STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS

Chapter 4
4-1 An aluminum tube with an outside diameter of 1.000 in. will be used to support a 10-kip load. If the axial
stress in the member must be limited to 30 ksi T or C, determine the wall thickness required for the tube.
SOLUTION
P 10, 000
V 30, 000 psi
A A
S 2 10, 000
A
4
1  di2 
30, 000
in.2

di 0.75867 in. 1  2t
t 0.1207 in. .......................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-2 Three steel bars with 25 u 15-mm cross sections are welded to a gusset plate as shown in Fig. P4-2.
Determine the normal stresses in the bars when the forces shown are being applied to the plate.
SOLUTION
P 40, 000
VA 106.7 u 106 N/m 2 106.7 MPa ........................................ Ans.
A 0.025 u 0.015
P 50, 000
VB 133.3 u 106 N/m 2 133.3 MPa ......................................... Ans.
A 0.025 u 0.015
P 20, 000
VC 53.3 u 106 N/m 2 53.3 MPa ............................................. Ans.
A 0.025 u 0.015
4-3 Two ¼-in. diameter steel cables A and B are used to support a 220-lb traffic light as shown in Fig. P4-3.
Determine the normal stress in each of the cables.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the ring, the equations of equilibrium
o 6Fx 0: TB cos 25q  TA cos 20q 0
n 6Fy 0: TA sin 20q  TB sin 25q  220 0
are solved to get
TB 1.03684TA
TA 281.977 lb TB 292.365 lb
TA 281.977
VA 5740 psi ...................................................................................... Ans.
S  0.25  4
2
AA
TB 292.365
VB 5960 psi ...................................................................................... Ans.
S  0.25  4
2
AB
4-4 A system of steel pipes is loaded and supported as shown in Fig. P4-4. If the normal stress in each pipe must
not exceed 150 MPa, determine the cross-sectional areas required for each of the sections.
SOLUTION
From free-body diagrams of the pipes, the equations of equilibrium give
n 6Fy 0: PA  650 0 PA 650 kN
n 6Fy 0: PB  650  850 0 PB 1500 kN

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
n 6Fy 0: PC  650  850  1500 0 PC 3000 kN
PA 650 u 103
AA 4333 u 106 m 2 # 4330 mm 2 ....................................................... Ans.
VA 150 u106
PB 1500 u103
AB 10, 000 u 106 m 2 # 10, 000 mm 2 .............................................. Ans.
VB 150 u 106
PC 3000 u103
AC 20, 000 u 106 m 2 # 20, 000 mm 2 ............................................ Ans.
VC 150 u 106
4-5 Two 1-in. diameter steel bars are welded to a gusset plate as shown in Fig. P4-5. Determine the normal
stresses in the bars when forces F1 = 550 lb and F2 = 750 lb are applied to the plate.
SOLUTION
F1 550
VA 700 psi ............................................................................................... Ans.
S 1 4
2
AA
F2 750
VB 955 psi ............................................................................................... Ans.
S 1 4
2
AB
4-6 Two strips of a plastic material are bonded together as shown in Fig. P4-6. The average shearing stress in the
glue must be limited to 950 kPa. What length L of splice plate is needed if the axial load carried by the joint
is 50 kN?
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the middle plate,
the equations of equilibrium
o 6Fx 0: 2V  50 u103 0
gives
V 25 u 103 N W A
 950 u10   0.3 L 2 
3

L 0.1754 m 175.4 mm ..................................................................................................... Ans.

4-7 A coupling is used to connect a 2-in. diameter plastic rod to a 1.5-in. diameter rod, as shown in Fig. P4-7. If
the average shearing stress in the adhesive must be limited to 500 psi, determine the minimum lengths L1 and
L2 required for the joint if the applied axial load P is 8000 lb.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the rod, the equation of equilibrium
o 6Fx 0: V  8000 0
gives
V 8000 lb W A
 500 S 2  L1 
 500 S 1.5  L2 
L1 2.55 in. ................................................................Ans.
L2 3.40 in. ................................................................Ans.

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-8 Three plates are joined with a 12-mm diameter pin as shown in Fig. P4-8. Determine the maximum load P
that can be transmitted by the joint if
(a) The maximum normal stress on a cross section at the pin must be limited to 350 MPa.
(b) The maximum bearing stress between a plate and the pin must be limited to 650 MPa.
(c) The maximum shearing stress on a cross section of the pin must be limited to 240 MPa.
(d) The punching shear resistance of the material in the top and bottom plates is 300 MPa.
SOLUTION
(a) For the outside plates
An  30  12 10  180 mm 2 180 u106 m 2

P 2 V An  2  350 u 106 180 u 106  126 u 103 N

For the middle plate
An  25  12  25  325 mm 2 325 u106 m 2

P V An  350 u10 325 u10 

6 6
113.7 u 103 N
Therefore
Pmax 113.7 kN ......................................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) For the bearing stress on the hole in the middle plate
Ab dt 12  25  300 mm 2 300 u 106 m 2

P V Ab  650 u10  300 u10 

6 6
195 u 103 N
For the outer plates
Ab dt 12 10  120 mm 2 120 u 106 m 2

P 2V Ab 2  650 u 106 120 u106  156 u 103 N

Therefore
Pmax 156 kN ............................................................................................................................. Ans.
(c) For the shearing stress on the cross section of the pin
(which is in double shear)

S d 2 4 S 12  4
2
As
113.10 mm 2 113.10 u 106 m 2
P 2 W As  2  240 u 106 113.10 u 106 

54.3 u 103 N 54.3 kN ..................................................................................................... Ans.

(d) For the punching shear stress in the outside plates
As 2 Lt 2 18 10 
360 mm 2 360 u 106 m 2
P 2 W As  2  300 u 106  360 u106 

216 u103 N 216 kN .......................................................................................................... Ans.

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-9 A 100-ton hydraulic punch press is used to punch holes in a 0.50-in.-thick steel plate, as illustrated
schematically in Fig. P4-9. If the average punching shear resistance of the steel plate is 40 ksi, determine the
maximum diameter hole that can be punched.
SOLUTION
P W As W S dt 
 40 u10 S d  0.5
3

100  2000  lb
d 3.18 in. ............................................................................................. Ans.

4-10 A body with a mass of 250 kg is supported by five 15-mm diameter cables, as shown in Fig. P4-10.
Determine the normal stress in each of the cables.
SOLUTION
The tension in cable E is equal to the weight of the hanging body. The normal stress in cable E is then
TE 250  9.81
VE 13.88 u 106 N/m 2 13.88 MPa ........................................... Ans.
S  0.015  4
2
A
From a free-body diagram of the lower ring,
the equations of equilibrium
o 6Fx 0: TC cos 60q  TD 0
n 6Fy 0: TC sin 60q  250  9.81 0
give

2831.90 N V C ªS  0.015  4º
2
TC
¬ ¼
VC 16.03 u 106 N/m 2 16.03 MPa .................................................................................... Ans.

1415.95 N V D ªS  0.015  4 º
2
TD
¬ ¼
VD 8.01u106 N/m 2 8.01 MPa ........................................................................................ Ans.
Then, from a free-body diagram of the upper ring,
the equations of equilibrium
o 6Fx 0: TB cos 30q  TA cos 40q  TC cos 60q 0
n 6Fy 0: TB sin 30q  TA sin 40q  TC sin 60q 0
give

TA 1506.83 N V A ªS  0.015  4 º
2

¬ ¼
VA 8.53 u106 N/m 2 8.53 MPa ........................................................................................ Ans.

2967.85 N V B ªS  0.015  4º
2
TB
¬ ¼
VB 16.79 u 106 N/m 2 16.79 MPa ................................................................................... Ans.

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-11 The joint shown in Fig. P4-11 is used in a steel tension member which has a 2 u 1-in. rectangular cross
section. If the allowable normal, bearing, and punching-shearing stresses in the joint are 13.5 ksi, 18.0 ksi,
and 6.50 ksi, respectively, determine the maximum load P that can be carried by the joint.
SOLUTION
For normal stress at the narrowest section
An  0.51 0.5 in.2

P V An d 13.5 u 103   0.5  6750 lb

For bearing stress

Ab 2  3 8 1 0.75 in.2

P V Ab d 18.0 u 103   0.75  13,500 lb

For punching shearing stress

As 2  3 81 0.75 in.2

P W As d  6.5 u 103   0.75  4880 lb

Therefore
Pmax 4880 lb ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-12 A vertical shaft is supported by a thrust collar and bearing plate, as shown in Fig. P4-12. Determine the
maximum axial load that can be applied to the shaft if the average punching shear stress in the collar and the
average bearing stress between the collar and the plate are limited to 75 and 100 MPa, respectively.
SOLUTION
For bearing stress between the collar and the plate
Ab S  0.152  0.102  4 9.8175 u 103 m 2

P V Ab d 100 u106  9.8175 u 10 3  982 u103 N

For punching shearing stress in the collar
As S dL S  0.10  0.025  7.854 u 103 m 2
P W As  75 u10  7.854 u10 
6 3
589 u 103 N
Therefore
Pmax 589 kN ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-13 A device for determining the shearing strength of wood is shown in Fig. P4-13. The dimensions of the wood
specimen are 6-in. wide by 8-in. high by 2-in. thick. If a load of 16,800 lb is required to fail the specimen,
determine the shearing strength of the wood.
SOLUTION
V 16,800
W 1050 psi ................................................................................................... Ans.
As 8u 2

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-14 The 75-kg traffic light shown in Fig. P4-14 is supported by three cables of equal diameter. Determine the
minimum diameter required if the normal stress in any cable must not exceed 160 MPa.
SOLUTION
4i  8 j  5k
TA TA 0.39036TAi  0.78072TA j  0.48795TAk
42  82  52
6i  8 j  5k
TB TB 0.53666TB i  0.71554TB j  0.44721TB k
6 2  82  52
8 j  5k
TC TC 0.84800TC j  0.53000TC k
82  52
The equations of equilibrium
6Fx 0: 0.39036TA  0.53666TB 0
6Fy 0: 0.78072TA  0.71554TB  0.84800TC 0
6Fz 0: 0.48795TA  0.44721TB  0.53000TC  75  9.81 0
give
TA 1.37478TB TC 2.10950TB
TA 452.353 N 160 u10 S d 4 
6 2
A dA 0.00190 m

TB 329.037 N 160 u10 S d 4 

6 2
B dB 0.00162 m

TC 694.103 N 160 u10 S d 4 

6 2
C dC 0.00235 m
Therefore
d min 2.35 mm .......................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-15 A 1000-lb load is securely fastened to a hoisting rope as shown in Fig. P4-15. The force in the weightless
flexible cable does not change as it passes around the small frictionless pulley at support C. The sag distance
d is 4 ft. Cables AB and BC have the same diameter. The normal stresses in these cables must not exceed 24
ksi, and the shearing stress in pin A (double shear) must not exceed 12 ksi. Determine
(a) The minimum diameter of cables AB and BC.
(b) The minimum diameter of the pin at A.
SOLUTION
4
T1 sin 1
23.578q
10
a 10 cosT1 9.16515 ft
b 30  a 20.83485 ft
4
T2 tan 1 10.868q
b
Then, from a free-body diagram of the ring,
the equations of equilibrium
o 6Fx 0: P cosT 2  TA cosT1 0
n 6Fy 0: P sin T 2  TA sin T1  1000 0
give

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
TA 1.07152 P
P 1620.35 lb TA 1736.24 lb
(a) For the normal stress in the cables
P 1620.35 lb  24 u10 S d3 2
BC 4
d BC 0.293 in. ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
TA 1736.24 lb  24 u10 S d3 2
AB 4
d AB 0.304 in. ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) For the pin at A, which is in double shear,

TA 1736.24 lb 12 u10  ª¬2 S d

3 2
p 4  º¼

dp 0.304 in. ............................................................................................................................. Ans.

