1.

Introduction
Caesar II, Version 4.20, used in FEDO, is a PC based pipe stress analysis software
program developed by COADE/ Engineering Physics Software Inc. This software package
is an engineering tool used in the mechanical design and analysis of piping systems.
The user creates a model of the piping system using simple beam elements and defines
the loading conditions imposed on the system. With this input, the software produces
results in the form of displacements, loads and stresses throughout the system.
Additionally the software compares these results to limits specified by recognised codes
and standards.
The minimum system requirements are;
• Intel Pentium microprocessor
• Windows 95 and above
• 32 MB RAM
• 76 MB disk space
• 800 x 600 resolution using small fonts and 1024 x 786 using big fonts.
The new features of Caesar II are listed below.
• New Input Graphics - utilizes a true 3D library, enabling graphic element
selection
• Element input or redirection via local coordinate (cosines) system
• Completely revised material data base, including Code updates
• Optional static output in ODBC compliant data base for static restraints is
available
• Hydrodynamic loading for offshore applications. This includes the Airy,
Stokes 5th, and Stream Function wave theories, as well as Linear and Power
Law current profiles.
• Wind analysis expanded to handle up to 3 wind load cases
• New piping codes: B31.4 Chapter IX, B31.8 Chapter VIII, and DNV (ASD)
• A wave scratchpad - see the recommended theory graphically, or plot the
particle data for the specified wave.
• Hydra expansion joint data bases
• A new / revised expansion joint data base is available as a result of the
merger of Senior Flexonics and Pathway Bellows
• A new hanger table (Myricks) is available.
• Updated piping codes: B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, ASME NC, ASME ND
• Automatic Dynamic DLF Plotting
• PCF Interface
2. Working in Caesar II
2.1. Invoking Caesar II
Double-clicking the CAESAR II icon, which should point to the program C2.EXE in the
CAESAR II installation directory, will start the CAESAR II program.
Click on File-New/ Old to open the relevant file. Selecting a job name does not open the
file; as noted, it simply indicates the job on which input modeling, analysis, output
review, or other operations will be done. The user must still select one of these
operations from the menu.
2.2. Input Piping
Once the desired job name has been specified, the user can invoke the interactive model
builder by selecting the Input-Piping entry of the Main Menu. The preferred method of
data entry is the piping spreadsheet. Here each pipe element is described in its own
sheet. The right side of the screen offers an auxiliary area, with changing data-fields that
support items entered through check boxes pressing [F12] alternatively displays the
various auxiliary screens).
1. Enter the node numbers - These points are used as locations at which information
may be entered or extracted. CAESAR II can generate both values if the
AUTO_NODE_INCREMENT directive is set to a value other than zero using the
Tools-Configure/Setup + Geometry Directives option of the Main Menu.
2. Enter the Dx, Dy or Dz value i.e., the distance for the respective node numbers.
Where the piping element is skewed, two or three entries must be made. One or
more entries must be made for all elements except “zero length” expansion joints.
• Offsets can be used to modify the stiffness of the current element by
adjusting its length and the orientation of its neutral axis in 3-D space.
• This auxiliary screen is used to specify offsets to correct modeled element
length and orientation to actual length and orientation. Offsets may be
specified at From and/or To nodes.
3. Enter the pipe diameter and the thickness. Mill tolerance is automatically
generated. Nominal diameters, thickness, and schedule numbers are a function of
the pipe size specification. ANSI, JIS, or DIN are set via the Tools-Configure/Setup
option of the Main Menu.
4. Enter the corrosion thickness given in the specification.
5. Enter the insulation thickness given in the specification.
6. Enter the temperature and pressure. CAESAR II uses an ambient temperature of
70°F, (21 0C) unless changed using the Special Execution Parameters Option. Each
temperature and each pressure entered creates a loading for use when building
load cases. Both thermal and pressure data carries forward from one element to
the next until changed.
7. Enter the special element information. The end connection whether it is a bend,
rigid element like valves, flanges etc. is to be entered. Double click the selected
box, which opens an auxiliary table. Here the details of the bend are entered in
another screen, which appears, on the right. The Node numbers are generated
automatically.
• Bends - This auxiliary screen is used to enter information regarding bend
radius, miter cuts fitting wall thickness, or attached flanges.
 • Rigid Elements - This auxiliary screen is used to enter the weight of a rigid
element. If no weight is entered CAESAR II models the element as a
weightless construction element.
• This auxiliary screen is used to enter the expansion joint stiffness
parameters and effective diameter. For a non-zero length expansion joint,
either the transverse or bending stiffness must be omitted. Setting the
effective diameter to zero de-activates the pressure thrust load. This method
may be used (in conjunction with setting a large axial stiffness) to simulate
the effect of axial tie-rods.
8. Enter the details of the boundary conditions, like restraint, hangers, nozzles,
displacements, etc., at the respective node number. Double click the selected box,
which opens an auxiliary table.
• This auxiliary screen is used to enter data up to four restraints per
spreadsheet.
• This auxiliary screen is used to enter imposed displacements at up to two
nodes per spreadsheet.
• This auxiliary screen is used to describe flexible nozzle connections. When
entered in this way, CAESAR II automatically calculates the flexibilities and
inserts them at this location. CAESAR II calculates nozzle loads according to
WRC 297, API 650 or BS 5500 criteria.
• This auxiliary screen is used to describe hanger installations. Hanger data
may be fully completed by the user, or the hanger may be designed by
CAESAR II.
9. Enter the details of the loading conditions, like forces/ moments, uniform loads,
wind/ wave loads, etc., at the respective node number. Double click the selected
box, which opens an auxiliary table.
• This auxiliary screen is used to enter imposed forces and/or moments at up
to two nodes per spreadsheet.
• This auxiliary screen is used to enter up to three uniform load vectors (load
components U1, U2 and U3).
• This auxiliary screen is used to specify whether this portion of the pipe is
exposed to wind or wave loading. This screen is also used to enter the Wind
Shape Factor (when Wind is specified) and various wave coefficients (if
left blank they will be program-computed) when Wave Loading is specified.
10. The piping material is selected next from the drop list. The program provides a
database containing the parameters for many common piping materials. Caesar II
requires the pipe material’s elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, density, and (in most
cases) expansion coefficient. The coefficient of expansion does not appear on the
input screen, but it can be reviewed during error checking.
11. Double click the allowable stress box and select the code.
• This auxiliary screen is used to select the piping code (from a drop list) and
to enter any data required for the code check. Allowable stresses are
automatically updated for material, temperature and code if available in the
material database.
• Material Fatigue Curve data may be entered by clicking on the Fatigue
Curve button. This brings up a dialog where stress vs. cycle data (up to 8
points per curve) may be entered for Butt Weld and Fillet Weld components.
 • The Fatigue Curve data may also be read in from a COADE-supplied or user-
created file. Access these file by pressing the Read from Files button on
the Fatigue Curve Dialog.

