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PID Controller

A PID controller calculates an error value between a measured process variable and setpoint, and attempts to minimize this error by adjusting control inputs. It uses proportional, integral, and derivative values to determine the reaction based on current error, recent error trends, and rate of error change. PID controllers are widely used in industrial control systems to maintain desired setpoints, such as mixing hot and cold water for a desired faucet temperature. While effective, PID controllers can experience issues with overshooting, oscillation, or hunting in some applications.

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Marium Arif
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32 views

PID Controller

A PID controller calculates an error value between a measured process variable and setpoint, and attempts to minimize this error by adjusting control inputs. It uses proportional, integral, and derivative values to determine the reaction based on current error, recent error trends, and rate of error change. PID controllers are widely used in industrial control systems to maintain desired setpoints, such as mixing hot and cold water for a desired faucet temperature. While effective, PID controllers can experience issues with overshooting, oscillation, or hunting in some applications.

Uploaded by

Marium Arif
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PID controller:

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a generic control


loop feedback mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial control systems. A PID
controller calculates an "error" value as the difference between a measured process
variable and a desired setpoint. The controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting
the process control inputs. The PID parameters used in the calculation must be tuned
according to the nature of the system.

The PID controller calculation (algorithm) involves three separate parameters; the
proportional, the integral and derivative values. The proportional value determines the
reaction to the current error, the integral value determines the reaction based on the sum of
recent errors, and the derivative value determines the reaction based on the rate at which
the error has been changing.

EXAMPLE:
A familiar example of a control loop is the action taken when adjusting hot and cold faucet
valves to maintain the faucet water at the desired temperature. This typically involves the
mixing of two process streams, the hot and cold water. The person touches the water to
sense or measure its temperature. Based on this feedback they perform a control action to
adjust the hot and cold water valves until the process temperature stabilizes at the desired
value.

One distinctive advantage of PID controllers is that two PID controllers can be used together
to yield better dynamic performance. This is called cascaded PID control.

Limitations of PID control:


PID controllers, when used alone, can give poor performance when the PID loop gains must
be reduced so that the control system does not overshoot, oscillate or hunt about the control
setpoint value.

 performance of PID controllers in non-linear systems  is variable.


 A problem with the Derivative term is that small amounts of measurement or
process noise can cause large amounts of change in the output.

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