4-16 A flat steel bar 100 mm wide by 25 mm thick has axial loads applied with 40 mm-diameter pins in double
shear at points A, B, C, and D as shown in Fig. P4-16. Determine
(a) The axial stress in the bar on a cross section at pin B.
(b) The average bearing stress on the bar at pin B.
(c) The shearing stress on the pin at A.
SOLUTION
(a) For axial stress in the bar
P 350 u103
Vn 233 u 106 N/m 2 233 MPa .................................................... Ans.
An 0.06 u 0.025
(b) For bearing stress at the pin
P 250 u103
Vb 250 u 106 N/m 2 250 MPa ................................................... Ans.
Ab 0.04 u 0.025
(c) For shearing stress on the pin (which is in double shear)
V 350 u 103
W 139.3 u 106 N/m2 139.3 MPa ....................................... Ans.
2 ªS  0.04  4 º
2
2 As
¬ ¼
4-17 Two flower pots are supported with steel wires of equal diameter. Pot A weighs 10 lb and pot B weighs 8 lb.
Determine the minimum required diameter of the wires if the normal stress in the wires must not exceed 18
ksi.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the upper ring
o 6Fx 0: TCD cos 45q  TBC cos D 0 (a)

n 6Fy 0: TCD sin 45q  TBC sin D  8 0 (b)

From a free-body diagram for the lower ring
o 6Fx 0: TBC cos D  TAB cos 45q 0 (c)

n 6Fy 0: TAB sin 45q  TBC sin D  10 0 (d)

Adding equations (a) and (c) gives
TCD cos 45q  TAB cos 45q 0

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
TCD TAB
Then adding Eqs. (b) and (d) gives
TCD sin 45q  TAB sin 45q 18 lb
TCD TAB 12.7279 lb
Now Eqs. (b) and (a) can be written
TBC sin D 1.0000 (e)

TBC cos D 9.0000 (f)

Dividing Eq. (e) by Eq. (f) gives
tan D 19 D 6.340q
TBC 9.0554 lb
P 12.7279
V max d 18 u 103 psi
A Sd2 4
d t 0.0300 in. ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-18 A steel pipe will be used to support a 40-kN load. If the wall thickness of the pipe is 10 percent of the pipe’s
outside diameter do, calculate and plot the normal stress in the pipe V as a function of the diameter do, (20 mm
d do d 75 mm). If the axial stress in the pipe must be limited to 250 MPa, what is the smallest size standard
steel pipe (see Appendix A) that could be used.
SOLUTION
di d o  2  0.1d o  0.8d o
P 40 u 103 141, 471.06
V N/m 2
S  d o2  di2  4
2
A do
For standard steel pipe,
P 40 u103
V d 250 u 106 N/m 2
A A
A 160 u 10 6 m 2 160 mm 2
d 13 mm .................................................... Ans.
4-19 An aluminum tube with an outside diameter do will be used to support a 10-kip load. If the axial stress in the
tube must be limited to 30 ksi T or C, calculate and plot the required wall thickness t as a function of do, (0.75
in. d do d 4 in.). What diameter would be required for a solid aluminum shaft?
SOLUTION
P 10, 000
V 30, 000 psi
A S  do2  di2  4

di d o2  0.42441 d o  2t

d o  d o2  0.42441
t
2
For a solid aluminum shaft

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
P 10, 000
V 30, 000 psi
A Sd2 4
d 0.65 in. ................................................................................................................................. Ans.
4-20 The steel pipe column shown in Fig. P4-20a has an outside diameter of 150 mm and a wall thickness of 15
mm. The load imposed on the column by the timber beam is 150 kN. If the bearing stress between the
circular steel bearing plate and the timber beam is not to exceed 3.25 MPa, determine the minimum diameter
bearing plate that must be used between the column and the beam. Assume that the bearing stress is
uniformly distributed over the surface of the plate.
If the bearing plate is not rigid, the stress between the bearing plate and the timber beam will not be
uniform. If the stress varies as shown in Fig. P4-20b (a uniform value of Vmax above the column and
decreasing linearly to Vmax/5 at the outside edge rp of the bearing plate), calculate and plot Vmax versus the
radius rp of the bearing plate (75 mm d rp d 500 mm). Now what minimum diameter bearing plate must be
used if the bearing stress must not exceed 3.25 MPa? What is the percent decrease in Vmax for a 400 mm-
diameter bearing plate compared with a 150 mm-diameter bearing plate? For a 600 mm-diameter bearing
plate compared with a 150 mm-diameter bearing plate?
SOLUTION
For uniform stress over a rigid bearing plate
P 150 u103
V d 3.25 u106 N/m 2
A Sd2 4
d t 0.242 m 242 mm ........................................................................................................... Ans.
For the non-rigid bearing plate
V
c1r  c2
V max
where the constants c1 and c2 are chosen such that
1 c1  0.075   c2
0.2 c1rp  c2
Therefore,
0.8
c1
0.075  rp
0.8  0.075 
c2 1
0.075  rp
Integrating the stress to get the axial force
F ³ V dA
gives
0.075 rp
150 u103 ³ V max 2S r dr  ³ V max  c1r  c2  2S r dr
0 0.075

ª 0.0752 § rp3 0.0753 · § rp2 0.0752 · º

2SV max «  c1 ¨  ¸  c2 ¨¨  ¸»
¨3 3 ¸¹ 2 ¸¹ »¼
«¬ 2 © © 2

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
150 u 103
V max N/m 2
ª 0.075 § r 0.075
2 3 3
· §r2
0.075 2
·º
2S «  c1 ¨¨  p p
¸¸  c2 ¨¨  ¸¸ »
«¬ 2 ©3 3 ¹ ©2 2 ¹ »¼
When rp 0.075 m V max 8.49 u 106 N/m 2 8.49 MPa ...................................... Ans.
When rp 0.2 m V max 1.976 MPa (a 76.7% decrease) ................................ Ans.
When rp 0.3 m V max 0.965 MPa (an 88.6% decrease) .............................. Ans.
4-21 The tie rod shown in Fig. P4-21a has a diameter of 1.50 in and is used to resist the lateral pressure against the
walls of a grain bin. The force imposed on the wall by the rod is 18,000 lb. If the bearing stress between the
washer and the wall must not exceed 400 psi, determine the minimum diameter washer that must be used
between the head of the bolt and the grain bin wall. Assume that the bearing stress is uniformly distributed
over the surface of the washer.
If the washer is not rigid, the stress between the washer and the wall will not be uniform. If the stress
varies as shown in Fig. P4-21b (a uniform value of Vmax under the 2.4-in.-diameter restraining nut and
decreasing as 1/r to the outside edge rw of the washer), calculate and plot Vmax versus the radius rw of the
washer (1 in. d rw d 8 in.). Now what minimum diameter washer must be used if the bearing stress must not
exceed 400 psi? What is the percent decrease in Vmax for an 8-in.-diameter washer compared with a 4-in.-
diameter washer? For a 12-in.-diameter washer compared with an 8-in.-diameter washer?
SOLUTION
For uniform stress over a rigid washer
P 18 u 103
V d 400 psi
A S  d 2  1.52  4
d t 7.72 in. .................................................. Ans.
For the non-rigid washer
1.2V max
V
r
Integrating the stress to get the axial force
F ³ V dA
gives
1.2 1.2V max
rw
18 u 103 ³
0.75
V max 2S r dr  ³
r 1.2
2S r dr

SV max ª¬1.22  0.752   2.4  rw  1.2  º¼

SV max ª¬0.87750  2.4  rw  1.2  º¼
18 u 103
V max psi
S ª¬0.87750  2.4  rw  1.2  º¼
When V max 400 psi d 2rw 13.61 in. ...................................................................... Ans.
When d 2rw 2.4 in. V max 6529 psi
When d 2rw 8 in. V max 754 psi an 88.5% decrease.................................. Ans.

When d 2rw 12 in. V max 462 psi a 38.7% decrease.................................... Ans.

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-22 The steel bar shown in Fig. P4-22 will be used to carry an axial tensile load of 400 kN. If the thickness of the
bar is 45 mm, determine the normal and shearing stresses on plane AB.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium
6Fn 0: N  400 cos 37q 0
6Ft 0: V  400sin 37 q 0
give
N 319.45 kN V 240.73 kN
The areas are related by
A 0.075 u 0.045 An cos 37q An 4.226 u103 m 2
Therefore
N 319.45 u 103
V 75.6 u106 N/m 2 75.6 MPa ................................................... Ans.
An 4.226 u10 3
V 240.73 u 103
W 57.0 u 106 N/m 2 57.0 MPa .................................................... Ans.
An 4.226 u 103
4-23 An axial load P is applied to a timber block with a 4 u 4-in. square cross section, as shown in Fig. P4-23.
Determine the normal and shear stresses on the planes of the grain if P = 5000 lb.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium
6Fn 0: N  5000sin14 q 0
6Ft 0: V  5000 cos14 q 0
give
N 1209.61 lb
V 4851.48 lb
The areas are related by
A 4u 4 An sin14q
An 66.137 in.2
Therefore
N 1209.61
V 18.29 psi ............................................................................................... Ans.
An 66.137
V 4851.48
W 73.4 psi ................................................................................................. Ans.
An 66.137
4-24 A structural steel bar with a 20 u 25-mm rectangular cross section is subjected to an axial tensile load of 55
kN. Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses in the bar.
SOLUTION
P 55 u 103
V max 110.0 u106 N/m 2 110.0 MPa ........................................... Ans.
A 0.02 u 0.025
P V max
W 55.0 MPa .................................................................................................... Ans.
2A 2

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-25 A steel rod of circular cross section will be used to carry an axial tensile load of 50 kip. The maximum
stresses in the rod must be limited to 25 ksi in tension and 15 ksi in shear. Determine the minimum diameter
d for the rod.
SOLUTION
P 50 u 103
V max d 25 u 103 psi d t 1.596 in.
A Sd 42

P 50 u103
W max d 15 u 103 psi d t 1.457 in.
2A 2 S d 4 
2

d min 1.596 in. .......................................................................................................................... Ans.

4-26 Determine the maximum axial load P that can be applied to the wood compression block shown in Fig. P4-26
if specifications require that the shear stress parallel to the grain not exceed 5.25 MPa, the compressive stress
perpendicular to the grain not exceed 13.60 MPa, and the maximum shear stress in the block not exceed 8.75
MPa.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: P sin 60 q  N 0
6Ft 0: P cos 60q  V 0
The areas are related by
A 0.2 u 0.12 An sin 60q An 0.027713 m 2
Therefore

P
N V An
d
13.60 u 106   0.027713
P d 435 u 103 N
sin 60q sin 60q sin 60q

P
V W An
d
 5.25 u 106   0.027713
P d 291u103 N
cos 60q cos 60q cos 60q
Pmax 291 kN ............................................................................................................................. Ans.
4-27 A steel bar with a 4 u 1-in. rectangular cross section is being used to transmit an axial tensile load, as shown
in Fig. P4-27. Normal and shear stresses on plane AB of the bar are 12 ksi tension and 9 ksi shear.
Determine the angle T and the applied load P.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: N  P cos T 0
6Ft 0: V  P sin T 0
The areas are related by
A 4 u1 An cos T An 4 cos T in.2
Therefore
N P cos T V An 12 u10   4 cosT 
3

V P sin T W An  9 u10   4 cosT 

3

Therefore

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
P sin T 9
tan T
P cos T 12
T 36.870q ................................................................................................................................. Ans.
P 75 u 103 lb 75 kip ........................................................................................................... Ans.
4-28 A steel bar with a butt-welded joint, as shown in Fig. P4-28 will be used to carry an axial tensile load of 400
kN. If the normal and shear stresses on the plane of the weld must be limited to 70 MPa and 45 MPa,
respectively, determine the minimum thickness t required for the bar.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: N  400sin 57 q 0
6Ft 0: V  400 cos 57 q 0
The areas are related by
A 0.1t An sin 57q An 0.11924t m 2
Therefore

V
N  400 u10  sin 57q d 70 u10
3
6
N/m 2 t t 0.0402 m
An 0.11924t

W
V  400 u10  cos 57q d 45 u10
3
6
N/m 2 t t 0.0406 m
An 0.11924t
tmin 40.6 mm ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-29 The shearing stress on plane AB of the 4 u 8-in. rectangular block shown in Fig. P4-29 is 2 ksi when the axial
load P is applied. If the angle I is 35q, determine
(a) The load P.
(b) The normal stress on plane AB.
(c) The maximum normal and shearing stresses in the block.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: P sin 35q  N 0
6Ft 0: P cos 35 q  V 0
The areas are related by
A 4u8 An sin 35q
An 55.790 in.2
(a) Solving the second equation for P gives

P
V W An  2 u10   55.790 
3

136, 215 lb # 136.2 kip ........................ Ans.

cos 35q cos 35q cos 35q
(b) Solving the first equation for N gives
N P sin 35q 78,129.6 lb V An
V 1400 psi ............................................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) Then the maximum normal and shearing stresses are given by

71
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
P 136, 215
V max 4260 psi ............................................................................................ Ans.
A 4u8
P V max
W max 2130 psi ................................................................................................. Ans.
2A 2
4-30 A wood tension member with a 50 u 100-mm rectangular cross section will be fabricated with an inclined
glued joint (45q d I d 90q) at its midsection, as shown in Fig. P4-30. If the allowable stresses for the glue are
5 MPa in tension and 3 MPa in shear, determine
(a) The optimum angle I for the joint.
(b) The maximum safe load P for the member.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: N  P sin I 0
6Ft 0: V  P cos I 0
The areas are related by
A 0.05 u 0.1 An sin I
An 0.005 sin I m 2
Therefore
N P sin I V An  5 u10   0.005 sin I 
6

V P cos I W An  3 u10   0.005 sin I 

6

and dividing the first equation by the second gives

P sin I 5
tan I 1.66667
P cos I 3
I 59.04q ................................................................................................................................... Ans.
Pmax 34.0 u 103 N 34.0 kN ............................................................................................... Ans.
4-31 The two parts of the eyebar shown in Fig. P4-31 are connected with two ½-in. diameter bolts (one on each
side). Specifications for the bolts require that the axial tensile stress not exceed 12.0 ksi and that the shearing
stress not exceed 8.0 ksi. Determine the maximum load P that can be applied to the eyebar without exceeding
either specification.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: 2 N  P cos 30 q 0
6Ft 0: 2V  P sin 30q 0
The cross sectional areas of the bolts are