12. Enter the fluid density as specific gravity, which, is automatically converted, into
density. Density of the pipe is automatically generated. The densities of the
insulation, and fluid contents can also be specified in this block.
• This auxiliary screen is used to enter stress intensification factors, or fitting
types at up to two nodes per spreadsheet. If components are selected from
the drop list, CAESAR II automatically calculates the SIF values as per the
applicable code
13. Press Cntrl C to continue.
Once the model is completed, the job can be analyzed by exiting the piping preprocessor
and starting error checking. This can be done using the File-Start Run menu option,
the Start Run toolbar, or the Start Run option from the Quit Menu (invoked upon
closing the input processor with the [Esc] key).
The preferred method for leaving the input preprocessor is via option Start Run. This
option saves the data file and invokes the Piping Error Checker. The Batch Run option
saves the data, invokes the error checker, and then continues with the analysis, all
without user interaction.
2.3. Error Checking The Model
There are two main functions for the error checker;
1. To verify the user’s input data
2. To build the execution data files utilized by the remainder of the CAESAR II
program.
The verification of the user’s input data consists of checking each individual piping
element for consistency.
Once invoked, the error checker reviews the CAESAR II model and alerts the user to
any possible errors, inconsistencies, or noteworthy items. These items are presented to
the user as Errors, Warnings, or Notes.
• Errors are flagged when there is a problem with the model due to which
analysis cannot continue. An example of this would be if no length is defined
for a piping element. These errors are also called fatal errors, since they are
fatal to the analysis, and must be corrected before continuing.
• Warnings are flagged whenever there is a problem with a model, which can
be overcome using some assumptions. An example of this would be if an
element’s wall thickness is insufficient to meet the minimum wall thickness
for the given pressure (hoop stress). Warnings need not be corrected in
order to get a successful analysis.
• Notes simply inform the user of some noteworthy fact related to the model.
An example of a note may be a message informing the user of the number of
hangers to be designed by the CAESAR II pro-gram.
If the error check process completes without fatal errors, a center of gravity report is
presented and the analysis data files can be generated and the solution phase can
commence.
Upon successful completion of the error checking routines, the user is, by default,
returned to the main CAESAR II menu.
2.4. Building static Load Cases
A static analysis can be started from the Main Menu once the error checker has
generated the analysis data files. The first stage of a static analysis is the setup of the
load cases.
In CAESAR II terms, a load case is a group of piping system loads that are analyzed
together, i.e., that are assumed to be occurring at the same time.
An example of a load case is an operating analysis composed of the thermal,
deadweight, and pressure loads together. Another is an as-installed analysis of
deadweight loads alone.
A load case may also be composed of the combinations of the results of other load
cases; for example, the difference in displacements between the operating and installed
cases.
No matter what the contents of the load case, it always produces a set of reports in the
output, which list restraint loads, displacements and rotations, internal forces, moments,
and stresses. Because of piping code definitions of calculation methods and/or allowable
stresses, the load cases are also tagged with a stress category. For example, the
combination mentioned above might be tagged as an expansion stress case.
Available piping system loads are displayed on the left hand side of the Static Load Case
screen.
Available stress types are displayed in the lower left hand side of the Static Load Case
screen.
1. The Load Case Builder is invoked by selecting the Analysis + Statics option of
the Main Menu.
2. For new jobs (no previous solution files available), the static analysis module
recommends load cases to the user based on the load types encountered in the
input file. These recommended load cases are usually sufficient to satisfy the
piping code requirements for the Sustained and Expansion load cases. This can be
invoked by clicking the recommend button. If the job has been run previously, the
loads shown are those saved during the last session.
• The user can define up to ninety-nine load cases. Load cases may be
edited by clicking on a line in the Load List area.
• Only the load components listed in the upper left-hand portion of the
screen may be specified in the load cases. Available stress types are also
specified. Stress type determines the stress calculation method and the
allowable stress to use (if any).
3. The basic Load cases may be built through drag and drop actions. Dragging a load
component from the Loads Defined in Input list to a line on the load list
automatically adds the load component to the load case, if it is not already
included. Dragging a stress type from the Available Stress Type list to a load
case in the list changes the stress type for that case.
4. Combination cases, if present, must always follow the basic cases. They are built
by selecting (one or more), dragging, and dropping basic load cases from earlier in
the load list to combination cases (or blank load cases) later in the load list.
5. Up to four different wind load cases may be specified for any one job. The only
wind load information that is specified in the piping input is the shape factor that
causes load cases WIN1, WIN2, WIN3, and WIN4 to be listed as an available load to
be analyzed. When wind loads are used in the model, CAESAR II makes available
the screen to define the extra wind load data. Once defined, this input is stored
and may be changed on subsequent entries into the static analysis processor.
6. Up to four different hydrodynamic load cases may be specified for any one job.
Several hydrodynamic coefficients are defined on the element spreadsheet. The
inclusion of hydrodynamic coefficients causes the loads WAV1, WAV2, WAV3, and
WAV4 to be available in the load case editor.
2.4.1 Recommended Load Cases For Hanger selection
If spring hangers are to be designed by the program, two additional load cases must first
be analyzed in order to obtain the data required to select a variable support.
The two basic requirements for sizing hangers are
1. The deadweight carried by the hanger (hot load)
2. The range of vertical travel to be accommodated.
The first load case (traditionally called “Restrained Weight”) consists of only deadweight
