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Types of Generator Protection

1. The document discusses various types of generator protection including differential protection, stator and rotor earth fault protection, overcurrent protection, loss of field protection, over-voltage protection, negative phase sequence protection, and overspeed protection. 2. Key protection elements mentioned are differential relays, instantaneous relays, inverse time overcurrent relays, undercurrent relays for loss of field, and under-power relays for overspeed. 3. The protections are designed to detect faults in the generator windings and circuit as well as abnormal operating conditions like unbalanced loading, loss of field, and overspeed to prevent equipment damage.

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Shamsul Mael
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4K views

Types of Generator Protection

1. The document discusses various types of generator protection including differential protection, stator and rotor earth fault protection, overcurrent protection, loss of field protection, over-voltage protection, negative phase sequence protection, and overspeed protection. 2. Key protection elements mentioned are differential relays, instantaneous relays, inverse time overcurrent relays, undercurrent relays for loss of field, and under-power relays for overspeed. 3. The protections are designed to detect faults in the generator windings and circuit as well as abnormal operating conditions like unbalanced loading, loss of field, and overspeed to prevent equipment damage.

Uploaded by

Shamsul Mael
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERATOR

PROTECTION

ABU SAMAH ABU HASAN


INSTITUT LATIHAN SULTAN AHMAD SHAH
TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD
MALAYSIA
GENERATOR PROTECTION

Rotor E/F Overspeed

Generator
NER Transformer

Generator
VT

Reverse
Power Overvoltage Buchholz
IDMT
Negative Phase Generator Restricted E/F
Earth Fault
Sequence Diffirential Generator
Overcurrent Transformer
Instantaneous
Loss of Field Diffirential
Earth Fault
END OF PRESENTATION

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
PARTICIPATION.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Differential protection using high-impedance relays is usual


for stator protection and is applied on a phase-by-phase
basis. As the leads between the two sets of current
transformers may be long the resistance will be fairly high but
as the maximum through-fault current will be less than 10
times full load current a reasonably low voltage setting can
be applied. This means that the CT magnetising current will
be low and therefore a low overall current wetting can be
expected.

The overall setting has a direct bearing on the amount of the


generator winding which is protected.
STATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

CT Stator CT
Red

Yellow

Blue

RELAY
Biasing Coil
Operating Coil
STATOR EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION
Stator earth-fault protection comprises an instantaneous
relay and the Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) relay.
Both relay will be connected to current transformer having a
primary current rating equal to that of the earthing resistor.

Earth faults will be detected in 90% to 95% of the generator


winding even though the maximum earth-fault current may as
low as 5% of the generator rating.
STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

Generator
Red

Yellow

Blue

CT Relay

Neutral Earth
Resistance
ROTOR EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION
For detecting earth-faults in the rotor circuit, a high-
resistance potentiometer is connected across the rotor circuit
the centre point of which is connected to earth through a
sensitive relay. The relay will respond to earth faults
occurring over most of the rotor circuit.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
An Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) relay is generally
used as back-up protection but the operation of this relay is
complicated because of the current decrement in the
generator during fault conditions. In some cases a setting is
chosen, such that the relay will not operate for a system fault
but will only respond when fault current is fed into the
generator, in this way it only acts as a back-up to the main
generator protection.
LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION
Failure of the field system results in acceleration of the rotor
to above synchronous speed where it continuous to generate
power as an induction generator the flux being provided by a
large magnetising components drawn from the system. This
condition can tolerated for a short time but clearly there will
be increased heating of the rotor because of the slip-
frequency currents which flow.

Loss of field can be detected by undercurrent relay


connected to a shunt in the field circuit.
OVER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Voltage is generally controlled by a high-speed voltage
regulator and therefore over-voltages should not occur and
over-voltage protection is not generally provided for
continuously supervised machines. On unattended
machines a instantaneous relay set at, say, 150% is use to
cater for defective operation of the voltage regulator.
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION
(Unbalanced Loading)

CT
Red
Yellow
Blue

XL R R
X Y
VZB VZR
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence
R
Ir Ir VXY
VZZR
VZR VZB
60o
60o
VZB
Ib Iy
Iy Ib

VZR + VZB = 0 VXY = VZR + VZB


NEGETIVE PHASE SEQUENCE
(Unblanaced Loading)
Unbalanced loading of the generator phase results in the
production of negative phase sequence (NPS) currents.
These current, which have a phase rotation in the opposite
direction to the normal phase rotation, produce a magnetic
field which induces currents in the rotor at twice the system
frequency. This causes considerable heating in the rotor and
would cause damage.

The actual NPS currents is difficult to determine. Relays to


detect the condition usually have an IDMT characteristic
matched to I2t value.
OVERSPEED
The speed is very closely controlled by the governor and is held
constant as the generators in parallel with others in an
interconnected system. If the circuit breaker is tripped the set will
begin to accelerate and although the governor is designed to
prevent over-speed a further centrifugal switch is arranged to
close the steam valve.

There is still a risk, however, that the steam valve not close
completely and even a small gap can cause over-speed and so
where urgent tripping is not required. It is usual to lower the
electrical output to about 1% before tripping the CB. A sensitive
under-power relay is used to detect when this value is reached.

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