This document contains information about electrochemistry from a chemistry textbook chapter. It includes activities with questions about electrolytes and non-electrolytes, electrochemical cells, the electrochemical series of metals, and industrial uses of electrolysis such as extracting aluminum. Key points covered are that electrolysis involves the passage of an electric current through an electrolyte, causing chemical reactions at the electrodes. Metals higher in the electrochemical series are more easily oxidized than metals lower in the series. Electrolysis has important industrial applications such as extracting metals from their ores.
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This document contains information about electrochemistry from a chemistry textbook chapter. It includes activities with questions about electrolytes and non-electrolytes, electrochemical cells, the electrochemical series of metals, and industrial uses of electrolysis such as extracting aluminum. Key points covered are that electrolysis involves the passage of an electric current through an electrolyte, causing chemical reactions at the electrodes. Metals higher in the electrochemical series are more easily oxidized than metals lower in the series. Electrolysis has important industrial applications such as extracting metals from their ores.
This document contains information about electrochemistry from a chemistry textbook chapter. It includes activities with questions about electrolytes and non-electrolytes, electrochemical cells, the electrochemical series of metals, and industrial uses of electrolysis such as extracting aluminum. Key points covered are that electrolysis involves the passage of an electric current through an electrolyte, causing chemical reactions at the electrodes. Metals higher in the electrochemical series are more easily oxidized than metals lower in the series. Electrolysis has important industrial applications such as extracting metals from their ores.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document contains information about electrochemistry from a chemistry textbook chapter. It includes activities with questions about electrolytes and non-electrolytes, electrochemical cells, the electrochemical series of metals, and industrial uses of electrolysis such as extracting aluminum. Key points covered are that electrolysis involves the passage of an electric current through an electrolyte, causing chemical reactions at the electrodes. Metals higher in the electrochemical series are more easily oxidized than metals lower in the series. Electrolysis has important industrial applications such as extracting metals from their ores.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Activity 3 1. Solid sodium chloride contains sodium ions and chloride ions which are in fixed position and not freely moving. 2. In solid state, sodium ions and chloride ions are strongly attracted by electrostatic forces in a lattice. 3. Aqueous sodium chloride contains freely moving ions to conduct electricity. 4. During electrolysis cations are attracted to the cathode and anions are attracted to the anode. 5. Electric circuit is complete due to the flow of electrons along the connecting wires and movement of ions in the solution. 6. If the electrodes are placed further apart, the ammeter reading will decrease because there will be an increase in internal resistance.
Activity 4 1 Electrolyte (Molten) Cation Anion Name Formula Name Formula Sodium chloride Sodium ion Na+ Chloride ion Cl– Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) ion Pb2+ Oxide ion O2– Potassium bromide Potassium ion K+ Bromide ion Br–
2. Substance discharged at the electrodes Electrolyte and the half equation (molten) Anode Cathode (i) Aluminium oxide Oxygen gas Aluminium Half equation:2O2– O2 + 4e Half equation: Al3+ + 3e Al
Electrolyte and the half equation (molten) Anode Cathode (ii) Potassium iodide Iodine Potassium Half equation : 2I– I2 + 2e Half equation: K+ + e K (iii) Sodium chloride Chlorine gas Sodium Half equation: 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e Half equation: Na+ + e Na
(iv) Zinc bromide Bromine gas Zinc
Half equation: 2Br– Br2 + 2e Half equation: Zn2+ + 2e Zn
Activity 5 1. Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide (a) Lead(II) ions and bromide ions (or Pb2+ and Br– ions), (b) Bromide ions (or Br– ions), (c) Lead(II) ions or (Pb2+ ions), (d) 2Br– Br2 + 2e, (e) Pb2+ + 2e Pb, (f) bromine gas, (g) lead metal.
2. Electrolysis of molten zinc chloride
Note: The flow chart is similar to that shown in question 1. Name of substance: Molten ZnCl2, (a) Zn2+ and Cl– ions, (b) Cl– ions, (c) Zn2+ ions, (d) 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e, (e) Zn2+ + 2e Zn, (f) chlorine gas, (g) zinc metal.
Activity 6 1 (a) Position of ions in the electrochemical series (b) Concentration of ions in the electrolysis (c) Types of electrodes used in the electrolysis 2 hydrogen H+ ; hydroxide, OH— 3. Cation: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+ Anion: F- , SO42- , NO3- , Cl- , Br - , I- , OH- 4. (a) lower, selectively (b) high, selectively discharged (c) solution, corrode, dissolved
Activity 7 (a) Cations: copper(II) ion, Cu2+ and hydrogen ion, H+ Anions: sulphate ion, SO42– and hydroxide ion, OH– (b) Anode: electrode K Cathode: electrode J (c) (i) hydroxide ion, OH– (ii) hydroxide ion is lower than sulphate ion in the electrochemical series. (iii) Gas bubbles (iv) Place a glowing wooden splinter into the test tube containing the gas. If splinter rekindles, then the gas is confirmed to be oxygen. (v) 4OH- H2O + O2 + 4e (d) (i) copper(II) ion, Cu2+ (ii) The position of copper(II) ion is lower than hydrogen ion in the electrochemical series (or concentration of copper(II) ion is higher than the concentration of hydrogen ion) (iii) Brown solid deposited on the electrode (iv)Cu2+ + 2e Cu (e) Blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution become paler.