S  0.5  4 0.19635 in.2

2
Ab
The first equation gives

2 V Ab  2 12 u 10   0.19635
3
2N
P d 5441 lb
cos 30q cos 30q cos 30q
while the second equation gives

72
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS

2 W Ab  2  8 u10   0.19635
3
2V
P d 6283 lb
sin 30q sin 30q sin 30q
Therefore
Pmax 5441 lb # 5440 lb ......................................................................................................... Ans.
4-32 The bar shown in Fig. P4-32 has a 200 u 100-mm rectangular cross section. Determine
(a) The normal and shearing stresses on plane a-a.
(b) The maximum normal and shearing stresses in the bar.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: N  500 cos 30q 0
6Ft 0: V  500sin 30q 0
The areas are related by
A 0.2 u 0.1 An cos 30q
An 23.094 u10 3 m 2
Therefore
N  500 u10  cos 30q
3
433.01 kN V An

V  500 u10  sin 30q

3
250.00 kN W An
V 18.75 u 106 N/m 2 18.75 MPa ...................................................................................... Ans.
W 10.83 u 106 N/m2 10.83 MPa ....................................................................................... Ans.
P 500 u103
V max 25.0 u106 N/m 2 25.0 MPa ..................................................... Ans.
A 0.2 u 0.1
P V max
W max 12.50 MPa ............................................................................................. Ans.
2A 2
4-33 A steel eyebar with a 4 u 1-in. rectangular cross section has been designed to transmit an axial tensile load.
The length of the eyebar must be increased by welding a new center section in the bar (45q d I d 90q), as
shown in Fig. P4-33. The stresses in the weld material must be limited to 12 ksi in tension and 9 ksi in shear.
Determine
(a) The optimum angle I for the joint.
(b) The maximum safe load P for the redesigned member.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: N  P sin I 0
6Ft 0: V  P cos I 0
The areas are related by
A 4 u1 An sin I An 4 sin I in.2
Therefore
N P sin I V An d 12 u103   4 sin I 

V P cos I W An d  9 u103   4 sin I 

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
and dividing the first equation by the second gives
P sin I 12
tan I 1.33333 I 53.13q ................................................. Ans.
P cos I 9
Pmax 75, 000 lb ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-34 A steel eyebar with a 100 u 25-mm rectangular cross section has been designed to transmit an axial tensile
load P. The length of the eyebar must be increased by welding a new center section in the bar, as shown in
Fig. P4-33. If P = 250 kN, calculate and plot the normal stress Vn and the shear stress Wn in the weld material
for weld angles I (30q d I d 90q). If the stresses in the weld material must be limited to 80 MPa in tension
and 60 MPa in shear, what ranges of I would be acceptable for the joint? Repeat for P = 305 kN and for P =
350 kN. Are weld angles I < 30q reasonable? Why or why not?
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar,
the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: N  P sin I 0
6Ft 0: V  P cos I 0

The areas are related by

A 0.1u 0.025 An sin I
An 0.0025 sin I m 2

Therefore
N P sin I P sin 2 I
V N/m 2 ............................................................................ Ans.
An 0.0025 sin I 0.0025
V P cos I P sin I cos I
W N/m 2 ..................................................................... Ans.
An 0.0025 sin I 0.0025
When P 250 kN 0q  I  64q .................................................................................. Ans.
When P 305 kN 0q  I  40q or 50q  I  54q .................................................. Ans.
When P 350 kN 0q  I  30q .................................................................................. Ans.
Angles less than about I 30q are not very practical since the weld gets long quickly
as the angle decreases................................................................................................................................. Ans.
4-35 Specifications for the rectangular (3 u 3 u 21-in.) block shown in Fig. P4-35 require that the normal and
shearing stresses on plane A-A not exceed 800 psi and 500 psi, respectively. If the plane A-A makes an angle
T = 37q with the horizontal, calculate and plot the ratios V/Vmax and W/Wmax as a function of the load P (0 d P d
13 kip). What is the maximum load Pmax that can be applied to the block? Which condition controls what the
maximum load can be? Repeat for T = 25q. For what angle T will the normal stress and the shear stress both
reach their limiting values at the same time?
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram of the bar, the equations of equilibrium are
6Fn 0: N  P cos T 0

74
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
6Ft 0: V  P sin T 0

The areas are related by

A 3u 3 An cos T
An 9 cos T in.2
Therefore
V N An P cos 2 T 9
psi .................................................. Ans.
V max V max  800 
W V An P sin T cosT 9
psi ......... Ans.
W max W max  500 
When T 37q , shear stress controls and
Pmax # 9360 lb ............................................. Ans.
When T 25q , normal stress controls and
Pmax # 8770 lb ............................................. Ans.
The normal stress and the shear stress will reach their
maximum values at the same time if
V W max An 500
tan T opt 0.62500
N V max An 800
T opt 32.01q ................................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-36 Compression tests of concrete indicate that concrete fails when the axial compressive strain is 1200 Pm/m.
Determine the maximum change in length that a 200-mm diameter u 400-mm long concrete test specimen can
tolerate before failure occurs.
SOLUTION
G HL 1200 u10   400 
6
0.480 mm .......................................................................... Ans.
4-37 The 0.5 u 2 u 4-in. rubber mounts shown in Fig. P4-37 are used to isolate the vibrational motion of a machine
from its supports. Determine the average shearing strain in the rubber mounts if the rigid frame displaces
0.01 in. vertically relative to the support.
SOLUTION
G 0.01
J 0.02 in./in. 0.02 rad ................................................................................. Ans.
L 0.5
4-38 A structural steel bar was loaded in tension to fracture. A 200 mm-length of the bar was marked off in 25-
mm lengths before loading. After the rod broke, the 25-mm segments were found to have lengthened to 30.0,
30.5, 31.5, 34.0, 44.5, 32.0, 31.0, and 30.0 mm, consecutively. Determine
(a) The average strain over the 200-mm length.
(b) The maximum average strain over any 50-mm length.
SOLUTION
G L f  Li 263.5  200
H 0.317 mm/mm ............................................................. Ans.
L Li 200
78.5  50
H max 0.570 mm/mm ........................................................................................ Ans.
50

75
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-39 Mutually perpendicular axes in an unstressed member were found to be oriented at 89.92q when the member
was stressed. Determine the shearing strain associated with these axes in the stressed member.
SOLUTION
S S
J T  90q  89.92q  1.396 u 103 rad .......................................................... Ans.
2 180q
4-40 A thin triangular plate is uniformly deformed as shown in Fig. P4-40. Determine the shearing strain at P
associated with the two edges (PQ and PR) that were orthogonal in the undeformed plate.
SOLUTION
LPcQ 500 mm
LMQ LMPc 500 cos 45q 353.5534 mm
LMP LMPc  10 363.5534 mm
LMQ
I tan 1 44.20107q
LMP
S S
J T  2I
2 2
S
 90q  88.40213q 
180q
J 27.9 u 103 rad ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-41 The sanding-drum mandrel shown in Fig. P4-41 is made for use with a hand drill. The mandrel is made from
a rubber-like material which expands when the nut is tightened to secure the sanding drum placed over the
outside surface. If the diameter D of the mandrel increases from 2.00 in. to 2.15 in. as the nut is tightened,
determine
(a) The average normal strain along a diameter of the mandrel.
(b) The circumferential strain at the outside surface of the mandrel.
SOLUTION
2.15  2.00
(a) HD 75.0 u 103 in./in. ................................................................................... Ans.
2.00
S  2.15  S  2.00 
(b) HC 75.0 u 103 in./in. ..................................................................... Ans.
S  2.00 
4-42 A thin rectangular plate is uniformly deformed as shown by PRSQ in Fig. P4-42. Determine the shearing
stain Jxy at P.
SOLUTION
0.380
I1 tan 1 0.04354q
500
0.200
I2 tan 1 0.04584q
250
S
J  T I1  I2
2
0.08938q
J 1.560 u103 rad ................................................................................................................... Ans.

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-43 A steel sleeve is connected to a steel shaft with a flexible rubber insert, as shown in Fig. P4-43. The insert
has an inside diameter of 3.3 in. and an outside diameter of 4.3 in. When the unit is subjected to a torque T,
the shaft rotates 1.5q with respect to the sleeve. Assume that radial lines in the unstressed state remain
straight as the rubber deforms. Determine the shearing strain JrT in the rubber insert
(a) At the inside surface.
(b) At the outside surface.
SOLUTION
§ 3.3 · § 1.5S ·
b rT ¨ ¸¨ ¸ 0.0431969 in.
© 2 ¹ © 180 ¹
b
(b) I1 tan 1 4.93774q
0.5
86.2 u 103 rad J outside .................................................. Ans.
(a) I2 I1  1.5q 6.43774q
112.4 u 10 3 rad J inside ................................................. Ans.
4-44 A steel rod is subjected to a nonuniform heating that produces an extensional (axial) strain that is proportional
to the square of the distance from the unheated end (H = kx2). If the strain is 1250 Pm/m at the midpoint of a
3.00-m rod, determine
(a) The change in length of the rod.
(b) The average axial strain over the length L of the rod.
(c) The maximum axial strain in the rod.
SOLUTION

k 1.5 
2
H kx 2 1250 u10 6 k 555.556 u106
dG
H kx 2
dx
3
3 ª kx3 º
G ³ dG ³ H dx k ³ x dx 5.00 u 103 m 5.00 mm ................... Ans.
2
(a) « 3 » 9k
0
¬ ¼0
0.005
(b) H avg 1.667 u103 m/m 1667 P m/m ................................................................. Ans.
3
k  3
2
(c) H max H3 9k 5.00 u10 3 m/m 5000 P m/m ................................................ Ans.
4-45 The axial strain in a suspended bar of material of varying cross section due to its own weight, as shown in
Fig. P4-45, is given by the expression Jy/3E, where J is the specific weight of the material, y is the distance
from the free (bottom) end of the bar, and E is a material constant. Determine, in terms of J, L, and E,
(a) The change in length of the bar due to its own weight.
(b) The average axial strain over the length L of the bar.
(c) The maximum axial strain in the bar.
SOLUTION
Jy dG
H
3E dy
L
J L ª J y2 º J L2
(a) G ³ dG 3E ³0
y dy « 3E 2 »
¬ ¼0 6E
.......................................................................... Ans.

77
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
G JL
(b) H avg in./in. ................................................................................................................ Ans.
L 6E
JL
(c) H max HL in./in. ............................................................................................................... Ans.
3E
4-46 A steel cable is used to tether an observation balloon. The force exerted on the cable by the balloon is
sufficient to produce a uniform strain of 500 Pm/m in the cable. In addition, at each point in the cable, the
weight of the cable reduces the axial strain by an amount that is proportional to the length of the cable
between the balloon and the point. When the balloon is directly overhead at an elevation of 300 m, the axial
strain at the midlength of the cable is 350 Pm/m. Determine
(a) The total elongation of the cable.
(b) The maximum height that the balloon could achieve
SOLUTION
H 500 u 106  cy 350 u 10 6 500 u 106  c 150  c 1u 106
dG
H 500 u10 6  1u106 y
dy
L
ª y2 º
 500 L  0.5L  u10
L
G ³ dG 10 6
³  500  y  dy 10 «500 y  »
6 2 6
0
¬ 2 ¼0
(a) If L 300 m
G 0.1050 m 105.0 mm ..................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) If y ! 500 m , then H  0 . If L ! 1000 m , then G  0 . Neither is possible. Therefore

ymax 500 m .............................................................................................................................. Ans.

4-47 A steel cable is used to support an elevator cage at the bottom of a 2000 ft-deep mine shaft. A uniform axial
strain of 250 Pin./in. is produced in the cable by the weight of the cage. At each point the weight of the cable
produces an additional axial strain that is proportional to the length of the cable below the point. If the total
axial strain in the cable at the cable drum (upper end of the cable) is 700 Pin./in., determine
(a) The strain in the cable at a depth of 500 ft.
(b) The total elongation of the cable.
SOLUTION
H 250 u106  cy 700 u 106 250 u 106  c  2000  c 0.22500 u 106
(a) H 500 250 u10 6  0.22500 u 106 1500 
587 u 106 in./in. 587 P in./in. .................................................................................. Ans.
dG
(b) H 250 u 106  0.22500 u 106 y
dy
2000
2000 ª 0.225 y 2 º
G ³ dG 10 6
³  250  0.225 y  dy 10 «250 y  6
0
¬ 2 »¼ 0
ª 250  2000   0.1125  2000 2 º u 106
¬ ¼
0.9500 ft 11.40 in. ......................................................................................................... Ans.

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-48 At the proportional limit, a 200 mm-gage length of a 15 mm-diameter alloy bar has elongated 0.90 mm and
the diameter has been reduced 0.022 mm. The total axial load carried was 62.6 kN. Determine the modulus
of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and the proportional limit for the material.
SOLUTION
V EH
62.6 u103 0.90
E
S  0.015 4
2
200

E 78.7 u 109 N/m 2 78.7 GPa ...................................................................................... Ans.

