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Experiment No.3: N 0. Folding Is Also Known As The Reflection of The Signal

The document describes an experiment involving generating and plotting various combinations of two signals and performing time transformations on signals in MATLAB. It provides the code to generate and plot combinations of two signals x1(n) and x2(n), as well as codes to perform time shifting, scaling, and other manipulations on sequences. The document also includes post-lab questions involving generating additional signals and plotting their time transformations.

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meghasingh_09
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172 views

Experiment No.3: N 0. Folding Is Also Known As The Reflection of The Signal

The document describes an experiment involving generating and plotting various combinations of two signals and performing time transformations on signals in MATLAB. It provides the code to generate and plot combinations of two signals x1(n) and x2(n), as well as codes to perform time shifting, scaling, and other manipulations on sequences. The document also includes post-lab questions involving generating additional signals and plotting their time transformations.

Uploaded by

meghasingh_09
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

3
Aim: Write MATLAB Codes for generating and plotting
various combinations of the two signals and perform time
scaling, time shifting, time reversal and multiple
Transformations.

Theory:
When a signal is processed, the signal undergoes many
manipulations involving the independent variable and the
dependent variable. Some of these manipulations include:
• Shifting the signal in the time domain.
• Folding the signal
• Scaling in the time-domain
A brief introduction of these manipulations is given below.

Shifting
In the case of discrete-time signals, the independent variable
is the time, n. A signal x(n)may be shifted in time, i.e. the
signal can be either advanced in the time axis or delayedin the
time axis. The shifted signal is represented by x(n-k), where k
is an integer. If ‘k’ ispositive, the signal is delayed by k units
of time and if k is negative, the time shift results
in an advance of signal by k units of time.

Folding
This operation is done by replacing the independent variable n
by –n. This results infolding of the signal about the origin, i.e.
n=0. Folding is also known as the reflection of the signal
about the time origin n=0. Folding of a signal is done while
convoluting the signal with another.

Time scaling
This involves replacing the independent variable n by kn,
where k is an integer. Thisprocess is also called as down
sampling. If x(n) is the discrete-time signal obtained by
sampling the analog signal, x(t), then x(n) = x (nT), where T is
the sampling period. If time–scaling is done, then the time-
scaled signal, y[n]=x(kn)=x(knT). This implies that the
sampling rate is changed from 1/T to 1/kT.

Implementation:
Steps for converting continuous time signal to the discrete
time signal are as follows:
1). Assign the value of sampling time, T .
2). Vary the time integer ‘n’ between two integer points with
an increment of 1.
3). The discrete version can be obtained as: y(n) = y(nT).

Useful Commands in MATLAB:


Stem: stem (n, y); plots the data sequence Y as stems from the
x axis terminated withcircles for the data value. If Y is a
matrix then each column is plotted as a separate series.
Subplot : subplot(m ,n, p); plots the data sequences by
dividing the main figure window. In m×n sub- windows and
total m×n subplots can be plotted either in continuous time
domain by adding simple plot in addition with subplot or in
discrete time domain by addition of stem.
In lab Questions:
Q. 1. Write MATLAB Codes for generating and plotting the
following combinations of the two signals over the range,
-20< n < 20.
Let x1 [n] = 2sin( 2πn/8)u[n] and x2 [n] = −4e-(n/6)(n/6).
(a) x [n ]=x1 [n ]x2 [n]
n=-24:1:24;
x1=2.*sin(2*pi*n./8).*(1*(n>0)+0*(n<0));
x2=-4.*exp(-((n./6).^2));
stem(n,x1.*x2)
title('week 3 q1.a')

(b) x[n]= 4x1 [n] + 2x2 [n]


n=-20:1:20;
x1=2.*sin(2*pi*n./8).*(1*(n>0)+0*(n<0));
x2=-4.*exp(-((n./6).^2));
stem(n,4.*x1+2.*x2)
title('week 3 q1.b')
(c) x[n]=x1 [2 n]x2 [3n ]
n=-20:1:20;
x1=2.*sin(2*pi*2.*n./8).*(1*(2.*n>0)+0*(2.*n<0));
x2=-4.*exp(-((3.*n./6).^2));
stem(n,x1.*x2)
title('week 3 q1.c')
(d) x [n ]=x1 [2 n]/x2 [-n ]
n=-20:1:20;
x1=2.*sin(2*pi*2.*n./8).*(1*(2.*n>0)+0*(2.*n<0));
x2=-4.*exp(-((-n./6).^2));
stem(n,x1./x2)
title('week 3 q1.d’)

