Operating System

Unit- I
[Dos, Linux, Widow 95/98, Window NT]

Interoduction: Operating system ,d master control program

gksrk gS tks computer dk lapkyu djrk gSA vkSj ,d fu;=ad dh
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA CPU ls izkIr ldsrks dks computer ds
Hkkxks rd tkus ds izokg flow dks Hkh ;g fu;f=r djrk gSA
operating system computer
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gS D;ksfd ;g vU; lHkh application programe
dks computer es fdz;kfUor djrk gSA lHkh vU; program computer
e’khu ds lEidZ es vkus ls igys operating system ds lEidZ es vkrs
gSA
Example:  M.S. Dos , Windows 95, Unix, window 98 , window
2000 , OS/2, warp, window NT etc IMB ds mainframe computer
ds fy, operating system fuEu gSA 1- mvs
2- vms
3-
Dos/vsE etc

M.S. DOS
[Micro soft – Disk operating system]

I. Introduction, History & Viersion of Dos: bldk iwjk uke

microsoft disk operating system gSA ;g lcls yksdfiz; operating
system gS tks micro computer es iz;qDr gksrk gS
Personal computer ds fy, IBM us loZizFke PC-Dos uke ls ,d
operating system rS;kj fd;k FkkA blds fodkl es fcyxsLVl uked ,d
izksxzkej dk lg;ksx fd;k FkkA ckn es fcy xsV~l us viuh dEiuh
microsoft corporation dk xBu fd;kA
August 1981 es microsoft corporation us MS Dos uke ds
operating system dk laLdj.k 1.0 fodflr fd;k tks IBM ds PC ds fy,
rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA
lu~ 1983 es tc hard disk ;qDr micro computer fodflr fd;s x;s rc MS
Dos 2.0 version market es vk;k bl operating system ds }kjk ,d gh
disk ij vusd files dks lxzfgr djus dh lqfo/kk gks xbZ lkFk gh file
vkSj directory ds fl)kUr dk pyu gqvkA
lu~ 1984 es intel 80286 izkslslj ;qDr micro computer fodflr
fd;s x;s rc m.s. Dos 3.0 vkSj m.s. Dos 4.0 version dk fodkl fd;k
x;kA microsoft ds operating system dks Dos (Disk operating
system) dgk tkrk gSA D;ksfd ;g vf/kdrj disk ls lEcfU/kr Input/
output dk;Z djrk gSA

I. DOS Basics:-
(i) File: Computer es data ,oa lwpuk dks ,d fer djds
lxzg djus ds fy, ,d bdkbZ dks file dgrs gSA ;g bysDVksfud fof/k ls
lxzfgr fd tkrh gSA blfy, bls bysDVksfud file Hkh dgrs gSA Data
,oa information dks secondary storage device ij stor djus ds fy,
bysDVksfud file rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
Data : ;g o.kZekyk ds v{kj , vad vkSj fpUg gksrs gSA tSls%&
uke, izkIrkad , fnukad vkfn Data gSA files nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

(a)Data file
(b) Progrem file
(a) Data file: ;g lwpukvks dks vkadMks ds :i es stor j[krh
gSA tSls%& fo/kkfFkZ;ks ds uke , jksy uEcj , ijh{kk es izkIrkad
vkfn laxzg djds j[k ldrk gSA
(b) Program file: bl file es ge fdlh computer Hkk"kk es fy[ks
funsZ’kks dks lxzfgr djrs gSA

Element of file : ,d data file es vkadMs gks ldrs gS izR;sd

vkadMs vusd fields ls feydj cuk gksrk gS izR;sd field es djsDVj
gksrs gSA rhu rRo
gksrs gSA
(A) character: ;s o.kZekyk ds v{kj vad ;k fo’ks"k fpUg
gksrs gS dqy 256 izdkj ds character gks ldrs gS A
 o.kZekyk ds v{kj & ( A to Z and 0 to Z )
vad & 0 to 9
fpUg & ( ) / * <
>#{}[]`
(B) field: tc computer file dks ,d lkj.kh ds :i es rS;kj fd;k
tkrk gS rc bldk izR;sd LrEHk ;k dkWye field dgykrk gSA
tSls%&
Roll. No. student Name Date of Birth
Marks
787 Prem 02&10&1975 48

788 Ashok 05&07&1982 49

789 Shri Ram 05&07&1986 46

field field field field

(C) Record: file es laxzfgr lwpuk dh ,d iafDr record

dgykrh gSA TkSls%&
Roll. No. Mark student Name Date of Birth
Record 787 Prem 02-10-1975
Record 788 Ashok 05-07-1982
Record 789 Shri Ram 05-07-
1986
file & file name: computer es rS;kj dh tkus okyh izR;sd file dks
disk ij laxzfgr djus ds fy, mldk uke fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS bls file
name dgrs gSA file name dh lgk;rk ls ge disk ij laxzfgr file dks iqu
% izkIr dj ldrs gS mls disk ls gVk ;k feVk ldrs gs mles laxzfgr
lwpuk dks laxzfgr Hkh dj ldrs gSaA disk ij laxzfgr lHkh file dks
lwph ,d i`Fkd LFkku ij laxzfgr gksrh gS ftls directory dgrs gSA
blls izR;sd files ds file name ds lkFk mldh disk ij fLFkfr dk irk
pyrk gSA
Rule of file Name: fuEufyf[kr fu;e gSA
(i) file name es nks Hkkx gks ldrk gS
(a) Primary file name: ;g
vf/kdre 8 character es fn;k tkrk gS o U;wure 1 character es ns ldrs
gSA tSls %& SALES, PHRCHASE etc
(b) Extension ;k foLrkjd % ;g max 3 character es
fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g file name dh izd`fr] izdkj ];k fo’ks"krk
dks O;Dr djrk gSA tSls%& EXE , BAT etc (ii)
Primary file name ,ao Extension ds chp MkWV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA Example:-- SALES . DOC
↓
↓
Primary file name Extension

(iii) lEiw.kZ file name es v{kjks ds e/; space ugh fn;k tk ldrk gSA
(iv)nks ;k nks ls vf/kd files ds file name ,d leku ugh gks ldrs gSA
(v) ,sls file name ugh fn;s tk ldrs gS ftuds vFkZ M.S. Dos es
fo’ks"k vFkZ j[krs gSA M.S. Dos ds funsZ’k dks file name ds :i
iz;ksx ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA Example:- Copy, DEL, RD vkfn
(vi) file name es funsZ’k fpUgks dk iz;ksx ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tSls%& [ ] \ < > etc

Directory & Directory structure: vusd file dh lwph dks

directory dgrs gSA ,d directory es laxzfgr files ds ckjs es
fuEufyf[kr lwpuk,W gksrh gSA
(a) file name
(b) Extension
(c) files es mifLFkr character dh
la[;k ;k file dk vkdkj Byte es (d) fnukad Date
(e) Time
le;
blds }kjk ge Loa; dh viuh directory Hkh cuk ldrs gSA ge ,d
directory ls vusd directory cuk ldrs gSA ftUgs Sub-Directory dgrs
gsaA directory ds uke dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, file name ds fu;e
ykxw gksrs gSA
(a) Current Directory: ;g og Directory gksrh gS ftles ge
orZeku es dk;Z dj jgs gSA tSls%& C:\ LOVLEEN >
orZeku Directory Dos
prempt es lovleen uke dh directory orZeku directory dks O;Dr djrh
gSA (b) Root Directory: izR;sd Disk es ,d ewy
directory gksrh gSA ftles disk dh vU; lHkh Directory rS;kj gksrh
gSA ;g directory disk dh format djrs gSA
(i) le; Dos }kjk Lor% gh rS;kj gks tkrh gS A
(ii) M.S. Dos es bl directory dk fpUg (\)
Back clase fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS vr% (iii) ewy
Directory dk dk;Z uke ugh gksrk gSA
Example:- C:\>_
↓
Root directory
C:\ LOVLEEN > _
↓ ↑
Root directory
Current directory Root
directory dh vusd 'kk[kk,W ;k sub directory gks ldrh gSs
(iv) vr% ewy directory dks dHkh Hkh ugh
feVk ldrs gSA C:\ &&&&
→ Dos
→Windows
→Word star
→Data base
→fox pro
→Lovleen etc.
(c) Drive Name: Drive computer es iz;qDr disk dks O;Dr djus
ds fy, ,d ladsr gksrk gSA Drive dks Dos es o.kZekyk ds v{kj
(character) vkSj dhyu fpUg (:) ds }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS A
tSls%&C:,B:,A:, etc
Micro computer es izk; floppy disk hard disk
Compact disk vkfn iz;qDr gksrh gSA buds Drive fpUg dks ge
C:,A:,B:,D:, vkfn ls O;Dr djrs gSA Hard disk dks izk; C:, ls O;Dr
djrs gSA ;fn computer es ,d ls vf/kd hard disk gS rks bUgs
C:,D:,E:, vkfn ls O;Dr djrs gSA Dos izksEV orZeku
drive dks bl izdkj O;Dr djrs gSA C:\LOVLEEN > _
(d) Using path to specify location of a file ( file dh fLFkfr crkus
ds fy, path dk iz;ksx ) :File directory ;k Sub-directory es
mifLFkr gksrh gSA fpUg /(slash) ftls (path & Sign) dgrs gSA
C:\Prem\Ashok\shri Ram\Kailash >-
↓ ↓
Root Directory Path
Sign

Parts of a Command: M.S. Dos ds command ds rhu Hkkx

gksrs gSA (A) Command Name:
Command name og 'kCn gksrk gS ftls ge command es lcls igys
nsrs gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls Dos dks ;g irk pyrk gS fd ges D;k fdz;k
djuh gSA tSls%& Dir,Copy,Del etc
(B) Parameter: M.S. Dos dks dHkh
dHkh command es vfrfjDr lwpuk dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA blds fy,
command name ds ckn Parameter dk use fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%&
C:\DEL b SALES.TxT command ds fy, parameter ,d ls vf/kd
Hkh gks ldrs gSA (C) Switch or options: switch
dk iz;ksx / (Right slash) ds ckn ,d v{kj ds }kjk command ds vUr es
fn;k tkrk gS bldh lgk;rk ls funsZ’k ds dk;Z dks ubZ fn’kk nh tkrh
gSA Example: C:\>Dir/P ;k C:\ >Dir/\  ;gkW
P ,d switch gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls file dks page wise ns[k ldrs gSA

Booting: Computer dks on djus ij loZizFke bldh LFkkbZ

memory Ram es lxzfgr gksrh gSSA BIOS:- Basic Input
output system file computer ds leLr Input Output midj.kks dh
tkWp djrh gSA HardDisk ls MS-Dos operatring system RAM es
tkrh gSA rFkk rhuks files IO-Sys , MS- Dos Sys vkSj Command.
Com vkfn Hkh RAM es Load dh tkrh gSA vUr es computer dh
Ldzhu ij MS-Dos dk Prompt fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
bl izdkj Dos dk computer dh memory es Lor
% laxzfgr gksuk Booting dgykrk gSA
Computer dk fLop vkWu djuk

 POST & (Power on self Text)

Memory es Dos Lod
djuk 

& Dos Prompt



C:\ >_

Key board

Bootable file rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1- IO. Sys  Hidden file
2- MS. Dos . Sys Hidden file

3- Command . Com Program file

M.S.- Dos dh eq[; files ( Main file of MS.DOS) 

MS. Dos operating system dh
eq[; files dqN fo’ks"k dk;ksZ tSls (a) Booting dh fdz;k (b) Input
output ds fMukbZlst fu/kkZfjr dj mUgs lek;ksftr djuk (c) operating
system ds internal command dks memory es stor djuk vkfnA
buds Extension Hkh fo’ks"k gksrs gS .Sys, .Com, .exe, .BAT
etc
(A) IO.SYS vkSj MS.DOS .SYS files : ;s nksuks files fNih
gqbZ gksrh gSA ftuds uke ge files dh lwph es ns[k ugh ikrs gSA ;s
izR;sd Disk ij mifLFkr gksrh gSA ;s nksuks files booting ds le; Lor
% gh computer dh RAM es stor gks tkrh gSA
;s nksuks files Dos kernel dk
izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA Dos kernal computer Input/Output devices
vkSj operating system ds e/; lEidZ LFkkfir djrk gSA bUgs ns[kus
ds fy, C:\>Dir/AH dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
(B) Command . Com:  MS-Dos es ,d command interpretor
gksrk gSA tks rhuks files IO.Sys, MS.Dos.Sys vkSj
command.Com dk lewg gksrk gSA Command .Com file ,d
Program file gSA command .Com file user dks computer ls lEidZ
LFkkfir djus dh lqfo/kk nsrh gSA bles internal command stor jgrs
gSA ftUgs user Dos prompt ij type djds Execute djrk gSA
Command .com dks command interpreter, Console command
processor ;k shell Hkh dgrs gSA tSls %&
Computer
Io. Sys & ms dos . sys
User
Hard ware Command. Com
Computer

Interface
(C) AutoExe . BAT file: Booting ds ckn operating system disk
ij Autoexe.BAT file dksa <q<rk gS vkSj bls fdz;kfUor Execute dj
nsrk gSA ;g fdz;k computer dks ON djus ij izR;sd ckj gksrh gSA
Autoexe.BAT file ,d Batch file gSA ftles Dos command gksrs gSA
;g program file ds leku bles fy[ks funsZ’kks dks Lor% Execute
djrh gSA blfy, bldk uke Autoexe vFkkZr~ Auto Executable j[kk
x;k gSA Autoexe . BAT file es ge Disk ij mifLFkr vU; Application
Programs dh fLFkfr crkus okys Dos command laxzfgr djrs gSA
tSls%& PATH & C:\ws ;
C:\Dbase ; C:\windows
Note:- IO.Sys, MS.Dos .Sys, ,oa Command . Com file
MS.DOS dh system file dgykrh gSA
(D) Config . Sys file : Computer dks on djus ds ckn Boot gksrk
gSA rFkk ge AutoExec BAT file ls MS-Dos operating system es
vU; software dh fLFkfr fu/kkZfjr djrs gSA blds ckn MS-Dos }kjk
computer es mifLFkr Hardware dh fLFkfr vkSj izdkj fu/kkZfjr
djus dh ckjh vkrh gSA blds fy, Config.Sys file dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA ;g Text file
gksrh gS tks Computer ds Hardware Hkkxks ( memory, keyboard,
mouse, printer etc ) dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSA ;g Root Directory es
stor jgrh gSA bles ge la’kks/ku dj ldrs gSA vkSj u;s funsZ’k Hkh
tksM ldrs gSaA Config.sys file
es fy[ks tkus okys Command
Example:-- (i) Buffer: ;g MS-Dos dks ;g crkrk gS dh disk ls
lwpukvks ds vknku iznku ds fy, Memory dk fdruk Hkkx fjDr
NksMk tk,A (ii)
Country: fofHkUu ns’kks dh Hkk"kkvks ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy,
Computer system dks fuf’pr djrk gSA
(iii) Device: fdlh device
dks pykus ls lEcfU/kr program device drive dks memory es lxzfgr
djrk gSA tSls%& Mouse Driver, Printer Driver etc.
(iv) Files: ;g ,d ckj es fdruh files computer fd
directory es [kksyh tk ldrh gSA (v) Shell: ;fn ge
command . com ds vykok dksbZ vU; command interpreter iz;ksx
djuk pkgrs gS rks ;g mls fuf’pr djus ds dke vkrk gSA

