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Lecture 9

The document discusses circuit theorems that can simplify circuit analysis. It introduces: 1) Circuit linearity - voltages and currents in linear resistive circuits are linearly related to independent sources through constants. 2) Superposition - the response of a linear circuit to combined sources is the sum of its responses to individual sources. 3) Source transformation - Thevenin's and Norton's theorems allow complex circuits to be simplified to equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source. 4) Maximum power transfer - circuits can be analyzed to maximize power transferred from a source.

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bmurali37
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56 views

Lecture 9

The document discusses circuit theorems that can simplify circuit analysis. It introduces: 1) Circuit linearity - voltages and currents in linear resistive circuits are linearly related to independent sources through constants. 2) Superposition - the response of a linear circuit to combined sources is the sum of its responses to individual sources. 3) Source transformation - Thevenin's and Norton's theorems allow complex circuits to be simplified to equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source. 4) Maximum power transfer - circuits can be analyzed to maximize power transferred from a source.

Uploaded by

bmurali37
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circuit Theorems

Motivations
• Nodal and Mesh analysis are adequate for
the analysis of any resistive circuits.
• However, for a large, complex circuit, these
methods involve tedious computation.
• Objectives:
– To reduce the manual computational effort
– To gain insight into the circuit’s operation that
cannot be gained from a nodal or mesh analysis

Preview
• In this chapter we consider techniques that
help simplify circuit analysis.
• Topics covered:
– circuit linearity
– superposition
– source transformation
– Thevinin’s and Norton’s Theorems
– maximum power transfer

1
Linearity Property

Linearity of an element
Resistor is a linear element
v = iR
Linearity property:
- homogeneity (scaling):
kv = kiR
- additivity:
if v1 = i1 R, and v 2 = i 2 R
then applying(i1 + i 2) gives
v = (i1 + i2 )R = i1R + i 2 R = v1 + v 2

Linearity of a circuit
An example: 60 Ω
I

Is V 120 Ω Vs

2
V = 40Is + Vs
3
2 1
I = Is − Vs
3 180

2
Linearity of a circuit
Linearity Theorem:
For any linear resistive circuit, any output
voltage or current, denoted by the variable y, is
related linearly to the independent sources
y = a1u1 + a2 u 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + am um
where u1,⋅ ⋅ ⋅, um are the voltage and current
values of the independent sources in the circuit
and a1,⋅ ⋅ ⋅, am are properly dimensioned
constants.

Circuit linearity - Example


A linear resistive circuit has two independent sources.
It is known that if i s1(t) = 4cos(2t)A and vs2(t)=0, then vout(t)=
-2cos(2t)V, and if i s1(t)=0 and vs 2(t)=10V, then vout(t)=55V.
(a) If i s1(t) = 2cos(2t)A and vs2(t)= -10cos(2t)V, find vout(t).
(b) If i s1(t) = -4cos(5t)A and vs2(t)= 20cos(5t)V, find vout(t).
+o vout(t) -o

Linear resistive
is 1(t) circuit with vs2(t)
depedent sources

Circuit linearity - Example


Consider the following network. If V s = 12 V and Is = -2 A,
then Io = 3 A, and if V s = -6 V and Is = 4 A, then Io = -3 A.
Find Io when V s = 30 V and I s = 6 A.

Is

I0
Vs

2I0

3
Circuit linearity - Example
Find V1 in the “ ladder” circuit below by using
proportionality relation of the circuit.
— guess a solution!

1Ω 3Ω

vs =45 V 5Ω 1 Ω V1 1/2 Ω

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