(e) x [n]= 3x1 [n /2] + 2x2 [n / 3]


n=-20:1:20;
x1=2.*sin(pi*n./8).*(1*(n./2>0)+0*(n./2<0));
x2=-4.*exp(-((n./18).^2));
stem(n,3.*x1+2.*x2)
title('week 3 q1.e')
2.Write MATLAB Codes for generating the following
sequences:

-4, n<-6
x[n] = n, -6<=n<3
2/n, 3<=n

Sketch x [-n], x [3-n], x[2n] and x[n/2].

(a) n=-20:1:20;
x=-4*(-n<(-6))+(-n.*((-6)<=-n & -n<3))+(2./(-n)).*(-
n>=3);
subplot(2,2,1),stem(n,x)
title('week 3 q2')

(b) n=-20:1:20;
x=-4*((3-n)<(-6))+((3-n).*((-6)<=(3-n) & (3- n)<3))
+(2./(3-n)).*((3-n)>=3);
subplot(2,2,2),stem(n,x)
title('week 3 q2')

(c) n=-20:1:20;
x=-4*((2.*n)<(-6))+((2.*n).*((-6)<=(2.*n) &
(2.*n)<3))+(2./(2.*n)).*((2.*n)>=3);
subplot(2,2,3),stem(n,x)
title('week 3 q2')

(d) n=-20:1:20;
x=-4*((n./2)<(-6))+((n./2).*((-6)<=(n./2) & (n./2)<3))
+(2./(n./2)).*((n./2)>=3);
subplot(2,2,4),stem(n,x)
title('week 3 q2')
3.Generate x (t) & sketch each of the following signals
derived from x (t) :

i) x(3t)
ii) x(3t + 2)
iii) x(2 − t)
i) n=-5:0.1:5;
x=0.*(n<-1)+(n+1).*(-1<=n & n<0)+(1-n).*(0<=n &
n<1)+0.*(n>=1);
subplot(2,2,1),plot(n,x)
ii) n=-5:0.1:5;
x1=0.*((3.*n)<-1)+((3.*n)+1).*(-1<=(3.*n) &
(3.*n)<0)+(1-(3.*n)).*(0<=(3.*n) &
(3.*n)<1)+0.*((3.*n)>=1);
subplot(2,2,2),plot(n,x1)
iii) n=-5:0.1:5;
x2=0.*((3.*n+2)<-1)+((3.*n+2)+1).*(-1<=(3.*n+2) &
(3.*n+2)<0)+(1-(3.*n+2)).*(0<=(3.*n+2) &
(3.*n+2)<1)+0.*((3.*n+2)>=1);
subplot(2,2,3),plot(n,x2)
iv) n=-5:0.1:5;
x3=0.*((2-n)<-1)+((2-n)+1).*(-1<=(2-n) & (2-
n)<0)+(1-(2-n)).*(0<=(2-n) & (2-n)<1)+0.*((2-n)>=1);
subplot(2,2,4),plot(n,x3)
Post lab Question:
Q1. Generate this signal:

t=-2:0.01:8;
x1=-2.*(1*(t==-1)+0*(t~=-1))+(2*t).*(-1<t & t<1)+2.*(1<=t
& t<2)+3.*(1*(t==2)+0*(t~=2))-2.*(1*(t==2)+0*(t~=2))+(-
t+5).*(2<=t & t<4)+1.*(4<=t & t<5)+(-t+6).*(5<=t &
t<7)+1.*(1*(t==7)+0*(t~=7));
plot(t,x1)
title('week3 home1')