and applied forces (W+F1). For this analysis CAESAR II includes a rigid restraint in the
vertical direction at every location where a hanger is to be sized. The load on the
restraint from this analysis is the deadweight that must be carried by the support in the
hot condition.
For the second load case, the hanger is replaced with an upward force equal to the
calculated hot load, and an operating load case is run. This load case (traditionally called
“Free Thermal”) includes the dead weight and thermal effects, the first pressure set (if
defined), any displacements, and the applied forces (W+D1+T1+P1+F1). The vertical
displacements of the hanger locations, along with the previously calculated deadweights
are then passed on to the hanger selection routine.
Once the hangers are sized, the added forces are removed and replaced with the
selected supports along with their pre-loads (cold loads). CAESAR II then continues with
the load case recommendations as defined above. A typical set of recommended load
cases for a single operating load case spring hanger design appears as follows:
Case # 1 - W+F1 - WEIGHT FOR HANGER LOADS
Case # 2 - W+D1+T1+P1+F1 - OPERATING FOR HANGER TRAVEL
Case # 3 - W+D1+T1+P1+F1 (OPE) - OPERATING (HGRS. INCLUDED)
Case # 4 - W+P1+F1 (SUS) - SUSTAINED LOAD CASE
Case # 5 - DS3-DS4 (EXP) - EXPANSION LOAD CASE
These hangers sizing load cases (#1 & #2) supply no information to the output reports
other than the data found in the hanger tables. Note how cases 3, 4, & 5 match the
recommended load cases for a standard analysis with one thermal and one pressure
defined. Also notice how the displacement combination numbers in case 5 have changed
to reflect the new order. If multiple temperatures and pressures existed in the input,
they too would appear in this set after the second spring hanger design load case.
Two other hanger design criteria also affect the recommended load cases.
1. If the “actual cold loads” for selected springs are to be calculated, one additional
load case (WNC+F1) would appear before case #3 above.
2. If the piping system’s hanger design criteria is set so that the proposed springs
must accommodate more than one operating condition, other load cases must
additionally appear before the case #3 above.
An extra hanger design operating load case must be performed for each additional
operating load case used to design springs.
2.5. Executing Static Analysis
Once the load cases have been defined, the user begins the actual finite element
solution through the use of the File-Analyze command on the Static Analysis screen
toolbar/ menu.
The solution phase commences with the generation of the element stiffness matrices
and load vectors, and solves for displacements, forces and moments, reactions, and
stresses. This solution phase also performs the design and selection of spring hangers,
and iterative stiffness matrix modifications for nonlinear restraints. The user is kept
appraised of the solution status throughout the calculation.
The static analysis performed by CAESAR II follows the regular finite element solution
routine.
• Element stiffness is combined to form a global system stiffness matrix.
• Each basic load case defines a set of loads for the ends of all the elements.
These elemental load sets are combined into system load vectors.
• Using the relationship of force equals stiffness times displacement
(F=KX), the unknown system deflections and rotations can be calculated.
• The known, however, may change during the analysis as hanger sizing, non-
linear supports, and friction all affect both the stiffness matrix and load
vectors.
• The root solution from this equation, the system-wide deflections and
rotations, is used with the element stiffness to determine the global (X, Y, Z)
forces and moments at the end of each element.
• These forces and moments are translated into a local coordinate system for
the element from which the code-defined stresses are calculated.
• Forces and moments on anchors, restraints, and fixed displacement points
are summed to balance all global forces and moments entering the node.
• Algebraic combinations of the basic load cases pick up this process where
appropriate at the displacement, force & moment, or stress level.
2.6. Static Output Processor
A review of the static analysis results is possible immediately after a static solution, or at
a later time by selecting the Output-Static option of the CAESAR II Main Menu.
The static output processor presents the user with an interactive selection menu from
which load cases analyzed (left hand column), report options (center column) and
general computed results (left hand column) (which show reports such as input listings
or hanger selection reports that are not associated with load cases) can be selected.
Results can be reviewed by selecting one or more load cases along with one or more
reports (selection is done by clicking and ctrl-clicking the mouse). The results can be
reviewed on the terminal, printed, or sent to a file, by using the View Reports, File-
Save/ Save As, or File-Print menu commands and/or toolbars.
The user can also use the View-Plot menu command or the Plot toolbar to review the
analytic results in graphics mode, which can produce displaced shapes, stress
distributions, and restraint actions.
Various commands are available in File, View Filters, Options and Show menus in the
menu bar. For most load cases (except hanger design and fatigue) there are seven
different report options that can be selected for review. They are
1. Displacements - Translations and rotations for each degree of freedom are
reported at each node in the model.
2. Restraints - Forces and moments on each restraint in the model are reported.
There is a separate report generated for each load case selected.
 3. Restraint Summary - Similar to the restraint report, this option provides force and
moment data for all valid selected load cases together on one report.
4. Global Element Forces - Forces and moments on the piping are reported for each
node in the model.
5. Local Element Forces - These forces and moments have been transferring into the
CAESAR II local coordinate system.
6. Stresses – SIF’s and Code Stresses are reported for each node in the model. The
code stresses are compared to the Allowable stress at each node as a percentage.
Note that stresses are not computed at nodes on rigid elements.
7. Sorted Stresses – Bending, Torsion, and Code Stress each are sorted from highest
to lowest value with corresponding node numbers.
2.6.1 Notes on Printing Reports and Plots
Typically, the set of output reports that a user might wish to print out for documentation
purposes might be:
Load Case Report Purpose
SUSTAINED STRESS Code compliance
EXPANSION STRESS Code compliance
OPERATING DISPLACEMENTS Interference checks
OPERATING RESTRAINTS Hot restraint,
equipment loads
SUSTAINED RESTRAINTS As installed
restraint, equipment
loads