H 0.022 15
Q  t  0.326 ......................................................................................... Ans.
Ha 0.9 200
P 62.6 u103
Vp 354 u 106 N/m 2 354 MPa ............................................... Ans.
S  0.015 4
2
A
4-49 A 1.50 in.-diameter rod 20 ft long elongates 0.48 in. under a load of 53 kip. The diameter of the rod
decreases 0.001 in. during the loading. Determine the modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and the modulus
of rigidity for the material.
SOLUTION
V EH
53 u 103 0.48
E
S 1.5  4
2
20 u12

E 15.00 u 106 psi 15, 000 ksi ........................................................................................ Ans.

Ht 0.001 1.5
Q   0.333 .................................................................................. Ans.
Ha 0.48  20 u 12 
E 15, 000
G 5625 ksi .......................................................................... Ans.
2 1  Q  2 1  0.333
4-50 A tensile test specimen having a diameter of 5.64 mm and a gage length of 50 mm was tested to fracture.
Stress and strain values, which were calculated from load and deformation data obtained during the test, are
shown in Fig. P4-50. Determine
(a) The modulus of elasticity.
(b) The proportional limit.
(c) The ultimate strength.
(d) The yield strength (0.05% offset).
(e) The yield strength (0.2% offset).
(f) The fracture stress.
(g) The true fracture stress if Poisson’s ratio Q = 0.30 remains constant.
(h) The tangent modulus at a stress level of 400 MPa.
(i) The secant modulus at a stress level of 400 MPa.
SOLUTION
From the stress-strain diagram:
140
(a) E# 70.0 u103 MPa 70.0 GPa ........................................................................... Ans.
0.002
(b) V pl # 150 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) V ult # 450 MPa .......................................................................................................................... Ans.

79
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
(d) V .05 # 220 MPa ............................. Ans.
(e) V .2 # 275 MPa .............................. Ans.
(f) V f # 450 MPa .............................. Ans.
'd
(g) Ht QH a   0.3 0.115 
d
'd # 0.19458 mm
d f 5.64  0.19458 5.4454 mm

V f Ai  450  ª¬S  5.64  4º¼

2
Pf
V tf # 483 MPa ...................................................... Ans.
S  5.4454  4
2
Af Af
430  350
(h) Et # 1000 MPa 1.000 GPa .......................................................................... Ans.
0.08  0
400
(i) Es # 8890 MPa 8.89 GPa ................................................................................... Ans.
0.045
4-51 A tensile test specimen having a diameter of 0.250 in. and a gage length of 2.000 in. was tested to fracture.
Stress and strain values, which were calculated from load and deformation data obtained during the test, are
shown in Fig. P4-51. Determine
(a) The modulus of elasticity.
(b) The proportional limit.
(c) The ultimate strength.
(d) The yield strength (0.05% offset).
(e) The yield strength (0.2% offset).
(f) The fracture stress.
(g) The true fracture stress if the final diameter of the specimen at the location of the fracture was 0.212 in.
(h) The tangent modulus at a stress level of 56 ksi.
(i) The secant modulus at a stress level of 56 ksi.
SOLUTION
From the stress-strain diagram:
28 u 103
(a) E# 28.0 u 106 psi 28, 000 ksi ........................................................................ Ans.
0.001
(b) V pl # 34 ksi ................................... Ans.
(c) V ult # 74 ksi ................................... Ans.
(d) V .05 # 43 ksi ................................... Ans.
(e) V .2 # 43 ksi .................................... Ans.
(f) V f # 65 ksi .................................... Ans.

V f Ai  65  ª¬S  0.25  4º¼

2
Pf
(g) V tf #
S  0.212  4
2
Af Af
# 90.4 ksi ............................................................................................................................. Ans.
78  35
(h) Et # 537 ksi ............................................................................................................ Ans.
0.08  0

80
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
56
(i) Es # 1400 ksi ................................................................................................................ Ans.
0.04
4-52 A tensile test specimen having a diameter of 11.28 mm and a gage length of 50 mm was tested to fracture.
Determine
(a) The modulus of elasticity.
(b) The proportional limit.
(c) The ultimate strength.
(d) The yield strength (0.05% offset).
(e) The yield strength (0.2% offset).
(f) The fracture stress.
(g) The true fracture stress if the final diameter of the specimen at the location of the fracture was 9.50 mm.
(h) The tangent modulus at a stress level of 315 MPa.
(i) The secant modulus at a stress level of 315 MPa.
SOLUTION
From the stress-strain diagram:
222.1
(a) E# 185 u 103 MPa
0.0012
E # 185 GPa ...................Ans.
(b) V pl # 280 MPa ...............Ans.
(c) V ult # 507 MPa ...............Ans.
(d) V .05 # 300 MPa ...............Ans.
(e) V .2 # 330 MPa ................Ans.
(f) V f # 450 MPa ................Ans.
Pf 45.1u 103
(g) V tf # 636 u106 N/m 2 636 MPa .............................................. Ans.
S  0.0095  4
2
Af
320  306
(h) Et # 17.5 u 103 MPa 17.5 GPa ........................................................ Ans.
0.0032  0.0024
315
(i) Es # 105 u 103 MPa 105 GPa ............................................................................. Ans.
0.003
4-53 A tensile test specimen having a diameter of 0.505 in. and a gage length of 2.00 in. was tested to fracture.
Determine
(a) The modulus of elasticity.
(b) The proportional limit.
(c) The ultimate strength.
(d) The yield strength (0.05% offset).
(e) The yield strength (0.2% offset).
(f) The fracture stress.
(g) The true fracture stress if the final diameter of the specimen at the location of the fracture was 0.425 in.
(h) The tangent modulus at a stress level of 46,000 psi.
(i) The secant modulus at a stress level of 46,000 psi.
SOLUTION
From the stress-strain diagram:
32 u 103
(a) E# 26.7 u 106 psi 26, 700 ksi ........................................................................ Ans.
0.0012

81
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
(b) V pl # 40 ksi .....................Ans.
(c) V ult # 73 ksi .....................Ans.
(d) V .05 # 44 ksi .....................Ans.
(e) V .2 # 47 ksi ......................Ans.
(f) V f # 65 ksi ......................Ans.
Pf 13 u 103
(g) V tf #
S  0.425  4
2
Af

# 91.6 u 103 psi 91.6 ksi ..........................................................................Ans.

47.43  45.93
(h) Et # 1875 ksi ........................................................................Ans.
0.004  0.0032
46
(i) Es # 14, 370 ksi ..................................................................................Ans.
0.0032
4-54 A cast iron pipe has an inside diameter of 70 mm and an outside diameter of 105 mm. The length of the pipe
is 2.5 m. The coefficient of thermal expansion for cast iron is D = 12.1(106)/qC. Determine the dimension
changes caused by
(a) An increase in temperature of 70qC.
(b) A decrease in temperature of 85qC.
SOLUTION
(a) GL 12.1u10 6
  70  2500  2.12 mm .......................................................................... Ans.
Go 12.1u10 6
  70 105 0.0889 mm ......................................................................... Ans.
Gi 12.1u10 6
  70  70  0.0593 mm ............................................................................ Ans.
(b) GL 12.1u10 6
  85 2500  2.57 mm ..................................................................... Ans.
Go 12.1u10 6
  85105 0.108 mm ...................................................................... Ans.
Gi 12.1u10 6
  85 70  0.072 mm ......................................................................... Ans.
4-55 A large cement kiln has a length of 225 ft and a diameter of 12 ft. Determine the change in length and
diameter of the structural steel shell [D = 6.5(106)/qF] caused by an increase in temperature of 250qF.
SOLUTION
GL  6.5 u10   250  225 u12  4.39 in. ....................................................................... Ans.
6

Gd  6.5 u10   250 12 u12  0.234 in. ........................................................................ Ans.

6

4-56 An airplane has a wing span of 40 m. Determine the change in length of the aluminum alloy [D =
22.5(106)/qC] wing spar if the plane leaves the ground at a temperature of 40qC and climbs to an altitude
where the temperature is 40qC.
SOLUTION
G  22.5 u10   80  40 
6
72.0 u 103 m 72.0 mm ........................................... Ans.

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-57 Determine the movement of the pointer of Fig. P4-57 with respect to the scale zero when the temperature
increases 80qF. The coefficients of thermal expansion are 6.6(106)/qF for the steel and 12.5(106)/qF for the
aluminum.
SOLUTION
The steel post and the steel scale each stretch the same amount
Gs Go  6.6 u10  80  20 
6
0.01056 in.
The aluminum post stretches
Ga 12.5 u10  80  20 
6
0.02000 in.
Therefore, the motion of the pointer relative to the zero
on the steel scale is
Gp Ga Gs
5 1
Gp 0.0472 in. n ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-58 A bronze [DB = 16.9(106)/qC] sleeve with an inside diameter of 99.8 mm is to be placed over a solid steel [DS
= 11.9(106)/qC] cylinder, which has an outside diameter of 100 mm. If the temperatures of the cylinder and
sleeve remain equal, how much must the temperature be increased in order for the bronze sleeve to slip over
the steel cylinder?
SOLUTION
d 100  11.9 u10 6   'T 100 
99.8  16.9 u 106   'T  99.8 
'T 403qC ................................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-59 A steel [E = 30,000 ksi and D = 6.5(106)/qF] surveyor’s tape ½-in. wide u 1/32-in. thick is exactly 100 ft
long at 72qF and under a pull of 10 lb. What correction should be introduced if the tape is used to make a
100-ft measurement at a temperature of 100qF and under a pull of 25 lb.
SOLUTION
V G Lc  L Lc
H  D'T 1
E L L L
10
where L is the length at 72qF and zero force. When P 10 lb , V 640 psi , Lc 100 ft , and
1 2 1 32 
100 640
1 0
L 30 u 106
L 99.99787 ft
25
Then, when P 25 lb , V 1600 psi , and 'T 28qF
1 2 1 32 
Lc 1600
1   6.5 u106   28 
L 30 u 10 6

Lc 100.02140 ft
'L 0.02140 ft 0.257 in.
correction 0.257 in. ............................................................................................................ Ans.

83
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-60 A 25-mm diameter aluminum [D = 22.5(106)/qC, E = 73 GPa, and Q = 0.33] rod hangs vertically while
suspended from one end. A 2500-kg mass is attached at the other end. After the load is applied, the
temperature decreases 50qC. Determine
(a) The axial stress in the rod.
(b) The axial strain in the rod.
(c) The change in diameter of the rod.
SOLUTION

(a) V
 2500  9.81 49.962 u106 N/m 2 # 50.0 MPa ...................................................... Ans.
S  0.025 4
2

V 49.962 u 106
(b) Ha  D'T   22.5 u 106   50  441u106 m/m ...................... Ans.
E 73 u109
V § 49.962 u106 ·
Ht Q  D'T   0.33 ¨ ¸   22.5 u 10   50  1350.86 u 10 m/m
6 6
(c)
© 73 u 10 ¹
9
E
Gd Ht d  1350.86 u10   25 6
0.0338 mm ........................................................... Ans.
4-61 The rigid yokes B and C of Fig. P4-61 are securely fastened to the 2-in. square steel (E 30,000 ksi) bar AD.
Determine
(a) The maximum normal stress in the bar.
(b) The change in length of segment AB.
(c) The change in length of segment BC.
(d) The change in length of the complete bar.
SOLUTION
Pmax 82 u 103
(a) V max 20, 500 psi 20.5 ksi ................................................................. Ans.
A 2u 2

(b) G AB
PL 82 u10  8 u12  0.0656 in. ........... Ans.
3

EA  30 u10   2 u 2  6

(c) G BC
 12 u10   5 u12  0.00600 in. .............. Ans.
3

 30 u10   2 u 2
6

G CD
 45 u10   4 u12  0.01800 in.
3

 30 u10   2 u 2 
6

(d) G total G AB  G BC  G CD 0.0776 in. ...................................................................................... Ans.

4-62 A structural tension member of aluminum alloy (E = 70 GPa) has a rectangular cross section 25 u 75 mm and
is 2 m long. Determine the maximum axial load that may be applied if the axial stress is not to exceed 100
MPa and the total elongation is not to exceed 4 mm.
SOLUTION
PL P  2000 
G d 4 mm P d 262,500 N
EA  70 u10   0.025 u 0.075
9

P V A d 100 u 10   0.025  0.075 

6
187,500 N
Pmax 187.5 kN ......................................................................................................................... Ans.

84
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-63 The tension member of Fig. P4-63 consists of a steel (E = 30,000 ksi) pipe A, which has an outside diameter
of 6 in. and an inside diameter of 4.5 in., and a solid aluminum alloy (E = 10,600 ksi) bar B, which has a
diameter of 4 in. Determine the overall elongation of the member.
SOLUTION
PA PB 120 kip

G GA GB
120 u10   3 u12 
3


120 u10   4 u12  3

 30 u10  ª¬S  6  4.5 

6 2 2
4 º¼ 10.6 u 10  ª¬S  4  4 º¼
6 2

G 0.01164  0.04324 0.0549 in. ..................................................................................... Ans.

4-64 A steel (E = 200 GPa) rod, which has a diameter of 30 mm and a length of 1.0 m, is attached to the end of a
Monel (E = 180 GPa) tube, which has an internal diameter of 40 mm, a wall thickness of 10 mm, and a length
of 2.0 m, as shown in Fig. P4-64. Determine the load required to stretch the assembly 3.00 mm.
SOLUTION
PS PM P
P 1000  P  2000 
G  3.00 mm
 200 u10  ª¬S  0.030 
9 2
4 º¼ 180 u10  ª¬S  0.060
9 2
 0.0402  4 º¼

P 212 u 103 N 212 kN ...................................................................................................... Ans.

