Problem Solutions Chapter 1.: NA Atoms
Problem Solutions Chapter 1.: NA Atoms
Problem Solutions Chapter 1.: NA Atoms
Solution 1.1. (a) Charge on one electron: -1.6019×10-19 C. This means that charge on 1013 electrons
is: -1.6019×10-6 C. Net charge on sphere is: 1.6019×10-6 C (POSITIVE).
C 3.1× 6.023 × 10 23
Total Charge = −4.646 × 10 −18 × atoms = − 1.3554 × 10 5 C
atom 64
(b) Total charge per atom is -4.646×10-18 C. Total charge per electron is –1.6019×10-19 C. Therefore,
there are 29 electrons per atom of copper.
∆Q ∆Q 1.36 × 105
(c) 0.91 A ≡ 0.91 C/s. i = ⇒ ∆t = = = 1.49 × 105 sec .
∆t i 0.91
3.1NA
(d) We know there are = 2.9174 × 10 22 atoms in the penny. Removing 1 electron from
64
3.1NA 3.1NA
0.05 × atoms means removing 0.05 × electrons. Therefore,
64 64
3.1NA
Net charge = 0.05 × × 1.6019 × 10−19 = 234C
64
( )
Solution 1.3 (a) 7.573 × 1017 × −1.6019 × 10 −19 = −0.1213C
0.1213
(b) Current = = 121.3A flowing from right to left.
10−3
(c) Again, use proportionality:
x × 1.6019 × 10 −19 10 × 60
10 A = ⇒ x= −19 = 3.75 × 1021
60sec 1.6019 × 10
dq
(d) i( t ) = = 1− e −5t A. This is an exponential evolution with an initial value of 0, a final value of 1,
dt
and a time-constant of 1/5 (signal reaches ~63% of it’s final value in one time-constant).
i(t)
1
(b) By inspection:
t t t
sin(πτ) = t − sin(πt) C
1 1
q(t) = ∫ i(τ)dτ = ∫ (1 − cos(πτ)) dτ = t −
π 0 π
0 0
(b) Charge is integral of current. Graphically, the charge at time t is the area under the current curve up to
time t: (note the quadratic nature between 2 and 4 seconds)
Solution 1.7
Again, Q is the running area under the current curve. Between 0 and 3 seconds, current decreases linearly
until zero. So, Qtot = 7.5 C. From 0 to 6: Qtot = 7.5 + Q3_6 = 7.5 -1/1×0.5 + -1/1×0.5 + -1×1 = 5.5 C,
where the curve from 3 to 6 was divided into two triangular sections and one rectangular one.
Solution 1.8 Charge is the area under the current curve. Thus, Q = 0.1*4 – 0.1*2 = 0.2 C.
Solution 1.9 Calculate the change in energy for the electron: ∆E = Q ∆V = 3.218×10-15.
3
Solution 1.10 P = VI. Hence I = P/V = 2×10 /120 = 16.6667 A
PROBLEM Solution 1.11 (a) It is necessary to integrate the i(t) curve to obtain q(t). We do this
interval by interval:
t
(i) 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 ms, q(t) = 0 + ∫ dτ = t µC
0
t
(ii) 1 ms ≤ t ≤ 2 ms, q(t) = 1 − 2∫ dτ = 3 − 2t µC
1
t
(iii) 2 ms ≤ t ≤ 3 ms, q(t) = −1+ ∫ dτ = −3 + t µC
2
t
(iv) 3 ms ≤ t ≤ 5 ms, q(t) = 0 + ∫ (8 − 2τ )dτ = 8t − t 2 − 15 µC
3
(v) 5 ms ≤ t, q(t) = 0 µC
0.8
0.6
0.4
Charge in micro C
0.2
-0.2
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-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time in ms
(b) Voltage is the ratio of the power and current curve. In this case, the division can be done graphically
by inspection. Note that the ratio of a quadratic function and a linear function is a linear function:
2
1.5
1
Voltage in V
0.5
TextEnd
0
-0.5
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time in ms
(b) PB = VI = 2×7 = 14 W
In all of the above, note that the direction of the current flow relative to the polarity of the voltage across a
device determines whether power is delivered or absorbed. Power is absorbed when current flows from the
positive terminal of the device to the negative one.
Solution 1.13 (a) By inspection: Circuit Element (CE) 1 absorbs –5W, and CE 2 absorbs 6W.
(b) Compute power absorbed by all elements including independent sources:
I3A : -15
CE1: -5
V3V : -12
CE2: +6
V5V : 10
I2A : 16
----------
Sum: 0 (Verifies conservation of power.)
I-source: ( )
Pabsorbed = −3 1− e −t = −3 + 3e −t watts
(b) P = (16-4I L2 )IL. Differentiate this w.r.t. IL and set to zero: 16 – 12IL2 = 0. Therefore, IL = 1.155A.
