by pass & vice versa
STSW

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UPS Specifications

Core Specifications of RECTIFIER

• Input Supply window
• Input Power factor
• Input current harmonic distortion
• Compatibility to work with alternate source
• Ripple on DC when battery not connected
• AC component percentage in battery charging current
• Rectifier paralleling feature
• Efficiency
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UPS Specifications

Core Specifications of INVERTER

• Output voltage stability
• Capacity to handle unbalance load condition
• Output voltage regulation
• Output waveform THD
• Capability to handle non linear loads
• Transient load sustaining capability
• Branch circuit fuse clearing strength
• Paralleling feature
• Efficiency
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Understanding the UPS Specifications

Protections
- From input supply abnormalities
- Against control mechanism
- To the semiconductor devices used
- To the batteries
- Against Short circuit
- To the load connected

Supervisory
- Display of various parameters
- Communication facility
- Control & monitoring features

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 Rectifier

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Importance of Rectifier Design in UPS

In UPS system rectifier designs plays vital role since ;

- It decides input supply window

- It maintains input Power Factor presented to the supply
- It controls Harmonics injected to the supply
- It decides Generator size
- It maintains & manages Batteries in top conditions

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Types of Rectifiers used in UPS

Single Phase Rectifier

Three Phase Rectifier

6 pulse
12 pulse

PWM Rectifiers

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SCR Phase controlled Rectifier

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6 pulse Conventional Rectifier

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12 pulse conventional Rectifier

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State of the Art
PWM Rectifier with IGBT

Actual waveform acquired from oscilloscope

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Input Voltage & Current waveform with
PWM Rectifier

Input PF 0.99

Input Current
THD less than 3 %

Actual waveform acquired from oscilloscope

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Typical waveforms of Rectifier - Compared

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Rectifier Design compared

Semiconductor Technical Parameters

Type of Max. Used
Device for
Rectifier rating Input Conversion
conversion Input PF
Current THD Efficiency

Used in smaller Thyristor 0.5 80% 75%

Single Phase equipment upto
10 kVA MOSFET / IGBT 0.95 <10% 94 TO 95%

Used in UPS
Three Phase
upto Thyristor 0.85 to 0.93 30 to 50% 96 to 98%
6 pulse Rectifier
300-400 kVA

Three Phase
Used in UPSs
12 pulse Thyristor 0.9 to 0.96 10 to 15% 97%
above 200 kVA
Rectifier

PWM Rectifier Upto 250 kVA IGBT 0.98 to 0.99 <3 to 5% 96%

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How to compare better Rectifier Technologies ?

The 'Q' parameteres which shall help us

in comparing the rectifier performances are;

• Operating window for input supply voltage

• Power Factor presented to input supply
• Current Harmonics injected in to the supply
• Efficiency

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Significance of Power Factor

It is the measure of how effectively the electrical power

being used.

The low or poor PF (less than 0.9) means -

- Under utilisation of electrical power
- More losses, less efficiency
- Heating of cables, utility transformer
& corresponding devices (their failure rate increases)

Ideally the PF should be Unity !!!!

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Harmonics

Harmonics are unwanted frequency component associated with

fundamental. The Fourier Analysis of a waveform reveals the
various frequency components in a spectrum.

For AC power supply, the fundamental frequency is 50 Hz.

The frequencies such as 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 250 Hz are called as
Second, Third & Fifth Harmonics respectively.

The Harmonics can be measured with ;

Wave Analyser
Distortion Analyser
Power Analyser
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Effects of presence of High Percentage of Harmonics

The presence of high percentage of Harmonics will lead to ;

Supply transformers getting hot and noisy
Frequent failure of induction motors or they run very hot
Neutral conductors getting hot due to excessive current
& ultimately getting opened
Frequent falling of Power Factor
Stand by generator operating at poor efficiency (50-60%)
Very often failure of PF correction capacitors
Under utilisation of source, hence increase in Electricity Bills

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Having studied various available Rectifier Designs

Now we can conclude that ;

• Input Power Factor & Input Current Harmonic Distortion are
the important parameters.
• Pf & Thdi are the characteristics of load connected.
• These parameters can not be improved unless the nature of
current is corrected to Sinewave.
• Very importantly these parameters must be maintained
over the actual Power Condition available at site. For eg.
- Input Voltage variation
- Frequency variation
- Load variation

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UPS with Active PF & THDi correction
(IGBT PWM Rectifier) - The Best Choice !

Advantages
• Improvement in input PF (0.99)
• Reduction in current drawn from the source
• Reduction in KVA demand
• Reduces Generator capacity required for UPS
• Reduces Input Current Harmonic Distortion (< 3%)
• Instantaneous current limiting
• Can be operated at low input voltage up to -30% (typical)
• PF & Input current THD is independent
of actual operating conditions
• Great savings on recurring expenditure on Electricity Bill

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Comparison of
Advanced designed Rectifiers

6 Pulse 12 Pulse
PWM
W.H.F. H.F. W.H.F. H.F.
1. Input Current
30 -
Harmonic 6-10% 8-10% 5-6% 3%
32%
Distortion
2. Conversion
98% 97% 98% 97% 96-97%
Efficiency
3. Max Achievable 0.9 to 0.92 to 0.95 to 0.96 to 0.98 to
Input P.F. 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.99

H. F. = Harmonic Filter

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 UPS Configurations

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Stand alone UPS

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Hot stand by

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Parallel Redundant with STSW

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100 KVA & 3 X 120 KVA block schematic

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4 x 160 KVA + 80 KVA with bypass

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 Insta Switch

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INSTA Switch - Schematic Diagram

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Connection Diagram

Source 1 Source 2

Insta Switch

Critical Load

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