4-65 The floor of a warehouse is supported by an air-dried, red-oak, timber column (see Appendix A for
properties), as shown in Fig. P4-65. Contents of the warehouse subject the 12 u 12-in. column to an axial
load of 200 kip. If the column is 30-in. long, determine
(a) The deformation of the column.
(b) The normal stress in the column.
(c) The bearing stress between the column and the lower bearing plate.
(d) The maximum shearing stress in the column.
SOLUTION
E 1800 ksi

(a) G
PL  200 u10   30 
3

0.0231 in. ..................................................................... Ans.

EA 1800 u10  12 u12 
3

P 200 u 103
(b) V 1389 psi ................................................................................................ Ans.
A 12 u12
200 u 103
(c) Vb 1389 psi ....................................................................................................... Ans.
12 u12
P 200 u103
(d) W max 694 psi .......................................................................................... Ans.
2A 2 12 u12 
4-66 The roof and second floor of a building are supported by the column shown in Fig. P4-66. The column is a
structural steel (see Appendix A for properties) section having a cross sectional area of 5700 mm2. The roof
and floor subject the column to the axial forces shown. Determine
(a) The amount that the first floor will settle.
(b) The amount that the roof will settle.
SOLUTION
E 200 GPa P1 1030 kN (C) P2 380 kN (C)

85
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS

(a) G1
PL 1030 u10   3500  3.1623 # 3.16 mm ............................................. Ans.
3

EA  200 u10  5700 u10 

9 6

(b) Gr G1 
 380 u10   3500  3.1623  1.1667 # 4.33 mm ............................... Ans.
3

 200 u10  5700 u10 

9 6

4-67 The tension member of Fig. P4-67 consists of a structural steel pipe A, which has an outside diameter of 6 in.
and an inside diameter of 4.5 in., and a solid 2014-T4 aluminum alloy bar B, which has a diameter of 4 in.
(see Appendix A for properties). Determine
(a) The change in length of the steel pipe.
(b) The overall deflection of the member.
(c) The maximum normal and shearing stresses in the aluminum bar.
SOLUTION
Est 29, 000 ksi Eal 10, 600 ksi
PA 205 kip (T) PB 120 kip (T)

(a) GA
PL  205 u10   50  3

0.0286 in. ...................................................... Ans.

EA  29 u10  ª¬S  6  4.5  4º¼
6 2 2

(b) GB
120 u10   40 
3

0.0360 in.
10.6 u10  ª¬S  4  4º¼
6 2

G total GA GB 0.0646 in. .................................................................................................... Ans.

P 120 u103
(c) V max 9550 psi ........................................................................................... Ans.
S  4 4
2
A
P V max
W max 4770 psi ................................................................................................. Ans.
2A 2
4-68 An aluminum alloy (E = 73 GPa) tube A with an outside diameter of 75 mm is used to support a 25-mm
diameter steel (E = 200 GPa) rod B, as shown in Fig. P4-68. Determine the minimum thickness t required for
the tube if the maximum deflection of the loaded end of the rod must be limited to 0.40 mm.
SOLUTION
G total GA GB

0.40 mm
 35 u10   300  
3
 35 u10   900  3

 73 u10  A  200 u10  ª¬S  0.025

9 9 2
4º
¼
A 1817.40 u 10 6 m 2 1817.40 mm 2
S  752  di2  4
di 57.54 mm 75  2t
t 8.73 mm ................................................................................................................................ Ans.

86
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-69 A structural steel (see Appendix A for properties) bar of rectangular cross section consists of uniform and
tapered sections as shown in Fig. P4-69. The width of the tapered section varies linearly from 2 in. at the
bottom to 5 in. at the top. The bar has a constant thickness of ½ in. Determine the elongation of the bar
resulting from application of the 30-kip load P. Neglect the weight of the bar.
SOLUTION
E 29, 000 ksi
3y
b 2 in. 0  y  60 in.
60
 30 u10   25  30 u10
3 3
60 dy
 29 u10   2 u 0.5 29 u10 ³
G 6 6 0 § 3y ·
¨ 2  60 ¸  0.5 
© ¹
0.02586  1.03448 u10 3 ª¬ 40 ln  40  y  º¼ 0
60

0.02586  41.37931u10 3 > 4.60517  3.68888@

G 0.0638 in. ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-70 Determine the change in length of the homogeneous conical bar of Fig. P4-70 due to its own weight. Express
the results in terms of L, E, and the specific weight J of the material. The taper of the bar is slight enough for
the assumption of a uniform axial stress distribution over a cross section to be valid.
SOLUTION
n 6F 0: V A W 0
S R2 y
V S R 2  W J Vol J
3
Jy
V
3
ry
R
L
L
P dy V L J y dy ª J y2 º J L2
G ³ EA ³ E dy ³0 3E « 3E 2 »
¬ ¼0 6E
........................................................ Ans.

4-71 The bar shown in Fig. P4-71 is made of annealed bronze (see Appendix A for properties). In addition to its
own weight, the bar is subjected to an axial tensile load P of 5000 lb at its lower end. Determine the
elongation of the bar due to the combined effects of its weight and the load P. Let r = 4 in. and L = 60 in.
SOLUTION
E 15, 000 ksi J 0.320 lb in 3
y  60 · y  60
R  4  ¨§ ¸ in.
© 60 ¹ 15
ª S R 2  y  60  S  42   60  º
W J Vol J«  »
«¬ 3 3 »¼
n 6F 0: V A  W  5000 0
JS
V S R 2  5000  ª¬ R 2  y  60   960º¼
3

87
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS

§ JS ·ª 2
P dy V dy
5000  ¨ ¸ ¬ R  y  60   960 º¼
60
© 3 ¹
G ³ EA ³ E ³ 0 ES R 2
dy

5000  225  60 dy J 60
 y  60  dy
S ³  y  60  6 ³0

15 u10 6 0 2
3 15 u 10 
960  225J  60 dy
 ³  y  60 

3 15 u 10 6 0 2

60
6  y  60 
ª 1 º
60
ª 2
º
0.02387 « »  0.00711 u 10 « »
¬ y  60 ¼ 0 «¬ 2 »¼ 0
60
ª 1 º 6
 1536.00 u 10 « »
¬ y  60 ¼ 0
0.19892 u 103  0.03839 u 103  0.01280 u 103
G 0.225 u 103 in. ................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-72 A hollow brass (E = 100 GPa) tube A with an outside diameter of 100 mm and an inside diameter of 50 mm is
fastened to a 50-mm diameter steel (E = 200 GPa) rod B, as shown in Fig. P4-72. The supports at the top and
bottom of the assembly and the collar C used to apply the 500-kN load P are rigid. Determine
(a) The normal stresses in each of the members.
(b) The deflection of the collar C.
SOLUTION
(a) From equilibrium
n 6F 0: TB  PA  500 0
S S
 0.05   V A  0.12  0.052  500 u103 N
2
VB
4 4
where V B is a tension stress and V A is a compressive stress. Then,
expressing that the stretch of the rod is equal to the shrink of the tube
G B G A in terms of the stresses gives
V B  2000  V A 1500 
200 u 109 100 u 109
V B 1.5V A
Substituting back into the equilibrium equation gives
VA 56.588 N/m 2 # 56.6 MPa .............................................................................. Ans.
V B 1.5V A 84.9 MPa ............................................................................................ Ans.

(b) GC GA
 56.588 u10  1500 
6

0.849 mm p ................................................ Ans.

100 u 109

88
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-73 The 7.5 u 7.5 u 20-in. oak (E = 1800 ksi) block shown in Fig. P4-73 was reinforced by bolting two 2 u 7.5 u
20-in. steel (E = 29,000 ksi) plates to opposite sides of the block. If the stresses in the wood and the steel are
to be limited to 4.6 ksi and 22 ksi, respectively, determine
(a) The maximum axial compressive load P that can be applied to the reinforced block.
(b) The shortening of the block when the load of part (a) is applied.
SOLUTION
(a) From equilibrium
n 6F 0: Pw  2 Ps  P 0
V w  7.5 u 7.5  2 ª¬V s  2 u 7.5  º¼ P
where V w and V s are both compressive stresses. Expressing that
the shrink of the steel is equal to the shrink of the wood G s G w
in terms of the stresses gives
VsL V wL
29, 000 u 103 1800 u103
Vs 16.111V w
If Vs 22 ksi , then V w 1.36552 ksi  4.6 ksi , and
P 1.36552  7.5 u 7.5   2 ª¬ 22  2 u 7.5  º¼ 737 kip ....................................... Ans.

(b) G Gs
 22 u10   20 
3

0.01517 in. p ............................................................. Ans.

29, 000 u103
4-74 Five 25-mm diameter steel (E = 200 GPa) reinforcing bars will be used in a 1-m long concrete (E = 31 GPa)
pier with a square cross section, as shown in Fig. P4-74. The allowable strengths in compression for steel and
concrete are 130 MPa and 9.5 MPa, respectively. Determine the minimum size of pier required to support a
900-kN axial load.
SOLUTION
From equilibrium
n 6F 0: 5Ps  Pc  900 0

5V s ªS  0.025  4 º  V c Ac
2
900 u 103 N
¬ ¼
where V s and V c are both compressive stresses. Expressing that the
shrink of the steel rods is equal to the shrink of the concrete G s G c
in terms of the stresses gives
VsL VcL
200 u 10 9
31u 109
V s 6.4516V c
If Vc 9.5 MPa , then V s 61.29 MPa  130 MPa , and
Ac 78,902 u 106 m 2 78,902 mm 2
b 2  5 ªS  25  4 º
2

¬ ¼
b 285 mm ................................................................................................................................ Ans.

89
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-75 A hollow steel (E = 30,000 ksi) tube A with an outside diameter of 2.5 in. and an inside diameter of 2 in. is
fastened to an aluminum (E = 10,000 ksi) bar B that has a 2-in. diameter over one-half of its length and a 1-in.
diameter over the other half. The assembly is attached to unyielding supports at the left and right ends and is
loaded as shown in Fig. P4-75. Determine
(a) The normal stresses in all parts of the bar.
(b) The deflection of cross-section a-a.
SOLUTION
(a) From equilibrium
PB PA  40 kip PC PA  10 kip
where PA , PB , and PC are all tension forces. Since the total
length of the assembly cannot change, the total stretch must
be zero G A  G B  G C 0 . Therefore

PA  20   PA  40  24   PA  10  24 
  0
 30 u10  ª¬S  2.5
3 2
 22  4 º¼ 10 u10  ª¬S  2 
3 2
4 º¼ 10 u10  ª¬S 1 
3 2
4º¼
PA 0 kip VA 0 ksi ....................................................................... Ans.

VB
 0  40  12.73 ksi (T) .................................................................................... Ans.
S  22  4

VC
 0  10  12.73 ksi 12.73 ksi (C) ............................................................ Ans.
S 12  4

(b) GC
 10 u10   24 
3

0.03056 in.
10 u10  ª¬S 1 4º¼
6 2

Therefore section a-a moves 0.03056 in. o ............................................................................ Ans.

4-76 A 150-mm diameter u 200-mm long polymer (E = 2.10 GPa) cylinder will be attached to a 45-mm diameter u
400-mm long brass (E = 100 GPa) rod by using the flange type of connection shown in Fig. P4-76. A 0.15-
mm clearance exists between the parts as a result of a machining error. If the bolts are inserted and tightened,
determine
(a) The normal stresses produced in each of the members.
(b) The final position of the flange-polymer interface after assembly, with respect to the left support.
SOLUTION
(a) From equilibrium
Tp Tb
where Tp and Tb are both tension forces. When the bolts
are tightened, the stretch of the two pieces closes the gap,
G p  G b 0.15 mm . Therefore
Tp  200  Tb  400 
 0.15 mm
 2.1u10  ª¬S  0.15
9 2
4º
¼ 100 u109  ª¬S  0.0452 4º
¼
Tp Tb 18,976.74 N

90
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS

Vp
18,976.74  1.074 u106 N/m 2 1.074 MPa (T) ...................................... Ans.
S  0.15  4
2

Vb
18,976.74  11.93 u106 N/m 2 11.93 MPa (T) .................................... Ans.
S  0.045  4
2

(b) Gp
18,976.74  200  0.10227 mm
 2.1 u 10 ¬
9 ª
S  0.15 
2
4 º
¼
Therefore the interface will be located at 200.1023 mm ........................................................... Ans.
4-77 The assembly shown in Fig. P4-77 consists of a steel bar A (Es = 30,000 ksi and As = 1.25 in.2), a rigid
bearing plate C that is securely fastened to bar A, and a bronze bar B (EB = 15,000 ksi and AB = 3.75 in.2). A
clearance of 0.015 in. exists between the bearing plate C and bar B before the assembly is loaded. After a
load P of 95 kip is applied to the bearing plate, determine
(a) The normal stresses in bars A and B.
(b) The vertical displacement of the bearing plate C.
SOLUTION
(a) From equilibrium (assuming that the gap is closed and the bearing plate
pushes on the brass bar,
n 6F 0: TA  PB  95 0
or in terms of stresses
1.25V A  3.75V B 95 u 103 lb
in which V A is a tension stress and V B is a
compression stress. If the bearing plate presses
against the brass bar, the stretch of the steel rod
will exceed the shrink of the brass bar by the
initial gap, G A G B  0.015 in. Therefore

V A  6 u12  V B  2 u12 
 0.015 in.
30 u106 15 u106
VA  2 3 V B  6250 psi
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
V A 18,932 psi # 18.93 ksi (T) ................................................................................. Ans.
V B 19, 023 psi # 19.02 ksi (C) ................................................................................. Ans.