DOS COMMAND
Types of Dos Command
;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
(i) Internal Command (ii) External Command
(i) Internal Command: ;s command Dos ds lkFk lnSo miyC/k
jgrs gSA D;ksfd ;s command botting ds le; Lor% memory es stor
gks tkrh gSA ;s lHkh command command.com programe file es
ladfyr gksrs gSA blfy;s ;s command lnSo miyC/k jgrs gSA tc rd ge
computer dks off ugh dj nsrs gSA
fuEufyf[kr Internal command gSA
(i) Command: CLS ( clear the screen)
Syntax: C:\>CLS
Purpose: ;g screen ds contents dks feVkrk gS
rFkk curser monitor dh izFke line ds izFke column ij igqWp
tkrk gSA
 (ii) Command: DATE
Syntax: C:\>Date
Example: C:\>Date rks vkrk gS
current Date is 10&03&2001 Purpose: bl
command ds }kjk ge computer es date ns ldrs gS ;g date
American format es gksrh gSA tSla%& mm&dd&yy es nh tkrh
gSA
(iii) Command: Time
Syntax: c:\>Time
Example: c:\>Time blds ckn fuEufyf[kr lines vk;sxh
%& current time is 10%06%32%40
Enter new times Purpose: blds
ckn ;fn le; cnyuk gks rks ?kaVk% feuV% lSd.M ds :i es u;k le;
fn;k tkrk gS ugh rks dsoy Inter dj nsrs gSA
(iv) Command: Dir
Syntax: C:\>Dir
Example:  C:\>Dir  blds mrj es
vkidh screen ij mu lHkh files ,ao Sub-directory ds uke vk tk;sxs
tks fd current directory es gSA
Purpose: fdlh directory es 'kkfey lHkh files ,ao Sub-
directory dh lwph dks ns[kus ds fy, bl command dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
Options: Dir\options
(a) Dir\P→ todisplay page wise
(b) Dir\W→ to display width wise
(c) Dir\on → To
order by (A to Z ) Name
(d)Dir\ -n→Reverse order by name(Z to A)
(e)Dir\OE→ order by Extention (A to Z)
(f)Dir\O-E→Reverse order by
Extention (Z to A) (g)Dir\OD→ order by
date
(h)Dir\S→ To display list of sub-directory & their files also
(i) Dir\O-s → Order by size
(j) Dir\AH→ To display hidden file
(k) Dir\A → To display all files
including hidden file Name
<Dir> Bytes page date time
(l) Dir\AD→ show only directories
(m) Dir\AS → show system files
(v) Command: Copy- Con
Syntax: C:\>copy b con b <file name> 
Example: C:\>copy b con b PREM 
blds ckn curser fups vk tkrk gS mlds
ckn tks file cukuh gS mlds contents fy[ks tkrs gS mlds ckn Az ;k f6
djrs gS rks 1 file copied fy[kk gqvk vk;sxkA
Purpose: bldk use file cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
(vi) Command: Type
Syntax: C:\>Type b <file name>
Example: C:\>Type b Prem 
Purpose: bl command dk
iz;ksx file es fy[ks x;s contents dks ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
(vii) Command: VER [version]
Syntax: C:\>VER 
Example: C:\>VER bldk
mrj fuEu izdkj vk;sxk M.S. Dos version 6-22 Purpose:
bl command dk iz;ksx M.S. Dos dk version dkSulk gS ns[kus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
(viii) Command: VOL [volume]
Syntax: C:\>VOL
Example: C:\>VOL  rks
vk;sxk Purpose: bldk
iz;ksx computer volume crkrk gSA
(ix) Command: MD [Make Directory]
Syntax: C:\>md b <directory name> 
 Example: C:\>md b
PREM  Purpose:
fdlh disk ;k floppy ij Root directory ;k fdlh nwljh directory es
dksbZ sub-directory cukus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA leku
uke dh nks directory ugh cuk ldrs gSA
(x) Command: CD [change directory]
Syntax: C:\>cd b <directory name> 
Example: C:\>cd b PREM 
C:\Prem
Purpose bl command dk iz;ksx current directory cnyus ds fy,
Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA blls ckgj vkus ds fy, C:\PREM > CD.. 
lh/ks root directory es vkus ds fy, :-- CD\ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(xi) command: RD [Remove directory ]
Syntax: C:\> RD b < directory name> 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh
directory dks gVkus ds fy, ;g vko’;d gS fd og [kkyh gksuh pkfg,
mles u rks file o u gh Sub-Directory gksuh pkfg,A
Example: C:\PREM \Ashok \ > copy b con b
Ram  method type Az ;k f6
1file copied igys file
gVkus ds fy, C:\PREM \ Ashok \ > DEL b RAM 
C:\PREM \ Ashok \> cd 
C:\ PREM \ >
RD b Ashok 
C:\ PREM > cd 
C:\ > RD b Prem 
C:\ > 
(xii) Command: Copy
Syntax: C:\> copy b <source name> b <target
name> Purpose: bl command dk
iz;ksx fdlh file dh udy djds oSlh gh nwljh file cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
(i) ,d directory ls vU; directory es
 (ii) ,d drive ls vU; drive es Example—
C:\>copy Ajay Exe A:  Example: C:\> Copy b Ram b
Shyam  bl command ls shyam uke dh ,d file vkSj cudj rS;kj gks
tk;sxh vkSj vUr es fy[kk gqvk vk;sxk 1 file (s) copied ;fn bl uke
dh file cuh gqbZ gS rks lUns’k vk;sxk& file already exists
overwrite it? (Yes/No) vkidks Y ;k N nsuk gS Y nsus ij iqjkuh
file dks xk;c djds ubZ file cuk nh tkrh gSA
fu;e% (i) ;fn ewy file current Dir es ugh gS rks
iwjk path nsuk gksxkA
(ii) ;fn ubZ file current Dir es ugh cukuh gS rks mlds uke
ds lkFk ml Directory dk path lfgr uke nsuk vfuok;Z gSA
(iii) wild card fpUgks dk iz;ksx % Example: ;fn ges
viuh current directory dh lHkh file system files fdlh nwljh
directory PRRG es copy djuh gS rks C:\> copy
b * sys. b PRG 
(xiii) Command: Ren [Rename]
Syntax: C:\> Ren b <sorce name> b <target
name> Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh
file & Directory dk uke change djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Example: C:\>Ren b Ashok b Prem  ;fn file dk uke

cnyuk gS rks current directory es ugh gS rks mlds iqjkus uke ds
lkFk iwjk path nsuk pkfg, u;s uke ds lkFk ikFk nsus dh t:jr ugh
gSA C:\> Ren b C:\ABC\CDE\RAM b C:\shyam 
wild card sign dk iz;ksx %&
C:\>Ren b * ASC b * Txt 
(xiv) Command: DEL ( delete)
Syntax: C:\> DEL b <file name> 
Purpose: bl command }kjk
disk ij mifLFkr vuqi;ksxh files dks delete gVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
Example: (i) C:\> Del b ABC
(ii) wild card dk iz;ksx
 C:\>Del b * *  rks igys psrkouh nh tk;sxh %&
All file in the directory will be delete are you sure(Y/N) Y nsus
ij file gV tk;sxh o N nsus ij command j) gks tk;sxkA
(xv) Command: PATH
Syntax: C:\>PATH 
Example: C:\>PATH  rks
vk;sxk%& PATH_ C:\Dos; C:\; C:\Lotus ; C:\Dbase
Purpose: ;fn dksbZ eaxicutabletable file current directory
es ugh gSA rks path }kjk mu file dsk set dj ldrs gSA bu files dks
<q<us ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%& ws
rFkk Lotus Sub-Directory ds fy, path C:\>path_ C:\ws; C:\lotus 
lko/kkuh %& nks Sub directory ds e/; ladsr ; yxkuk
vko’;d gSA
(xvi) Command: PROMPT
Syntax: C:\> PROMPT b <Prompt name> 
Purpose: M.S.Dos dk :i cnyus
ds fy, prompt command dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ge fdlh Hkh
'kCn ;k okD; dks Prompt cuk ldrs gSA
Example: C:\>PROMPT b Iam Prem
rkss C:\> ds LFkku ij I am Prem
uke dk Prompt cu tk;sxkA C:\>
PROMPT /? djrs gSA rks fuEu vk;sxk
Prompt can be made up of normal character and the following
specials codes. $Q→ (equle Sign)
$$→ $ (doller sign )
$T→ current Time
$D→ current Date
$P→ current drive & path name
$V→ System Dos
version number $N→
Current Drive
$G→ > (Greater than sign)
$L→ <(less than sign)
$P→ : ( Pipe Sign)
 $B→ Back space
okil C:\>Prompt ykus ds fy, $E→ Escape
code tSls Prompt b $ P $ G 
Example:-C:\> prompt b $ D $T $Q $G  rks Prompt bl izdkj
dk vk;sxk:-- TUE 08-
18- 1998 12: 28: 16 --
;g prompt tc rd jgsxk rc rd nqckjk botting ugh gks tk;sA
(xvii) Command:Pause
Syntax: C:\> Pause 
Purpose: bl Command dk iz;ksx
fdlh processing dks dwN le; jksdus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Example: C:\> Pause 

Pause message :-
bl command dh mi;ksfxrk rc
gksrh gSA tc mi;ksx drkZ dks ,d volj nsuk gksrk gSA rkdh oks
fdlh yEcs lans’k dks vPNh rjg ls i< ldsA ;g funsZ’k pkyq gksrk gS
rks screen ij ;g lans’k
vk;sxk& Press any key to continue AC }kjk bldks C:\> ij
yk;k tk ldrk gSA
WILD CARD : dHkh dHkh fdlh command ge ,d ;k lHkh file
ds uke nsus dh ctk; dwN pquh gqbZ file ds lewg dk uke nsuk pkgrs
gS ,slh fLFkfr es ge file uke es wild card dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
M.S. Dos es wild card ds :i es nks fpUgks dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA (i) * ,d ls vf/kd v{kjks ds fy, bldk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) ? (Question) : ,d v{kj ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\>Dir ABC * ;g ABC uke
dh leLr file dks n’kkZrk gSA C:\ > Dir *
* : blds }kjk leLr files screen gksrh gSA
C:\>Dir AB ? D Dos : ckdh lHkh uke ;gh o ? ds LFkku ij
dksbZ Hkh vda C:\> Dir A??? Doc : igyk v{kj A o
ckdh dksbZ Hkh gksA
 Dir, Copy, RDEL, & REN etc ds lkFk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA

(2) External Command

;s ,sls command gksrs gS tks computer dh eq[; memory es miyC/k
ugh jgrs gSA cfYd vyx programe file ds :i es disk jgrs gS tSls gh
vki dksbZ External command nsrs gS command processer mlls
lEcfU/kr files dks disk ij <q<rk gSA vkSj fey tkus ij memory ess
load dj nsrs gSA bldks pykus ds fy, ;g vko’;d gS fd mudk laLdj.k
ogh gksuk pkfg, tks vkids M.S. Dos dk gSA ugh rks Incorrect
version dk lans’k vk;sxk vkSj vkns’k j) gks tk;sxkA

fuEufyf[kr External command gSA

(i) Command: CHK DSK (check disk)
Syntax: C:\> CHK
DSK b <drive letter> 
Example: C:\> CHKDSK B: 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx storage unit es
fjDr memory rFkk mlls lEcfU/kr miyC/k lwpukvks es ckbV vkfn
dk irk yxkus ds dke vkrk gSA ;kfu iz;ksx dh xbZ memory dh {kerk
fdruh gSA blls option dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) Command : EDIT
Syntax: C:\>EDIT
Purpose: bldk iz;ksx file cukus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Example:
C:\>EDIT  rks vk;sxk file, edit, view, table, bles Hkh file
cukdj mles Editting dj ldrs gSA
(iii) Command:SORT <file Name> 
Syntax: C:\> sort b <sorce file name >
 Purpose: bl command dk
iz;ksx file dks dzec) djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\>sort b ABC 
bles file ds contants dks sort fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls % C:\>copy con RAM
Kailash
Ashok
Shri Ram
Prem AZ
1file copied mldas ckn sort command
dk iz;ksx djrs gS rks ;g file sort accending order es gks tk;sxh
tSls%& Ashok
Kailash
Prem
Shri Ram
ijUrq bUgs ;fn
Desending order es djuh gS rks option ;k switch /R dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA C:\ > sort b /r <file name>
(iv) Command: ATTRIB
Syntax : C:\ > ATTRIB [+ - option ] <file name>
 C:\ >
ATTRIB [+R: - R ]
[+H : -H]
[ +A : -A][ +S: - S]
[Drive] [Path] [File Name ] [ /S]
+ → Sets an Attrubute
- → Clears an Attribute
R → Read only
file H→
Hidden file attribute
A → Arthive file attribute
S → system file attribute
 /S → Processes file in all directory in
the special path
Example: (i) C:\ > ATTRIB +R ABC  vc bl file es editting
ugh dj ldrs bldks dsoy i< ldrs gSaA
(ii) C:\> ATTRIB –R ABC
 vc bl file es editting dj ldrs gSA (iii) C:\ >
ATTRIB +H ABC  vc ;g file Nwi tkrh gSA
(iv) C:\> ATTRIB –H ABC  ;g file okil ns[k ldrs
gSA vkxs Hkh blh izdkj ls bu option dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA
bu option
dk ,d lkFk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gS o wild card dk iz;ksx :--
C:\> ATTRIB +R +H * *
blds }kjk Asia directory dh lHkh file dks dsoy i< ldrs gSA ,oa
mUgs Nwik ldrs gSA C:\ Asia >
ATTRIB –R +H ABC
(v) Command: LABLE
Syntax: C:\> Lable b <Lable Name> 
Purpose: bl command
dk iz;ksx vius uke dk lable cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\>lable b prem 
rks vk;sxk%& Enter vol. lable.... uke nsuk
ckn es Dir/P }kjk ns[kuk
(vi) Command: X Copy
Syntax: C:\> X copy b source name b Target
Name  Purpose: lHkh Directory , Sub-
Directory & file dks dkWih djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bles
Hidden file dh copy ugh gksrh gSA
Example:→ C:\> X copy * * A:
A copy [Y/N]
(i) /P –for permission
(ii) /S /D /E o /V etc
(vii) Command: DOSKEY
Syntax: C:\> Doskey 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx
fdUgh command dks memory es stor djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Example: C:\> Doskey 

