Alok Final Dess Report
Alok Final Dess Report
Alok Final Dess Report
(MBA-043)
ON
“A study of consumer behavior with respect to low
priced water filters”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of
Of
BY
ALOK SINGH
[ROLL NO:0801470005]
Page | 1
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
SHRI RAM MURTI SMARAK COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH.
BAREILLY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. ALOK SINGH, a student of MBA-IV Semester(2008 batch)
It is further certified that he has personally prepared this report that is the result of his
Page | 2
STUDENT DECLARATION
This Research project report has been undertaken as a partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Masters of Business Administration of Uttar
The project was executed after the third semester under the supervision of Mr. Pankaj
Agrawal.
Further I declare that this project is my original work and the analysis and finding are for
academic purpose only. This project has not been presented in any seminar or submitted
(ALOK SINGH)
Page | 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Behind every study there stands a myriad of people whose help and contribution make
it successful. Since such a list will be a prohibitively long. I may be excused for
important omissions. This is my pleasure to thank Mr. S.P. Gupta (Director General
Lastly, I owe my heartily thanks to all those who extended their timely support for
completion of this project.This was a good exposure that will definitely help me in my
professional career.
(ALOK SINGH)
CONTENTS
Page | 4
Chapters Page no.
Chapter 5- Findings 54
Chapter 6:-Conclusion 55
Chapter 8:-Limitations 57
annexure
Page | 5
Chapter 1 :Introduction
1.1 Introduction:
Page | 6
Consumer behavior is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy
tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference
Customer behavior study is based on consumer buying behavior, with the customer
playing the three distinct roles of user, payer and buyer. Relationship marketing is an
influential asset for customer behavior analysis as it has a keen interest in the re-
discovery of the true meaning of marketing through the re-affirmation of the importance
marketing. Social functions can be categorized into social choice and welfare functions.
So in regard to water purifier brands it is very necessary to study the consumer behavior
because as the population as well as income of consumers grows these things heavily
affect the consumer buying behaviour and one more important thing is that as due to
globalization many multinational companies has also come in our Indian market so
Page | 7
Definition:
Consumer behavior refers to the mental and emotional process and the observable
or service. Consumer behaviour involves study of how people buy, what they buy, when
they buy and why they buy. It blends the elements from psychology, sociology,
sociopsychology, anthropology and economics. It also tries to assess the influence on the
consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups and society in general.
Buyer behaviour has two aspects: the final purchase activity visible to any observer and
the detailed or short decision process that may involve the interplay of a number of
factors:
1. Social Factors
2. Psychological Factors
3. Personal Factors.
A. Social Factors
Social factors refer to forces that other people exert and which affect consumers’
purchase behaviour. These social factors can include culture and subculture, roles and
Page | 8
Example:
By taking into consideration Reference group, these can influence/ affect the consumer
buying behaviour. Reference group refers to a group with whom an individual identifies
herself/ himself and the extent to which that person assumes many values, attitudes or
behaviour of group members. Reference groups can be family, school or college, work
group, club membership, citizenship etc. Reference groups serve as one of the primary
agents of consumer socialization and learning and can be influential enough to induce not
only socially acceptable consumer behaviour but also socially unacceptable and even
For example, if fresher student joins a college / university, he/she will meet different
people and form a group, in that group there can be behaviour patterns of values, for
example style of clothing, handsets which most of group member prefer or even
addictive drugs etc. So, according to how an individual references him / herself to that
particular reference group, this will influence and change his/her buying behaviour.
B. Psychological Factors
These are internal to an individual and generate forces within that influence her/his
purchase behaviour. The major forces include motives, perception, learning, attitude and
personality.
Example:
Page | 9
cognitive processes with respect to some aspect of our environment. Consumer form
attitude towards a brand on the basis of their beliefs about the brand. For example,
consumers of Sony products might have the belief that the products offered by Sony are
durable; this will influence those customers to buy Sony products due to this attitude
C. Personal Factors
These include those aspects that are unique to a person and influence purchase
behaviour. These factors include demographic factors, lifestyle, and situational factors.
Example:
Lifestyle is an indicator of how people live and express themselves on the basis of their
activities, interests, and opinions. Lifestyle dimension provide a broader view of people
about how they spend their time the importance of things in their surroundings and their
beliefs on broad issues associated with life and living and themselves. This is influenced
Definition:
to a potential market transaction before, during and after the purchase of a product or
service.
