Difference between transistor and vacuum tube?

The first is a current amplifier with relative low impedance input

The Second is a current amplifier of relative hi impedance input

The Transistor in a Century of Electronics

 

A Three Terminal Device

Vacuum tubes were made containing several three

terminal devices called triodes.
The transistor is a three terminal, solid state electronic device. In a three terminal device we can control
electric current or voltage between two of the terminals by applying an electric current or voltage to the
third terminal. This three terminal character of the transistor is what allows us to make an amplifier for
electrical signals, like the one in our radio. With the three-terminal transistor we can also make an electric
switch, which can be controlled by another electrical switch. By cascading these switches (switches that
control switches that control switches, etc.) we can build up very complicated logic circuits.

These logic circuits can be built very compact on a silicon chip with 1,000,000 transistors per square
centimeter. We can turn them on and off very rapidly by switching every 0.000000001 seconds. Such
logic chips are at the heart of your personal computer and many other gadgets you use today.

Light Bulbs and Vacuum Tubes

The transistor was not the first three terminal device. The vacuum tube triode preceded the transistor by
nearly 50 years. Vacuum tubes played an important role in the emergence of home electronics and in the
scientific discoveries and technical innovations which are the foundation for our modern electronic
technology.

Thomas Edison's light bulb was one of the first uses of vacuum tubes for electrical applications. Soon
after the discovery of the light bulb, a third electrode was placed in the vacuum tube to investigate the
effect that this electrode would have on "cathode rays," which were observed around the filament of the
light bulb.

Joseph John Thomson developed a vacuum tube to carefully investigate the nature of cathode rays,
which resulted in his discovery, published in 1897. He showed that the cathode rays were really made up
of particles, or "corpuscles" as Thomson called them, that were contained in all material. Thomson had
discovered the electron, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics 1906.

Lee De Forest and The Radio

Radio brought information rapidly to

the masses and was the first widely
used electronic device in the home.
 

At the same time as physicists were trying to understand what cathode rays were, engineers were trying
to apply them to make electronic devices. In 1906, an American inventor and physicists, Lee De Forest,
made the vacuum tube triode, or audion as he called it. The triode was a three terminal device that
allowed him to make an amplifier for audio signals, making AM radio possible. Radio revolutionized the
way in which information and entertainment reached the great majority of people.

The vacuum tube triode also helped push the development of computers forward a great deal. Electronic
tubes were used in several different computer designs in the late 1940's and early 1950's. But the limits of
these tubes were soon reached. As the electric circuits became more complicated, one needed more and
more triodes. Engineers packed several triodes into one vacuum tube (that is why the tube has so many
legs) to make the tube circuits more efficient.

Early Computers

The largest computers based on vacuum

tubes had racks and racks of tubes
filling large rooms.
 
The vacuum tubes tended to leak, and the metal that emitted electrons in the vacuum tubes burned out.
The tubes also required so much power that big and complicated circuits were too large and took too
much energy to run. In the late 1940's, big computers were built with over 10,000 vacuum tubes and
occupied over 93 square meters of space.

The problems with vacuum tubes lead scientists and engineers to think of other ways to make three
terminal devices. Instead of using electrons in vacuum, scientists began to consider how one might
control electrons in solid materials, like metals and semiconductors.

Already in the 1920's, scientists understood how to make a two terminal device by making a point contact
between a sharp metal tip and a piece of semiconductor crystal. These point-contact diodes were used to
rectify signals (change oscillating signals to steady signals), and make simple AM radio receivers (crystal
radios). However, it took many years before the three terminal solid state device - the transistor - was
discovered.

The First Transistor

The first point contact transistor made

use of the semiconductor germanium.
Paper clips and razor blades were used
to make the device.
 

In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, working at Bell Telephone Laboratories, were trying to
understand the nature of the electrons at the interface between a metal and a semiconductor. They
realized that by making two point contacts very close to one another, they could make a three terminal
device - the first "point contact" transistor.

They quickly made a few of these transistors and connected them with some other components to make
an audio amplifier. This audio amplifier was shown to chief executives at Bell Telephone Company, who
were very impressed that it didn't need time to "warm up" (like the heaters in vacuum tube circuits). They
immediately realized the power of this new technology.

This invention was the spark that ignited a huge research effort in solid state electronics. Bardeen and
Brattain received the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1956, together with William Shockley, "for their researches
on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect." Shockley had developed a so-called
junction transistor, which was built on thin slices of different types of semiconductor material pressed
together. The junction transistor was easier to understand theoretically, and could be manufactured more
reliably.
Limits of Individual Transistors

Individual electronic components were

soldered on to printed circuit boards.
 

For many years, transistors were made as individual electronic components and were connected to other
electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, etc.) on boards to make an electronic
circuit. They were much smaller than vacuum tubes and consumed much less power. Electronic circuits
could be made more complex, with more transistors switching faster than tubes.

However, it did not take long before the limits of this circuit construction technique were reached. Circuits
based on individual transistors became too large and too difficult to assemble. There were simply too
many electronic components to deal with. The transistor circuits were faster than vacuum tube circuits,
and there were noticeable problems due to time delays for electric signals to propagate a long distance in
these large circuits. To make the circuits even faster, one needed to pack the transistors closer and closer
together.

The Integrated Circuit

Integrated circuits placed all

components in one chip, drastically
reducing the size of the circuit and its
components.
 

In 1958 and 1959, Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Camera, came up with
a solution to the problem of large numbers of components, and the integrated circuit was developed.
Instead of making transistors one-by-one, several transistors could be made at the same time, on the
same piece of semiconductor. Not only transistors, but other electric components such as resistors,
capacitors and diodes could be made by the same process with the same materials.

For more than 30 years, since the 1960's, the number of transistors per unit area has been doubling
every 1.5 years. This fantastic progression of circuit fabrication is known as Moore's law, after Gordon
Moore, one of the early integrated circuit pioneers and founders of Intel Corporation. The Nobel Prize in
Physics 2000 was awarded to Jack Kilby for the invention of the integrated circuit.
From the dawn of the vacuum tube triode, to the discovery of the transistor and the development of the
integrated circuit, the 20th century has certainly been the century of electronics.

By Professor David B Haviland

First published 19 December 2002

 http://nobelprize.org/educational/physics/transistor/history/

The Transistor - Function

The transistor is one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century. It has made it possible to send
mankind to the moon, build small yet powerful computers, construct small and efficient hearing aids.
These inventions are just a few examples of everyday items containing transistors, the list of such objects
can be made very long. The transistor radio was one of the first transistorized items that became a big
commercial success. Today, one of the most common uses of the transistor is as a part of the integrated
circuit (IC) that is vital for a computer's function. Some even call it "the nerve cell of the information
technology" and although the transistor is of great importance, few people know what it is and how it
functions.