C:\> CLS
C:\> Dir 
F7_ list of command (ftrus
command use fd;s mldh list) F3_
Repeat list No.
F9_ for line No. ( ftl command dks ns[kuk gS mlds uEcj nsdj
ns[k ldrs gS tSls C:\>command No. 
(viii) Command: TREE
Syntax: C:\> TREE /f 
Purpose: Directory , Sub-
directory ,oa file dh lajpuk dks fn[kkrk gSA [ Directory dk <kWpk
ns[kuk ]
Example: C:\ ASIA > TREE /f it show file also 
(ix) Command: MOVE
Syntax:C:\> MOVE <sorce name > <target
name> 
Purpose: Directory & files change djus ds fy, move
command dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\>move C:\
Asia /xyz 
C:\Aisa / Nepal /xyz 
(x) Command: MORE
Syntax: C:\> * More 
Purpose: bl command }kjk fdlh
nwljs command ds output dks page wise fn[kkrk gS ftlls file ds
contents dks page wise ns[k ldrsa gSA Type dks jksdus ds fy, more
dk iz;ksx C:\> Type <file name> b
more  Example: C:\> More 
Dir b : More 
(xi) Command: SCAN DISK
Syntax: C:\> Scan disk 
 Purpose: tc ykbV can gks tkrh gks rks
Computer dh chain VqV tkrh gS mls tksMus ds fy, scan disk dk
iz;ksx djrs gSA
Example: C:\> Scan disk 
(xii) Command: DISK COPY
Syntax: C:\> Disk copy b <source drive name > b <Target Drive
name >
purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx ,d floppy dh nwljh es copy djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: (i) C:\> Disk copy A: B: 
'krZ%& nksuks floppy ,d gh vkdkj o laxzg {kerk
leku gksuh pkfg,A (ii) C:\>
Disk copy A: B:  (iii)
C:\> Disk copy A: B: /V  chp&chp es copy dks izekf.kr Hkh fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
(xiii) Command: Disk comp
Syntax: C:\>Disk comp <source><target> 
Purpose: bl command dk
iz;ksx Hkh Disk copy dh rjg gh gksrk gSA
Example: C:\>Disk comp b A: b B: 
(xiv) Command: Print
Syntax: C:\> Type b <file name > PRN 
C:\> Print <file name>
Purpose: bl
command dk iz;ksx fdlh file dk printer }kjk print fudkyus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\>print prem  vk;sxk Name of
list device(PRN) vxj vkids ikl dbZ printer gks rks fdlh ,d dk uke
ns ldrs gSA tSls %& LpT1, LpT2 ;fn ,d printer gSA rks Enter press
dj nsrs gSA
(xv) Command: MODE
Syntax: C:\>MODE’40 
 Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx prompt dh size change djus
ds fy, djrs gSA
Example: C:\>Mode 40
rks blls prompt size cMh gks tkrh gSSA okil
C:\>Mode 80 rks size normal gks tkrh gSA
(xv) Command : F Disk
Syntax: C:\> F disk
Purpose: bl Command dk iz;ksx disk dk partition Hkkx djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Example: C:\> Fdisk 
rks iwNrk gSA (Y/N)
Y press dj nsxs rks disk dks part es ckaV nsrk gSA N press dj nsxs
rks Command j) gks tkrk gSA
(xvii) Command: BACK UP
Syntax: C:\> Back up b <drive name> b <target
drive name>  Purpose: bl command dk
iz;ksx stall djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tc dHkh dksbZ personal file
delete gks tkrh gSA mlds fy, ml file dk back up ys fy;k tkrk gS ftlls
ge mldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
Example: C:\> Back up A: B: 
(xviii) Command : Find
Syntax: C:\>find “STRING” <file Name>
Purpose: bl Command dk
iz;ksx fdlh particular 'kCn dks <q<us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: loZizFke copy-con ls file cukuk
(i) C:\>find b “fox" b prem rc dsoy
Capital letter okyh line gh i<sxkA (ii) C:\>find ?i b
“fox" b prem  ftl line es fox 'kCn fy[kk x;k gS bu lHkh line dks
i<sxkA
(iii) C:\>find /V b “fox" b prem 
(a) ;fn fox capital letter es fy[kk
gS capital letter okyh line ugh i<sxk ckdh lHkh i<sxkA (b)
;fn fox small letter es fy[kk gS rks small letter okyh line ugh i<sxk
ckdh lHkh line i<sxkA
 (iv) C:\>find /N b “fox" b prem 
(a) ftl line es fox
capital letter es fy[kk gS dsoy mu line dks i<sxk o muds uEcj Hkh
crk;sxkA
(b);fn fox small letter es fy[kk gS dsoy mu linedks
gh i<sxk o mlds uEcj crk;sxk (v) C:\> find /v/n b
“fox" b prem  blls fox dh capital letter okyh line ugh i<sxk ckdh
line dks i<sxk o mlds uEcj crk;sxkA
(xix) Command: Format
Syntax : C:\> format <Drive Name>ftl
floppy es dke dj jgs gks mls Drive Name dgrs gSA

Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx floppy ,oa hard disk dh

formating djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\>format b
A:  blds lkFk options /S /Q ,oa /N dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(xx) Command: DELTREE
Syntax: C:\>Deltree <Directory Name>
Purpose: bl command dk
iz;ksx Directory , Sub directory & thier filesdk Removedjus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\Asia>del tree india
Asia

India China
Japan

Raj MP UP
Jaipur Jodhpur Ajmer ”
rks blls india ls lHkh file & Directory dks gVk nsxkA
(xxi) Command:SYS
Syntax: C:\> Sys b <Drive Name> 
Purpose: bldk mi;ksx fdlh floppy dks system disk
cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Example: C:\>Sys A:
(xxii) Command:Undelete
Syntax:C:\Undelete<file Name > 
Purpose: bl Command dk iz;ksx
gVkbZ gqbZ file dks okil ykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: (i) C:\> Undelete b *. BAT 
(ii) lHkh files dks cpkus ds fy,
C:\>Undelete / ALL (iii) cpkbZ
xbZ file dh List ns[kus ds fy, C:\>Undelete / list 
'krZ%& ;g Command rHkh dke djsxs tc muds chp dksbZ
file o directory ugh cukbZ xbZ gSA
(xxiii) Command : UNFORMAT
Syntax: C:\> Unformat b <Drive Name>
Purpose: bl Command dk
iz;ksx xyrh ls fdlh t:jh floppy Disk dks format vkns’k ls format
fd;k tk pqdk gS rks fQj ewy voLFkk es ykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\>Unformat b A: rks
vk;sxk Warning Are you sure you went to update the susta area
of your drive A :- (Y/N) Y
cVu nck nsxs rks Unformate djuk izkjEHk gks tk;sxk N cVu nck
nsxs rks command j) gks tk;sxh A Unformat dk dke lekIr gks
tk;sxk rks fuEu lans’k vk;sxk The system area of Drive A: has
been rebuit you may need to restore the system.
(xxiv)Command: APPEND
Syntax: C:\>Append source/Path addimal
drive / path / switches ;k option Purpose: Sub directory
dk path search djus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\ word; / wpdata 
(xxv) Command: HELP
Syntax: C:\>command name /?
Purpose: bl command dk
iz;ksx ge computer ij fdlh Hkh command ds ckjs es iwjh tkudkjh
izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: C:\ >Dir/?
;k C:\ > Help b Dir

Que:- Copy & Xcopy command es vUrj crkb;ssA

Ans:- Copy Xcopy
1- Copy Internal command gSA
1- tcfd Xcopy External command gSA 2- Directory & Sub
Directory 2- tcdh blls Directory , Sub directory dh copy
ugh dh tk ldrh gSA dh Hkh copy dh tk ldrh gSA
3- copy ls permission etc. 3- tcfd Xcopy es
permission vkfn option dk use option dk iz;ksx ugh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%& /S /P /D /E /V etc.

Que:- Internal & External Command es vUrj crkb;sA

Ans:- Internal Command
External Command

1- bles vyx ls Qkby dh t:jr ugh iMrh gSA 1- tcdh bles vyx ls
Qkby dh t:jr gksrh gSA 2- bles file stor command.Com es gksrh
gSA 2- tcdh bles file stor Ex ternal Com gksrh gSA

Type of files [Excutable Y/S Non executeble file in

dos] M.S.Dos es files eq[; :i ls nks rjg dh gksrh gSA
1- Executable 2- Non
Executable
1- Executable : Executable file mu file dks dgk tkrk gS ftues
,sls programe gks ftUgs ge vius PC ij lh/ks pyk ldrs gS ;k Run djk
ldrs gS ,slh file ds uke ds vkxs T;knkUrj Exe ;k Com ;k
Bat ,DlVs’ku yxk;k tkrk gS ;s Extersion dsoy izHkko ugh gksrk
EXE rFkk COM file Binary code ;k Machine Language es gksrh
gSA T;knkUrj PC }kjk [kqn rS;kj dh tkrh gS A BAT Files lk/kkj.k
vadks o fpUgks ls cuh gksrh gS ijUrq bldh gj line MS DOS dk
dksbZ vkns’k gksrh gS budks Batch file dgk tkrk gSA gj Batch file
dq/k command dk group gksrh gSA ge viuh lqfo/kk ds fy, Batch
file cuk ldrs gSA tc ges dbZ programe ,d lkFk fd;kUofor djkus gks
rks muds fy, vkns’k ,d file es j[kdj Batch ds :i es j[k ldrs gSA
Computer dks Boot djrs le; pykbZ tkus okyh file Autoexec./ BAT
,slh gh Batch file gSA
2- Non Executable: Non executable file mu files dks dgk tkrk
gS ftles dksbZ Data ;k ,slk Programe Hkjk tkrk gS ftls dEikby fd;s
fcuk ugh pyk;k tk ldrk ,slh file vusd rjg dh gksrh gSA buds ukeks
ds vkxs fuEufyf[kr Extension iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA
DOS: ml Extension dk iz;ksx ftles vPNh rjg
format fd;s x;s Data ;k Text j[ks tkrs gS budks lh/ks Niok;s tkrs
gSA HLP:
bu file es lgk;rk djus okyh lwpuk,W gksrh gSA
TXT ;k ASC: bles lk/kkj.k fpUgks ls cus Data
j[ks tkrs gSA BAK: ;s file T;knkUrj
fdlh file dk iqjkuk :i ;k Back up ;k Duplicate gksrh gSA
BMP,PCX ;k TIF: ,slh file dk iz;ksx Graphics Package dk
lkFk fd;k tkrk gS ftles fpe LVksj gksrs gSA
BAS:;g Extention
T;knkUrj Basic program file ds uke ds lkFk gksrk gSA

DOS :- FAT
[ file Alocation Table ]
(i) Dos dh Disk nks Hkkxks ds vUnj cVh gqbZ gksrh gSA
(i) system Area (ii) Data
area system Area 2% es rFkk
Data area 98% es cVk gqvk gksrk gSA
system area es Tracks gksrs gSA tcfd Data area es Data stor
gksrs gSA System Area ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSA
Boot, Fat, Root vc ge ;gkW ij FAT ds ckjs
es o.kZu djsxsA FAT:- Dos stall a
file or more logical units called cluster [ cluster is a call a cation of
sector ]
,d sector ds vUnj fdrus cluster gksrs gSA ;g mldh {kerk
ds mij fuHkZj djrk gSA tc user sequest djrk gSA ml file dks save
djus ds fy, rc oks file cluster ds vUnj tkdj save gks tkrh gSA
bu cluster ds uEcj gksrs gSA tks fd NO2 ls 'kq: gksrs gSA
cluster NO. 0 o 1 Reserve stor jgrk gSA tks fd ID Byter rFkk Dos
Boot ds fy, dke es vkrk gSA izR;sd cluster ds fy, user Area dk ,d
Indification dk serial No. gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k gh fat ds vUnj
entry gksrh gSA fat simple table No. gksrs gSA igys cluster ds ikl
Root Directory dh file gksrh gSA ;fn file dh size cluster size ls
T;knk gks rks og file nwljs cluster dk vkil es link gksrk gSA tgkW
ij End of tgkW ls file [kRe gks tkrh gS ogkW ls link [kRe gks tkrh
gSA (iii) cluster size of floppy disk
Disk Type
cluster Size 1.5"-2.88 MB
1024 Bytes: 2 sector 3.5"- 1.44 MB
5/2 Bytes: 1sector 5.25"- 1.2 MB
5/2 Bytes: 1sector 5.25"- 360 MB
1024 Bytes: 2 sector (iv) cluster size of
hard disk Disk type
cluster Size 16 MB ;k 16
MB ls de 4x 1024: 8sector 17 MB to
128 MB 2x1024 :4sector 129
MB to 256 MB 4x1024: 8sector
257 MB to 512 MB 8x1024 : 16 sector
513 MB to 1024 MB 16x 1024 : 32 sector
1025 MB to 2045 MB 32x 1024 :
64 sector
 Physical structure of Disk
(i) Disk vFkkZr ,d floppy disk ;k Hard disk gksrh gS ftlls Tracks
cus gkssrs gSA ;s tracks vkxs sector es foHkkftr gksrs gSA ;s
sector tks fd disk ij cus gksrs gS ;s disk dh xfrfof/k;ks fd ,d
izkjfEHkd bdkbZ gSA
(ii) izk;ksfxd :i ls ;s disk igys ls preformatted ds :i es gksrh gS tks
fd tracks es foHkkftr gksrh gS ,d flys.Mj ds vUnj gksrh gSA
(iii) floppy es nks lrg
gksrh gS bldh drive es nks heads lekosf’kr gksrs gS head 0 lkbM 0
ds fy, gksrk gSArFkk head 1 side 1 ds fy, gksrk gSA nksuks
head ,d lkFk gh fdz;k djrs gSA vr% side 0
dk 1st track o side dk 1st track feydj ,d flys.Mj dk fuekZ.k djrs gS
blh izdkj side 0 side 1 dh track 2 feydj ,d vkSj flys.Mj cukrs gS bl
izdkj vkxs Hkh flys.Mj curs gSA Head O
Track

Side O
4 Pairs
Head
Asseably

Side 1
Head 1

bl izdkj n oh Tracks platler2 dh n oh tracks vkil es dkYifud line }

kjk tqMdj ,d flys.Mj cukrs gSA lkjs head feydj vkxs fiNs ?
kwekdj ,d lkFk tqM tkrs gS vkSj ,d lkFk xfr djrs gSA

M. S. Window 95/98
UNIT & II
 Introduction: M.S. windows
graphics user interface (GUI) fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr ,d cgqr gh mi;ksxh
software gSA ;gkW ij interface 'kCn dk rkRi;Z Computer o user ds
chp oS;fDrd vknku iznku ls gSA M.S. windows ls iwoZ Dos dk
iz;ksx cgqr gksrk Fkk fdUrq window dk dos dh vis{kk vf/kd
ykHkdkjh fl) gksus ds dkj.k orZeku es window dk mi;ksx lokZf/kd
gks jgk gSA Window loZizFke vxLr 1995 es
vesjhdk dh micro soft dEiuh }kjk rS;kj djds izpfyr fd;k x;k bles
fuEu lqfo/kk, Fkh & Network, Fax, ,ao multimedia ijUrq ckn es
1998 es bles lq/kkj djds internet ls tksMk x;kA blds ckn tks version
windows ds vk;s oks fuEu gS& Window 2000 Window XP
&Window advance service
Windows ds eq[; dk;Z fuEu gS&
1- gkMZos;j ij fu;a=.k
2- izksxzke dk fdz;kUo;u
3- lwpukvks dks O;ofLFkr
djuk 4- lapkj midj.k etc.

