Combinations: Def: - The Different Groups or Selections Which Can Be Made by Taking Some or All
Combinations: Def: - The Different Groups or Selections Which Can Be Made by Taking Some or All
Combinations
Def: - The different groups or selections which can be made by taking some or all
at a time from a number of things are called combinations. Thus in combinations
we are only concerned with the number of things each group contains irrespective
of the order.
For examples the combinations which can be made by taking the letters a, b, c two
at a time are 3 in number namely, ab, bc, ca
The number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time denoted
n n!
by nCr or C(n,r) and is given by cr =
r!( n −r )!
Proof:
Let there are n objects and let us denote the number of combinations of n
objects taking r at a time as n c r . Therefore every combination contains r objects
and these r objects can be arranged in r! ways, which gives us the total number of
permutations of n objects taking r at a time.
Hence n p r = r! n c r
n
p
⇒ n cr = r
r!
n!
⇒ n cr =
r!( n −r )!
n n n
Note: Relation between p r and c r is p r = r! n c r
Restricted combinations
1) The number of combinations of n dissimilar thing taken r at a time when p
particular things always
n −p
occur = C r −p
n
Properties of cr :
n
1)
n
cr = n
c n −r = n −1 c r −1
r
Proof:
n! n( n −1)! n
n
cr = = = n −1 c r −1
r!(n − r )! r ( r −1)![( n −1) − ( r −1)]! r
3) If c x = c y then either x = y or x + y = n
n n
Proof:
Case (i) given c x = c y
n n
⇒x=y
Case (ii) given
n
cx = n c y
⇒n c x =n cn −y ⇒ x = n − y ⇒ x + y = n
4) c r + n c r −1 = n +1 c r
n
Proof: we have
2
n! n!
n
C r + n C r −1 = +
r!( n − r )! ( r − 1)!( n − r + 1)!
n! n!
= +
r.( r − 1)!( n − 1)! ( r − 1)!( n − r + 1) .( n − r )!
n! 1 1
= +
( r − 1)!( n − r )! r n − r + 1
n! n − r + 1+ r
=
( r − 1)!( n − r )! r ( n − r + 1)
n! n+1
= .
( r − 1)!( n − r )! r ( n − r + 1)
=
( n + 1) n!
r!( n − r + 1)!
= n +1C r
Hencen C r + n C r −1 = n +1C r
n
pr n( n −1)( n − 2 )........ ( n − r + 1)
5) n
Cr = =
r! r!
n! n!
6) Cn = = =1
n
3. Evaluate 25 c 22 - 24 c 21
4. If 5 c3r = 15 c r +3 , find r
5. If 18
c r = 18 c r + 2 , find r c5
6. Determine n, if c3 : c3 =11:1.
2n n
9. Prove that n c r ×r c s = n c s ×n −s c r −s
10. If n −1 c r :n c r :n +1 c r = 6 : 9 : 13 , find n and r
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11. Find the value of the expression
47
c 4 + ∑ 52 − j c3
j =1
Important formulas:
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1. The number of arrangements taking not more than q objects from n
objects, provided every object can be used any number of times is given by
q
∑n
r =1
r
.
n
2. Number of integers from 1 to n which are divisible by k is , where []
k
denotes the greatest integral function.
3. The total number of selections of taking at least one out of
p1 + p 2 +......... + p n objects where p1 are alike of one kind, p 2 are alike of
another kind and so on …….. p n are alike of another kind is equal to
[( p1 +1)( p 2 +1)......... ( p n +1)] −1
4. The total number of selections taking of at least one out of
p1 + p 2 + ......... + p n + s objects where p1 are alike of one kind, p 2 are alike of
another kind and so on …….. p n are alike of another kind and s are distinct are
equal to {[( p1 +1)( p 2 +1)......... ( p n +1)] 2 s } −1
n
5. The greatest value of n c r is c k where
n
k= if n ∈2m, m ∈ N
2
n −1 n +1
= or if n ∈2m +1∀m ∈ N
2 2
2
n
n( n + 1)
6. Number of rectangles of any size in a square of size n × n = ∑ r 3 =
r =1 2
7. Number of squares of any size in a square of size
n
n(n + 1)( 2n + 1)
n × n = ∑r 2 =
r =1 6
8. Number of squares of any size in a rectangle of size
n
m × n = ∑ (m − r + 1)( n − r + 1)
r =1
9. If m points of one straight line are joined to n points on the another
straight line, then the number of points of intersections of the line segment thus
mn ( m −1)( n −1)
obtained = c 2 c 2 = .
m n
4
10. Number of rectangles formed on a chess board is 9 c 2 9 c 2 .
11. Number of rectangles of any size in a rectangle of size
mn
m × n = (n ≤ m) =m +1 c 2 n +1 c 2 = ( m +1)( n +1)
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12. The total number of ways of dividing n identical objects into r groups if
blank groups are allowed is n +r −1 c r −1 .
13. The total number of ways of dividing n identical objects into r groups if
blank groups are not allowed is n −1 c r −1 .
n n n n n
14. The exponent of k in n! is E k ( n!) = + 2 + 3 + 4 + ........ p , where
k k k k k
kp <n
15. The sum of the digits in unit’s place of the numbers formed by n nonzero
distinct digits is
(sum of the digits) (n-1)!