(b) GC GA
18,932  6 u12  0.0454 in. p ....................................................................... Ans.
30 u106
4-78 A column similar to Fig. P4-74 is being designed to carry a load of 4450 kN. The column, which will have a
500 u 500 mm square cross section, will be made of concrete (E = 20 GPa) and will be reinforced with 50-
mm diameter steel (E = 200 GPa) bars. If the allowable stresses are 120 MPa in the steel and 8 MPa in the
concrete, determine
(a) The number of steel bars required.
(b) The stresses in the steel and concrete when the bars of part (a) are used.
(c) The change in length of a 3-m long column when the bars of part (a) are used.
SOLUTION
(a) From equilibrium

91
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
n 6F 0: Pc  nPs  4450 0
Pc  nPs 4450 kN
Expressing that the steel rods and the concrete must shrink
the same amount, G c G s , in terms of stresses gives

VcL V sL
Vs 10V c
20 u 10 9
200 u 109
If Vc V max 8 MPa , then V s 80 MPa  120 MPa , and

8 u10  ª¬0.5
6 2
 n S  0.05  4 º  n  80 u10 6  ªS  0.05  4 º
2

¼ ¬
2

¼
4450 u103

n 17.33
Therefore the required number of rods is n 18 .......................................................................... Ans.
(b) If n 18 , then
V c ª0.52  18S  0.05  4 º  18 10V c  ªS  0.05  4 º
2 2
4450 u103
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
Vc 7.83 u106 N/m 2 7.83 MPa ............................................................................. Ans.
Vs 10V c 78.3 MPa .................................................................................................. Ans.

(c) G Gs
V s  3000   78.3 u10   3000 
6

1.175 mm ........................................ Ans.

200 u109 200 u109
4-79 A ½-in. diameter alloy-steel bolt (E = 30,000 ksi) passes through a cold-rolled brass sleeve (E = 15,000 ksi)
as shown in Fig. P4-79. The cross-sectional area of the sleeve is 0.375 in.2 Determine the normal stresses
produced in the bolt and sleeves by tightening the nut ¼ turn (0.020 in.).
SOLUTION
From equilibrium
Tst Fbr
or in terms of stresses
ªS  0.5 2 4 º V st 0.375V br
¬ ¼
V st 1.90986V br
V br is a compression stress. The stretch of the steel bolt, the shrink of the
in which V st is a tension stress and
brass sleeve, and the movement of the nut are related by G st 0.02  G br . Therefore

V st  6  V br  6 
0.02  V st 100, 000  2V br
30 u 106 15 u 106
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
V br 25,576 psi # 25.6 ksi (C) .................................................................................. Ans.
V st 48,847 psi # 48.8 ksi (T) .................................................................................. Ans.

92
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-80 The two faces of the clamp shown in Fig. P4-80 are 250 mm apart when the two stainless-steel (Es = 190
GPa) bolts connecting them are unstretched. A force P is applied to separate the faces of the clamp so that an
aluminum alloy (Ea = 73 GPa) bar with a length of 251 mm can be inserted as shown. Each of the bolts has a
cross-sectional area of 120 mm2 and the bar has a cross-sectional area of 625 mm2. After the load P is
removed, determine
(a) The axial stresses in the bolts and in the bar.
(b) The change in length of the aluminum alloy bar.
SOLUTION
(a) Expressing the equilibrium equation
Fa 2Ts
in terms of stresses gives

 625 u10  V 6
a 2 120 u 106  V s
Vs 2.60417V a
in which V s is a tension stress andV a is a compression stress. The stretch of the steel bolts and the shrink
of the aluminum bar are related by G s 1  G a Therefore

V s  330  V a  251
1 Vs 575.76 u 106  1.97966V a
190 u 109 73 u 109
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
Vs 327 u 106 N/m 2 327 MPa ................................................................................ Ans.
V a 125.6 u106 N/m 2 125.6 MPa ......................................................................... Ans.

(b) Ga
125.6 u10   2516

0.432 mm ....................................................................... Ans.

73 u 109
4-81 A high-strength steel bolt (Es = 30,000 ksi and As = 0.785 in.2) passes through a brass sleeve (Eb = 15,000 ksi
and Ab = 1.767 in.2), as shown in Fig. P4-81. As the nut is tightened, it advances a distance of 0.125 in. along
the bolt for each complete turn of the nut. Compute and plot
(a) The axial stresses Vs (in the steel bolt) and Vb (in the brass sleeve) as functions of the angle of twist T of
the nut (0q d T d 180q).
(b) The elongations Gs (of the steel bolt) and Gb (of the brass sleeve) as function of T (0q d T d 180q).
(c) The distance L between the two washers as a function of T (0q d T d 180q).
SOLUTION
(a) From equilibrium
Tst Fbr
or in terms of stresses
0.785V st 1.767V br
V st 2.25096V br
in which V st is a tension stress and V br is a compression stress. The stretch of the steel bolt, the shrink of
the brass sleeve, and the movement of the nut are related by G st 0.125 T 360   G br in which T is in
degrees. Therefore
V st 14  0.125T V br 12 
 V st 744.0476T  1.71429V br
30 u 106 360 15 u 106
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives

93
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
V st 422.374T psi (T) ................... Ans.
V br 187.642T psi (C) ................... Ans.
V st 14 
(b) G st
30 u 106
 0.19711u10 T in. ....................................................................... Ans.
3

V br 12 
G br
15 u 106
 0.15011u10 T in. ...................................................................... Ans.
3

(c) L 12  G br 12   0.15011u 103 T in. .................................................................. Ans.

4-82 The short pier shown in Fig. P4-82 is reinforced with nine steel (E = 210 GPa) reinforcing bars. An axial
compressive load P is applied to the pier through the rigid capping plate. The axial load carried by the matrix
material is a function of R, the percentage of the cross section taken up by the steel reinforcement bars. The
load is also a function of the modulus ratio ER/EM where ER and EM are the modulus of elasticity for the
reinforcement material and the matrix material, respectively. For the three matrix-reinforcement
combinations listed, compute and plot the percentage of the load carried by the matrix as a function of R (0 d
R d 100 %).
SOLUTION
From equilibrium
n 6F 0: PM  9 Ps  P 0
PM  9 Ps P
Since the steel rods and the pier must shrink the same amount, GM Gs ,
PM L Ps L Es As
Ps PM
EM AM Es As EM AM

94
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
§ EA ·
PM ¨1  9 s s ¸ P
© EM AM ¹
Then, since
9 As 9 As 100
R 100  100 
A AM  9 As  AM 9 As   1
AM 100
1
9 As R
9 As 1 R
AM 100 R   1 100  R
and
PM 1
..............Ans.
P E § R ·
1 s ¨ 100 R ¸
EM ©  ¹

4-83 A 3-in. diameter u 80-in. long aluminum alloy bar is stress free after being attached to rigid supports, as
shown in Fig P4-83. Determine the normal stress in the bar after the temperature drops 100qF. Use E =
10,600 ksi and D = 12.5(106)/qF.
SOLUTION
V V
H  D 'T  12.5 u 106   100  0
E 10.6 u 10 6

V 13.25 u 103 psi 13.25 ksi (T) ............................................................................ Ans.

4-84 A 6-m long u 50-mm diameter rod of aluminum alloy [E = 70 GPa, Q = 0.346, and D = 22.5(106)/qC] is
attached at the ends to supports that yield to permit a change in length of 1.00 mm in the rod when stressed.
When the temperature is 35qC, there is no stress in the rod. After the temperature of the rod drops to 20qC,
determine
(a) The normal stress in the rod.
(b) The change in diameter of the rod.
SOLUTION
VL V  6000 
(a) G  D 'T L   22.5 u 106   55  6000  1 mm
E 70 u 109

V 74.958 u 106 N/m 2 # 75.0 MPa (T) ................................................................... Ans.

VL
(b) Gd Q  D 'T L
E
 74.958 u10   50  
6

  0.346 
70 u 10 9  22.5 u10   55 50 
6

0.0804 mm 0.0804 mm (shrink) ............................................................... Ans.

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-85 A bar consists of 3-in. diameter aluminum alloy [E = 10,600 ksi, Q = 0.33, and D = 12.5(106)/qF] and 4-in.
diameter steel [E = 30,000 ksi, Q = 0.30, and D = 6.6(106)/qF] parts, as shown in Fig. P4-85. If end supports
are rigid and the bar is stress free at 0qF, determine
(a) The normal stress in both parts of the bar at 80qF.
(b) The change in diameter of the steel part of the bar.
SOLUTION
(a) From equilibrium
Ps Pa
in which both Ps and Pa are compressive forces.
Since the end supports are rigid, the total stretch of the rod
must be zero G s  G a 0

ª º
 Ps  20 
«
«  30 u 106  ªS  4  2 4º
  6.6 u 10 6
   »»
80 20
¬« ¬ ¼ ¼»
ª º
 Pa  30 
 «  12.5 u 10   80  30  »
6
0
« 10.6 u 106  ªS  3 2 4º »
¬« ¬ ¼ ¼»
Ps Pa 89, 449 lb (C)
89, 449
Vs 7118 psi # 7.12 ksi ........................................................................ Ans.
S  4 4
2

89, 449
Va 12, 654 psi # 12.65 ksi ................................................................... Ans.
S  3 4
2

VL
(b) G ds Q  D 'T L
E
 7118  4   6.6 u106 80 4 0.00240 in. .......................... Ans.
  0.3
30 u 106
    
4-86 A steel tie rod containing a rigid turnbuckle (see Fig. P4-86) has its ends attached to rigid walls. During the
summer when the temperature is 30qC, the turnbuckle is tightened to produce a stress in the rod of 15 MPa.
Determine the normal stress in the rod in the winter when the temperature is 10qC. Use E = 200 GPa and D
= 11.9(106)/qC.
SOLUTION
VL
G 30 G 10 G  D 'T L
E

G
15 u10  L  06
VL
 11.9 u 106  40  L
200 u 10 200 u 109
9

V 110.2 u 106 N/m 2 110.2 MPa ........................................................................... Ans.

4-87 Nine ¾-in. diameter steel (E = 30,000 ksi) reinforcing bars were used when the short concrete (E = 4500 ksi)
pier shown in Fig. P4-87 was constructed. After a load P of 150 kip was applied to the pier, the temperature
increased 100qF. The coefficients of thermal expansion for steel and concrete are 6.6(106)/qF and
6.0(106)/qF, respectively. Determine
(a) The normal stresses in the concrete and in the steel bars after the temperature increases.

96
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
(b) The change in length of the pier resulting from the combined effects of the temperature change and the
load.
SOLUTION
(a) The equilibrium equation
n 6F 0: Pc  9 Ps  150 0
is written in terms of stresses
ª100  9 S  0.75 2 4 º V c  9 ªS  0.75 2 4 º V s 150 u103 lb
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
V s  24.1504V c 37, 725.62 psi
in which V c and V s are both compressive stresses. Expressing that
the steel rods and the concrete must stretch the same amount, G c G s ,
in terms of stresses gives
V c L V s L
  6.0 u 106  100  L   6.6 u 106  100  L
4.5 u 10 6
30 u10 6

V s 6.6667V c  1800.00 psi

Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
V c 1165.770 psi # 1.166 ksi (C) ............................................................................. Ans.
Vs 9571.805 psi # 9.57 ksi (C) ............................................................................... Ans.
 9571.805 24  
(b) G
30 u 10 6  6.6 u10  100  24 
6
0.00818 in. ............................ Ans.

4-88 The assembly shown in Fig. P4-88 consists of a steel (E = 210 GPa) cylinder A, a rigid bearing plate C, and
an aluminum alloy (E = 71 GPa) bar B. Cylinder A has a cross-sectional area of 1850 mm2, and bar B has a
cross-sectional area of 2500 mm2. After an axial load of 600 kN is applied, the temperature of cylinder A
decreases 50qC and the temperature of bar B increases 25qC. The coefficients of thermal expansion are
11.9(106)/qC for the steel and 22.5(106)/qC for the aluminum. Determine
(a) The normal stresses in the cylinder and in the bar after the load is applied and the temperatures change.
(b) The displacement of plate C after the load is applied and the temperatures change.
SOLUTION
(a) The equilibrium equation
o 6F 0: TB  TA  600 0
can be written in terms of stresses

1850 u10 V   2500 u10 V

6
A
6
B 600 u 103 N

V A  1.35135V B 324.324 u 106 N/m 2

in which V A and V B are both tension stresses. The total stretch of the assembly must be zero,
G A  G B 0 , therefore
ª V A  750  º ª V  600  º
«  11.9 u 10 6   50  750  »  « B   22.5 u 106   25  600  » 0
¬ 210 u10 ¼ ¬ 71u10
9 9
¼
V A  2.36620V B 30.450 u 106 N/m 2
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
VA 217.5 u 106 N/m 2 # 217 MPa (T) .................................................................... Ans.