I.
Windows Concepts: [concept of GUI]
orZeku computer system es GUI fl)kUr us ,d
ubZ dzkfUr yk nh gS GUI dk eq[; m)s’; computer user o computer
ds e/; vUr%fdz;k dk c<kuk gSA bldk eq[; m)s’; gS dh computer ij
dke djus okyk ,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr Hkh lgtrk dk vuqHko djs vkSj
computer ls vf/kd ls vf/kd dke es ys ldsA
ifjHkk"kk%& GUI og ek/;e gS tks fd fpeks dh bdkb;ks dks
egRro nsrk gSA ;g fpfer bZdkb;ks computer system ds fofHkUu
L=ksrks o lqfo/kkvks dks iznf’kZr djrh gS bu fpfer bdkbZ }kjk ge
computer system ls vUr% fdz;k dj ldrs gSA
Feature of GUI:- (i) GUI dh eq[;
fo’ks"krk, gS fd ge tks Ldzhu ij ns[krs gS ml dk;Z dks ,d fDyd }
kjk vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSA
(ii) GUI n{krkiw.kZ lwpukvks o izfrlwpukvks dks
iznku djrk gSA (iii) GUI es lwpukvks dks bl
izdkj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA fd og mi;ksx drkZ ds fy, ljy o lqxe gksA
 (iv)
bles Ldzhu feuw gksrk gS tks vklkuh ls n`’; o vn`’; gks ldrk gSA
(v) mouse dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r las fd;k tkrk gS tks
fd computer ds mi;ksx dks ljyrk iznku djrk gSA
(vi) bles file directory
vkSj system ls lEcfU/kr vU; bdkb;ks dks fpf=r bdkb;ks }kjk
iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

(2) Windows features :  bldh eq[; fo’ks"krk,W fuEufyf[kr gSA

(a) ;g Graphics ij vk/kkfjr gS window
dh eq[; fo’ks"krk ;g gS dh ;g ,d GUI software gS ftles graphics
fpUg cus gksrs gS ftldh lgk;rk ls dk;Z tYnh o de le; es dj ldrs gSA
(b) Command & parameter dks ;kn j[kuk vko’;d
ugh A %& bles eq[; fo’ks"krk ;g gS dh bles Dos dh rjg command o
paremeter ;kn j[kuk vko’;d ugh gS D;kSfd bles command graphics
:i es fn[kkbZ nsrs gS mldks mouse }kjk click djds run djk ldrs gSA
(c) Window dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ge ,d gh le;
es dbZ application ij ,d lkFk open dj ldrs gSSA
(d) bles mouse
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks fd ,d u;s mi;ksxdrkZ dks vR;f/kd lqxerk
iznku djrk gSA
(e) fofHkUu iSdstks ds e/; Data dk vknku iznku
vfrlqxe o ljy gks x;k gSA (f) ,d u;k lq/kjk gqvk
interface (g) yEcs file uke
(h)
Windows ,DlIykstj
(i) lq/kjh gqbZ [ksy rFkk multimedia lqfo/kk
(j) iqjkus programe ds lkFk vuq:irk
(k) ljy Mkd lqfo/kk
(l) ,dhd`r
networking lqfo/kk
Window feature
laLdj.k dk uke tkjh gksus dk o"kZ eq[;
fo’ks"krk,W
Windows 1.0 1985 GUI ij vk/kkfjr o
multitasking
Windows 1.2 1987 ,d window ij nwljh
window
Windows 2.1 1987 vkHkklh e’khu (vartual
machine)
Windows 3.0 1990 programe eSustj / file eSustj
dh lqfo/kk
Windows 3.1 1992 multimedia capacity
network
Windows 3.11 1993 32 Bit networking 32
Bit file
Windows 95 1995 iw.kZ 32 Bite operating
system multitaskin
network capacity yEcs file name foLrkj.k dh
lqfo/kkA
Windows 98 1998 bUVjusV ij dk;Z djus dh
fo’ks"k lqfo/kk
Windows 2000 2000

(3) Window structure:  loZizFke window dks open djrs gS rks

og nks Hkkxks es cVkW gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bldh lajpuk bl
izdkj gSA
Application window
Micro soft word &□ x
File Edit View Insert format Tools Table
Window Help
standred Bar
formating Bar
Document
- □ x
;g ▲
Windows nks
Hkkxks es
cVka ▼ gksrk
Page Sec status Bar
Start Task Bar
gSA 1- Application
window 2-
Document window
(1) Tital Bar: vU; Bar dh rqyuk es xgjs jax dh ifêdk
gksrh gSA ftles Min, Max, o close Button gksrs gS blds ck;s
dksus es control menu gksrk gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls programe
dks move run close o vU; fdz;k,W dj ldrs gSA
(2) Menu Bar : ;g programe ls lEcfU/kr menu dks
izLrqr djrh gS ftls menu bar dgrs gSA tSls word ds fy, file ,
edit, view, insert, format, tools, table, windows, help vkfn
menu gksrs gSA bl ij Dyhd djrs gS ;k Alt ds lkFk f ls file
menu ds popup f menu [kqy tkrs gSA ftudh lgk;rk ls tYnh
dk;Z dj ldrs gSA
(3) Standard Tool Bar: standard tool bar menu bar ds
Bhd uhps dh rjQ fLFkr gksrk gS bles dbZ cVu gksrs gSA
ftUgs cgqr ls menu command ds shart cut ds :i es iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA bues cut, copy, save, open, spell, cheek etc.
(4) Formatting Bar: standred tool bar ds uhps
formatting bar gksrh gS ftles dbZ cVu gksrs gS ftuls
document es type fd;s x;s text dks format fd;k tkrk gS bues
font, size, bold, underline etc.
I. Document Windows : Word dh document window es file
cukbZ o n’kkZ;h tkrh gSA fuEu rRo gksrs gSA
(1) Title Bar: ;g ckj application ckj dh rjg gh gksrh gS
bles document name gksrk gSA tc file dks save ftl uke ls
djrs gS og uke vk tkrk gSA
(2) Ruler: ;g document window es title ckj ds uhps
gksrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls page width margin rFkk tab vkfn
set fd;s tkrs gSA
(3) View button: ;g uhps dh rjQ horizental scorall bar ds
ck;h vksj gksrs gS budh lgk;rk ls Ldzhu ij document ds
display dks change fd;k tkrk gSA
(4) status bar: ;g current curser position iznf’kZr djrk
gSa
 Pag 1 Sec1 V1 At 1" Ln 1 Col
1 3.05AM

(4)Desk top: windows 95/98 lode gks tkus ds ckn VDU ij tks
izkjfEHkd Ldzhu fn[kkbZ nsrh gS mls desk top dgrs gSA window
dk gj dke desk top ls gh 'kq: gksrk gS ;g T;knkrj iz;ksx dh tkus
okyh oLrqvks dks O;ofLFkr djus ds dke es vkrk gSA tks folder ;k
object ckj&ckj iz;ksx dh tkrh gS mUgs Desk top ij j[k fn;k tkrk
gSA
Desk top ij dbZ object gksrs gSA
My computer
Recycle Bin
Network Neigh bourhood
My Brief case
Task Bar
Start menu
files & folder
shortcuts etc
;s objects desk top ij gj le; gksuk vko’;d ugh gSA rFkk
mudk dze Hkh vyx&vyx gks ldrk gSsa D;ksfd gj O;fDr viuh est
dks vius rjhds ls yxkuk gS ysfdu bues ls izR;sd dk m)s’; vkSj
O;ogkj ges’kk ,d leku gksrk gS desk top es izR;sd oLrq ,d NksVs
fpHk }kjk fn[kkbZ tkrh gS ftlds uhps bl objects dk uke Hkh fy[kk
gksrk gS uke lfgr bl fpHk dks izfrd dgk tkrk gSA

My Coputer
Recycle Bin
Desk Top My Brief case
Acceseries
(5) Task Bar: MS. Dos Prompt  tc Hkh vki
dksbZ program Fox pro pkyq djrs
gS ;k dksbZ Sta window
[kksyrs gS rks rt 1.11 PM screen ds lcls
uhps task bar es ml
window dks O;Dr djus okyk cVu fn[kkbZ nsrk gS bl izdkj task bar
ges lHkh pkyq program ij rRdky igqWpus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk
gSA (i) Task bar dk igyk Box start button
gksrk gS mlds ckn lHkh [kqys gq, ;k pkyq gq, program ds fy, ,d ,d
Box gksrk gSA (ii) tc
Hkh vki window ls fdlh nwljs program ij tkuk pkgrs gs rks task bar
es ml program ij Dyhd dj nhft, tc vki fdlh window dks cUn close
djrs gS rks task bar ls mldk Box xk;c gks tkrk gSA
vki tksc dk;Z dj
jgs gS ml ij fuHkZj djrs gq, task bar ds nk,a dksus ftls notification
area dgrs gS mles vU; fpUg Hkh fn[kkbZ iM ldrs gS tSls vkids
NikbZ dk;Z dks O;Dr djus okyk Privite ;k iksVZfcy computer
iznf'kZr djus ds fy, ,d cSVjh vfUre fljs ij ,d ?kMh fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA Setting ns[kus ;k cnyus ds fy, bu izrhdks dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, %& ;fn vki rkjh[k ;k le; dh setting ns[kuk
pkgrs gS rks flQZ ?kMh ds fpUg ij double click dj nhft, ftlls ,d
Mk;yks Box vk;sxk ftlls vki data&time dks set dj ldrs gSA
(6)start menu: window 95/98 dsa desk top ds uhpys ck, dksus
es start cVu dks Dyhd djdss start menu [kqy tk;sxk ;g menu okLro
es iwjs computer dk ,d lqfo/kktud control point gS computer lHkh
dk;Z ;k fdz;kdyki blh menu ls izkjEHk fd;s tkrs gSA tSls%&
Window
updata
Programs
Favorite
Documents
Setting
find
Help
Run
Log. off
shut down

start start menu

 start menu ds fofHkUu fodYi vkSj mUgs pquus ij gksus okys
izHkko fuEufyf[kr gS& 1- Programs: ;g mu
programs dh lwph fn[kkrk gS ftUgs T;knkrj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS bl lwph es ls bfPNr izksxzke pqudj mls pkyq fd;k tk ldrk
gSA 2- Documents: ;g fodYi mu
nLrkostks dh lwph fn[kkrk gS ftUgs gky gh es iz;ksx es yk;k
x;k Fkk ;k [kksyk x;k Fkk vki bues ls fdlh dks fDyd djds fQj
ls [kksy ldrs gSA 3. Setting:  ;g system ds mu
rRoks dh lwph fn[kkrk gS A ftuds fy, vki setting cny ldrs gS
vkSj vius computer dk dkufQxjs’ku lq/kkj ldrs gSA
4- find: bldh lgk;rk ls vki fdlh QksYMj
Qkby lk>k computer ;k Mkd lans’k dks <q<a ldrs gSA

5. Help: blls help program izkjEHk gksrk gSA blls

vki windows es dksbZ dk;Z djus ds fy, lgk;rk ys ldrs gSA
6. Run:
blls dksbZ ikyu djus ;ksX; program run djk;k tk ldrk gSA
vFkok ;fn vki dksbZ M.S. Dos command nsrs gSA rks folder
[kksyk tk ldrk gSA 7. Shout Down: bl
fodYi ls vki window ls ckgj fudydj (vFkkZr Log off djus ) ;k
rks computer cUn dj ldrs gSA ;k iqu% pkyq dj ldrs gSA
(7) My Computer:- ;g oLrq ,d NksVs computer ds izrhd }kjk
fn[kkbZ tkrh gSA bl oLrq es vkids computer es stor dh xbZ izR;sd
lwpuk dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA My computer ij dk;Z djus ds fy, bls
[kksyk tkrk gSA fdlh object dks [kksyus ds fy, mouse pointer dks
mlds mij ys tkdj Double click djrs gSA ;k ,d ckj click djds Enter
key nck nsrs gSA ,slk djrs gh Screen ij ,d windows fn[kkbZ iMrh
gSA ftles fuEufyf[kr phts gksrh gSA
(i) izR;sd Mkbd dk izrhd
(ii) Control isuy dk QksYMj
(iii) Printer dk
QksYMj My
computer dh window vkidh vko’;drk vuqlkj cnyh tkrh gSA vkSj ;s
cnyko vxyh ckj cnyus rd izHkkoh jgrs gSA
Opening a folder: Window es files dks b/kj m/kj djus ds fy, ges
folder dkss [kksyus dh t:jr iMrh gSA Folder [kksyus dh fof/k %&
(i)My computer ij double click djrs gS rks screen ij my computer
dh window [kqy tk;sxhA
(ii) bl window es ml drive ij double click fdft, ftles vkidk folder gS
¼ ;g Mªkbo lkekU;r% C: gksark gS½ blds ICON ij Double click
djrs gS rks bl Drive dh Window [kqy tkrh gS mlds lHkh folder o
files Icon fn[kkbZ nsxsA
(iii) mles u;k folder cuk ldrs gS iqjkuk folder open dj ldrs gSA
tSls%&
My computer - □ X
File Edit View Go Faverite Help
Back forword up Cut Paste Copy Undo
>>
Address My computer ▲
My Computer 3½ Floppy A: C: D: Printer
Web folder PPP

bl izdkj folder dks [kksyrs gw, bfPNr folder rd igqp ldrs gSa ;fn
vki fdlh folder ls Bhd mij okysa folder ij tkuk pkgrs gs rks ml
window ds Vqy ckj es up caVu ij click fdft,A

¼8½ Recycle Bin: ;g vkidks gVkbZ gqbZ files rFkk folders dks
ljyrk ls cpkus dh lqfo/kk nsrh gS dksbZ Hkh gVkbZ gqbZ files ;k
object ;k folder bu Bin es Mky nh tkrh gSA bl Bin dks vki ckn es
dHkh Hkh [kksy ldrs gSA vkSj ;fn vuko’;d gks rks LFkkbZ :Ik ls
gVk ldrs gSaA Recycle Bin dks iwjh rjg [kkyh djuk Hkh lEHko
gSA bl Bin es iMh gqbZ oLrq,W feVk nh tkrh gSa mUgs fQj izkIr
djuk lEHko ugh gSA Recycle Bin ,d oLrq gS blds Hkh
dbZ xq.k gSA
1- vkdkj%& vkdkj ftruk cMk gksxk ;g mruh gh T;knk gVkbZ xbZ
files dks stor djsxkA
2- laxzg.k%& tc Stor dh xbZ files ls iwjk Hkj tkrk gS rks ubZ
gVkbZ xbZ files ds fy, txg cukus ds fy, lcls iqjkuh files dks feVk
nsrk gSA
3- Window 95/98 ds fy, izHkkoh gksrk gS MS.Dos ls gVkbZ xbZ
files ls ugh A
4- gVkbZ xbZ files dks iqu% izkIr djus dh izfd;k %&
Recycle Bin ( Double click ) % gVkbZ xbZ file ij tkdj
Right Button click djuk rks fuEu Contacts menu vk;sxkA
TSls % Restore
Cut ckn es Restore dks slect djrs gSA
Delete
Properties
bl izdkj og file ges ewy voLFkk es fey tk;sxhA
5- Recycle Bin dks iwjh rjg [kkyh djus dh fdz;k %Recycle
Desktop es cus Recycle Bin Icon ij mouse ds Right Button ij click
dhft, rks ,d Context menu vk;sxk ftles ls Empty Recycle Bin dks
select djrs gS rks Recycle Bin iwjh rjg [kkyh gks tk;sxkA Dialog
Box My Computer tSlk gh gksrk gSA