Need Recognition
Page | 10
Purchase decision making process begins when a buyer becomes aware of an unsatisfied
need or problem. This is the vital stage in buying decision process, because without
recognizing the need or want, an individual would not seek to buy goods or service.
these include:
➢ Depletion of stock
➢ Environmental Changes
Example:
When a person recognizes that he/she is having a difficulty that he/she is not able to
travel with his/her family member. Then recognizes that his/her must have car and needs
Information Search
After the consumer has recognized the need, he / she will trying to find the means to
solve that need. First he will recall how he used to solve such kind of a problem in the
past, this is called nominal decision making. Secondly, a consumer will try to solve the
problem by asking a friend or goes to the market to seek advice for which product will
➢ Commercial Sources
➢ Public sources
➢ Personal experience
The person after recognizing that his/her need, he/she will eventually try to find
out how he/she can purchase the car. If he/she cannot make a decision his/herself then
he/she will ask a friend to help out, if the friend do not have sufficient knowledge, he/she
adequate information regarding price, feature, performance and after sale service.
Alternatives evaluation
and benefits that a consumer desires to solve a certain problem. Product features and its
benefit is what influence consumer to prefer that particular product. The consumer will
decide which product to buy from a set of alternative products depending on each unique
feature that the product offers and the benefit he / she can get out of that feature.
When that user got enough information concerning the different brands of cars
available in the market, he/she will decide which kind of car and also which company or
Purchase Action
Page | 12
This stage involves selection of brand and the retail outlet to purchase such a
product. Retail outlet image and its location are important. Consumer usually prefers a
nearby retail outlet for minor shopping and they can willingly go to a far away store when
they purchase items which are of higher values and which involve higher sensitive
purchase decision. After selecting where to buy and what to buy, the consumer completes
After selecting company or brand of the car and model from different alternatives of
cars, he/she will make a final decision of where to buying that car and make the final
transaction procedures.
Post-purchase Actions
with the purchase is basically a function of the initial performance level expectation and
wisdom on the purchase of that particular product. This can result to consumer
is below expectation and fail to meet satisfaction this will eventually cause
dissatisfaction, and so the brand and/ or the outlet will not be considered by the consumer
in the future purchases. This might cause the consumer to initiate complaint behaviour
Page | 13
If he/she decided to buy a car he/she will try to compare the performance, speed,
mileage and comfort of the particular car, whether they meet his/her expectations. If
he/she would find that his/ her expectations are meet she will be satisfied, if she found
that there are more additional features that he/she did not expect this car to have, she will
More than 1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. In the developing
world, 80% of all diseases are water-related. The magnitude of the problem can be seen
from the fact that diarrhoeal disease alone leads to 2 - 2.2 million deaths and 4 billion
episodes of disease every year worldwide. An estimated 400,000 deaths due to diarrhoeal
This is an immense economic and social burden on the country. The magnitude of the
problem can be further gauged from the fact that in India, 19.2% of all children under the
age of 3 years have had diarrhoeal disease in any two week period. It is in this context
that the United Nations has established the Millenium Development Goal of halving the
number of people without safe drinking water, and reducing by two-third the mortality of
Page | 14
Waterborne diseases result from the contamination of water by harmful viruses, bacteria
and parasites. These microbes find their way into water from faeces - for example, 1
gram of faeces can contain an estimated 10 million viruses, 1 million parasite cysts, and
100 worm eggs. This problem of water contamination exists not only in surface water
sources like rivers, but also in groundwater sources; and in many cases even where water
World Health Organization (WHO) says that the provision of safe water alone will
reduce diarrhoeal and enteric disease by up to 50%, even in the absence of improved
sanitation or other hygiene measures. WHO further asserts that there is now conclusive
evidence that simple, acceptable, low cost interventions which are capable of eliminating
harmful viruses, bacteria and parasites from household stored water, can reduce the risks
of diarrhoeal disease for people of all ages in both the developed and developing world.
. Today, 80% of the diseases in the developing world are water-related. In India 800
million such diseases are reported every year, owing to contaminated drinking water.
Water gets contaminated in many ways – by harmful viruses, bacteria and parasites, all
invisible to the naked eye. These micro-organisms find their way into water from faeces
Page | 15
(1 gram of faeces can contain 10 million viruses, 1 million parasite cysts, and 100 worm
eggs).
Sewage treatment in residential and industrial units may not be adequate – untreated
human and industrial waste is often dumped into rivers and other water bodies, which
cater to cities and villages. The situation worsens drastically in the monsoons.
occurs as the water gets distributed to individual homes. Leaks in pipes (owing to
contaminated taps and unhygienic storage may all lead to microbiological contamination.
