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Harvard Referencing: A Beginner's Guide

The document provides guidance on referencing and plagiarism using the Harvard referencing system. It explains that referencing is important to acknowledge others' work, demonstrate knowledge of a topic, allow others to find sources, and avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is passing off others' work as one's own. Consequences include loss of marks or expulsion. The document describes quoting, paraphrasing, and citing sources, and provides examples of how to reference different source types like books, journal articles, and websites. It emphasizes including author names, years, and page numbers for quotes and sources cited.

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66 views26 pages

Harvard Referencing: A Beginner's Guide

The document provides guidance on referencing and plagiarism using the Harvard referencing system. It explains that referencing is important to acknowledge others' work, demonstrate knowledge of a topic, allow others to find sources, and avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is passing off others' work as one's own. Consequences include loss of marks or expulsion. The document describes quoting, paraphrasing, and citing sources, and provides examples of how to reference different source types like books, journal articles, and websites. It emphasizes including author names, years, and page numbers for quotes and sources cited.

Uploaded by

clare86
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Harvard Referencing:

A Beginner’s Guide
Referencing and Plagiarism

Aim of Session

• To provide theoretical and supporting practical help on


dealing with issues of referencing and plagiarism
Why Reference?
There are four main reasons:

• To acknowledge the work of other writers

• To demonstrate you are aware of the body of knowledge


on which you have based your assignment

• To enable others to trace your sources and lead them


on to further information

• To avoid plagiarism
Plagiarism
What is it?

• A deliberate attempt to pass off the work of others as


your own

• Includes copying sections of text without putting ideas


into your own words

• Failing to acknowledge whom the information used was


written by
Plagiarism
What are the consequences of plagiarism?

• Disastrous!

• The College frowns heavily upon plagiarism and


considers it to be a serious form of cheating

• Could lead to loss of marks or more serious action

• In very serious cases students will be terminated from


their studies
Plagiarism
Continued…

• Excuses for plagiarism are rarely accepted and it is


YOUR responsibility to make sure your work is
plagiarism free
Referencing as you write
• As you write your assignments you will need to draw
on the information sources you have used to gain
knowledge and understanding of the subject area you are
writing about

• This is where referencing comes in – if you do not


reference the sources you have used you are straying into
the realms of plagiarism

• The referencing style you are required to use is the


Harvard Referencing system

• Try to keep a record of the references you use as you go


along – it will save you a lot of time and trouble later
Why the Harvard Referencing
System?
Several reasons:

• Most commonly used system internationally

• Frequently the house style for academic journals

• Used by most academic institutions

• Ease of use for both author and reader – no footnotes or


chapter references
Quotation and Citation

What’s the difference?

• A quotation is a direct copy of an author’s words

• Citation (or paraphrasing) is the use of something an


author has said, eg. the expression of their theories,
ideas, opinions or conclusions but put in your own words
Quotation and Citation
Quotations

• Quotations should ALWAYS be placed in inverted


commas, and include details of the author, year and
specific page number/s from which you have taken the
quote, eg:

‘As occupational therapists we are interested in how


people become independent and adapt to
environmental demands’ (Woods, 2001, p32)
Quotation and Citation
Quotations continued…

• You could also express the same quotation like this:

‘Woods, (2001, p32) highlights that, ‘As occupational


therapists we are interested in how people become
independent and adapt to environmental demands’

• Remember that when using quotations you need to


include three pieces of information with the quote:
– Name of person/organisation responsible for the quote
– Year of publication
– Page number/s
Quotation and Citation
Quotations continued…

• You should only use quotations in situations where you


feel that the author has expressed something in way
that cannot be bettered

• A good example of when use of a quotation would be


appropriate would be when presenting a definition of
something, eg. Physiotherapy – as defined by a well
respected physiotherapist, or a definition as given in a
dictionary

• Quotations must always be used sparingly


Quotation and Citation

Citations/Paraphrasing

• Citation is also commonly referred to as paraphrasing

• When paraphrasing make sure you attribute the broad


theories, ideas or opinions you are discussing to the
author/source you have identified them from

• There should be more use of paraphrasing than of


quotations in your written work
Quotation and Citation

Citations/Paraphrasing continued…

• Citations should ALWAYS include details of the author


and year of publication from which you have gained the
knowledge, eg:

Woods (2002) noted that one area of interest to


occupational therapists is people’s achievement of
independency and adaptation to the demands of the
environment.
Quotation and Citation

Citations/Paraphrasing continued…

• Remember that when paraphrasing you need to include


two specific pieces of information:
– Name of person/organisation responsible for the source of the
knowledge you are expressing
– Year of publication

• ALWAYS cite all sources of information you have used


regardless of type (eg. books, journals, web based
resources)
Dealing with multiple authors…

• If a source has two or three authors, these should all be


listed in the text, in the order they appear in the original
publication

• If a source you are referencing has more than 3 authors


– IN THE TEXT OF YOUR WRITING refer to the FIRST
AUTHOR followed by ‘et al’, but include the names of
ALL authors in the reference for the item in your
reference list
Secondary referencing
• If you wish to quote an author quoted by another author,
eg: you want to quote Robinson, having read the quote in
Smith - you would identify it as follows:

Robinson (as quoted in Smith 2005, p16) advocates that


‘the application of clinical psychology in mental health …’

• In the reference list at the end of your assignment you only


need to include a reference for Smith, because in this
case, you haven’t looked at the original source by
Robinson

• Only original sources consulted should be included in a


reference list
Compiling your reference list
• At the end of every academic piece of work there must
be a reference list included

• The Harvard referencing system sets out guidelines as


to how references should be presented in your
reference list

• This is simply about placing the right bits of information


in the right order

• The guidelines are logical and cover different


information types (eg. books, journals, web sites)
How to reference a book

• Name of author/s (year of publication) Title: made


prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining.
Place of publication: Name of Publisher

For real, such a reference would look like this:

Gillham B (2000) Developing a questionnaire.


London: Continuum
How to reference a new edition
of a book

• Name of author/s (year of publication) Title: made


prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining.
Edition number. Place of publication: Name of
Publisher

For real, such a reference would look like this:

Gillham B (2000) Developing a questionnaire. 4th


ed. London: Continuum
How to reference an edited book

• Name of editor/s (Ed/s) (year of publication) Title:


made prominent using bold OR italics OR
underlining. Place of publication: Name of Publisher

For real, such a reference would look like this:

Turner A (Ed) (2002) Occupational therapy and


physical dysfunction: principles, skills and
practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
How to reference a chapter from
an edited book
• Name of author/s (year of publication) Title of
chapter. In name of editor/s (Ed/s). Main title of
book: made prominent using bold OR italics OR
underlining. Place of publication: Name of Publisher

For real, such a reference would look like this:

Foster M (2002) Theoretical frameworks. In Turner


A, Foster M, Johnson SE (Eds) Occupational
therapy and physical dysfunction: principles,
skills and practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
How to reference a journal article

• Name of author (year of publication) Title of journal


article. Journal Title: made prominent using bold OR
italics OR underlining, Volume Number (Part Number),
page numbers

For real, such a reference would look like this:

Picking C and Pain H (2003) Home adaptations: user


perspectives on the role of professionals. British
Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66 (1), 2-8
How to reference a web site
• Name of web page author, Year of publication. Title of the
web page [online]. Place of publication: Name of publisher.
Available from: www.webaddress.co.uk [date accessed]

• For real, such a reference would look like this:

• NHS Information Authority, 2007. National Library for


Health: Musculoskeletal Specialist Library [online].
Birmingham: NHS Information Authority. Available from:
www.library.nhs.uk/musculoskeletal/ [Accessed 21st
September 2007]

• Note: if no date can be identified use (no date)


Citation of web sites
• The same principle applies to the citation of web sites as it
does to the citation of other materials such as books and
journals

• So the web page that was used in the earlier web site
example would be cited in the text as:

NHS Information Authority (2007)

And in your reference list at the end of your work as:

NHS Information Authority, 2007. National Library for


Health: Musculoskeletal Specialist Library [online].
Birmingham: NHS Information Authority. Available from:
www.library.nhs.uk/musculoskeletal/ [Accessed 21st
September 2007]
Reference Lists

• Your reference list should always be located at the


end of your work

• It should be presented in alphabetical order

• All resources you cite in the text MUST be included in


your reference list

• Include all resources, regardless of type (eg. books,


journals, web sites) together in the list and DO NOT
separate them out into resource type groupings

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