97
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
VB 79.051u 106 N/m 2 # 79.1 MPa (C) ............................................................... Ans.
 217.5 u10   750   11.9 u10 50 750
6

(b) GC GA
210 u10 9     6

GC 0.331 mm o ......................................................................................................... Ans.

4-89 A high-strength steel [Es = 30,000 ksi, As = 0.785 in.2, and Ds = 6.6(106)/qF] bolt passes through a brass [Eb =
15,000 ksi, Ab = 1.767 in.2, and Db = 9.8(106)/qF] sleeve, as shown in Fig. P4-89. After the unit is assembled
at 40qF, the temperature is increased to 100qF. If the unit is free of stress at 40qF, determine the normal
stresses in the bolt and in the sleeve at 100qF.
SOLUTION
Writing the equilibrium equation
Tst Fbr
in terms of stresses gives
0.785V st 1.767V br
in which V st is a tension stress and V br is a compressive stress.
Expressing that the steel bolt and the brass sleeve must stretch the
same amount, G st G br , in terms of stresses gives

V st 14  V br 12 
  6.6 u 10 6   60 14    9.8 u 106   60 12 
30 u 10 6
15 u 10 6

14V st  24V br 45,360 psi

Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
V st 1839.29 psi # 1839 psi (T) ................................................................................ Ans.
V br 817.10 psi # 817 psi (C) ................................................................................... Ans.
4-90 The two faces of the clamp of Fig. P4-90 are 250 mm apart when the two stainless-steel [Es = 190 GPa, As =
115 mm2 (each), and Ds = 17.3(106)/qC] bolts connecting them are unstretched. A force P is applied to
separate the faces of the clamp so that an aluminum alloy [Ea = 73 GPa, Aa = 625 mm2, and Da =
22.5(106)/qC] bar with a length of 250.50 mm can be inserted as shown. After the load P is removed, the
temperature is raised 100qC. Determine the normal stresses in the bolts and in the bar, and the distance
between the faces of the clamps.
SOLUTION
Writing the equilibrium equation
Fa 2Ts
in terms of stresses gives
625V a 2 115V s 
in which V s is a tension stress and V a is a compressive stress.
Expressing that the steel bolts must stretch 0.5 mm more than the
aluminum bar must stretch, G s 0.5  G a , in terms of stresses gives

98
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS

ª V s  330  º
«  17.3 u 10 6
 100  330  »
¬190 u10
9
¼
ª V  250.5  º
0.5  « a   22.5 u 106  100  250.5 »
¬ 73 u 10
9
¼
1.73684V s  3.43151V a 492.725 u 106 N/m 2
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
Va 60.448 u 106 N/m 2 # 60.4 MPa (C) ................................................................. Ans.
Vs 164.262 u106 N/m 2 # 164.3 MPa (T) ............................................................. Ans.
Then, the stretch of the aluminum bar is

 60.448 u10   250.5 

6

Ga
73 u109
 22.5 u10  100  250.5
6
0.35620 mm
and the distance between the faces of the clamp is
L 250.5  G a 250.856 mm .................................................................................... Ans.
4-91 A prismatic bar [E = 10,000 ksi and D = 12.5(106)/qF], free of stress at room temperature, is fastened to rigid
walls at its ends. One end of the bar is heated 200qF above room temperature while the other end is
maintained at room temperature. The change in temperature 'T along the bar is proportional to the square of
the distance from the unheated end. Determine the normal stress in the bar after the change in temperature.
SOLUTION
V dx 200x 2
dG  D 'T dx 'T
E L2
L V dx L 200 x 2
G ³ dG ³ 0 E
³ D
0 L2
dx 0

V L § 200D · § L3 ·
 ¨ ¸ 0
E ¨© L2 ¸¹ © 3 ¹

200D E 200 12.5 u 106 10 u 106 

V  
3 3
V 8333 psi # 8.33 ksi (C) ...................................................................................... Ans.
4-92 The two faces of the clamp shown in Fig. P4-90 are 250 mm apart when the two steel bolts [Es = 190 GPa, As
= 115 mm2 (each), and Ds = 17.3(106)/qC] bolts connecting them are unstretched. A force P is applied to
separate the faces of the clamp so that an brass bar [Eb = 100 GPa, Ab = 625 mm2, and Db = 17.6(106)/qC] bar
with a length of 250.50 mm can be inserted as shown. After the load P is removed, the temperature of the
system is slowly raised. Compute and plot
(a) The axial stress Vs in the steel bolts and the axial stress Vb in the brass bar as functions of the temperature
rise 'T (0q d 'T d 100qC).
(b) The elongation Gs of the steel bolts and the elongation Gb of the brass bar as functions of the temperature
rise 'T (0q d 'T d 100qC).
(c) The distance L between the faces of the clamp as a function of the temperature rise 'T (0q d 'T d
100qC).
SOLUTION
(a) Writing the equilibrium equation

99
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
Pb 2Ts
in terms of stresses gives
625V b 2 115V s 
in which V s is a tension stress and V b is a compressive stress.
Expressing that the steel bolts must stretch 0.5 mm more than the
brass bar must stretch, G s 0.5  G b , in terms of stresses gives

ª V s  330  º
«  17.3 u 106   'T  330  »
¬190 u10
9
¼
ª V  250.5  º
0.5  « b  17.6 u 106   'T  250.5  »
¬ 100 u 10
9
¼
1.73684V s  2.5050V b 500 u 106  1.3002 u 106 'T N/m 2
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
Vb  69.207  0.17997 'T  u106 N/m 2 (C) ......................................................... Ans.
Vs 188.063  0.48904 'T  u106 N/m 2 (T) ........................................................ Ans.

(b) Then, the elongation of the steel bolts and the brass bar are

188.063  0.48904 'T  u106  330  

Gs
190 u10 9 17.3 u10   'T  330 
6

 0.32664  4.860 u10 3

'T  mm ............................................................................. Ans.

 69.207  0.17997 'T  u 106  250.5  

Gb
100 u 109
17.6 u10   'T  250.5
6

 0.17336  4.860 u10 3

'T  mm Ans.

(both stretches).
(c) Finally, the distance between the faces of
the clamp is
L 250.5  G b

 250.32664  4.860 u10 6

'T  mm .......................................................................... Ans.

100
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-93 An aluminum (Eal = 10,000 ksi, Dal = 12.5u10-6/qF, Aal = 1.4 in.2) bolt passes through a steel (Est = 30,000 ksi,
Dst = 6.6u10-6/qF, Ast = 0.4 in.2) sleeve as shown in Fig. P4-89. Initially, the nut is tightened against the
washer at room temperature until the bolt has a tensile force of 3500 lb. Then the temperature of the
assembly is slowly raised. Calculate and plot:
(a) The stress Val in the aluminum bolt and the stress Vst in the steel sleeve as a function of the temperature
increase 'T (0qF < 'T < 100qF).
(b) The change in length of the aluminum bolt Gal and the change in length of the steel sleeve Gst as a function
of the temperature increase 'T (0qF < 'T < 100qF).
SOLUTION
(a) Writing the equilibrium equation
Tal Pst
in terms of stresses gives
1.4V al 0.4V st
in which V al is a tension stress and V st is a compressive stress. The aluminum bolt must stretch more than
the steel sleeve stretches by the amount that the nut moves, G al G st  ' nut . In terms of stresses this gives

ª V al 14  º ª V 12  º
«  12.5 u 106   'T 14  » « st 6   6.6 u106   'T 12  »  ' nut
¬10 u10 ¼ ¬ 30 u10
6
¼
When 'T 0 the tension in the bolt and the compression in the sleeve are each equal to 3500 lb and
3500 3500
V al 2500 psi V st 8750 psi
1.4 0.4
and the initial movement of the nut is
' nut 0.00700 in.
Therefore, the deformation equation can be written
14V al  4V st  70, 000  958.00 'T  psi
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
V al  2500  34.214 'T  psi (T) .............................................................................. Ans.
V st 8750  119.750 'T  psi (C) ............................................................................ Ans.
If the assembly is not welded together, neither stress can be negative. Therefore, the above equations are
valid only for 'T less than about 73q . For 'T greater than about 73q , the bolt and the sleeve will
separate, and both stresses will be zero
V al V st 0 for 'T ! 73q .................................................................................. Ans.

101
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
(b) Then, the change in length of the aluminum bolt and the steel sleeve are
V al 14 
G al  12.5 u 106   'T 14  in. (stretch) ............................................. Ans.
10 u 10 6

V st 12 
G st   6.6 u 106   'T 12  in. (stretch) ............................................. Ans.
30 u 10 6

4-94 A short standard-weight steel pipe (see Appendix A) is used to support an axial compressive load of 100 kN.
If yielding (Vy = 250 MPa) should not occur, and the factor of safety is to be 1.6, determine the smallest
nominal diameter pipe that may be used to support the load.
SOLUTION
100 u 103 250 u 106
d A t 640 u106 m 2
A 1.6
Use d 51 mm (for which A 693.5 mm 2 ) ................................................................ Ans.
4-95 A short column made of structural steel is used to support the floor beams of a building, as shown in Fig. P4-
95. Each floor beam (A and B) transmits a force of 40 kip to the column. The column has the shape of a
wide-flange (W) section (see Appendix A). The factor of safety based on failure by yielding is 3.0. Select
the lightest wide-flange section that will support the given loads.
SOLUTION
Vy 36 ksi FS 3.0
80 u103 36 u103
d A t 6.667 in.2
A 3.0
W6 u 25 , W8 u 24 , W10 u 30 , W12 u 30 , etc. all have sufficiently large area. The lightest section is
W8 u 24 .................................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-96 The two structural steel (see Appendix A) rods A and B shown in Fig. P4-96 are used to support a mass m =
2000 kg. If failure is by yielding and a factor of safety of 1.75 is specified, determine the diameters of the
rods (to the nearest 1 mm) that must be used to support the mass. Both rods are to have the same diameter.
SOLUTION
Vy 250 MPa
FS 1.75
From a free body diagram of the connection, the equilibrium equations
o 6Fx 0: TB cos 30q  TA cos 50q 0
n 6Fy 0: TA sin 50q  TB sin 30q  2000  9.81 0
give
250 u106
TA 17, 254 N d A A t 120.8 u 106 m 2
1.75
250 u106
TB 12,806 N d A A t 89.6 u106 m 2
1.75
If the rods are made from the same material and diameter, then
Sd2
A t 120.8 mm 2 d t 12.4 mm
4
Use d 13 mm ........................................................................................................................ Ans.

102
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-97 The machine component shown in Fig. P4-97 is made of hot-rolled Monel. The forces at B are applied to the
component with a rigid collar that is firmly attached to the component. If the mode of failure is yielding and
the factor of safety is 1.5, determine the minimum permissible diameter of each segment of the machine
component.
SOLUTION
Vy 50 ksi FS 1.5
20 u 103 50 u 103
FAB 20 kip (T) d
Sd2 4 1.5
d AB t 0.874 in. ................................................................................................................ Ans.
30 u 103 50 u 103
FBC 30 kip (C) d
Sd2 4 1.5
d BC t 1.070 in. ................................................................................................................. Ans.
4-98 An axial load P = 1000 kN is applied to the rigid steel bearing plate on the top of the short column shown in
Fig. P4-98. The outside segment of the column is made of structural steel. The inside core is made of fairly
high strength concrete. Both segments are square. The failure modes are yielding for the steel and fracture
for the concrete. The factor of safety is to be 1.4. If the area of the concrete is to be 10 times the area of the
steel, determine the required dimensions.
SOLUTION
V fc 34 MPa V ys 250 MPa
FS 1.4 Ac 10 As
Writing the equilibrium equation
Fs  Fc 1000 kN
in terms of stresses gives
V s As  V c Ac 1000 u103 N
in whichV c and V s are both compressive stresses. Expressing that the steel and the concrete must stretch the
same amount, G c G s , in terms of stresses gives

VsL VcL
Vs 6.4516V c
200 u 10 9
31u 109
If Vc V fc 34 MPa , then
Vs 6.4516V c 219.355 MPa  250 MPa
Therefore

 219.355 u10  A   34 u10  10 A 

6
s
6
s 1000 u 103 N
As 1787.77 u 106 m 2 Ac 10 As 17,877.7 u 106 m 2
and the required sizes are
concrete 133.7 mm u 133.7 mm ............................................................................. Ans.
b  17,877.7 1787.77
2
b 140.2 mm
steel 140.2 mm u140.2 mm ............................................................................. Ans.