The result? Dreaded diseases like hepatitis, jaundice, diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera, and
gastroenteritis. These water-borne diseases wreak havoc as they cause long absences
from work and school, loss of livelihood and in extreme cases, even death. Children
especially, are the worst hit. Ask any concerned parent and he/she will tell you how these
diseases affect children’s health, hinder academic growth, and drain the family’s
resources.
Given the multiple sources of contamination, experts agree that the most efficient way of
ensuring safe water is to purify water at your point of use. World Health Organisation
(WHO) says that the provision of safe water alone will reduce diarrhoeal and enteric
Page | 16
measures.So, play it safe by purifying your drinking water at home. Protect your family
With more and more Indians becoming aware of the hazards of drinking impure water,
the demand for effective water purifiers is growing rapidly. The majority of intestinal
disorders and infections are caused by water borne micro organisms. As a result, the
number of consumers looking for reliable purification options is increasing not only in
the metros but also in towns across India. The companies are generally using the
UV purification
Reverse Osmosis
Distillation
Ion exchange
Electro deionization
Domestic water purifiers usually use chemical purification, ultraviolet treatment and
filtration, or reverse osmosis. Major vendors include Eureka Forbes, Hindustan Unilever,
and Usha Brita. Eureka Forbes is the overall market leader.. Prices range from less than
Page | 17
Eureka Forbes Aquaguard is still the market leader. Aquaguard Classic is a UV purifier.
Those looking for less expensive purifiers might want to consider chemical based
purification systems such as Hindustan Unilever’s Pure it and Eureka Forbes’ Aquasure
both of which are priced below Rs. 2000. They don’t run on electricity so power outages
and electricity bills are not a problem. Also, Pureit and Aquasure are reported to be user
friendly allowing customers to service the devices themselves. There are several other
resin based purifiers as well but these may not be as effective as Pureit and Aquasure.
Also, it is best to select a chemical purifier that is capable of removing the chemicals that
Reverse osmosis (RO) based water purification systems are the most expensive and can
cost up to Rs. 25000. Major vendors of RO water purifiers include Kent and Eureka
Forbes. Kent claims that their patented Mineral RO technology, which combines RO and
UV sterilisation, not only removes biological impurities and chemical toxins but retains
Though quite a few city dwellers still boil water, many are switching over to modern
domestic water purifiers. Electrical or chemical based home water purification systems
are most suitable for urban households because they require little or no manual operation
and depending on the technology can eliminate biological contaminants, chemical toxins
and excessive salts. The main contaminants are, however, micro organisms. UV purifiers
and advanced chemical based systems deal effectively with viruses, Guardia and bacteria.
Page | 18
This is one of the reasons why UV and resin based purifiers are the most widely used
It is estimated that around 80% of urban dwellers do not purify tap water. Many of them
are from the lower income strata and cannot afford UV or reverse osmosis water
purification systems. They are the potential buyers of economical but effective chemical
purifiers. This is the market that Eureka Forbes and Hindustan Unilever are tapping
aggressively. Chemical based purifiers, Aquasure and Pure it, together account for 20%
of water purifiers sold. Both are becoming increasingly popular because they are
effective and affordable. The two brands are reported to be growing at 100 percent per
annum. Also, they do not run on electricity and are ideal for locations where power
supply is unpredictable. Neither do they demand continuous water supply. Power and
It is estimated that roughly two thirds of the existing water purification market belongs to
UV water purifiers and one third is shared between reverse osmosis purification systems
and chemical purifiers. In the UV purifier segment, Eureka Forbes’ Aquaguard is the
clear market leader with approximately 68% market share. Other brands include Philips
Intelligent Water Purifier and Kent’s UV purifier. The UV purifier market is estimated to
Reverse osmosis purifiers, which are rather expensive and not the preferred option in
many areas, have a smaller share of the market when compared with UV purifiers and
Page | 19
chemical based systems. In the reverse osmosis segment, Eureka Forbes is again the
major player with 60% share. A major portion of the remaining 40% belongs to Kent
That the Indian market has tremendous potential is evident from the fact that global
majors such as Philips and Hindustan Lever have stepped in and are looking to increase
their share of the market. The three principal players today are Eureka Forbes, Hindustan
Lever and UshaBrita. In the years to come, we are likely to see others entering the fray.