Solution 1.17 (a) Power is the product of the current and voltage. We can compute the product
graphically:
10
8
Power in Watts
4
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2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time in s
(b)
t t
(
W (t ) = ∫ p(t )dt = ∫ 10 − 10e −7τ dτ = 10τ ]t0 − − 10
7 e
−7τ t
0
) 10
[
= 10t + e −7t −
7
10
7 ]
0 0
6
Energy in J
4
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3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time in s
Solution 1.19 (a) ∆t = 100o F, Rate of temp. increase is 2.5 Wh/o F per gallon:
(b) Heater generates P = 120×10 = 1200 W. We want 7500 Wh. Therefore, the total number of hours
Next, compute the energy spent every hour, which means on 40 gallons of water:
E = 2.5 Wh/o F/gallon×99o F×40gallons = 9900 Wh
Since the heater is not 100 % efficient, we spend more energy than is actually needed to heat the water:
E_spent = 9900 Wh/0.9 = 11000 Wh
So, far, this was the energy spent every hour. Over six hours, the total energy spent is:
E6h = 11000×6 = 66,000 Wh
Finally, the total energy spent per month is Em = 66,000×30 = 1980 kWh
Solution 1.21
Energy = 120 W × 6 h = 720 Wh = 0.72 kWh
Therefore, cost per day = 0.72 kWh × 8 = 5.76 cents, and cost per month is 5.76×31 = $1.785.
Solution 1.22
We need to compute the difference between the inner diameter of the tube and the outer one in order to get
the cross-sectional area:
= π0.0032 − π0.00182 = 1.81 × 10 −3 m2
2 2
area = πRout − π Rin
Solution 1.23 L = 20 m, W = 0.015m, H = 0.001 m. Thus, A = W×H, and R = 5.1× copper ×L/A
= 0.116 Ω.
Solution 1.24. (a) 500 ft, 20 gauge wire: 10.35 Ω/1000 ft from table 1.3. This implies that
R = 5.175 Ω.
Solution 1.28. (a) Power in a wire: P = I2R. Rearranging, we can express the current as
I= P
R.
Substitute given P and R to obtain I = 0.707 mA.
(b) Use the same formula for current obtained above to get 50 A.
Solution 1.30 (a) I = V/R = 12 A, out of the positive terminal of the battery.
(b) Up through the resistor.
(c) Absorbed power by resistor: P = V2 /R = 14.4 W. Same power is delivered by source.
(d) From table 1.2 and 1.3, 1000 feet of 18 AWG aluminum wire has resistance:
»R1000ft = 1.6*6.51
R1000ft = 1.0416e+01
1
10 −6 t 3 R 10 −6
= 5000 = 0.001667 J.
3 3
0
Finally, we need to multiply this by 2 to account for the interval from 1 to 2 seconds. Thus, the total energy
spent is 3.33 mJ.
(b) The same charge that got transported in one direction during the interval from 0 to 1 is being
transported back in the interval from 1 to 2 (by symmetry). Therefore, total charge transfer is zero.
Solution 1.35. (a) Use definition of power and substitute given power:
V2 = P × R = 98 × 2 = 14 V
P 12 768.8
Similarly, I3 = = = 2 A, V4 = P × R = 16 × 4 = 8 V, I5 = = 12.4 A, and
R 3 5
V6 = 486 × 6 = 54 V.
(b) Ptot = P dissipated = 98 + 12 + 16 + 768.8 + 486 = 1380.8 W.
V
(c) Vin = V2 + V6 = 68 V. Iin + I3 = I5 + I4 and I4 = 4 . Thus, Iin = I5 + I4 – I3 = 12.4 A.
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Solution 1.36. (a) Sources are the top, right-most, and bottom left. The reason is that current flows out
of the positive terminal of the device.
(b) The 32/16 element is a 2 Ω resistor. The 54.5/18.167 element is a 3Ω resistor. The 13/2.167 element
is a 6 Ω resistor. The 93/2.833 element is a 32.827 Ω resistor. The 24/5 element is a 4.8 Ω resistor.
Solution 1.37. Power: 12 = Ix 2 R, which means that R = 12/Ix 2 . Now, analyze the loop: 16 = Ix (R+4).
12
Substitute the value of R into this expression: 16 = I x 2 + 4Ix . Hence: Ix2 − 4I x + 3 = 0 .
Ix
This equation has two solutions: one is at Ix = 1 A or R = 12 Ω. The other is at Ix = 3 A or R = 4/3 Ω.
0 = Ix2 − 4I x + 4 = ( Ix − 2)
2
Thus, Ix = 2 A.
(iv) R = V/I
AA: R = 12/3 = 4Ω
BB: R = 12/2 = 6Ω
(b) Each AA bulb draws 3 A. Thus, up to five bulbs can be connected without blowing the fuse (5×3=15).
2000sin (4πt )
t t
W (t ) = ∫ p(t )dt = 2000t + 2000∫ cos( 4πt )dt = 2000t + J
4π
0 0
6000
5000
4000
Energy in J
3000
TextEnd
2000
1000
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time in s
Solution. 1.41. When the switch is closed, a constant current of 5/10000 = 0.5 mA flows through the
circuit. When the switch is open, no current flows. So, 50% of the time, a 0.5 mA current flows, and the
other 50% no current flows. The average current is therefore 0.25 mA.
Solution. 1.42 When the switch is at A, the current is 5/5000 = 1 mA. When the switch is at B, the
current is 5/10000 = 0.5 mA. Now, the switch is at position A 20% of the time (1ms out of a 5ms period,
after which the events repeat). So, the average current is 0.2*1 mA + 0.8*0.5 mA = 0.6 mA.
2
Solution. 1.43 The current in the load resistor is 2 A. So, the power is 2 ×RL = 8 W.
(b)
Vout αR2 100 × 10
= = = 5 ⇒ R1 = 200 Ω
Vin R1 R1
(c)
α 2 Vin2
R2
R12 α 2 R2
Power − gain = = = 500
Vin2 R1
R1
Solution 1.48 I1 = Vin /10 = 0.1 A, VR = 10×(Vin /10)×R = R; Vout = 5R×10 = 50R =50RVin