The Cumulative Usage report is available only when there are one or more fatigue-type
load cases present. One Cumulative Usage report is generated, regardless of the
number of load cases selected, showing the combined impact of simulating selected
fatigue loadings.
All reports that are to be saved in the output file need not be declared at one time.
Subsequent reports sent to the file during the session are appended to the file started in
the session. (These output files are only closed and overwritten when a new output
device, such as a printer, or another file, is defined.)
Upon closing a series of reports, either to the printer or a file, a Table of Contents is
printed.
The static results may be reviewed graphically by executing the plot commands with any
active load case selected. The CAESAR II output plotting is quite comprehensive.
Options + Graphical output invokes the graphical mode. Only then do the Plot Options
Plot view and the show buttons come alive. The show menu can be used to output a
wide variety of outputs.
CAESAR II allows the user to view the piping system as it moves to the displaced
position of the basic load cases. To animate the static results, execute the View-
Animate command. The animated plot menu has several plot selections. Motion and
Volume Motion are the commands to activate the animation. Motion uses centerline
representation while Volume Motion produces volume graphics. The desired load case
may be selected from the drop down list. Animations may be sped up or slowed down or
stopped using the toolbars.
3. The Caesar II Main Menu
3.1. File Menu
All CAESAR II analyses require a job name for identification purposes— subsequent input,
analysis, or output review references the job name specified. The job name is selected
using the File menu, using one of three methods. Whenever the user wishes to begin a
new job, selecting File-New (or clicking the New toolbar) invites the user to enter a job
name and data directory.
• Set Default Data Directory – The selection of the data directory is very important
since any configuration, units, or other data files found in that directory are
considered to be “local” to that job.
• New
• Open
• Clean Up (Delete) Files - Use this directive to delete unwanted scratch files, listing
files, input, and output files to retain more hard disk space.
• Recent Piping Files
• Recent Structural Files
• Exit
3.2. Input
The user can invoke the interactive model builder by selecting the Input-Piping entry of
the Main Menu. The input generation of the model consists of describing the piping
elements, as well as any external influences (boundary conditions or loads) acting on
those elements.
• Piping - Input Screen appears
• Underground - Convert existing pipeline to underground
• Structural Steel - Structural Model
Each pipe element is identified by two node numbers, and requires the specification of
geometric, cross sectional, and material data. The preferred method of data entry is the
piping spreadsheet. Each pipe element is described on its own spreadsheet.
• Node Numbers - They are generated automatically.
• Element Lengths - Dx, Dy, Dz.
• Offsets - To adjust modelled pipe to actual
• Diameter
• Schedule
• Mill Tolerance %
• Corrosion
• Insulation Thickness
• Temperature - (9, default ambient. temp. 70o F)
• Pressure - (9 Pressures, operating & Hydro test)
• Special Element Information
• Bend - Radius, Angle
• Rigid - Weight of rigid element
• Expansion Joints - Jt. stiffness and effective dia.
• Reducer
• SIF’s and Tees
• Structural
• Restraints - Maximum 4 Restraints
• Hangers
• Nozzles
• Displacements
• Equipment
• Forces/ Moments
• Uniform Loads
• Winds and Wave
• Thermal Blowing
• Pitch & Roll
• Piping Material
• Allowable Stress
• Material Elastic Properties
• Elastic Modulus (C)
• Poisson’s Ratio
• Pipe Density
• Fluid Density
• Refractory Density
• Insulation Density
• Auxiliary data Area
• Allowable Stress (SC, SH, F, Eff, Fac, Sy, PVar)
• Fatigue Curves Butt Weld & Fillet Weld, Cycles, Stress)
3.2.1 File
The File menu is used to perform actions associated with opening, closing and running
the job file.
• New
• Open
• Save
• Save As
• Archive - Allows password protection for files
• Start Run - Sends model through interactive error check
This command exits the input processor, starts the error checking procedure, and
returns the user to the Main Menu for further action.
• Batch Run - Halts only for fatal errors
This command causes the program to check the input data, analyze the system, and
present the results without any user interaction.
• Print
• Print Preview
• Print Setup
• Recent Files
• Exit
Once the model is completed, the job can be analysed by exiting the piping pre
processor and starting error checking. This can be done using the File-Start Run menu
option, the Start Run toolbar, or the Start Run option from the Quit Menu (invoked
upon closing the input processor with the [Esc] key).
The preferred method for leaving the input pre processor is via option Start Run. This
option saves the data file and invokes the Piping Error Checker. The Batch Run option
saves the data, invokes the error checker, and then continues with the analysis, all