Ultraviolet water purification lamps produce UV-C or"germicidal UV," radiation of much
greater intensity than sunlight. Almost all of a UV lamp's output is concentrated in the
254 nanometers (nm) region in order to take full advantage of the germicidal properties
Page | 20
of this wavelength. Most ultraviolet purification systems are combined with various
viruses, molds, algae, yeast, and oocysts like cryptosporidium and giardia. UV light
generally has no impact on chlorine, VOCs, heavy metals, and other chemical
from their water supply. Recent testing has also shown that UV can be effective at
destroying certain VOC's, although we would not specifically recommend the technology
UV water treatment offers many advantages over other forms of water treatment for
the water, it produces no bi-products, and it does not alter the taste, pH, or other
not harmful to your plumbing and septic system. Further, it is easy and cost-effective to
How it Works:-
transparent sleeve (usually quartz). The lamp is mounted such that water passing through
a flow chamber is exposed to the UV-C light rays. When harmful microbes are exposed
to the UV rays, their nucleic acid absorbs the UV energy, which then scrambles the DNA
Page | 21
structure of the organism. The cell is rendered sterile and can no longer reproduce. The
known to be highly effective against bacteria, viruses, algae, molds and yeasts, and
disease causing oocysts like cryptosporidium and giardia. In practice, bacteria and viruses
are the cause of most major waterborne pathogenic diseases. Of these enteric viruses,
hepatitis virus and Legionella pneumophila have been shown to survive for considerable
periods in the presence of chlorine, but are readily eliminated by UV treatment. For most
bacteria and virus generally exceeds 99.99%. Specifically, the following are moved to an
efficiency of greater than 99.99%: E-coli, Salmonella typhl (Typhoid fever), Salmonella
virus, and Hepatitus A Virus (better than 90%). Countertop UV systems are generally not
recommended for removing oocysts such as giardia and cryptosporidium unless equipped
with a 0.5 micron carbon block pre-filter since the exposure time the contaminant has to
the UV ray is not always long enough to provide an adequate UV dose for disinfection of
these more complex organisms. Whole house UV systems like the Trojan UV Max on the
other hand, are capable or killing waterborne oocysts at household flow rates when a
Page | 22
Advantages:
one of the few affordable technologies for the home that effectively kills the majority
energy efficient (requires about the same amount of energy as a 60 watt light bulb
Disadvantages:
create a "Shadow" which prevents the UV rays from reaching the harmful
microorganisms.
Reverse Osmosis:-
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a filtration method that removes many types of large molecules
and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a
selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the
Page | 23
membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. In order to be
"selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores
(holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass
freely.
Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from
seawater, removing the salt and other substances from the water molecules. This is the
reverse of the normal osmosis process, in which the solvent naturally moves from an area
membrane generates a pressure and this is the "osmotic pressure." Applying an external
pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis.
The process is similar to membrane filtration. However there are key differences between
filtration is straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect
separation efficiency is dependent on solute concentration, pressure and water flux rate.
Page | 24
Process:-
Formally, reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute
The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense barrier layer in the polymer matrix
where most separation occurs. In most cases the membrane is designed to allow only
water to pass through this dense layer while preventing the passage of solutes (such as
salt ions). This process requires that a high pressure be exerted on the high concentration
side of the membrane, usually 2–17 bar (30–250 psi) for fresh and brackish water, and
40–70 bar (600–1000 psi) for seawater, which has around 24 bar (350 psi) natural
osmotic pressure that must be overcome. This process is best known for its use in
desalination (removing the salt from sea water to get fresh water), but since the early
1970s it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial, and domestic
applications.
Osmosis describes how solvent moves between two solutions separated by a semi
two solutions with different concentrations of a solute are mixed, the total amount of
solutes in the two solutions will be equally distributed in the total amount of solvent from
the two solutions. Instead of mixing the two solutions together, they can be put in two
compartments where they are separated from each other by a semi permeable membrane.
Page | 25
The semi permeable membrane does not allow the solutes to move from one
compartment to the other, but allows the solvent to move. Since equilibrium cannot be
achieved by the movement of solutes from the compartment with high solute
concentration to the one with low solute concentration, it is instead achieved by the
movement of the solvent from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute
concentration. When the solvent moves away from low concentration areas, it causes
these areas to become more concentrated. On the other side, when the solvent moves into
areas of high concentration, solute concentration will decrease. This process is termed
osmosis. The tendency for solvent to flow through the membrane can be expressed as
compartment with high concentration. In this case, there are two forces influencing the
between the two compartments (the osmotic pressure) and the externally applied
pressure.
