Scribd
Upload
208 views6 pages

Second Order Systems: Q C Di DT D Q DT DQ DT Q C

This document discusses second order systems and their step response. It notes that second order systems have two energy storage elements and can exhibit resonance between inductance and capacitance. An example RLC circuit is shown. The standard form of the second order system equation is presented, along with definitions of its natural frequency (ωn) and damping ratio (ζ). An example of an undamped oscillator driven by a switched DC voltage is solved. The total solution is the sum of the complementary and particular solutions. The step response of a second order system is shown to approach a steady state value determined by the input voltage and natural frequency, with damping affecting the rate of oscillation.

Uploaded by

Siddharth Shah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
208 views6 pages

Second Order Systems: Q C Di DT D Q DT DQ DT Q C

This document discusses second order systems and their step response. It notes that second order systems have two energy storage elements and can exhibit resonance between inductance and capacitance. An example RLC circuit is shown. The standard form of the second order system equation is presented, along with definitions of its natural frequency (ωn) and damping ratio (ζ). An example of an undamped oscillator driven by a switched DC voltage is solved. The total solution is the sum of the complementary and particular solutions. The step response of a second order system is shown to approach a steady state value determined by the input voltage and natural frequency, with damping affecting the rate of oscillation.

Uploaded by

Siddharth Shah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

M.D.

Bryant ME 340 notes 6/8/10

Second Order Systems


 2 energy storage elements
 => Resonance: inductance &
capacitance trade energy

Example: RLC circuit


i +
R
-

+
V +
R

V V C
C

- -
VL
- +
L

q di
−V + iR + + L = 0
C dt
since i = dq/dt
2
dq dq q
L 2 + R + = V (t)
dt dt C
M.D. Bryant ME 340 notes 6/8/10

Standard form, 2nd order system:

x˙˙ + 2ζω x˙ + ω x = f (t)


n
2
n

• Rearrange, make coefficient of 2nd


order term unity:

d 2q R dq 1 V (t)
2
+ + q=
dt L dt LC C
• Compare equations
V (t) R
• f (t) =
C ,
2ζω n = ,
L
ω n2 = 1 LC
€ 1
ζ =
R
=
R
• ωn = LC , 2Lω n 2 L /C
€
€ System parameters
€
€  natural
€ frequency ωn
 damping ratio ζ
M.D. Bryant ME 340 notes 6/8/10

Example: Oscillator without damping

no damping (no power loss) ⇒ R = 0

2
x˙˙ + ω x = f (t)
n

Solution by superposition

x = xcomplementary + xparticular
€ — complementary differential equation
( set forcing term f(t)=0 )

˙x˙ + ω n2 x = 0
— Homogeneous solution: xc
 Guess: x c = A cosω n t + B sin ω n t
 Test (substitute):
€
2 d 2 (Acosω n t + Bsin ω n t)
0 = x˙˙c + ω x c€
n = 2
+ ω n2 (Acos ω n t + Bsin ω n t) = 0
dt
M.D. Bryant ME 340 notes 6/8/10

Particular Solution
— DC voltage fo switched in at t = 0

— f(t) =fo

 Differential equation (t > 0):


2
x˙˙ + ω x = f o
n
 Particular solution (guess):

xp = C
€  Test: 0 + 2ζω n (0) + ω n2C = f o

fo
€ xp = 2
 ωn
€

€
M.D. Bryant ME 340 notes 6/8/10

Total solution: x = x c + xp

fo
x(t) = Acos(ω n t) + Bsin(ω n t) +
ω n2

 Apply: x(0) = 0 , x˙(0) = 0 (initially at rest)


f
€ 0 = x(0) = A + o2
ωn
€ 0 =€x˙ (0) = ω n B
Find constants, solution:
€
fo
€ x(t) = 2 [1− cos(ω n t)]
ωn
M.D. Bryant ME 340 notes 6/8/10

Step Response, Second Order System


2 ζ=0
0.1
x
0.3
fo/ωn2
0.5
0.7
1
1
2

4 8 12
ωn t

 System to steady state value xss(t) = fo /ωn2.


 Curve depends on ζ value: small ζ or small
damping => oscillation
 Frequency ωn = 1/√LC determined by L & C
 When ζ ≠ 0 (R ≠ 0), oscillations at damped
natural frequency: ω = ω 1− ζ
d n
2

You might also like