without user interaction.
3.2.2 Edit
The edit menu provides commands for cutting and pasting, navigating through the
spread sheets, and performing a few small utilities.
• Cut -
• Copy -
• Paste -
• Continue - Moves the spreadsheet to the next element
• Insert - Inserts before or after current element
• Delete - Deletes current element
• Find - find an element containing one or more named nodes
• Global - Prompts for global co-ordinates
• Close Loop - Closes loop by filling in delta cord. bet. 2 nodes
• Increment - Changes automatic node increment
• Distance - Calculates distance bet. Origin and a node
• List - Alternative format
• Next Element
• Previous Element
• First Element
• Last Element
Unlike the Continue command, [Pg Dn] does not create a new element once the end of
the model is reached.
3.2.3 Model
The Model menu contains modeling aids, as well as means for entering associated,
system wide information.
• Break - Breaks nodes into multiple nodes
• Valve - Model a valve or flange from database
• Expansion Joint - Activates expansion joint modeller
• Title -
• Hanger Design Control Data – System wide hanger design criteria
3.2.4 KAux
• Review SIF’s at Intersection Nodes - What if tests on SIF’s at intersections
• Review SIF’s at Bend Nodes - What if tests on SIF’s at bends
• Special Execution Parameters- Options affecting analysis of current jobs
• Include Piping Input Files - Allows other piping models in the current
model.
• Include Structural Input Files
• Show Informational Messages
3.2.5 Plot
• Standard Graphics - File, Edit, Options, View
• 3D Modeller
Icons on the tool bar and the drop list of the menu, permits many other functions like
pan, zoom render etc. in the plot menu.
CAESAR II graphics screen can be displayed with the Plot menu command or toolbar.
3.2.6 Help
• Press F1 or? For Help
3.3. Analysis
A static analysis can be started from the Main Menu once the error checker has
generated the analysis data files. For new jobs, the static analysis module recommends
load cases to the user based on the load types encountered in the input file. These are
usually sufficient to satisfy the piping code requirements for the Sustained and
Expansion load cases. The Load Case Builder is invoked by selecting the Analysis-
Statics option of the Main Menu.
• Statics - Static Analysis after error checking
• Dynamics - Dynamic Analysis after error checking
• SIF’s @ Intersections - Scratch pads to calculate Stress Intensification
Factors.
• SIF’s @ Bends - Scratch pads used to calculate SIF’s
• WRC 107 - Calculate stresses in vessels due to piping
• WRC 297 - Calculate stresses in vessels due to piping
• Flanges - Perform Flange stress and leakage calc.
• B 31.G - Estimate pipeline remaining life
• Expansion joint rating - Evaluate exp. joints using EJMA
• AISC - Perform AISC code check on structural steel
• NEMA SM23 - Evaluate loads on steam turbine Nozzles
• API 610 - Evaluate loads on centrifugal pumps
• API 617 - Evaluate loads on compressors
• API 661 - Evaluate loads on air cooled HE
• HEI Standard - Evaluate loads on feed water heaters
• API 560 - Evaluate loads on fired heaters
Once the load cases have been defined, the user begins the actual finite element
solution through the use of the File-Analyze command on the toolbar. The solution
phase commences with the generation of the element stiffness matrices and load
vectors, and solves for displacements, forces and moments, reactions, and stresses. This
solution phase also performs the design and selection of spring hangers, and iterative
stiffness matrix modifications for non linear restraints. The user is kept apprised of the
solution status throughout the calculation.
A review of the static analysis results is possible immediately after a static solution, or at
a later time by selecting the Output-Static option of the CAESAR II Main Menu. The
static output processor presents the user with an interactive selection menu from which
load cases and report options can be selected.
3.4. Output
• Static - Static Results
• Harmonic - Results of Harmonic loading
• Spectrum/ Modal - Results of natural frequency/ mode shape calculations or
uniform/ force spectrum loading
• Time History - Results of time history load simulations
• Animation - Animated graphic simulation of results
• Mode Shapes
• Harmonic
• Time History
• Static
3.5. Tools
• Configure/ Setup - Configures Caesar II in a directory basis
• Calculator
• Make Units File - Creates custom units
• Convert input to new units
• Material Data Base - Edits or adds to Caesar II data base
• Accounting - Activates or customises job acc.
• Multi-job analysis - runs a stream of jobs without intervention
• External Interface - Interfaces to 3rd party software
• Caesar II Neutral File
• Caesar II Data Matrix
• Batch output File
• CADWorx/ Pipe
• AutoCAD DXF File
• CADPIPE
• CATIA – CCPlant
• Computervision
• Intergraph
• ISOMET
• PRO-ISO
 • PCF
• Auto Plant
• LIQT
• PIPENET
3.6. Diagnostics
• CRC Check - Verifies, program files are not corrupted
• Build Version - Builds files of this version
• Error Review - Review description of Caesar II errors
• DLL version Check - Checks DLL files for this version