Page | 26
Around the world, household drinking water purification systems, including a reverse
osmosis step, are commonly used for improving water for drinking and cooking.
an activated carbon filter to trap organic chemicals and chlorine, which will attack
TFC)
optionally a second carbon filter to capture those chemicals not removed by the
RO membrane
optionally an ultra-violet lamp for disinfecting any microbes that may escape
In some systems, the carbon pre-filter is omitted and cellulose triacetate membrane
(CTA) is used. The CTA membrane is prone to rotting unless protected by chlorinated
water, while the TFC membrane is prone to breaking down under the influence of
chlorine. In CTA systems, a carbon post-filter is needed to remove chlorine from the final
product water.
Portable reverse osmosis (RO) water processors are sold for personal water purification
in various locations. To work effectively, the water feeding to these units should best be
Page | 27
under some pressure (40 psi or greater is the norm). Portable RO water processors can be
used by people who live in rural areas without clean water, far away from the city's water
pipes. Rural people filter river or ocean water themselves, as the device is easy to use
(Saline water may need special membranes). Some travelers on long boating trips,
fishing, island camping, or in countries where the local water supply is polluted or
systems are also now extensively used by marine aquarium enthusiasts. In the production
of bottled mineral water, the water passes through an RO water processor to remove
Natural Mineral Water (as defined by a European Directive) is not allowed under
European law. (In practice, a fraction of the living bacteria can and do pass through RO
membranes through minor imperfections, or bypass the membrane entirely through tiny
leaks in surrounding seals. Thus, complete RO systems may include additional water
contamination.)
Membrane pore sizes can vary from .1 to 5,000 nanometers (nm) depending on filter
nm.
Page | 28
In the United States military, R.O.W.P.U.'s (Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit,
pronounced "roh-poo") are used on the battlefield and in training. They come ranging
from 1500 GPD (gallons per day) to 150,000 GPD and bigger depending on the need.
The most common of these are the 600 GPH (gallons per hour) and the 3,000 GPH. Both
are able to purify salt water and water contaminated with N.B.C.
one unit can produce anywhere from 12,000 to 60,000 gallons of water, with a required 4
hour maintenance window to check systems, pumps, R.O. elements and the engine
generator. A single ROWPU can sustain a force of a battalion size element or roughly
Rain water collected from storm drains is purified with reverse osmosis water processors
and used for landscape irrigation and industrial cooling in Los Angeles and other cities,
In industry, reverse osmosis removes minerals from boiler water at power plants. The
water is boiled and condensed repeatedly. It must be as pure as possible so that it does not
leave deposits on the machinery or cause corrosion. The deposits inside or outside the
boiler tubes may result in under-performance of the boiler, bringing down its efficiency
and resulting in poor steam production, hence poor power production at turbine.
Page | 29
It is also used to clean effluent and brackish groundwater. The effluent, is in larger
volumes (more than 500 cu. meter per day) should be treated in effluent treatment plant
first and then the clear effluent is subjected to reverse osmosis system. it helps in bringing
down the treatment cost significantly and increase the membrane life of the RO system.
The process of reverse osmosis can be used for the production of deionized water.
In 2002, Singapore announced that a process named NEWater would be a significant part
of its future water plans. It involves using reverse osmosis to treat domestic wastewater
Ion Exchange:-
Page | 30
The ion exchange process percolates water through bead-like spherical resin materials
(ion-exchange resins). Ions in the water are exchanged for other ions fixed to the beads.
The two most common ion-exchange methods are softening and deionization.
reverse osmosis (RO) processing. The softeners contain beads that exchange two sodium
ions for every calcium or magnesium ion removed from the "softened" water.
Deionization (DI) beads exchange either hydrogen ions for cations or hydroxyl ions for
anions. The cation exchange resins, made of styrene and divinylbenzene containing
sulfonic acid groups, will exchange a hydrogen ion for any cations they encounter (e.g.,
Na+, Ca++, Al+++). Similarly, the anion exchange resins, made of styrene and
containing quaternary ammonium groups, will exchange a hydroxyl ion for any anions
(e.g., Cl-). The hydrogen ion from the cation exchanger unites with the hydroxyl ion of
These resins may be packaged in separate bed exchangers with separate units for the
cation and anion exchange beds. Or, they may be packed in mixed bed exchangers
containing a mixture of both types of resins. In either case, the resin must be
"regenerated" once it has exchanged all its hydrogen and/or hydroxyl ions for charged
contaminants in the water. This regeneration reverses the purification process, replacing
the contaminants bound to the DI resins with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.