Q2. Generate x [n] & sketch each of the following signals


derived from x [n]:

a) x [2n]
b) x [3n – 1]
c) x [3 - n]

a) n=-10:1:10;
x1=0.*(1*(n==-4))+(0*(n~=-4))+(-1).*(1*(n==-3))
+(0*(n~=-3))+0.*(1*(n==-2))+(0*(n~=-2))+2.*(1*(n==-
1))+(0*(n~=-1))+1.*(1*(n==0))+(0*(n~=0))
+1.*(1*(n==1))+(0*(n~=1))+0.*(1*(n==2))+(0*(n~=2));
subplot(2,2,1),stem(n,x1)
title('week3 home2')

b) n=-10:1:10;
x2=0.*(1*(2*n==-4))+(0*(2*n~=-4))+(-1).*(1*(2*n==-
3))+(0*(2*n~=-3))+0.*(1*(2*n==-2))+(0*(2*n~=-2))
+2.*(1*(2*n==-1))+(0*(2*n~=-1))+1.*(1*(2*n==0))
+(0*(2*n~=0))+1.*(1*(2*n==1))+(0*(2*n~=1))
+0.*(1*(2*n==2))+(0*(2*n~=2));
subplot(2,2,2),stem(n,x2)
title('week3 home2a')

c) n=-10:1:10;
x3=0.*(1*((3*n-1)==-4))+(0*((3*n-1)~=-4))+(-
1).*(1*((3*n-1)==-3))+(0*((3*n-1)~=-3))+0.*(1*((3*n-
1)==-2))+(0*((3*n-1)~=-2))+2.*(1*((3*n-1)==-1))
+(0*((3*n-1)~=-1))+1.*(1*((3*n-1)==0))+(0*((3*n-
1)~=0))+1.*(1*((3*n-1)==1))+(0*((3*n-1)~=1))
+0.*(1*((3*n-1)==2))+(0*((3*n-1)~=2));
subplot(2,2,3),stem(n,x3)
title('week3 home2b')

d) n=-10:1:10;
x4=0.*(1*((3-n)==-4))+(0*((3-n)~=-4))+(-1).*(1*((3-
n)==-3))+(0*((3-n)~=-3))+0.*(1*((3-n)==-2))+(0*((3-
n)~=-2))+2.*(1*((3-n)==-1))+(0*((3-n)~=-1))+1.*(1*((3-
n)==0))+(0*((3-n)~=0))+1.*(1*((3-n)==1))+(0*((3-
n)~=1))+0.*(1*((3-n)==2))+(0*((3-n)~=2));
subplot(2,2,4),stem(n,x4)
title('week3 home2c')
Q3. Plot the function defined by
0 t<2
-4-2t -2<t<0
x(t) = -4+3t 0<t<4
16-2t 4<t<8
2 8<t
t =-20:0.01:20;
x1=0.*(t<-2)+(-4-2*t).*(-2<t & t<0)+(-4+3*t).*(0<t &
t<4)+(16-2*t).*(4<t & t<8)+2.*(t>8);
subplot(2,2,1),plot(t,x1)
title('week3 home3')

x2=3.*(0.*((t+1)<-2)+(-4-2*(t+1)).*(-2<(t+1) & (t+1)<0)+(-


4+3*(t+1)).*(0<(t+1) & (t+1)<4)+(16-2*(t+1)).*(4<(t+1) &
(t+1)<8)+2.*((t+1)>8));
subplot(2,2,2),plot(t,x2)
title('week3 home3')
x3=0.5.*(0.*(4*t<-2)+(-4-2*4*t).*(-2<4*t & 4*t<0)+(-
4+3*4*t).*(0<4*t & 4*t<4)+(16-2*4*t).*(4<4*t &
4*t<8)+2.*(4*t>8));
subplot(2,2,3),plot(t,x3)
title('week3 home3')

x4=-2.*(0.*((t-1)./2<-2)+(-4-2*(t-1)./2).*(-2<(t-1)./2 & (t-


1)./2<0)+(-4+3*(t-1)./2).*(0<(t-1)./2 & (t-1)./2<4)+(16-2*(t-
1)./2).*(4<(t-1)./2 & (t-1)/.2<8)+2.*((t-1)./2>8));
subplot(2,2,4),plot(t,x4)
title('week3 home3')

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