3.7. ESL (External Software Lock)

• Show Data - Displays data stored on the ESL
• Phone Update
• Generate Fax Codes
• Enter FAX Authorisation Codes
3.8. View
• Toolbar
• Status Bar
3.9. Help
• Tip of the day
• On Line Documentation
• User's Manual
• Application Guide
• Technical Reference Manual
• Quick Reference Guide
• On Line Registration
• Information
• About Caesar II
Throughout the CAESAR II program, context-sensitive help (including the units
requested, where applicable) is available by pressing [F1] on any field.
4. Input
4.1. Piping

3.2.7. Static analysis cannot be performed until the error-checking portion of the piping
pre processor has been successfully completed. Required analysis data files are
created only after this. If the input is changed, error checking has to be done
before reading the output.

3.2.8. This is initiated from the quit options upon exit of piping input.

3.2.9. If there are no errors a centre of gravity report is given. If there are errors,
Return to piping input
Return to Caesar II Main Menu
Restart Error Processing from the Beginning

3.2.10.Analysis – Static

3.2.11.Static load case editor screen list all available loads that are defined in the input,
available stress type and the current load cases offered for analysis.

3.2.12.Up to 20 load cases can be defined in the load list area. Load cases may be built
from the loads defined in the input.

3.2.13.The only wind load information required in the input is the shape factor. When
wind is used in the model a screen is made available to define the extra wind
load data. Once defined this is stored and may be changed on subsequent entries
into the static analysis processor.

3.2.14.In the static analysis performed by Caesar II the element stiffnesses are
combined to form a global system stiffness matrix . Each basic load cases define
a set of loads for the ends of all the elements. These elemental load sets are
combined into system load vectors. Using the relationship of force equals
stiffness times displacement (F=KX) the unknown system deflections and
rotations can be calculated. The knowns may however change during the analysis
as hanger sizing; non-linear supports and friction all affect both the stiffness
matrix and load vectors.

3.2.15.Definition of a load case - A load case is a group of piping system loads that are
analysed together, i.e., that are assumed to be occurring at the same time. An
example of a load case is an operating analysis composed of the thermal, dead
weight and pressure loads together. Another is an as installed analysis of dead
weights alone. A load case may also be composed of the combinations of the
results of other load cases.
3.2.16.The piping system loads which compose the basic load sets relate to various
input items found on the piping input screen. The details are listed below;

W Dead weight Pipe density, insulation density (with

insulation thickness), fluid density or
rigid weight
WNC Weight Pipe density, insulation density (with
insulation thickness), rigid weight
T1 Thermal Set 1 Temperature # 1
T2 Thermal Set 2 Temperature # 2
T3 Thermal Set 3 Temperature # 3
P1 Pressure Set 1 Pressure #1
P2 Pressure Set 2 Pressure #2
D1 Displacement Displacements (1st Vector)
Set 1
D2 Displacement Displacements (2nd Vector)
Set 2
D3 Displacement Displacements (3rd Vector)
Set 3
F1 Force Set 1 Forces/ Moments (1st Vector), cold
spring (Material #18 or 19) and spring
initial loads
F2 Force Set 2 Forces/ Moments (2nd Vector),
F3 Force Set 3 Forces/ Moments (3rd Vector),
WIND Wind Wind Loads
U1 Uniform Loads Uniform Loads (1st Vector)
U2 Uniform Loads Uniform Loads (2nd Vector)
U3 Uniform Loads Uniform Loads (3rd Vector)

3.2.17.The following family of load cases provides a valid example of algebraic

combinations.

1 W1+T1+P1+D1+F1 (OPE) The operating load

case
2 W1+P1+F1 (SUS) The installed load case
(for sustained stress
calculations)
3 U1 (OCC) A uniform load case
modelling a sesimic
load.
4 DS! – DS2 (EXP) Difference between
displacements of LC#1
(Operating) and LC#2
 (Installed)
5 ST2 + ST3 (OCC) The stresses from
LC#2 (Sustained) plus
the stresses from LC#3
(occassional) used to
compare the
occassional stresses
with their allowables.

3.2.18. Recommended Load Cases

1. W+D1+T1+P1+F1 (OPE) Operating

2. W+P1++F1 (SUS) Sustained Load Case
3. DS1 – DS2 (EXP) Expansion Load Case

3.2.19 If spring hangers are to be designed then two additional load case are to
taken.

1. W+F1 Weight for hanger loads (Restrained wt)

2. W+D1+T1+P1+F1 Op. for hanger travel (free thermal)
3. W+D1+T1+P1+F1 (OPE) Operating
4. W+P1++F1 (SUS) Sustained Load Case
5. DS1 – DS2 (EXP) Expansion Load Case

Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Applications Guide
Support/ End Connections
Anchor
Accurate input of piping boundary conditions (restraints) is probably the most important
part of system modelling in Caesar II.