Page | 31
Deionization can be an important component of a total water purification system when
used in combination with other methods discussed in this primer such as RO, filtration
and carbon adsorption. DI systems effectively remove ions, but they do not effectively
providing a culture media for rapid bacterial growth and subsequent pyrogen generation.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:
Page | 32
A study was carried out on water purifiers to examine the prefrence of lower income
groups in form of pricing with regard to different type of water filters, To study the
existing technology related to water filters, To find out the costumer preference towards
different technology using in water filters. Water filter is very significant in INDIAN
market both for urban and rural costumer. In our country most of the Indian cities, facing
problem of pure drinking water as overall rural customer having no source for getting
pure water. In this context, the lower income costumers are looking for low priced water
filter in the market, there is a vast opportunities available with regard to costumer
potential in the market towards lower price water filter. A s we know that after freedom
population of india has increased rapidely and along with the increase of population per
capita income and living standard of peoples has also increased . In present scenario
peoples are more health conscious and pure drinking water is a part of good health as in
metros and in rural areas availability of pure drinking water is a critical problem .So to
cope up with this problem many companies have launch water filters in Indian market ex-
HUL ,USHA BRITA etc for lower income peoples as well as for middle class families .
Water filters of these companies become popular it are available at a easy affordable
price.As due to technology upgradation thes companies are using latest technologies in
the field of water purifiers and peoples choice are also depend upon the the technology
1.3Objectives Of Study:-
Page | 33
1) To examine the preference of lower income groups in form of pricing with regard to
3) To find out the customer preference towards different technology using in water filters.
Page | 34
Literature review:
Abstract
purify the water contained in water distribution systems. Several techniques to purify the
water and the sensors needed as part of the whole system are presented to provide an
1 Literature Review
the most common disinfectant used in drinking water purification systems because it is
inexpensive and destroys a large number of pathogens. The purification of drinking water
involves several stages of treatment of the raw water for the removal of suspended solids,
color, and bacteria before entering the distribution network. Clarification, disinfection,
pH adjustment, filtration and taste and odor removal are part of the stages of treatment.
water is needed in this case to reduce the concentrations of nitrites and nitrates present in
the raw water. However, in this document we emphasize the controller’s role in the
Page | 35
chlorination process since this is the most common method used for the purification of
drinking water. Stricter drinking water quality standards demand improvement of control
systems for water treatment. The regulation of chlorination in drinking water systems is
based on open-loop, manual control; however, several closed-loop controllers have been
proposed. The application of feedback control in drinking water purification systems has
been delayed due to the lack of sensors for measuring chlorine concentration in a reliable
fashion. Although chlorine con- centration sensors have been used in large drinking water
systems, these sensors are typically used for monitoring purposes. In this document, we
review some techniques used for purifying raw water, and the control strategies proposed
so far for trying to supply drinking water in a reliable manner. This control problem is
very complex due to the variable quality of raw water, the seasonal changes that
temperature and pH have on disinfection capabilities, the transport delays associated with
the transport time of water from one point to another, and the multiple-input, multiple-
output nature of the problem (i.e., multiple number of chlorine sources and multiple
points of water consumption through several different pipe paths). There are two
approaches that are described in this document: The first one covers the application of
feedback control for the disinfection of clarified water in a single point of a drinking
water plant. The second approach deals with distributed control for the purification of
raw water in multiple locations of a drinking water distribution system. The efficient
operation of a water plant depends upon the success of the clarification stage. In a
feedback control scheme is implemented using color and turbidity sensors and variable
speed pumps. The sensors are used to determine the current characteristics (i.e., color and
Page | 36
turbidity) of the raw water and the pumps are used to dose a coagulant into the raw water,
has been considered in to suppress errors obtained from the color sensor (i.e., color
sensor measurements are considerable higher than laboratory results) when the turbidity
of the water is high. An on-line neural network is being evaluated to estimate the color of
control system over a centralized scheme. In the authors describe the use of an optimum
dosing rate of coagulant for a water purification system. Raw water contains a large
amount of impurities that are removed by filtering, sedimentation and flocculating, and
centrifugal separation. The impurities are removed by a coagulant dose, which must
change according to the changes in the quality of the raw water inflow in water
purification system. The coagulant dosing rate is determined based on jar-test results or a
reference table. However, the time it takes to examine the sample at laboratories, the lack
of availability of laboratory staff, and the reference tables just based on temperatures and