4- Window Accessories
¼1½ Calculater
Calculater nks rjg ds gksrs gSA
¼1½ Normal ¼Basic Calculater½ ¼2½ Scientification
¼Scientific Calculater½
bldks pykus ds fy, & StartProgramAccesseriesCalculater
¼1½ Normal: Mouse dh lgk;rk ls fdlh uEcj ij Click djds D;k
operation ¼ + - * ½ vkfn djuk ;g Hand Held calculater tSlk gh
gksrk gSA
¼2½ Scientification: tc dHkh Scientification Calculater dks
ascept djuk gksrk gSA View menu ds vUnj tkdj Scientification
Calculater dks select dj fn;k tkrk gSA blds vUnj ftu No. dks Ctrl +
c Copy fd;k tkrk gS rFkk Ctrl + v ls Past fd;k tkrk gSA
;g View  Scientification
NOTEPAD
Windows es Notepad ,d rjg dk Text editor gS tgkW ge NksVh Text
file cuk ldrs gSA bldk Extension .TXT gksrk gSA bldksa pykus ds
fy, &
Start ProgramAcceseries Notepad 
rks fuEu izdkj dk Dialog Box open gksrk gSA
Untitle & Notepad - + x
File Edit Search Help
1- ▲

▼
Note pad menu
I. file New
Open
Save
Save as
Print
Page set up
Print set up
Exit
(i) View : bl Command dk iz;ksx dksbZ ubZ file cukus ds fy,
fsd;k tkrk gSA ftldk uke Untitle gksrk gSaA
(ii) Open: bl Command dk iz;ksx igys ls cuh gqbZ file dks open
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (iii) Save:bl command dh lgk;rk ls
cukbZ xbZ file dks vius uke ls save dj ldrs gS ftles primary uke
type fd;k tkrk gSA o Extension ;g .TXT vius vki ys ysrk gSA
(iv) Save As : bl command fd lgk;rk ls file es fd;s x;s cnyko dks
ge nwljh file Save dk ldrs gSA bles Hkh file name fn;k tkrk gSA
(v) Print: bl Command ds }kjk file dks print djk ldrs gSA
(vi) Page set up: blds }kjk page dks set dj ldrs gS ftles page dk
margin o header footer vkfn fn;s tkrs gSA
(vii) Print set up: bl command dh lgk;rk ls printer o mlds dqN
option dks O;ofLFkr dj ldrs gS tSls orientation, paper size etc.
(viii) Exit: bl command dh lgk;rk ls file dks cUn djds Notepad ls
ckgj vkrs gSA
II. EditUndo
Cut
Copy
Delete
Select Alt
Date & Time
Word wrap
(i) Undo: bl command dk iz;ksx fn, x;s command ds izHkko
dks u"V djus ds dke es vkrk gSA
(ii) Cut: bl command dh lgk;rk ls file es fdlh Hkh iw.kZr;k u"V
dj clip Board es Hkst ldrs gSA
(iii) Copy: bl command dh lgk;rk ls document es fdlh Hkh Text
dh copy dks clip board es Hkst ldrs gSA
(iv) Delete: bl command }kjk files es fdlh Hkh Text dks
iw.kZr;k u"V fd;k tk ldrk gS vr% bldks iqu% izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
(v) Select Alt ;g command iwjh file dks select djus ds dke vkrk
gSA
(vi) Date&Time:bl command ds }kjk djlj ds LFkku ij Date &
Time Insert dj ldrs gSA
(vii) Word wrap: bl command ds }kjk ge file es Text dks wrap
dj ldrs gS ;g ,d rjg dk Toggal command gSA igyh ckj djus ij word
wrap on gks tkrk gSA
III. Search: Find
Find next
(i) Find: bl command dh lgk;rk ls Document es fdlh Hkh Text
dks <q< ldrs gS fuEu Dialog Box vkrk gSA
Find \ X
Find what Find
Next
 Cancle
□ Match Case Direction
Clip  down
(ii) find Next: bl Command dh lgk;rk ls iwoZ ds <qa<k x;k Text
dks iqu% file es <qa<k tk ldrk gSA
IV. Help: blds }kjk Notepad ds fy, Help pkfg, rks ge ys ldrs
gSA

(3) Word Pad

Introduction:Window es Word pad ,d rjg dk word Processor
gSA ftles ge dksbZ Hkh letter, Notice, document, publication type
dj ldrs gSaA ;g Notepad tSlk gh gS ysfdu bles eq[; vUrj wordpad
es formatting dj ldrs gS ysfdu Notepad es formatting ugh dj ldrs
gSA wordpad ,d cgqr vkn’kZ word processer ugh gS tSls fd
ms.word perfect gksrk gSA vkSj uk gh ,d vkn’kZ DTP (Desk top
publisher) gSA tSlk fd pagemaker gSA o wordpad dh izkjfEHkd
file dk uke Document gksrk gSA vkSj bldk Extension- .RTF
(Reach Text Format) gksrk gSA
bldks pykus dh izfdz;k%&
Start Program Acceserieswordpad
Rkks fuEu izdkj dk Dialog Box vkrk gSA
Document – Word pad - X

File Edit View Insert format help

I. File :
(i) New: bl Command ds }kjk ge ubZ file dks [kksy ldrs gSA
(ii) Open: bl command dh lgk;rk ls iqjkuh ;kfu igys ls save dh
gqbZ file dks open dj ldrs gSA
(iii) Save: bl command dh lgk;rk ls file dks save dj ldrs gS save
djus ij uke iwNrk gS rks primary Name ns nsrs gS Extension .RTF
vius vki ys ysrk gSA
(iv) Save As : bl Command dh lgk;rk ls ge file es fd;s x;s cnyko
dks nwljs uke ls save dj ldrs gS ;fn fdlh us file dks Delete dj nh rks
og nwwljh file ls izkIr dj ldrs gSA
(v) Print: blds }kjk file dks Print dj ldrs gSA
(vi) Print Preview: bl command dh lgk;rk ls ge document dks
print ls igys preview ns[k ldrs gS tks dh print gksus okyk gSA
(vii) Page set up: bl Command ds }kjk ge Page dh size,
right,top,bottom margino orientation dks cny ldrs gSA
(viii) Exit: bl command ls word pad dks cUn dj ckgj fudky ldrs
gSA

II. Edit:-
(i) Undo: operater ds }kjk fn, x, command ds izHkko dks u"V
djus ds dke es vkrk gSA
(ii) Cut: bl command dh lgk;rk ls fdlh file ds Text dks gVkdj
Clip board es Hkst ldrs gSA
(iii) Paste: bl Command ds }kjk Clip Board es tks Hkh gksrk gS
og Curser ds LFkku ij paste dj ldrs gSA
(iv) Paste special: bl command dh lgk;rk ls tks lwpuk file ds
vUnj vk jgh gS mldk format bl vk/kkj ij cnyk tk ldrk gSA blls
Paste ds lkFk lkFk Linked Hkh djk ldrs gSA
(v) Clear: bl command ds }kjk Document es fdlh Hkh Text ;k
Graphics dks select djds clear dj ldrs gSA
(vi) Select Alt: bl command dh lgk;rk ls iwjs document dks
select fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(vii) find: bl command ls document ds fdlh Hkh Text dks <qa<k
tk ldrk gSA
(viii) find Next: <qa<s x;s Text dks iqu% Document es <qa<k
tk ldrk gSA
(ix) Replace: bl command dk iz;ksx document es fdlh Hkh
<qa<s x;s 'kCn dh txg ij nwljk 'kCn cnyk tk ldrk gSA
(x) Link: bl command dk use link ds izn’kZu dks cnyk tk ldrk
gSA rFkk nks files ds fcp es link djk ldrs gSA
(xi) Object properties: bl command ds }kjk fdlh Hkh select
object dh properties dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA

III. View:
(i) Tool Bar: ;g ,d izdkj dk Toggal command gS ftlls Tool Bar
dks fn[kk o gVk ldrs gSA
(ii) formal Bar: bl Command ds }kjk format Bar dks fn[kk o
feVk ldrs gS ;g ,d Toggal command gSA
(iii) Ruler: bl command ds }kjk Ruler dks on ;k off fd;k tk ldrk
gS ;g Hkh Toggal command gSaA
(iv) Status Bar: bl command dh lgk;rk ls Status Bar dks Ldzhu
ls on/off fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Hkh toggal command gSA

IV.Insert:
(i) Date&Time: bl command dk iz;ksx document es tgkW ij
Curser fLFkr gS ogkW Date o Time insert dj ldrs gSA
(ii) object: bl command ds }kjk tks Dialog Box iznf’kZr gksrk
gSA mles vyx&vyx application dh list iznf’kZr gksrh gSA ge fdlh
Hkh application ds lkFk linking dj ldrs gS rFkk ogkW ls dksbZ
Hkh object word pad es yk ldrs gSA

V. format: 
(i) Font: bl command ls ge fdlh Hkh font dk nwljk font cuk ldrs
gSA
(ii) Bullet style: bl command ds }kjk fdlh Hkh line ;k paragraph
ij Bullet yk ldrs gSA
(iii) Paragraph: fdlh Hkh paragraph ds alignment o mlds indent
dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
(iv) Tabs: bl command ds }kjk Tabs dks yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
(v) Help: 

(4) Paint
Paint Brush ,d ,slh Application gS ftls graphics ;k fp= cukus ds
iz;ksx es fy;k tkrk gSaA
Bldks Start djus dh izfdz;k %&
Start ProgramAcceseriesPaint
Rks fuEu izdkj dk Dailog Box open gksrk gSA

Untitled Paint - □ X
File Edit View Image Color Help
▲

▀▄

(i) Tool Bar:

(i) free from select: bl tool dh lgk;rk ls fdlh object dks vfu;fer
vkdkj es select dj djrs gSA bls djus ij Edit es Cut o Copy on gks
tkrs gSA
(ii) Select Box: bl tool dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh object dks select dj
ldrs gSA
(iii) Eraser: bl tool ds }kjk fdlh Hkh object dks feVk ldrs gSA
Mouse dk left cVu dks nck fn;k tkrk gSA o jcM dk vkdkj Hkh
NksVk cMk dj ldrs gSA
(iv) fill with colour: bl tool dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh {kS= es jax
Hkjk tk ldrk gS bl tool dks select djds bl {kS= es tkdj mouse dk
left button dks nck fn;k tkrk gSa rks bl {kS= es jax Hkj tkrk gSA
(v) Pick Colour: bl tool dh lgk;rk ls colour dks pquk tk ldrk
gSA
(vi) Magnifier: ;g object dks screen ij cMk iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk
gSa
(vii) Pencil: bl tool dh lgk;rk ls free hand Drawing cukbZ tk ldrh
gSaA
(viii) Brush: ;g tool Hkh hand drawing djus ds dke vkrk gS
ijUrq ;g tool spary painting ds fy, Hkh mIk;qDr gksrk gS loZizFke
foreground colour o line Size text dks select dj mouse curser dks
ogkW ys tkdj mouse ds left button ds }kjk spray fd;k tkrk gSaA
(ix) Text: bl tool dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh text dks fy[kk tk ldrk
gSaA
(x) Curve:bl tool dh lgk;rk ls operater line [khpdj mlds Lo:Ik
dks cny ldrk gSaA
(xi) Rectangde: bl tool ds }kjk operater pqus gq, jax rFkk
eksVkbZ dk prqHkZqt rFkk oxZ cuk ldrk gSaA
(xii) Line: bl tool ds }kjk lh/kh line [khp ldrs gSA
(xiii) Polygon: bl tool dh lgk;rk ls operater polygon vkdkj cuk
ldrs gSA
(xiv) Ellipse: bl tool dh lgk;rk ls o`r cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
(xv) Rounded Rectengle: blls Rounded rectagle cuk;k tk ldrk
gSA
(xvi) Spree colour:

Paint Bursh menu: 

I. File:
(i) New: bl command dh lgk;rk ls ubZ file [kksyh tk ldrh gS rks
mldk uke Untitled vkrk gSA
(ii) open: bl command }kjk fdlh iwoZ ls save dh xbZ file dks
open fd;k tkrk gSA
(iii) Save: bl command dh lgk;rk ls ftl file es dke dj jgs gS mls
Save fd;k tk ldrk gSA mldk primary uke nsrs gS Extension .BMP
vius vki ysrk gSA
(iv) Save As : bl command dh lgk;rk ls curser drawing dkss fdlh
nwljs uke ls Save fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(v) Paint : bl command dh lgk;rk ls file dks print fd;k tkrk gS
bls djus ij ,d Dailog Box vkrk gSA ogkW ij printing quality,
resolution o No. of copies dks crk;k tkrk gSA
(vi) Print preview: bl command ds }kjk print ls igys file dks
ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd print ds ckn dSlh vk;sxhA
(vii) Print Set up: bl command ds }kjk printer dks select fd;k
tkrk gS o mlds option tSls orientair paper searce card size es
change fd;k tkrk gSA
(viii) Page set up: bl command dh lgk;rk ls margins header o
footer dks set fd;k tkrk gSA
(ix) Exit: blds }kjk orZeku file dks cUn dj paint brush ls ckgj
vk;k tkrk gSA

II. Edit: 
(i) Undo: bl command ds }kjk operater }kjk fn;s x;s vk[kjh
command ds action dks u"V fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) Repeat: ;g command last action dks iqu% oks gVkrk gSA
(iii) Cut: bl command dh lgk;rk ls fp= fdlh Hkh pqus gq, fgLls
dks Cut djds clip board es Hkstk tkrk gSA
(iv) Copy: bl command dh lgk;rk ls fdlh pqus gq, fgLls dh copy
dj mls clip board es Hkstk tkrk gSA
(v) Paste: bl command ds }kjk tks drawing fdl clip board es gS
mls okil nwljh txg paste fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(vi) Clear selection: bl command dh lgk;rk ls pqus gq, fgLLks
clear fd;s tkrs gS ftls paste }kjk iqu% ugh yk;k tk ldrk gSA
(vii) Select Alt: bl command dh lgk;rk ls iwjh file dks select
fd;k tkrk gSA
(viii) Copy To: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh select fd;s gq, fgLls
dks fdlh ubZ file es stor fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(ix) Paste from: bl command dh lgk;rk ls orZeku file es fdlh
nwljh file dks insert fd;k tk ldrk gSA

III. View:
(i) Tool Bar: bl command dh lgk;rk ls Tool Bar ds Display dks
on/off fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Toggal command gSA
(ii) Color Bar: bl command ds }kjk color box ds Display dks
on/off fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(iii) Status Bor: bl command dh lgk;rk ls status Bar ds display
dks on/off fd;k tk ldrk gSA Defant ;g off jgrh gSA
(iv) Zoom:Screen ij Drawing ds vkdkj dks cMk / NksVk fd;k
tkrk gSA
(v) View Bit map: bl command ds }kjk Screen ij drawing ds
vykok lHkh dqN gV tkrk gS vr% print ds igys Drawing dks ns[kuk
gks rks ;g Command dke es fy;k tkrk gSA
(vi) Text Tool Bar: bl command dh lgk;rk ls text tool bar dks
on/off fd;k tkrk gSA

IV. Image:
(i) Clip/Rotate: bl command ds }kjk selected object dks
Horizantally o vertically ?kqek;k tk ldrk gSA
(ii) Streach/Skew: bl command dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh pqus gq,
object dks streach/skew fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(iii) Invert color: bl command ds }kjk forground o background
dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA

III. Windows Explorer

Introduction: Windows Explorer win 95/98 operating system
dk file&folder dk izcU/k djus okyk program gSA tks iqjkus laLdj.k
file monager program dh txg fy;k x;k gSA ysfdu blls ;g T;knk
'kfDr’kkyh o fofo/krkiw.kZ gSA
Windows Explorer dk iz;ksx fuEu function djus es fd;k tkrk
gSA
1- folder ds <kWps dks ns[kukA
2- u;k folder cukukA
3- folders ,oa files dh lkezxh ns[kuk o cnyukA
4- program 'kq: djuk rFkk Document [kksyukA
5- file ;k folder dks b/kj m/kj ys tkuk o udy djukA
6- files ds xq.kks (properties) ds ns[kuk o cnyukA
vc ge bu dk;ksZ dks djus dh fof/k dks crk,xs%&
1- QksYMj <+kWps dks ns[kuk [ Vieving structure of
folder] :
 blds fy, loZizFke window explorer pykuk gksxkAbldks
pykus dh fof/k;kW %&
(i) Desk Top ij cus Icon ij Double click djukA
(ii) StartProgramWindow explorer 
rks fuEu izdkj dk Dialog Box open gksrk gSA

Exploing – My computer - □ X
File Edit View Go favorite Tool Help
Back Forword Up Copy Paste Undo
Address My computer ▲
All folder 3½ floppy [A:]
Desk top HCL [C:]
My HCL [D:]
computer HCL [E:]
Recycle bin HCL [F:]
Acceseries [G:]
My Brief Printer
case Control Panal
On line Dail up Networking
service Scheduled Tasks
My Computer

10 object (S)

bles file o folder dk <+kpkW fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tool bar ls fups

window nks Hkkxks es cV tkrk gS left part tree pane rFkk Right
part Contents pane dgykrs gSA ;fn vkius folder dks select fd;k gSA
rks lkezxh iV~Vh (Contents pane) es ml folder ds Sub folder rFkk
vU; lHkh files ds Icon Hkh fn[kk;sxsA
nwljh fof/k%& My Computer ij Right Button Click djds mles
explorer dks select djrs gS rks ,d window explorer open gksrk gSA
StartRight button Click
rhljh fof/k%& StartRight button ClickExplorer
Tree pane ¼o`{k iV~Vh ½ es ( + ) fpUg o ( - ) fpUg gksrs gSA
/ku fpUg ( + ) dk vFkZ& bl folder es Sub Folder Hkh gS ml ij
click djrs gS rks lHkh Sub folder tree pane es fn[kkbZ nsrk gS o
mles fpUg ( - ) vk tkrk gSA
_.k fpUg ( - ) dk vFkZ & vc bles dksbZ Hkh folder ugh gSA
bl izdkj ls ge window explorer es lHkh file o folder dk <kpkW ns[k
ldrs gSA

(2) u;k QksYMj cukuk [Create New folder]

window explorer dk Dialog Box [kqyk gksrk gS rks u;k
folder cukus dh izfdz;k fuEu gSA
1- file menu ij tkdj New ij click djds folder dks select djrs gS rks
Contents pane ij u;k folder create gks tk;sxkA
2- ftl Drive ij folder cukuk gks default C: Drive ij gh folder cuk;k
tkrk gSA mldks Tree pane es ls mldks select djrs gS rks og
Address Bar es vk tkrs gSA mlds ckn file ds New – folder ij click
djrs gS rks u;k folder cu tkrk gSA mlds ckn fdlh folder dks vkSj
Hkh mlh es djuk gks rks dj ldrs gSA bl izdkj ls folder create dj ldrs
gSA
fileNewfolder 

QksYMj ,oa Qkby dh lkezxh dks ns[kuk o cnyuk

[ Viewing and changing Contents of folder &file]
;fn lkezxh iV~Vh es fn[kkbZ ns jgs fdlh folder fd lkezxh
ns[kuk pkgrs gS rks mlds Icon ij Double click fdth, ftlls og folder
tree pane es select fd;k gqvk fn[kkbZ nsxk rFkk mlds lHkh files o
folder content pane es fn[kkbZ nsxh tks uke o Icon ds :Ik es
gksxhA
fdlh folder dh lkezxh cnyus ds fy, fdlh Hkh pane es ml folder
ds Icon ij mouse ds right button ij click fdth,A rks context menu
[kqysxk ftles open ij click djus ij window dks [kksy ldrs gSA mles
bPNkuqlkj fdz;k, dj ldrs gSA
nwljh fof/k& Tree panme es ls folder select djuk o content pane es
ls Icon ij double click djrs gSA
(4) Program 'kq: djuk o Document [kksyuk [Starting Program
and opening document]
fof/k% program ftl folder es gS ml folder dh tree pane ij click
fdth, blls lkexzh pane es og program fn[kkbZ iMus yxsxk vc ml
file ;k folder ij double click dj fnft, ,slk djrs gh ml file ls ;fn dksbZ
program tqMk gksxk rks og izkjEHk gks tk;sxkA vkSj ;fn dksbZ
nLrkosTk tqMk gksxk rks og [kqy tk,xkA mles bfPNr fdz;k dj ldrs
gSA
(5) file ,oa folder dks nwljs txg ys tkuk o udy djuk % window
Explorer dk iz;ksx djds vki fdlh file ;k folder dks ,d folder ls nwljs
folder es ys tk ldrs gS ;k udy dj ldrs gSA file ;k folder move djus
dh izfdz;k&
1- folder or file ij right button click djuk
2- Context menu es ls Cut dks select djuk
3- ftl folder es ys tkuk pkgrs gS mlds nk,W button ij click djuk
4- ml folder ds context menu es paste dks select dhft,
,slk djrs gh og file ;k folder iqjkuh txg ls gVdj u, folder es vk
tk;sxkA fdlh file o folder dh nwljs file ;k folder es copy djus dh
fof/k Hkh yxHkx ;gh gS mles cut dh txg copy dks select djuk gSA
vkxs fn[k ugh jgk gSA

IV. Entertainment
(i) C D Player :
(i) Compact Disk dks pykus ds fy, Compuct Disk dk player
gksuk cgqr t:jh gSA rFkk speaker tks dh voice ;k vkokt lquus ds fy,
t:jh gks tkrk gSA ge CD player ds lkFk fuEu vksj Hkh dqN dj ldrs
gSA
(ii) T;ksgh ge CD dks play djrs gS mlds lkFk fdlh nwljs
program dksa Hkh pyk ldrs gSA rFkk mu application ;k program
ds vUnj Hkh dke Hkh dj ldrs gSA Compact Disk ds Track dks
secquenal ;k random order es Hkh pyk ldrs gSA
CD player dh lgk;rk ls compact disk ds tracks dks forward ;k
reverse Hkh dj ldrs gSA Compact disk player dh lgk;rk ls stop o
pause Hkh dj ldrs gSA ;s lHkh mlds control panel ds vUnj vkrs
gSA
 Sound card dh lgk;rk ls CD dk volume o control fd;k tk ldrk
gS CD player dk dailog Box open gksrk gSA rc mlds vUnj ml CD
player o elated tracks dh lkjh information stor jgrh gSA bl compact
disk dh play line vkrh gS blds vUnj mu track dh information jgrh
gSA bl player dks pykus ds fy, %&
Start ProgramAcceseriesEntertainmentCD player 
tc CD Rom es CD ugh gks rks ;g player fuEu izdkj ds
message Display djrk gSA tks fuEu izdkj gS%&
1- Data or No Disk Noded
2- Please insert Disk
(1) Player:
Sonqni, BIN Name, Ria pad, audio manager.
(2) DVD player: ( Digital Video disk player ) ;g CD player dh
rjg gh dk;Z djrk gSA o CD player tSlk gh gksrk gSA
Start programAccesseriesEntertainmentDVD
Player
(3) Media Player : ;g Multi media dh NksVh Application gS tks
dh multi media dh file pykus ds dke vkrk gSA blesa vksfM;ks
fofM;ks Disk Hkh pykbZ tkrh gSA ;g Track ds vk/kkj ij pyrh gSA
bldkas pykus ds fy, %&
StartprogramAcceseriesEntertainment Media
player
rkas media player open gksrk gSA blds vUnj Scroll Bar open gksrk
gSA bls vkxs fiNs fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Media Player - □ X
File Edit Device Scale Help

◄ ►
►       ▲
▼
DVD: bldks pykus ds fy, igys DVD Disk Insert djrs gSA ;fn
disk audio gS rks Automatically cdplayer start gksrk gSA ;fn disk
vidia gS rks DVD pykuk iMsxk blds fy, DVD player es ls option
dks select djus iMsxs tSls fd CD player es djrs gSA
(4) Sound Recorder: ;g ,d NksVk lk program gS ftlls ge /ofu
dks (i) Record dj ldrs gSA (ii) Wave file cuk ldrs gS Sound record
microphone }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
,d ckj save fd;s sound ds vUnj (iii) Editting rFkk dqN (iv)
part remove Hkh dj ldrs gSA blds vUnj ge (v) Add Eco. Effect
Hkh ns ldrs gSAA blds fy, CPU ds vUnj Sound board lgh gksuk
pkfg, sound recorder dks start djus ds fy, izfdz;k %&
Start ProgramAcceseries Entertainment Sound
Recorder
rks fuEu izdkj dk Dialog Box vkrk gSA

Sound Recorder - □ X
File Edit Effect Help
Position O’ Cosec Length O’
Cosec

Ask to Start Seek to End Play Stop Record

Total Sound dh length Right vkSj cus Box ds vUnj vkrh gSA
tc play button ij click djrs gSA rks /ofu play gks tkrh gSA
ftl Sound dh Recording djuh gSA rks sound dks on djds
Record button ij click djrs gSA ckn es stop ij click djuk&
(5) Volume Control: ;g Sound card o Speaker dh /ofu dks
fu;f=r djus ds dke es vkrk gS bls 'kq: djus ds fy, %&
Start ProgramAcceseriesEntertainmentVolume
control
tc 'kq: djrs gS rks fuEu izdkj dk Dialog Box vkrk gSA
Volume Control - □ X
Volume Wave SW Synth CD player Line in
Control Balance Balance Balance Balance
Balance

Mute all Mute Mute Mute Mute

bles fuEu xq.k gks ldrs gSA
1- Volume Control: ;g sound dks control djrk gSA
2- Line In: ckgj ls computer ds vUnj sound dks Hkstus ds dke
djrk gSA
3- Wave out: Wave file dks Control djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
4- Audia CD: Sound control djrk gSA
5- Microphone: Sound dks okfil play djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA

V. System Tools
(i) Character map:bldk o.kZu fiNs window Accessories es
ns[skA
(ii) Back up: StartprogramAcceseriesSystem tool Back
up
rks fuEu izdkj dk Dialog Box vk;sxk&
Micro Soft Back up - □ X
Job Edit View Tools Help
Back up Restore
Back up Job
Start
What to Back up  All select file ○ New and
changes files
Tree Pane Name Size Type Modifid
Where to Back up Option
Back up dh lgk;rk ls Hard Disk vkfn dh Duplicate copy rS;kj djds
j[k ldrs gSA
tc dHkh Hkh Hard Disk vkfn dks format djuk iM tk;s rks Back up
ds }kjk okil program restore fd;k tk ldrk gSA Starting &
Start program &
blds fy, ges ,d Imagery Disk dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ftlds vUnj ls
ge Program dk Back up ys ldrs gSA Back up dh xbZ file dk
Extention .BAK gksrk gSA
(3) Clip board viewer: tc ge fdlh Hkh document ;k text dks
cut ;k copy djrs gS rks document dks fdlh txg ij j[kus dh vko’;drk
gSA
window tgkW ij Text ;k Document dks stor djrk gSA og clip
board viewer dgykrk gSA
tc ges okil dgh ij paste djuk gksrk gS rc windows bl storage ls ykdj
paste dj nsrk gSA
bldks pykus dh izfdz;k%&
Start programAcceseriesSystem tool  Clip Board
viewer
tc dHkh Hkh ge print Screen Key Hkh Press djrs gS rks
ogkW ls Image clip Board viewer ds vUnj pyh tkrh gSA Clip
Board viewer dk Extension- .CLP
Clip Board Presentation: tc dHkh Hkh ges clip board viewer
ds context dks save djuk gksrk gS rks file menu ds vUnj save As
okyk button select djrs gSA
,d ckj save fd;s x;s content dks fdlh nwljh application es copy
o paste dj ldrs gSA Clip board viewer ds vUnj ftu content dks
current es Cut ;k copy djrs gSA oks gh clip board viewer ds vUnj
jgrs gSA
(4) Disk Defragmenter: ;g file dh position dks iznf’kZr djrh gsa
bldks pykus ds fy, %&
Start programAcceseries system tool Disk
Defragmenter 
(i) Drive Select
(ii) Start button ij click
(iii) Detail claster by claster
(iv) program file dks ckj&ckj research djrk gSA
tc ge bls run djrs gS rc ges ;g iwNrk gS fd dkSulh Drive dk
fragments djuk gSA tc ;g process start gks tkrk gS rks ge mldh
Detail Hkh ns[k ldrs gSA ;s Detail claster by clutstrc show djrk
gSA bl fragment program fil e dks ckj&ckj Research djrk jgrk gSA
(i) ftlls program tYnh ls start gks tkrk gSA bls eghus es ,d ckj t:j
pykuk pkfg,A
(ii) Disk Defragment pykus ls igys ;g Drive dks Error dks Hkh
check djrk gSA
vr% bls nwj djus ds fy, igys Scan disk pykuh pkgh, fQj Disk
fragment pykuk pkfg,A
(5) Drive Space:[compress the Drive]
bldh starting izfdz;k fuEu izdkj gSA
Start prograamAcceseriessystem tool Drive Space 
rks bl izdkj dk Dialog Box vkrk gSA
ftlls ;g show djrk gS dh ftl Drive dks compress djuk gksrk gS
mldks select djrs gSA vkSj mlds ckj es Next screen ij ;g show djrk
gS fd igys rFkk ckj ess ml Drive dk pie chart curk gSA
vc ge start ij click dj nsrs gS rks compress djuk 'kq: gks tkrk
gS blls igys ges ;g iwNrk gS fd bu file dk Back up ysuk gS ;k
ugh ;fn Back up ysuk gS rks yes ij click dj nsrs gSA ;fn ugh ysuk
gS rks fl/kk compress djuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA Error cheek djds
compressive 'kq: dj nsrs gSA blds ckn system shout down djds
restor djrs gSA
Compress dk;Z dSls djrk gS % tc ge Drive dks Compress ;k
NksVk djrs gS rks lkjk Data Big file ls New Drive es vk tkrk gS
ftlls Host DDrive dgrs gSA ;g H By Default vkrk gS blls ges vkSj
dksbZ Hkh dke ns ldrs gSA
tc ge Computer dks Boot djrs gS rc Drive space command
Hkh lode gks tkrk gSA oks ;g crkrk gS fd System tks ryk’k dj jgk
gS rks Bick file dks lode djds ns nsrk gS blfy, system ;k machine
dks lHkh C Drive dh properties dh sheet ns[k ldrs gS rks mlds
vUnj Hkh options vkrs gSA bl Big file dks hide Hkh fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ftlls bl file dks Read/Write ugh dj ldrs gSA
blls Uncompress Hkh dj ldrs gS creating a New particine
Drive Space tks free space jgrs gSA tks New particine cukrs gS tks
Hkh Particine curs gS oks Hkh compresss gksrs gSA tks fd more
storage ds fy, use es vkrs gSA
(6) Scan Disk: Scan Disk hard Disk dh lqj{kk ds fy, use es fy
tkrh gSA ;g Error dks [kkstrh gS rFkk bldks lgh djrh gSA rFkk
bldks lIrkg es ,d ckj t:j pykuk pkfg, ftlls fd Hard Disk dh problem
dks cheek dj ldsA bldks Start djus ds fy, fuEu izfdz;k gSA
Start ProgramAcceseries System tool Scan Disk

;g ges iwNs cxSj gh Error dks Bhd dj nsrk gSA rFkk ge
Adavance button ij click dj nsrs gSA ge cgqr lkjs ifjorZu Hkh dj
ldrs gSA
(i) Display Summory
(ii) Long file
(iii) Cross Inked file
(iv) Lost file fragment
(v) Check files etc.
Scan Disk Prem C: - □ X
Select the Drive you want to cheek for errors
3½ floppy [A:]
Prem [C:]
Type of test
O Standard [ cheeks filles and folder errors ]
O Thorough [ Perfor standred test and scans disk surface for errors]
Start Clo Advant
se ed

(7) System Information:System Information ds ikl lkjs system

dh information jgrh gSA bls start djus dh izfdz;k fuEu izdkj gSA
Start programAcceseries system tool system
information 
tc bls open djrs gS rks rhu Hkkx [kqyrs gSA
1- Hard Resoures
2- Component software
3- Envoronment
fuEu Dialog Box vkrk gSA
Microsoft System Information - □ X

System Information ▲ Shared Resource 1

Hardware Resource Devices
Components
Software Entironment
(i) Hard Resources: Hard setting dh tkrh gS ftuds vUnj DMA,
Conficture, Sharing, forced, Hardware, I/O IRQS mamory etc.
(ii) Component: blds vUnj Window dk Configration gksrk gS
tSls multi media, Display modem Network etc.
(iii) Software Environment: blds vUnj memory ds vUnj
dkSu&dkSu ls Software gS mudk mYys[k gksrk gSA tSls Driver,
OLE, Registration.