103
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-99 Four axial forces are applied to the 1-in. thick, 0.4% C hot-rolled steel bar, as shown in Fig. P4-99. The
factor of safety for failure by yielding is 1.75. Determine the minimum width w of the constant cross-
sectional area bar.
SOLUTION
Vy 53 ksi FS 1.75
20 u 103 53 u 103
FAB 20 kip (T) d w t 0.660 in.
1w 1.75
10 u 103 53 u 103
FBC 10 kip (C) d w t 0.330 in.
1w 1.75
50 u 103 53 u 103
FBC 50 kip (T) d w t 1.651 in.
1w 1.75
w t 1.651 in. ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-100 The two parts of the eyebar shown in Fig. P4-100 are connected by two bolts (one on each side of the eyebar).
The bolts are made of a grade of steel with a tensile yield strength of 1035 MPa and a shear yield strength of
620 MPa. The eyebar is subjected to the forces P = 85 kN. Determine the minimum bolt diameter required
to safely support the forces if the mode of failure is yielding and the factor of safety is 1.5.
SOLUTION
Since there are two bolts, there are two normal forces
and two shear forces shown on the free-body diagram.
The equilibrium equations gives
6Fn 0: 2 N  85 cos 30 q 0
6Ft 0: 2V  85sin 30 q 0
give
85 u 103 1035 u 106 § S d 2 ·
N cos 30q 36.806 u 10 d
3
¨ ¸ d t 0.00824 m
2 1.5 © 4 ¹
85 u 103 620 u 106 § S d 2 ·
V sin 30q 21.25 u 103 d ¨ ¸ d t 0.00809 m
2 1.5 © 4 ¹
d min 8.24 mm ............................................................................................................... Ans.
4-101 The two solid rods shown in Fig. P4-101 are pin-connected at the ends and support a weight of 10 kip. The
rods are made of SAE 4340 heat-treated steel. The factor of safety for failure by yielding is to be 1.5. For a
minimum weight of rod design, determine
(a) The optimum angle T.
(b) The required diameter for the rods.
(c) The weight of each rod. Is it reasonable to neglect the weight of the rods in the design?
SOLUTION
Vy 132 ksi FS 1.5
J 0.283 lb/in.3
(a) From a free body diagram of the pin connection,
the equilibrium equations
o 6Fx 0: T2 cosT  T1 cos T 0
n 6Fy 0: T1 sin T  T2 sin T  10, 000 0

104
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
give

10, 000 132 u 10  A

3
56.818 u 103
T1 T2 d At in.2
2sin T 1.5 sin T
The optimum angle is the angle that makes the volume (and therefore the weight and cost) of the rods a
minimum. The volume of each rod is
§ 56.818 u 103 · § 25 u 12 · 17.04545 34.0909
VAL t ¨ ¸¨ ¸
© sin T ¹ © cos T ¹ sin T cosT sin 2T
The minimum volume occurs when sin 2T 1
T 45q .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
(b) When T 45q
S d 2 56.818 u 103
A in.2
4 sin 45q
d 0.31986 in. # 0.320 in. .......................................................................................... Ans.
(c) When T 45q
§ 34.0909 ·
W J V  0.283 ¨ ¸ 9.65 lb .................................................................... Ans.
© sin 90q ¹
Yes, it is safe to neglect the weight of the rods..................................................................... Ans.
4-102 A tension member consists of a 50-mm diameter brass (E = 100 GPa) bar connected to a 32-mm diameter
stainless steel (E = 190 GPa) bar, as shown in Fig. P4-102. For an applied load P = 50 kN, determine
(a) The normal stresses in each segment of the member.
(b) The elongation of the member.
SOLUTION
FAB FBC 50 kN
50 u 103
(a) V AB 25.5 u 106 N/m 2 25.5 MPa ............................................... Ans.
S  0.05 4
2

50 u 103
V BC 62.2 u 106 N/m 2 62.2 MPa ............................................. Ans.
S  0.032  4
2

(b) G
 50 u10  1500 3


 50 u10  1000  3

0.709 mm ...... Ans.

100 u10  ª¬S  0.05
9 2
4º 190 u 10  ªS  0.032 
¼ ¬
9 2
4º
¼
4-103 An alloy steel (E = 30,000 ksi) bar is loaded and supported as shown in Fig. P4-103. The loading collar at B
is free to slide on section BC. The diameters of sections AB, BC, and CD are 2.50 in., 1.50 in., and 1.00 in.,
respectively. The lengths of all three segments are 15 in. Determine the normal stresses in each section and
the overall change in length of the bar.
SOLUTION
TAB 20 kip
TBC 60 kip
TCD 10 kip

105
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
20 u 103
V AB 4074 psi # 4.07 ksi (C) ........................................................ Ans.
S  2.5  4
2

60 u 103
V BC 33,950 psi # 33.9 ksi (T) ..................................................... Ans.
S 1.5  4
2

10 u 103
V CD 12, 730 psi # 12.73 ksi (T) ..................................................... Ans.
S 1 4
2

G
 20 u10  15   60 u10  15
3 3


10 u10  15 3

 30 u10  ª¬S  2.5 4º¼  30 u10  ª¬S 1.5

6 2 6 2
4º  30 u 10  ªS 1 4 º
¼ ¬
6
¼
2

G 0.0213 in. .................................................................................................................. Ans.

4-104 The floor beams of a storage shed are supported as shown in Fig. P4-104. Each of the floor beams B and C
transmits a 50 kN load to post A. Post A, the baseplate, and the footing have cross-sectional areas of 15,000
mm2, 30,000 mm2, and 260,000 mm2, respectively. Determine
(a) The normal stress in post A.
(b) The bearing stress between the post and the baseplate.
(c) The bearing stress between the baseplate and the footing.
(d) The bearing stress between the footing and the ground.
SOLUTION
100 u 103
(a) Vn 6.67 u 106 N/m 2 6.67 MPa ............................................... Ans.
15, 000 u10 6
100 u 103
(b) Vb 6.67 u 106 N/m 2 6.67 MPa ............................................... Ans.
15, 000 u 106
100 u103
(c) Vb 3.33 u 106 N/m 2 3.33 MPa ............................................... Ans.
30, 000 u 106
100 u 103
(d) Vb 385 u 103 N/m 2 385 kPa ................................................. Ans.
260, 000 u 106
4-105 A 1-in.-diameter steel [D = 6.5(106)/qF, E = 30,000 ksi, and Q = 0.30] bar is subjected to a temperature
decrease of 150qF. The ends of the bar are supported by two walls that displace a small amount during the
temperature change. If the measured strain in the bar is 600 Pin./in. after the temperature change, determine
the load being transmitted to the walls.
SOLUTION
V
H  D 'T 600 u 106
E
V
  6.5 u 106   150  600 u 106
30 u 10 6

V 11, 250 psi # 11.25 ksi (T)

11.25 ª¬S 1 4 º 8.84 kip ................................................................... Ans.

2
P VA
¼

106
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-106 A 90-mm diameter brass (E = 100 GPa) bar is securely fastened to a 50-mm diameter steel (E = 200 GPa)
bar. The ends of the composite bar are then attached to rigid supports, as shown in Fig. P4-106. Determine
the stresses in the brass and the steel after a temperature drop of 70qC occurs. The thermal coefficients of
expansion for the brass and the steel are 17.6(106)/qC and 11.9(106)/qC, respectively.
SOLUTION
Writing the equilibrium equation
Fb Fs
in terms of stresses gives
ªS  90 2 4 º V b ªS  50  2 4 º V s Vs 3.24V b
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
in which V s and V b are both tensile stresses. Since the supports are rigid, the total stretch of the bar must be zero,
G b  G s 0 . In terms of stresses
ª V b  800  º ª V  480  º
«  17.6 u 106   70  800  »  « s  11.9 u 106   70  480  » 0
¬100 u10 ¼ ¬ 200 u10
9 9
¼
8V b  2.4V s 1.38544 u109 N/m 2
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
Vb 87.82 u106 N/m 2 # 87.8 MPa (T) .................................................................... Ans.
Vs 284.5 u 106 N/m 2 # 285 MPa (T) ..................................................................... Ans.
4-107 A steel (E = 30,000 ksi) pipe column with an outside diameter of 3 in. and an inside diameter of 2.5 in. is
attached to unyielding supports at the top and bottom as shown in Fig. P4-107. A rigid collar C is used to
apply a 50-kip load P. Determine
(a) The normal stresses in the top and bottom portions of the pipe.
(b) The deflection of the collar C.
SOLUTION
A S  32  2.52  4 2.15984 in.2
(a) Writing the equilibrium equation
PB  TA  50 0
in terms of stresses gives
2.15984V B  2.15984V A 50 u 103 lb
in which V A is a tension stress and V B is a compressive stress.
Since the supports are rigid, the stretch of the top section must be the
same as the shrink of the bottom section, G A G B . In terms of stresses

V A  7 u 12  V B  4 u 12 
V B 1.75V A
30 u 106 30 u 106
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
VA 8418 psi # 8.42 ksi (T) ....................................................................................... Ans.
V B 14, 732 psi # 14.73 ksi (C) ................................................................................. Ans.

(b) GC GA
 8418  7 u12  0.0236 in. p ................................................................ Ans.
30 u 106

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STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
4-108 A 3-mm diameter cord (E = 7 GPa) that is covered with a 0.5-mm thick plastic sheath (E = 14 GPa) is
subjected to an axial tensile load P, as shown in Fig. P4-108. The load is transferred to the cord and sheath
by rigid blocks attached to the ends of the assembly. The yield strengths for the cord and sheath are 15 MPa
and 56 MPa, respectively. Determine the maximum allowable load if a factor of safety of 3 with respect to
failure by yielding is specified.
SOLUTION
Equilibrium gives that the total force is the sum of the force carried by the cord and the force carried by the sheath
P PC  PS
The cord and the sheath must both stretch the same amount, GC G S . In terms of stresses
VCL VSL
VS 2V C
7 u 10 14 u 109
9

If VC V C max 15 3 5 MPa , then

56
VS 2V C 10 MPa d 18.667 MPa
3
Therefore

Pmax  5 u10  ª¬S  0.003

6 2
4º  10 u106  ª¬S  0.0042  0.0032  4º¼
¼
Pmax 90.3 N ................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-109 The assembly shown in Fig. P4-109 consists of a steel (Es = 30,000 ksi, As = 1.25 in.2) bar A, a rigid bearing
plate C that is securely fastened to bar A, and a bronze (Eb = 15,000 ksi, Ab = 3.75 in.2) bar B. A clearance of
0.025 in. exists before the assembly is loaded by a force P = 15 kip. Determine, for each segment of the
assembly
(a) The normal stress.
(b) The change in length.
SOLUTION
(a) Writing the equilibrium equation
TA  PB  15 0
in terms of stresses gives
1.25V A  3.75V B 15 u103 lb
in which V A is a tension stress and V B is a compressive stress.
Assuming that the force is sufficient to close the gap, the stretch of bar A
must be greater than the shrink of bar B by the amount of the clearance,
G A G B  0.025 in. In terms of stresses
V A  6 u12  V B  2 u12 
 0.025 in.
30 u106 15 u106
72V A 48V B  750 u 103 psi
Combining the equilibrium equation and the deformation equation gives
V A 10.7045 u 103 psi # 10.70 ksi (T) ..................................................................... Ans.
VB 431.8 psi # 0.432 ksi (C) ................................................................................... Ans.

(b) GA
10.7045 u10   6 u12 
3

0.0257 in. (stretch) .............................................. Ans.

30 u 106

108
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS

GB
 431.8  2 u12  0.000691 in. (shrink) ......................................................... Ans.
15 u 106
4-110 An 80-kN force P is applied to the 150 u 180-mm wood block shown in Fig. P4-110. Determine the normal
stress perpendicular to the grain of the wood and the shearing stress parallel to the grain of the wood.
SOLUTION
From a free-body diagram, the equilibrium equations
6Fn 0: N  80sin 25q 0
6Ft 0: V  80 cos 25q 0
give
N 80sin 25q V n An
V 80 cos 25q W n An
where the areas are related by
A  0.150 u 0.180  mm 2 An sin 25q
Therefore

Vn
80 u10  sin
3 2
25q
529 u 103 N/m 2 0.529 MPa ..................................... Ans.
0.150 u 0.180

Wn
80 u10  sin 25q cos 25q
3

1.135 u 106 N/m 2 1.135 MPa ....................... Ans.

0.150 u 0.180
4-111 A 4000-lb force P is applied to the square structural steel block shown in Fig. P4-111. Determine
(a) The change in length of the block.
(b) The maximum normal stress in the block.
(c) The maximum shearing stress in the block.
(d) The normal stress perpendicular to the plane A-A.
(e) The shearing stress parallel to the plane A-A.
SOLUTION
sin T 35 cos T 45
A 3u 3 An cos T An 11.25 in.2

(a) G
PL  4000  21 0.322 u 103 in. ......................................................... Ans.
EA  29 u106   3 u 3
P 4000
(b) V max 444 psi .......................................................................................... Ans.
A 3u 3
P V max
(c) W max 222 psi ....................................... Ans.
2A 2
From a free-body diagram, the equilibrium equations
6Fn 0: N  4000 cos T 0
6Ft 0: V  4000sin T 0
give
N 4000  4 5 V n 11.25

109
STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 2nd Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
(d) Vn 284 psi ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
V 4000  3 5  W n 11.25 
(e) Wn 213 psi ...................................................................................................................... Ans.

110