turbidity of the raw water are all factors that result in considerable delays in taking
appropriate correction, actions by adjusting the coagulant dose to the raw water. In a
fuzzy model is used to determine the amount of coagulant dosing rate needed in normal
conditions, whereas a neural network model is used for the same purpose, but for very
large changes in the raw water quality. Five input variables (i.e., tur- bidity, temperature,
alkalinity, pH and ¢pH of the raw water) are used for the models. A threshold in the
Page | 37
turbidity of the raw water is used to determine the current condition of the raw water. If
the current turbidity value is below that threshold, then the condition of the raw water is
considered normal and the fuzzy model computes the coagulant dosing rate. If the
turbidity value is above the threshold, then the neural network model sets the coagulant
dosing rate. The coagulant dosing rate computed by the models is the set-point of a PID
Controller used in the water purification system. The effluent turbidity control of a deep
bed rapid sand filter run by a direct filtration method is described in. The operation of this
filter depends on the physical and chemical properties of raw water, flow rate, bed depth,
grain size of the media, and the type of coagulant used. Direct filtration differs from
in cost savings and plant size reduction. In a combination of a fuzzy controller and an
integral one is used to regulate the alum dose pumped into the filter. An expert system for
a water purification system that performs supervisory control of water quantity, and
automatic filter basin control, is developed in. The sand bed filters can be in four possible
states: waiting for filtering, filtering, waiting for scouring, and scouring. The filter basins
in water purification systems are usually divided into groups connected in parallel. On-
line data are gathered from distributed control systems throughout the water purifica-
tion system. In filter basin control is based on control of filter scouring basinand control
of the number of filter basins in operation. Filter scouring occurs when the water flow
falls below a preset minimum value. The number of filters in operation is controlled to
match the plant processing flow to total filtering flow. A different approach is presented
in where the proposed chlorination control system for water treatment is a double cascade
Page | 38
PI loop for controlling the hypochlorite dosed in the system by means of free chlorine
Denitrification of drinking water has been proposed in several studies. In SISO and
MIMO robust variable structure controls for fixed bed bioreactors are developed. A SISO
variable structure control is used to control the total concentration of nitrates and nitrites
by changing either the inlet flow rate or the ethanol concentration. A MIMO variable
water. In [8] drinkable water is also treated by a fixed bed bioreactor. A multi-
improve the quality of the water in order to control the harmful component concentration
at the outlet of the bioreactor and to optimize the addition of carbon source. Modeling
and control design have been addressed for drinking water distribution systems in several
papers. Water supplies (i.e., tanks or reservoirs) in water distribution systems are
typically treated to kill bacteria. The problem with this treatment is that chlorine decays
exponentially in water, and thetransport delay of water through pipes causes the
chlorinated water to stay inthe system for some time. The control challenge for this
particular case is to design a strategy that doses the chlorine at treatment stations in order
to keep the chlorine residual amount in the distribution system within pre-established
drinkable water distribution system. The model in is decomposed into two parts: The first
one is an algorithm that determines the time the water spends in a particular pipe and
Page | 39
finds the node in which the water entered the pipe. The second part is an algorithm that
finds when and where the chlorine was introduced into the system. In the authors use the
same model developed in but measured data gathered from real systems are used to
calibrate the model off-line. The authors claim that closed-loop controllers are not
implemented yet in water distribution systems because control algorithms are not
available and chlorine sensors were not accepted by that time. An adaptive controller is
considered for water distribution systems with periodic variation of parameter uncertainty
control techniques is introduced in. Several guidelines for selection of actuators and
Page | 40
[3] T.-H. Han, E.-S. Nahm, K.-B.Woo, C. Kim, and J.-W. Ryu, “Optimization
[8] O. Boubaker and J. Babary, “On SISO and MIMO sliding control of a dis-
Page | 41
[9] M. Zierolf, M. Polycarpou, and J. Uber, “A control-oriented approach to
control of water quality,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 2, pp. 68–
Page | 42
Research Methodology
Fundamental to the success of any formal marketing research project is sound research
considered
Research Design: In this project the descriptive research design has adopted. A
research design purely and simply the framework or plan for a study that guides the
Sampling Method: In this project the respondents have selected on the basis of
convenience sampling method. Convenience sampling is based on the convenience of the
The research was conducted using primary data as a source of information and the
method adopted was survey through questionnaire. The primary data are those which are
collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. A
Page | 43
.And other hand magazines, newspapers and books have been used as a secondary data.
which were close-ended. Among close-ended question, again both dichotomous and
multiple choice questions were used. The questions were framed keeping the objective of
research in mind and in such a way that they are able to extract the required information
Sample Size: To get the information for the purpose of complete the research project
I have selected 50 respondents as a sample size.