16. The sum of the numbers formed by n nonzero distinct digits is (sum of the
10 n −1
digits) (n-1)!
9
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17. Derangements: If n items are arranged in a row, then the number of
ways in which they can be rearranged so that no one of them occupies the place
1 1 1 1
assigned to it is n! 1 − + − +.......... ... + ( −1)
n
1! 2! 3! n!
Exercise:
In how many ways can 5 beads out 7 different beads be strung into a string?
2. A person has 12 friends, out of them 8 are his relatives. In how
many ways can he invite his 7 friends so as to include his 5 relatives?
(a) 8C3 x 4C2 (b) 12C7 (c) 12C5 x 4C3 (d) none of these
3.It is essential for a student to pass in 5 different subjects of an examination then
the no. of method so that
he may failure
(a) 31 (b) 32 (c) 10
(d) 15
The number of ways of dividing 20 persons into 10 couples is
7. is equal to
(a) C4
51
(b) 52
C4 (c) C4
53
(d) none
of these
8. A candidate is required to answer 6 out of 10 questions which are divided into
two groups each containing 5 questions and he is not permitted to attempt more
than 4 from each group. The number of ways in which he can make up his choice
is
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 400
9. Out of 10 white, 9 black and 7 red balls, the number of ways in which selection of
one or more balls can be made, is
(a) 881 (b) 891 (c) 879
(d) 892
10. The number of diagonals in an octagon are
(a) 28 (b) 48 (c) 20
(d) none of these
Q26.Out of 10 given points 6 are in a straight line. The number of the triangles
formed by joining any three of them is
(a) 100 (b) 150 (c) 120
(d) none of these
Q27.In how many ways the letters AAAAA, BBB, CCC, D, EE, F can be arranged in a
row when the letter C occur at different places?
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Q29.A parallelogram is cut by two sets of m lines parallel to the sides, the number
of parallelograms thus formed is
(d)
Q30.Along a railway line there are 20 stations. The number of different tickets
required in order so that it may be possible to travel from every station to every
station is
(a) 380 (b) 225 (c) 196
(d) 105
Q31.The number of ordered triplets of positive integers which are solutions of the
equation x + y + z = 100 is
(a) 5081 (b) 6005 (c) 4851
(d) none of these
Q32.The number of numbers less than 1000 that can be formed out of the digits 0,
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, no digit being repeated, is
(a) 130 (b) 131 (c) 156
(d) none of these
Q38.The number of ways in which 6 men and 5 women can dine at a round table if
no two women are to sit together is given by:
(a) 6! x 5! (b) 30 (c) 5! x 4!
(d) 7! x 5!
Q39.If nCr denotes the number of combinations of n things taken r at a time, then
the expression nCr + 1 + nCr – 1 + 2 x nCr equals:
(a) n + 2Cr (b) n + 2Cr + 1 (c) n + 1
Cr
(d) n+1
Cr + 1
Q40.If the letters of the word SACHIN are arranged in all possible ways and these
are written out as in dictionary, then the word SACHIN appears at serial number
(a) 600 (b) 601 (c) 602
(d) 603
Q26.The number of numbers is there between 100 and 1000 in which all the digits
are distinct is
(a) 648 (b) 548 (c)
448 (d) none of these
Q28. How many different words can be formed with the letters of the word
“PATLIPUTRA” without changing the position of the vowels and consonants?
(a) 2160 (b) 180
(c) 720 (d) none of these
Q29. How many different words ending and beginning with a consonant can be
formed with the letters of the word ‘EQUATION’?
(a) 720 (b) 4320
(c) 1440 (d) none of
these
Q30.The number of 4 digit numbers divisible by 5 which can be formed by using the
digits 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 is
(a) 36 (b) 42
(c) 48 (d) none of
these
Q31.The number of ways in which 5 biscuits can be distributed among two children
is
(a) 32 (b) 31
(c) 30 (d) none of
these
Q33.If the letters of the word ‘RACHIT’ are arranged in all possible ways and these
words are written out as in a dictionary, then the rank of this word is
(a) 365 (b) 702
(c) 481 (d) none of these
Q34.On the occasion of Dipawali festival each student of a class sends greeting
cards to the others. If there are 20 students in the class, then the total number of
greeting cards exchanged by the students is
(a) 20
C2 (b) 2 . 20C2
(c) 2 . 20P2 (d) none of these
Q35.The sum of the digits in the unit place of all the numbers formed with the help
of 3, 4, 5, 6 taken all at a time is
(a) 18 (b) 108
(c) 432 (d) 144
Q36.How many six digits numbers can be formed in decimal system in which every
succeeding digit is greater than its preceding digit
(a) 9
P6 (b) 10
P6
(c) 9
P3 (d) none of these
Q37.How many ways are there to arrange the letters in the work GARDEN with the
vowels in alphabetical order?
(a) 120 (b) 240
(c) 360 (d) 480
Q39.How many different nine digit numbers can be formed from the number
223355888 by rearranging its digits so that the odd digits occupy even positions?
(a) 16(b) 36 (c) 60
(d) 180
Q40.The number of arrangements of the letters of the word BANANA in which the
two N’s do not appear adjacently is
(a) 40(b) 60 (c) 80
(d) 100
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