Anchors with displacements

Flexible Anchors
Flexible Anchors with Initial Displacements
Flexible Nozzle (WRC 297)
Flexible Nozzle with Initial Displacements(WRC 297)
Flexible Nozzle with Full Vessel Model (WRC 297)
Double Acting Restraints (Translational)
Double Acting Restraints (Rotational)
Plastic Hinge
1-D Restraint
Guides
Limit Stops
Windows
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps
1-D Restraint with Initial Displacement
1-D Restraint and Guide with Gap and Initial Displacemnt
Restraint Settlement
Skewed Double Acting Restraint
Skewed 1 –D Restraint
Skewed Guide
Restraint Between Two Pipes (CNODE)
Restraint Between Vessel and Pipe Models
Restraints on a Bend at (45) Degrees
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 Degrees
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends
Near (or Far) Point Coding Model
On Curvature Coding Model
Offset Element Coding
Vertical Leg Attachment to Angle
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends
Node Position Definition for points on the Bend Curvature
Input Plot of Horizontal Dummy Leg going to 45 Deg. Point on Bend
Output Plot of horizontal Dummy Leg Going to 45 Deg. Point on Bend
Ball Joints and Struts
Large Rotation Rods (Basic Model)
Large Rotation Rods (Chain Supports)
Large Rotation Rods (Spring Hangers)
Large Rotation Rods (Constant Effort Hangers)
Large Rotation Rods (Struts)
Bilinear Supports
Static Snubbers
Bends
Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends
180 Degree Return (FTF 90 Degree Bends)
Mitered Bends
Closely Spaced Mitered Bend
Wideley Spaced Mitered Bend
Elbows – Different Wall Thickness
Hangers
Hanger Location Entry
Single Can Design
Constant Effort Support Design
Input Constant Effort Supports (No Design)
Entering Existing Springs ( No Design)
Multiple Can Design
Old Spring Redesign
Pipe and Hanger Supported from Vessel
Hanger Design with Thermal Support Movement
Hanger Between Two Pipes
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity
Hanger Design with User Specified Operating Load
Spring Can Models with “Bottom out” and “Lift Off” Capability
Spring Hanger Models with Rods, “Bottom out” and “Lift Off” Capability
Simple “Bottom Out” Spring
Model Spring Cans with Friction
Expansion Joints
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust
Tied Bellows (Simple vs. Complex Model)
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint (Simple Model)
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint (Complex Model)
Universal Expansion Joint (Simple Models)
Universal Joint (Comprehensive Tie Rood Model))
Universal Joint with Lateral Control Stops(Comprehensive Tie Rood Model)
Hinged Joint
Slotted Hinge Joint (Simple)
Slotted Hinge Joint (Comprehensive)
Slip Joint
Gimbal Joint
Dual Gimbal Joint
Pressure Balanced Tee’s and Elbows
Connecting Equipment
Vertical Vessels
Horizontal Vessels
Rotating Equipment Models with Spring Hanger Design
Miscellaneous Models
Jacketed Pipe
Cold Spring
Plastic Pipe
5. Dynamic Input and Analysis
The dynamic analysis capabilities found in CAESAR II include the following:
1. Natural frequency calculations
Natural frequency information can indicate the tendency of a piping system to
respond to dynamic loads. A system’s modal natural frequencies typically should
not be too close to equipment operating frequencies and, as a general rule, higher
natural frequencies usually cause less trouble than low natural frequencies.
2. Harmonic analysis
This is analysis of dynamic loads that are cyclic in nature. Applications of
harmonic analyses include fluid pulsation in reciprocating pump lines or vibration
due to rotating equipment.
Harmonic responses represent the maximum dynamic amplitude the piping
system undergoes and have the same form as a static analysis - node deflections
and rotations, local forces and moments, restraint loads, and stresses. For
example, if the results show an X displacement at node 45 of 5.8 cm. Then the
dynamic motion due to the cyclic excitation would be from +5.8 cm. to -5.8 cm. at
this point in the system. The stresses shown are one half of, or one amplitude of,
the full cyclic stress range.
3. Response spectrum analysis
The response spectrum method allows an impulse type transient event to be
characterized by a response vs. frequency spectra. Each mode of vibration of the
piping system is related to one response on the spectrum. These modal responses
are summed together to produce the total system response. The stresses for these
analyses, summed with the sustained stresses, should be compared to the
occasional stress allowable defined by the piping code.
Ground motion associated with a seismic event is supplied as displacement,
velocity, or acceleration response spectra. The assumption is that all the supports
move with the defined ground motion and the piping system “catches up” to the
supports; it is this inertial effect, which loads the system. The shock spectra, which
define the ground motion, may vary between the three global directions and may
even change for different groups of supports (independent as opposed to uniform
support motion).
Another response spectrum application is based on single point loading rather
than a uniform inertial loading. CAESAR II makes effective use of this technique
to analyze a wide variety of impulse type transient loads.
Relief valve loads, water hammer loads, slug flow loads, and rapid valve closure
type loads all cause single impulse dynamic loads at various points in the piping
system. The response to these dynamic forces can be confidently and
conservatively predicted using the force spectrum method.
4. Time history analysis
This is one of the most accurate methods, in that it uses numeric integration of the
dynamic equation of motion to simulate the system response throughout the load
duration. CAESAR II time history analysis method can solve any type of dynamic
loading, but due to its exact solution, requires more resources (memory,
calculation speed and time) than other methods. Therefore, it may not pay to use
this method when, for example the spectrum method offers sufficient accuracy.
6. Buried Pipes Modelling
The “Modeler” performs the following functions:
• Allows for the direct input of soil properties.
• Automatically breaks down straight and curved lengths of pipe. CAESAR II uses a
three Zone concept to break down straight and curved sections.
Zone 1 - Those ends of pipe identified as “transverse bearing lengths” (or bearing
span lengths or lateral bearing length or Lb) are broken down into Zone 1 lengths.
Zone 1 represents the smallest element lengths selected to properly distribute the
lateral forces to the soil.
Zone 2 - Between Zone 1 and Zone 3 is Zone 2. The lengths in Zone 2 vary
linearly from the Zone 1 end to the Zone 3 end. They are also known as
intermediate lengths.
Zone 3 - At distances far away from Zone 1 are Zone 3 lengths. These are long
lengths of pipe selected to transmit axial loads (or axial displacement lengths).
Node numbers for the extra lengths of pipe are automatically selected by CAESAR
II.
• Allows for the direct input of user’s soil stiffnesses on per length of pipe basis.
Input parameters include axial, transverse, upward, and downward stiffnesses, as
well as ultimate loads. The user can specify user-defined stiffnesses separately, or
in conjunction with CAESAR II’s automatically generated soil stiffnesses.
The Buried Pipe Modeler is started by selecting an existing job, and then choosing menu
option Input-Underground from the CAESAR II Main Menu.
The Modeler is designed to read in a standard CAESAR II input data file that describes
the basic layout of the piping system. From this basic input CAESAR II creates a second
input data file that contains the buried pipe model. This second input file typically
contains a much larger number of elements and restraints than the first job.
• The first job that serves as the “pattern” is termed the original job.
• The second file that contains the element mesh refinement and the buried pipe
restraints is termed the buried job.
CAESAR II defaults the buried job by appending a “B” to the name of the original job.
The original job must already exist and serves as the pattern for the buried pipe model
building. The spreadsheet initiated permits the following:
• It allows the user to define which part of the piping system is buried.
• It allows the user to define mesh spacing at specific element ends.
• It allows the input of user defined soil stiffnesses
Buried pipe deforms laterally in areas immediately adjacent to changes in directions (i.e.
bends and tees). In areas far removed from bends and tees the deformation is primarily
axial.
The optimal size of an element (i.e. the distance between a single FROM and a TO node)
is very dependent on which of these deformation patterns is to be modeled. Where the
deformation is “lateral” smaller elements are needed to properly distribute the forces
from the pipe to the soil. The length over which the pipe deflects laterally is termed the
“lateral bearing length” and can be calculated by the equation:

Lb = 0.75 (π )[ 4 EI / K tr ]
0.25

Where:
E = Pipe modulus of elasticity
I = Pipe moment of inertia
Ktr = Transverse soil stiffness (on a per length basis)
CAESAR II places three elements in the vicinity of a bearing span to properly model this
load distribution.
• The bearing span lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 1 lengths.
• The intermediate lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 2 lengths. The
Zone 2 mesh is comprised of elements that are 1.5 times the length of a Zone 1
element at its Zone 1 end, and that are 50*D0 long at the Zone 3 end.
• The axial displacement lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 3 lengths,
Zone 3 element lengths (to properly transmit axial loads) are computed by 100*D0,
where D0 is the outside diameter of the piping.

A critical part of the modeling of an underground piping system is the proper definition
of Zone 1 (or lateral) bearing regions. These regions primarily occur:
• On either side of a change in direction
• For all pipes framing into an intersection
• At points where the pipe enters or leaves the soil
CAESAR II automatically puts a Zone 1 mesh gradient at each side of the pipe framing
into an elbow. It is the user’s responsibility to tell CAESAR II where the other zone 1
areas are in the piping system.
There are 13 columns in the Buried Element Description Spreadsheet.
1. The first two columns contain the element node numbers for each piping element
included in the original system.
2. The second three columns are discussed in detail below:
• Soil Model No.—This column is used to define which of the elements in the model
are buried. A nonzero entry in this column implies that the associated element is
buried. A 1 in this column implies that the user wishes to enter user-defined
stiffnesses (on a per length of pipe basis) at this point in the model. These
stiffnesses must follow in the columns 6 through 13. Any number greater than 1 in
the SOIL MODEL NO. column points to a CAESAR II soil restraint model
generated (using the equations outlined later under Soil Models from user
entered soil data).

• From/ To End Mesh Type—“A” in either of these columns implies that a lateral
loading mesh should be placed at the corresponding element end. For example:
FROM NODE TO NODE SOIL MODEL FROM MESH TO MESH
5 10 2
• The element 5 to 10 is buried. CAESAR II will generate the soil stiffnesses from
user-defined soil data #2, and the node 5 end will have a fine mesh so that lateral
bearing will be properly modeled. CAESAR II places lateral bearing meshes on
each side of a bend by default.
• Since CAESAR II automatically places lateral bearing meshes adjacent to all
buried elbows, the user must only be concerned with the identification of buried
tees and points of soil entry or exit.
The commands available in this module are;
• File-Open—Opens a new piping file as the original job.
• File-Change Buried Pipe Job Name—Renames the buried job (in the event that the
user does not wish to use the CAESAR II default of “B” appended to the original job
name).
• File Print—Prints the element description data spreadsheet.
• Buried Pipe - Soil Models—Allows the user to specify soil data for CAESAR II to use
in generating one or more soil restraint systems.
• Buried Pipe - Convert Input—Converts the original job into the buried job by
meshing the existing elements and adding soil restraints. The conversion process
creates all of the necessary elements to satisfy the Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3
requirements, and places restraints on the elements in these zones accordingly. All
elbows are broken down into at least two curved sections, and very long radius elbows
are broken down into segments whose lengths are not longer than the elements in the
immediately adjacent Zone 1 pipe section. Node numbers are generated by adding “1”
to the element’s FROM node number. CAESAR II checks before using a node number to
make sure that it will be unique in the model. All densities on buried pipe elements are
zeroed, to simulate the continuous support of the pipe weight. A conversion log is also
generated, which details the process in full.