Chapter 4
FILTER:
RESPONDENT: 7 35 5 3
35
35
30
25
20
15 RESPONDENT
7 PERCENTAGE
10
5 5
14%
70% 3
0 10%
6%
NEWS PAPER
TELEVISION
FRIEND
OTHER
25
20
15 RESPONDENT
10 PERCENTAGE
10
5 5
5 20% 60% 10% 10%
0
1000 - 2000 2000 - 4000 4000 - 10000 ABOVE 10000
3) While purchasing water filter do you take mind the price of water filter?
REASON: YES NO
RESPONDENT: 40 10
Page | 46
PERCENTAGE: 80% 20%
40
40
35
30
25
RESPONDENT
20 PERCENTAGE
15 10
10
5 80% 20%
0
YES NO
Interpretation:- 80% respondent take mind the price of water filter while purchasing
while 20% not take mind while purchasing.
PERFORMANCE: YES NO
RESPONDENT: 20 30
30
25
20
20
RESPONDENT
15 PERCENTAGE
10
5 40% 60%
0
YES NO
Interpretation:- 40% respondents think that price of water filter affects its
performance while 60% respondents think that price does not affects performance.
35
30
25
20
RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
15
7 8
10
0
PURE IT USHA BRITA AQUASURE
TECHNOLOGY: YES NO
RESPONDENT: 35 15
35
30
25
20 15 RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
15
10
5 70% 30%
0
YES NO
Interpretation:- 70% respondents think that technology of water filters affect their
purchase and 30% respondents think that technology does not affect their purchase.
RESPONDENT: 5 4 35 6
30
25
20
RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
15
10 6
5
4
5
10% 8% 70% 12%
0
UV CHEMICAL RO ION EXCHANGE
RESPONDENT: 20 30
Page | 51
PERCENTAGE: 40% 60%
30
30
25
20
20
RESPONDENT
15 PERCENTAGE
10
5 40% 60%
0
PRICE TECHNOLOGY
Interpretation: - 40% respondents think that they give preference to price while
30
25
20
RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
15
10
10
3
5 2
20% 70% 6% 4%
0
DOOR TO DOOR SHOPS INTERNET OTHER
filter, 70% prefer shops, 6% prefer internet while 4% prefer other sources.
Chapter 5 Findings
During the project work I found that most of the existing users get information about
waters from television because it is a good source of medium as newspaper is also a good
Page | 53
source but reach of television is more than printed media. In current scenario consumers
are more technology Conesus and they think that RO technology is much better than any
other technology but these types of water filters are so expensive. Mostly consumers
think that technology of water filter affect its performance. Also a large number of
consumers think that price of water filter does not affect its performance and technology
of water filter brand affects its performance. Also I found during the project work that in
Bareilly city there is a problem of electricity so that the water filters those are operated by
electricity , consumers face a problem in the operation of RO & UV based water filters
.As also most of respondents are from middle class so that their first choice were HUL
PUR IT and second choice were USHA BRITA and in last they prefer AQUASURE.
During project work, I found that respondents are less aware about technology using by
Chapter 6:-
Conclusion
Page | 54
This survey was that how the consumer is buying behavior towards various brands of
water filters .So after working in this project I found that mostly consumers are about
technology is decreasing day by day. As companies are also making tie-ups with many
mncs so many water filters are available with latest technology at a reasonable price. In
INDIAN market specially in middle class segment only those water filters are popular
those are available at comparable low price and contains latest technology.
Chapter 7
Page | 55
Suggestions &
Recommendations
Recommendations
mouth etc.
4) Price of RO technology water filters are very high so it should be low so that it
6) In rural areas awareness about water filters is very low as in rural areas there are
Chapter 8: Limitations
Page | 56
1) The geographic region covered for the survey was limited to the boundaries of
BAREILLY city.
CHAPTER 9
bibliography & annexure
Page | 57
BOOKS AUTHOR
WEBSITES:-
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
Page | 58
print media:-
Annexure
Questionnaire
Page | 59
NAME-
ADRESS-
DESIGNATION-
3) While purchasing water filter do you take mind the price of water filter?
(a)Yes (b)No
(a)Yes (b)No
(a)Yes (b)No
(a)Price (b)Technology
Page | 60
Page | 61