The Skeletal and

Muscular Systems
Five Senior High School
cory
The Skeletal System
 Evolutionary Development of the
Skeletal System
 Throughout life, animals have specialized into
several different types of skeletons
 Hydrostatic

 Exoskeletons

 Endoskeletons
 Hydrostatic Skeletons
 Hydrostatic Skeletons
are mostly found in soft
bodied in vertebrates
 A fluid fill cavity is
surrounded by muscle
which moves and
changes the shape of
this cavity
 This allows the creature
to move
Exoskeletons
 Exoskeletons surround
the body with a hard
case
 This provides great
protection
 However, during
growth, the animal must
molt and shed its old
exoskeleton leaving the
animal exposed
 Endoskeletons

 Endoskeletons are found in vertebrates and echinoderms

 They consist of an internal skeleton that is connected to a
system of muscles
 The animals often have a flexible exterior to accommodate
movement
 This skeleton is typically composed of cartilage and/or bone
Purpose of the Skeletal System
 Cells in the bones
produce immune cells
and cellular components
of the blood
 Bone also helps
regulate blood calcium
levels
 In addition, the skeleton
helps the body to keep
its shape and stay
supported
 Structures and Functions of the
Skeletal System
 There are several main components to the
skeletal system
 axial skeleton
 bones that form the axis of the body
 protect the organs in the head, neck, and trunk

 appendicular skeleton
 bones that anchor the appendages to the axial
skeleton
 Structures and Functions of the
Skeletal System
 Within these groups, there are several types of
bones
 Long Bones
 Short Bones
 Flat Bones
 Irregular Bones
Long Bones
 Bones that are typically
longer then they are
wide
 Hard outer casing with
spongy bone in the
centre
Short Bones

 Short Bones are about

as wide as they’re long
 These bones contain a
large about of bone
marrow for making
blood cells
Flat Bones

 Flat bones are flat

strong bone structures
used for support and
muscle attachment
Irregular Bones
 Irregular bones do not
fit into any other
category
 These bones often have
an unusual shape as well
The Structure of Bones
 Ossification
 When we are born, our bones are primarily
composed of cartilage
 This cartilage is turned into bone through
Ossification
 Video of bone growth
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6E5Rz9t
OKE&feature=related
Axial Skeleton
 The Axial Skeleton
consists of the areas
commonly known as
spinal cord, skull, and
ribcage
Appendicular Skeleton
 The Upper Extremities

 The Lower Extremities

 The Shoulder Girdle

 The Pelvic Girdle

 Joints
 Like many other things in the skeletal system,
there are a couple of different types of joints as
well
 Immoveable joints
 Slightly Movable Joints
 Freely Moveable Joints
Immoveable joints

 Joints in the skeleton

that cannot be moved at
all. (..duh)
 Ex. Sutures that join
together the skull
(Fibrous connective
tissue)
Slightly Movable Joints

 This includes bones that

have joints bridged by
cartilage
 An example of this
would be the
intervertebral discs that
allow movement in the
spine
 Freely Moveable Joints

 There are many types of joints that may fit into

the description of Freely Moveable Joints
 These are also known as synovial joints
 The ends of the bones are held in a synovial
capsule filled with a lubricating fluid
 The ends of the bone are then capped with cartilage

 The structure of this joint dictates the

movement of the joint
Freely Moveable Joints
Interdependence of Skeletal system
 The skeleton relies
extremely heavily on the
muscular system
 With out these muscles,
movement of the skeleton
would not be possible
 The origin of the muscle
attaches to the part of the
bone that does not move
 The insertion is the part of
the muscle that attaches to
the moving bone
 Diseases and disorders of the
Skeletal system
 Osteoporosis
 loss of bone tissue caused by a lowered level of
calcium
 Osteoarthritis
 The wearing out of a joint; known as a
degenerative joint disease
 Tendinitis
 stiffness or pain in the muscles or joints
The Muscular System
 Evolutionary Development of the
Muscular System
 Locomotion occurs in many forms throughout
the world
 Different species have had to adapt their
bodies different ways though evolution to
adapt to their environment
 Land: Legs
 Air: Wings

 Water: Fins, tail, ect…

Purpose of the Muscular System
 The primary purpose of the muscular system is
to allow locomotion, movement of bones, and
the internal movement of parts of organs
within the body!
 Structures and Functions of the
Muscular System
 Some of the main parts of the muscular system
include:
 Skeletal Muscles
 Smooth Muscles

 Tendons

 Ligaments

 Adipose Tissue
Skeletal Muscles

 Skeletal muscles are

muscles that connect to
the various parts of the
skeletal system and
allow it to move.
 This are muscles that
can typically be
controlled voluntarily
by the human mind
 Smooth Muscles

 Smooth muscles are often said to be muscles

that are controlled by the sub conscious parts
of the human mind.
 They are often associated with the stomach
and intestines and the urinary system.
 These tissues control blood flow in major
organs and are key in regulating blood
pressure in the circulatory system.
Tendons

 Tendons are the

connective muscle
between the skeletal
muscles and the parts of
the skeleton they control
 These muscles are
strong, flexible, and
resistant to damage
 Ligaments

 Ligaments are fibrous

material that connects
two bones that are
moved by skeletal
muscles
 Ligaments stabilize
bones both during
movement and during
rest.
 Adipose Tissue is
another critical part of
the muscular system
 This connective tissue
stores fat as well as
cushions joints
 It is very important in
protecting joints
during strenuous
activity
Cardiac Muscles
 Cardiac Muscle
 Cardiac Muscle is a type of muscle that is only found
in the heart
 It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
 Cardiac muscle is different from the other muscle
types in that contraction can occur even without an
initial nervous input.
 The cells that produce the stimulation are called the
pacemaker cells.
 Muscle Contraction
 http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=gJ309LfHQ
3M
 http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=BqCj-S6cQ
gk&feature=related
 Generation of heat by muscular
contraction
 Skeletal muscle aids in heat generation
 During muscle contractions, muscle cells use
energy
 most is converted to heat.
 The body releases heat from the blood and
tissues through the skin
 Shivering causes muscle contractions that
create heat
Interdependence of Muscular system
 The muscular system
relies on the digestive
system and circulatory
system to provide the
energy need for the
contraction of muscles
 In addition, the skeletal
system is needed for the
most of the muscles in
the body to be much use
to the body at all
 Diseases and disorders of the
Muscular system
 Myasthenia Gravis: Impulse receptors in muscles
fail
 Makes impulses sent from the brain ineffective
 Drooping eyelids, difficulty eating, blurred vision, muscle
fatigue
 Cerebral Palsy: Occurs from the damage to
muscle resistance control section of brain
 ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
 neurodegenerative disease that attacks motor neurons
Causes degeneration of motor control