(8) System Monitor: system monitor ;g crkrk gS fd No. of

process fdrus gq, gSA ;g Graphically Represent djrk gSA blds fy,
Edit menu es Cotegries high light gksrh gSA mles ls select Iten
djds ns[krs gS ;fn tool Bar ds bar ij click djrs gSA rks Data, Bar
chart ds :Ik es Display gksrk gSA blds vUnj ge Numeric Graph
ns[k ldrs gSA blds fy, Numeric chart button ij click djuk gksrk
gSA ;g Bar, Chart button ds ckn es fLFkr gksrk gSA

(10) Drive Converter: [FAT32]

[file Alocation table 32 bit]
MS. Dos o window tks igys use es vkrs muds vUnj
FAT 16 dk gh use gksrk Fkk FAT 16 flQZ Track & harel Drive ds
Contents j[krs gSA FAT 32 es large file Alocation gksrk gSA
D;ksfd Small Alocation es space T;knk gksrk gSA FAT tks gS
Hard Drive dh list dks stor djrk gSA ;k save djrk gSA
Converting to FAT 32 :
ge operating system windows stall djrs gS rc FAT 32 dk Hkh
process 'kq: gks tkrk gSA FAT 32 Convert djus ds fy, fuEu steps
use es ysrs gSA
 Start ProgramAcceseriesSystem tool Drive
Conversion
blds ckn ,d Dialog Box open gksrk gSA bles ls Drive select
djuh gksrh gSA bl Dialog Box ds vUnj Drive dh list vkrh gSA ftl
Drive dks select djrs gSA ml Drive dk Conversion Start gksrk gSA
By default C Drive select gksrk gSA fQj Next button ij Click djrs
gSA blds ckn System Antivirus program rFkk System utilities dks
cheak djrk gSA fQj blds ckn Next cVu ij click dj nsrs gSA blds
ckn og Back up ysuk 'kq: dj nsrk gS rFkk Drive convering djuk
'kq: gks tkrk gSA

VI. Sharing Information Between Program

Introduction: Windows 95 dh vusd fo’ks"krkvks es ls ,d
fo’ks"krk ;g Hkh gS fd vki fdlh nLrkost es vyx&vyx izdkj dh
lwpuk,W Hkj ldrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, & ,d Decument program es
lk/kkj.k Text, spreed start, Graphics, Sound rFkk Video ds VqdMs
Hkh ns[ks tk ldrs gSA
Object, linking and Embending OLE : ,d Document es vusd rjg
dh lwpuk Hkjuk ;k vusd izdkj dh lwpuk,s ,d djus dh bl rduhd dks
object linking and Embending OLE dgk tkrk gSA
Starting
Start SettingContral panalDailup networking
rks ,d Dialog Box Appear gksrk gSA
Dail up Networking - □ X
File Edit View
Back Up

\\ ///

Dail up Networking Make New

Connect
bles make new Connect ij Double Click djrs gS rks ,d Dailog Box
appear gksrk gSA ftles Computer dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA ftldk
Connection djuk gS ckn es modem dks select djrs gSA mles ls
Area Code o phone No. dks fy;k tkrk gSA
(2) Hyper Terminal: blls ge file dks send ,oa Receive dj ldrs gS
rFkk modem dh lgk;rk ls Remote Computer dks Hkh Connect dj
ldrs gSA
starting of Hyper Terminal
Start programAcceseries Communication Hyper
Terminal 
Dialog Box
Connection Desenotion
New Connection (i) Hyper Terminal dh vf/kd
Enter a name and connection tkudkjh ds fy, ge mlds vUnj
Name okyh Help menu es ls lgk;rk
ys ldrs gSA
Icon (ii) Hyper Terminal ls ge
nwljs computer dh file dks
use es ys ldrs gS ;fn mudk
OK Canc log in o password ekyqe
le gksA
(iii) bldh file ds Contents ,oa
Biodata es modification o u;s Data Add dj ldrs gSA

(3) Phone Dialer: bldk use ge modem rFkk vU; Device dh

lgk;rk ls Telephone call djus es fd;k tkrk gSA
Starting of the phone dialer
Start programAcceseries Communication  Phone
dialer
Phone Dialer
File Edit Tools Help
Number of dialer

Spead Dial

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9

*
0
#

Speed dialing:- Speed dialing No. cukus ds fy, ge Edit menu es

ykdj speed dial dks select djrs gS rks gekjs lkeus ,d Dialog Box
Appear gksrk gSA
Direct Cabel Connection :phone line ds }kjk user ds fy, t:jh
ugh gS user Remo dks serial Cabel }kjk Connection dj bues ls
dksbZ Hkh Cabel dk use dj ldrs gSA
(i) Serial Null Modem Cabel
(ii) Lap link Cabel
(iii) Inter link Cabel
(iv) 25&Pin Parallel Cabel lkjs rkj gks bu pkjks es ls Parallel Cabel
gh lcls rst pyrk gSA
Machine o user ds chp physical Connection
(i) Start SettingControl panel Choose 
(ii) Component list es ls Commun
(iii) ckn es Direct Cabel Connection dks select
(iv) Direct Cabel Connection u;k 25 computer window ij Appear
gksxkA
tc ge Direct Cabel connect dks start djrs gS rks ,d
wizard [kqyrk gS ;g ges ,d computer dks host cukus o nwljs
computer client cukus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
(4) Save ij click djrs gS rks phone Dialer okys Dialog Box es igqp
tkrs gS vkSj ogkW ij Speed Dial okys Box okys O;fDr dk uke
fy[ksxk tks best save fd;s gSA
(5) vc bl speed Dial djus ds fy, ge uke okys button ij click djds
phone dialer dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

UNIT-IV. LINUX
Introduction:ftl izdkj Dos o window operating system gS mlh
izdkj vU; operating system Hkh miyC/k gS tSls linus, Unix, Xenix
etc. bl v/;k; es ge linux operating system dk v/;;u djsxsA
Linux Hkh Dos dh rjg ,d operating system gS fdUrq bldh
viuh dqN fo’ks"krk;s gS bles izeq[k fo’ks"krk lqj{kk ,oa LFkkf;Ro
bUgh [kqfc;ks dh otg ls ;g vR;Ur yksdfiz; gqvkA ;gkW rd fd
Internet server ij linux dk lokZf/kd iz;ksx gks jgk gSA
What is Linux:
Linux is a multi user, multi processing, multi tasking,
operating system which provide graphical interface (GUI) It
provide powerful networking .
* History of Linux: Linux dks fQuyS.M Univer City ds student
Linus torvold us minix es August 1991 es O;qRiUu fd;kA bldk
first official version 0.2 5th vDVqEcj 1991 dks Realise gqvk FkkA
bls Development phase version ds name fo"k; gksrs gS tSls
1.1,2.1,2.3 etc. rFkk vfrfjDr development phase os period gS ftles
dusZy ds feature le fodflr fdls x;s gSA vkSj nwljk phase
stablization phase gSA ftlds version dh number le (even) gksrs
gSA tSls 1.2, 2.2, 2.4 and current version kernel 2.3 gSA
* Features of Linux: bldh fuEufyf[kr fo’ks"krk,W gSA
(i) Power: ;g cgqr gh Low Level ij hardware and pheral dks
acess dj ysrk gSA ;g nwljs operating system dh vis{kk powerful
hardware dks ifjofrZr djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
(ii) Price: Linux internet ij free es fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
volanters }kjk eqDr es fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj eqDr es
maintance fd;k tkrk gSA
(iii) Development: Linux dbZ kits, IDFs and libaries iznku djrk
gSA ;g GNU o development Hkh iznku djrk gSA
(iv) Networking: Linux server dbZ internet service iznku djrs
gSA ftlds mail web print file data base FTP & NFS etc. iznku djrs
gSA
(v) Protability: Linux fdlh Hkh fofHkUu izdkj dh archi features
okyh e’khu ij run gks ldrk gSA linux fdlh Hkh izdkj ds computer ij
run gks ldrs gSA
(vi) Source: Linux vius source code dsa lkFk vkrk gSA vxj ges
system dk dksbZ particular work Bhd u yxs rks ge mls change djds
okil compilar dj ldrs gSA
(vii) multiuser
(viii) multiprocessing
(ix) multitasking
(x) GUI
(xi) Security
(xii) paramanentally
*Linux structure: linux structure ds fuEu part gSA
Compilar DBM Word processer mail
& massage facilities
   
Shell or utilities X Window
 
Kernel

Hard ware
(I) Kernel: Kernel linux dk core ;k heart gS ;s hard ware ds
lkFk Internet djrk gS rc system boot gksrk gS rc ;g memory es load
gks tkrk gSA
blds fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gSA
(i) System resource dks managing djrk gSA
(ii) Different izdkj ds vyx&vyx user o process dks time fn;k tk ldrk
gSA
(iii) Process dh izkFkfedrk fu’p; djrk gSA
Kernel user ds lkFk lh/kk ugh tqMrk gS cfYd ;g shell
ds }kjk tqMk gksrk gSA
(II) Shell: user o computer ds chp intreation provide djrk gSA
fo’ks"krk,W (features): (i) Interactive processing
(ii) Back ground processing: tks process time ds
consuming gksrs gS vkSj Noninteractive gksrs gSA oks process
back ground es execut fd;s tkrs gSA ftles time save gksrk gSa vkSj
ge foreground es viuk process continue dj ldrs gSA
(iii) Input/output redirection: Input standred device tks
fd key board gS ls ysus dh ctk; ge fdlh file ls ysrs gS vkSj output
standred tSls monitor gSA dks send djus dh ctk; ge viuh fdlh file
dks send djrs gSa rks ;g process redirection dgykrs gSA
(iv) Pipes: simple programmes dks feykdj complex
operation djk;k tkrk gSA
(v) Wild Card patlerns: blds wild card dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA ;s nks rjg ds gksrs gSA (a) Astrik(*) (b)
Question mark (\)
Example: $ ls P ** 
;k $ ls P\\\
(vi) Shell Scripts: tc Sequvnce of command ysdj ,d file
cuk nh tkrh gSA rks ;g shell scripts dgykrk gSA vkSj file ds uke ls
Excute dj fn;k tkrk gSA
(vii) Programming language constructs: shell ,sls
features nsrh gS fd blls ,d programming language dh rjg use dj ldrs
gSA
(viii) Shell variable:
 (i) Bourne shell
(ii) C shell
(iii) Korne shell
(iv) Restricted shell
(v) Bash shell: bl shell dk use official
distribute or widly es fd;k tkrk gSA
(III) Tools & Applications: Linux business ls lEcfU/kr
Packages tSls word processer, spreed sheet data base vkfn dks
support djrk gSA blfy, bldk use offices es fd;k tkrk gSA

* file structure of Linux: ,d file ds vUrxZr vusd izdkj ds Text,

Binary data intraction & Information ds Contents gksrs gS Linux
ds vUrxZr pkgs dksbzZ Hkh Directory gks ;k Device gks lHkh dks
file gh le>k tkrk gSA
Linux dh file ;k directory dks store hierarchy (tree) es fd;k tkrk
gSA linux dk file system tree dgykrk gSA ,d file system og data
structure gS tks disk ds fdlh part ij gksrk gSA ,d directory es dbZ
Sub directory vkSj files gksrh gSA Directory and device dks “d" }
kjk fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
The Directory hierarchy: Linux dk file structure ,d document
file ds vuqlkj gSA ftls FHS ( file hirerchi standred) dgrs gSA
Linux dk file system tree ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA bl izdkj bles ,d
Root Directory gksrh gSA ftles vusd Sub directory & files gksrh
gSA
Root Directory

       
Lip S bin Var dev usr etc Home tmp
      
Mail spool tmp bin S binjack Jim

(i) / bin directory: bles executable file ds command jgrs gS ;g

command “c" language ;k shell script es fy[ks gksrs gSA
(ii) / etc directory: bl dir. es system maintance & administrutia
ls reloted files jgrh gSA
(iii) / Lib directory: lHkh libarary fection tks programme
fy[kus ds fy, dke es vkrs gSA oks lc bl dir. es jgrs gSA
(iv) / dev directory: device ls lEcfU/kr files bl directory es
gksrh gSA
(v) / uses directory: ;g dir. gj user ds fy, mldk viuk work area
provide djrh gSA tgkW og viuh files store dj ldrk gSA
(vi) / Tmp directory: bles lkjh tmp file gksrh gSA tks system ds
shut down djus ij gV tkrh gSA vkSj tc system dks okfil start djrs
gSA rks blds iqu% tmp files cukrs gSA
* Hardware requirement of Linux
(i) Amin Linux m/c should have
386 cpu
4mb RAM
floppy drive
VGA video
(ii) A typical Linux work station m/c should have
Pentiuin III class or equialent cpu ( AMD, CYRIX, CX580 )
64 mb of RAM
floppy drive
CD ROM
4 HB hard drive
TDE or SCSI disk contrdler
SVGA graphics card
Ethernet card of modem
17 INCH colour monitor
(iii) A typical linux server m/c should have
pentium II class processer
128 mb of RAM
floppy drive
CD ROM drive
9 GB hard drive or multi drive RAID array
VGA Graphics card
 Ethernet card or modem
Tape backup drive

* Various flovours of Linux

Linux ds fuEufyf[kr flavours gSA
(i) Red Hat Linux : ;g lcls T;knk mi;ksx es vkus okyk gS ;g
loZizFke 1995 es 'kq: gqvk Fkk ;g viuh quality & Essay
installation ds dkj.k cgqr famous gqvk gSA
(ii) Caldera open Linux: ;g linux window ij Run gksrk gSA
blds ikl fo’ks"k Partifior magic gS ftlls ;g Lor% gh linux ds fy, txg
cuk ysrk gSA ml machine ij ftl ij window igys ls instold gSA
(iii) Suse linux: blds fy, ,d okD; “Every thing but the kitchen
sink"
(iv) Turbo linux: ;g T;knkrj china o japan es dke vkrk gSA ;g
work station & server nksuks ds fy, dke vkrk gSA
(v) Debian linux: ;g T;knkrj developer }kjk use fd;k tkrk gSA
(vi) slackware linux:

* Programe & process

Programe: Set of Instraction
Process: Programme in execution ¼ iqjk ugh gqvk gS vHkh
Execution es gks ½
Process ds 3 steps gSA
& Creat
& Run
& Terminate / died
Programme vHkh iwjk ugh gqvk gS vkSj og Run djrk jgrk
gS bls Process djrs gS blds ckn bls Creat fd;k tkrk gSA Linux ,d
multiuser, multitasking operating system gS bldk vFkZ gS fd dbZ
user linux ij dk;Z dj ldrs gS oks Hkh ,d gh le; ij izR;sd user ,d ls
vf/kd dke ,d le; es Hkh dj ldrk gSA
Process : process dks ge lk/kkj.kr;k running program ( og
program tks py jgk gS ) Hkh dg ldrs gSA Running programe dk
izR;sd in vius vki es ,d process gSA vr% ,d programe dbZ process
es run gksrk gSA tks fofHkUu voLFkkvks es gksrs gSA izR;sd
process dh ,d dky vof/k gksrh gSA ;s mRiUu gksrs gSA run gksrs
gSA vkSj vUrr% lekIr ;k e`r gks tkrs gSA
Program: Programes is a set of instraction vFkkZr~ ,d fof/kor
le; es computer dks fn;s tkus okys funsZ’kks ds lewg dks Program
dgk tkrk gSA program ds }kjk ge computer es vusd dk;ksZ dks
iw.kZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA program funsZ’kks ,oa Data dk lewg gksrk
gSA ftUgs ge computer es run dj ldrs gSA Program ds run gksus
dks gh process dg ns rks vfr";ksfDr ugh gksxhA

* Login & Logout:

Login & Logout process in shourt cut
Login process:  init

Getty

Login
Login  Veena
Password ******
/etc / password ;s nsxk
user password name
100 46789 prem
 it right rks give than
$1 nsxk
$ Logout 
(A) Login process: tc system boot gksrk gSA rks lcls igys
process init start gks tkrk gSA ;g process nwljs dbZ process dks
start djrk gSA Init process getty process dks call djrk gSA vkSj
getty process login prompt show djrk gSA
Log in : 
User tc bl prompt ij viuk login
name nsdj enter djrk gSA rc mlds lkeus pass word prompt vkrk
gSA ftles pass word fn;k tkrk gSA
Pass word: 
User password nsrk gS vc login vkSj password dk combination /etc
/password file es cheek gksrk gSa vxj ;g combination correct gksrk
gSA rks user dks shell prompt fey tkrk gSA other wise in correct
login massage feyrk gSA vkSj password nsuk iMrk gSA
bl rjg login oks process gS ftlls user system es enter
gksrk gSA vkSj system facilities dks use djrk gSA
(B) Log out process: user tc shell prompt ij viuk dke complate
dj ysrk gSA vkSj og system facilities dks vkSj vf/kd use ugh djuk
pkgrk rc og shell prompt ($) ij logout command nsrk gSA ftlds
QyLo:Ik running shell kill gks tkrk gSA vkSj gettey process fQj ls
login prompt dks screen ij show djrk gSA

* Multiprocessing of linux: tc ,d ls T;knk process ,d gh le; ij

run gks jgh gksrh gSA rks ;g multi processing dgykrk gSA linux ,d
multi processing operating system gSA ftles dqN process (B) fore
ground es execute gksrs gSA vkSj dqN process (A) Back ground
es execute gksrs gSA tks process execution es cgqr T;knk time ysrs
gSA vkSj user dk interaction process ds lkFk cgqr de gksrk gSA
,sls process back ground es execute fd;s tkrs gSA process dks back
ground es send djus ds fy, command ds vfUre es ( $ Ls &  ) ;g
command vc back ground es execute gks jgk gksrk gSA vkSj $
prompt user dks show dj fn;k tkrk gSA ftl ij user viuk work
continue dj ldrk gSA tSls gh back ground process complate gksrk
gSA mldk output show dj fn;k tkrk gSA
dqN process tks foreground es execute gksrs gSA mldk
execution time cgqr de gksrk gSA vkSj user ds lkFk interaction
cgqr vf/kd gksrk gSA

* Profile & Login file: og file tks user dk profile j[krh gSA
profile dgykrh gSA ;g normally user ls lEcfU/kr Information j[krh
gSA ftles user dk uke mldk in vkSj mldks fn;s x;s command vkfn
lHkh profile es j[krs gSA vFkkZr~ user ds Biodata j[krh gSA
Login file : ;g file user ds login name j[krh gSA blds vUnj user
viuk uke o password nsrk gSA

UNIT-V. LINUX COMMAND

Starting of Linux:
Start ProgramLinux 2000 Boot win linux
2000
FkksMh nsj ckn pass word dialog box vk;sxk ftles guest gS
rks mldk password choudhary nsxs%& ckn es k sign vk;sxk ogkW
ij click djrs gS rks K UtilitiesKonsole rks prompt lfgr dialog
box open gksrk gSA TkSls%& Bash $ A bles command dk uke
dks small letter es gh ns ldrs gS capital es acept ugh djsxkA
COMMAND:
(i) BC (Binary convertor)
Command: BC
Syntax: bash $ bc < decimal No>
Example: bash $ bc 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh decimal no dks binary
no es change djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) CAL : ( Calender)
Syntax: $ (b) Cal 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh eghus ;k o"kZ dk calender
ns[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: (i) $ * Cal 
buds }kjk current manth dk calender show djukA
(ii) $ cal 10 b 1975
blds }kjk 1975 ds oetomber eghus dk calender show djsxkA
(iii) $ cal 10, b 1975 
(iv) $ cal 10, 1975 
buls 1975 ds o"kZ ds iwjs calender display gksxkA
(iii) Cat
Command: Cat
Syntax: $ Cat b < > ( file name) 
Purpose: bl command dk file dks cuus ,oa mlds contents dks
ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj file es dqN vkSj file djus ds fy,
Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: (i) file cukus ds fy,%& $ cat > prem 
(ii) file contents $ cat < prem 
;k $ cat prem 
(iii) $ cat >> prem
blds }kjk prem uke dh file es dqN vkSj add dj ldrs gSA
(iv) CD (change directory)
Command: CD
Syntax: $ cd b <directory name>
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh directory dks change djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: $ cd prem 
(v) CHGRP (change group)
Command: chgrp
Syntax: $ charp b <old> b <New>
Example: $ chgrp prem b Ashok 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh group dks change djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
(vi) CHMOD(change mode )
Command: chmod o+ r < file name> 
Syntax: $ chmod b <mode name> b file name 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh file ;k directory dh mode
change djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: tSls $ ls –l fd;k rks fuEu vkrs gS%& -r-- -w---
bles change djus ds nks rjhds gSA
(i) ABSOLUTE: ;g lkjh permission dksM
(ii) REIATIVE: 
(i) $ chmod g+r prem
(ii) $ chmod @+w prem
(iii) $ chmod @+rw prem
(iv) $ chmod u-w g+r o+x prem
 (+) nsus ds fy, (-) gVkus ds fy,
(vii) CHOWN ( change owner)
Command: chown
Syntax: $ chown b <old> b <new> 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh ownership file dks change
dj ldrs gSA
Example: $ chown prem ashok 
(viii) Clear
Command clear
Syntax: $ clear 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx screen dks lkQ djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
Example: $ clear 
(xi) CMP ( compersion)
Command: cmp
Syntax: $ cmp b <firest file> b <second file> 
Purpose: bl command ds }kjk nks file es compresion dj ldrs gSA
Example: $ cmp a1 a2 
(ix) Copy
Command: cp
Syntax: $ cp b <source file > b <target name> 
Purpose: bl command ds }kjk file dh copy dh tkrh gSA
Example: $ cp prem ashok 
(xi) Date
Command: date
Syntax: $ date
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx date ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: $ date 
rks vk;sxk day, date & time rhuks dks show djrk gSa
(xii) find
Command: find
Syntax: $ find <path> b < option> 
Purpose: bl command }kjk fdlh file & directory dks search dj
ldrs gSA
Example: $ find b / { name/ type/ m time} pattern <file name> 
tSls%& (i) $ find b / name a * 
(ii) $ find / type f & name a * 
(iii) $ find / type d & name a * 
(iv) $ find / mtime +2 & nks fnu ckn o vkt ds fy,
-2 & nks fnu igys ds fy,
(xiii) Kill
Command: kill
Syntax: $ kill < process ID No 
Purpose:bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh process dks chp es jksdus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: loZizFke bl command dks djus ds fy, ps ( process
status) dks yxk;k tkrk gSA ftues ls ID No. ns[kk tkrk gSA
$ ps ( process status )
rks vk;sxk process ID No. ttyo Time Cmp blash find
find dks jksdus ds fy, $ kill 222 
(xiv) KSH
Syntax: $ ksh 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx prompt dks change djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: $ ksh 
rks % vk tk;sxk
$ csh
$ sh vkfn dk Hkh iz;ksx
blds }kjk prompt dk ogh :i vkrk gS ftldk irk ugh pyrk gS same gh
fn[kkrk gSA
(xv) ls: list
Syntax: $ ls 
Purpose: bl command ds file & directory dh list ns[kh tk ldrh
gSA
Example: (i) $ ls 
[ Display all file & directory ]
 (ii) $ ls –a
[display only hidden file]
(iii) $ ls –d 
[show only directory]
(iv) $ ls –l 
[display long list]
tSls %& r w x rwx rwx fap
user group other [file access permission]
FAP No. of links user group Size of file date & time
file & dir. name
(xvi) mail
Command: mail
Syntax: $ mail < user name> 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh server ds }kjk fdlh user dks
fdlh izdkj dk massage nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g off line es
massage Hkst ldrk gSA tc user dke ugh djrk gSA rc Hkh massage
Hkstk tk ldrk gSA ckn es user dHkh Hkh viuh mail ns[k ldrk gSA
bl izdkj ;g ,d off line command gSA
Example: $ mail ashok 
Massage type djuk AD ;k AC
(xvii) Write
Command: write
Syntax: $ write < login name> 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh server }kjk user dks
argently massage nsuk gksrk gSA rks ns ldrs gS ;g ,d online
massage dgykrk gSA D;ksfd bles user viuk dksbZ dk;Z djrk gS
rksa chp es gh server }kjk massage ns fn;k tkrk gSA ftldks user
dks i<uk vfuok;Z gS og bl massage dksa i<s fcuk viuk dk;Z ugh dj
ldrk gSA bl massage dks i<uk gh iMrk gSA
Example: $ write ashok 
“ massage “
AD
(xviii) wall
Command: wall
Syntax: $ wall “ massage “ 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx server }kjk ,d lkFk users dks
massage nsuk A
Example: $ wall “ the metting in 12-30 

(xix) MK dir : ( make directory)

Command: mk dir
Syntax: $ mk dir b < directory name> 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx directory cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
Example: $ mk dir b prem 
(xx) MORE
Command: more
Syntax: $ Cat <file name > more
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh cgqr cMh file ds content
dks chp es jksd dj massage i<us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Example: $ Cat prem : more 
File contents
-more fy[kk gqvk vk;sxkA
(xxi) mv : move ;gkW ( rename) gSA
Command: mv
Syntax: $ mv < source > < target> 
Purpose: bl command ds }kjk file dks move dj ldrs gSA file
name change dj ldrs gSA
Example: $ mv prem ashok
(xxii) RM ( remove)
Command: rm
Syntax: $ rm b < file name > 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh file dks gVkus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
Example: $ rm ashok 
(xxiii) RM DIR ( remove directory )
Command: rm dir
Syntax: $ rmdir b < directory name> 
Purpose: This file use to only directory delete
'krZ %& Directory [kkyh gksuh pkfg, u rks bles subdirectory ugh
file gksuh pkfg,A
Example: $ rmdir prem 
(xxiv) TTY
Command: tty
Syntax: $ tty 
Purpose: bl command ds }kjk computer es dkSulk terminal use
fd;k x;k gS mldk uke fn[kkrk gSA o mlds ckn es information nsrk
gSA
(xxv) UUCP ( unit to unit copy)
Command: uucp
Syntax: $ uucp
Purpose: ;g command networking es dke vkrk gSA ftldh lgk;rk
ls unit to unit copy dj ldrs gSA
Example: $ uucp 
(xxvi) UUTO ( Unit to unit just transfer )
Command: uuto
Syntax: $ uuto
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx unit to unit transfer ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
Example: $ uuto 
(xxvii) WC ( word count )
Command: wc
Syntax: $ wc b < file name > 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx fdlh file es word count ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA bles line, word o character dksa crkrk gSA
Example: (i) $ wc b prem
rks vk;sxk%& line character word
4 20 8
(ii) $ wc –l prem 
(iii) $ wc –c prem 
 (iv) $ wc –w prem 
(v) $ wc –lw prem 
(xxviii) WHO
Command: who
Syntax:$ who  lkjh lwpuk server ds ikl gksrh gSA
Purpose: bl command ds }kjk ge user dc login gqvk gSA vkSj
ml machine dk uke Hkh crkrk gSA ftlls login gqvk gSA
Example: $ who b am b I 
rks vk;sxk user name machine name Time
x tty 0 10.20
y tty1 11.00
(xxix) whois
Command: whois
Syntax: $ whois
Purpose: bl command ds }kjk Hkh ge user login dks ns[k ldrs
gSA
Example: $ whois

EXTRA COMMAND:
(xxx) PWD ( print working directory )
Command: pwd
Syntax: $ pwd 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx current directory ns[kus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS ftles ge dke dj jgs gSA
Example: $ pwd 
rks vk;sxk tSls %& home/ guest/ prem
(xxxi) PS ( process status )
Command: ps
Syntax: $ ps 
Purpose: bl command dk iz;ksx process status dks ns[kus ds fy,
dh tkrh gSA
Example: $ ps 
rks vk;sxk find tty 0 x 10.30 process condition
 “ Editor “
Editor ds }kjk text file cuk ldrs gSA ftles word processer djds
edditting Hkh dj ldrs gSA tSls %& word o word pad es Text file
cuk ldrs gSA
Type of editor  Line editor
Screen editor
1- Line editor: ;s bl izdkj ds editor gksrs gS tks fd line iznku
djus ds lkFk file Hkh edit djrs gSA
Example: ed, sed, ex.
2- Screen editor: ;s file es editting djus ds fy, iwjh screen dks
iznku djrs gSA
Example: vi editor

VI EDITOR: blds }kjk rhu mode es dk;Z dj ldrs gSA

(i) Insert mode: bl mode es file dks insert djus ds fy, (i)
dks press djrs gSA
(ii) Command mode: bl mode es vkus ds fy, Esc key dks
press djrs gSA rks lHkh key command dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSA
TkSls %& DAIGRAM
Insert mode (i)
Esc ex
Command mode ex mode
Ckkgj vkus ds fy, (zz) (:)

Command mode es fofHkUu izdkj dh key ds dk;Z :--

o  Below a line created
O  Above a line created
W  Next word
b  Back word
dd  delete line place tc curser