3 Na+, Cl–, H+ , OH– Na+, Cl–, H+ , OH– Cu2+, SO42–, H+, OH– 4 Na+, H+ Na+, H+ Cu2+, H+ 5 2H+ + 2e H2 2H+ + 2e H2 Cu+ + 2e Cu 6 Gas bubbles are formed Gas bubbles are formed Brown solid deposited on the cathode 7 Cl–, OH– ions Cl–, OH– ions SO42–, OH– 8 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e Cu Cu2+ + 2e 9 Gas bubbles are formed Gas bubbles are formed Copper plate becomes thinner
2. Below are shown the three uses of electrolysis in industries. Fill in the blanks.
Extraction of Purification of copper Electroplating of
aluminium from from impure mined iron spoon with bauxites copper silver 1. Substance used as Cathode: Carbon Cathode: Pure copper Cathode: iron cathode and anode Anode: carbon Anode: impure copper spoon Anode: silver 2. Electrolyte used Aluminium oxide and Copper(II) sulphate Silver nitrate cryolite solution solution 3. Half equation Cathode: Cathode: Cathode: representing the Al3+ + 3e Al Cu2+ + 2e Cu Ag+ + e Ag process. Anode: Anode: Anode: 2O2– O2 + 4e Cu Cu2+ + 2e Ag Ag+ + e
2. chemical, electrical 3. Cation formed and number of electrons Electrochemical series of metals released during the process K K+ + e Na Na+ + e Ca Ca2+ + 2e Mg Tendency Mg2+ + 2e of metal Al atoms to Al3+ + 3e Zn donate Zn2+ + 2e electrons Fe to form ions Fe2+ + 2e Sn increases Sn2+ + 2e Pb Pb2+ + 2e H H+ + e Cu Cu2+ + 2e Ag Ag+ + e [ One way (mnemonic) to remember the ECS: Kalau Nak Cari Makan, Ali, Zainal, Fee-fee Sentiasa Pergi Hutan Cari Argentum]
4. (a) An example of a simple voltaic cell is a magnesium ribbon and a copper plate immersed in dilute sodium chloride solution. (b) Magnesium is placed higher than copper in the electrochemical series. (c) Hence magnesium atom releases electrons more easily than a copper atom and the magnesium strip act as the negative terminal of the cell. (d) At the negative terminal, each magnesium atom releases two electrons and the Mg2+ formed moved into the solution. Mg(s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2e (e) The electrons then flows from the magnesium ribbon to the copper plate through the wire and this results in the flow of electrical current. (e) At the positive terminal which is the copper plate, the electrons are accepted by the H+ ions in sodium chloride solution. 2H+ + 2e H2 (g) (g) The overall equation for the reaction is given as follows. Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) Tendency of zinc to donate electrons is higher than copper. (Zinc is more electropositive than copper) (iii) Zn Zn2+ + 2e
(c) Cu2+ +2e Cu
(d) (i) Zinc strip becomes thinner (ii) Brown solids deposited (copper strip becomes thicker) (e) 1. To allow ions to flow into the beakers and maintain electrical neutrality of the solutions 2. To complete the circuit.
2. Please refer to page 106 of the Form Four Chemistry Text Book for answer to question 2
Activity 12
DIFFERENCES Electrolytic cell Aspect Chemical cell
It requires a source of electric current Source of It does not require a source of electric electric current current The electrical energy causes The chemical reactions that occur at the chemical reactions to occur at the Conversion electrodes produce an electric current. electrodes. of energy Chemical energy electrical energy Electrical energy chemical energy The electrodes may be of the same Type of The electrodes must be of two different
DIFFERENCES Electrolytic cell Aspect Chemical cell material such as carbon electrodes metals Electrons flow from the positive Electrons flow from the more Direction of electrode (anode) to the negative electropositive metal (negative terminal) flow of electrode (cathode). to the less electropositive metal (positive electrons terminal). Ions donate electrons at the positive Type of Ions receive electrons at the positive electrode. reaction at electrode. (Oxidation) positive (Reduction) terminal Ions receive electrons at the negative Type of Atoms donate electrons at the negative electrode. reaction at electrode. (Reduction) negative (Oxidation) terminal
Activity 13 (a) Experiment I = 1.6 V Experiment II = 0.8 V Experiment III = 3.2V (b)
Experiment Negative Positive Voltmeter
terminal terminal reading (V) I P Q 1.6 II S Q 0.8 III S T 3.2 Note: Must have at least three headings consisting (i) Experiment, (ii) Negative terminal or positive and (iii) voltmeter reading, V
(c) Apparatus: Voltmeter, 100 cm3 beakers, copper wires with crocodile clips Materials: Sodium nitrate solution,1.0 mol dm-3, sandpaper, metal P, metal Q, metal R, metal S, metal T
(d) 1. Manipulated variable: Pair of metals (or distance between two metals in the electrochemical series) 2. Responding variable: Voltmeter reading 3. Controlled variable: Concentration of sodium nitrate solution (or 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium nitrate solution)
(e) The further the distance between two metals in the electrochemical series, the higher the voltmeter reading. (f) Metal P is more electropositive than Q. (or metal P is placed higher than metal Q in the electrochemical series.) (g) P P2+ + 2e (h) P, S, Q, T (i) 2.4 V (j) No, because metal X is less electropositive than S. (k) Cu + 2TNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2T (l) Please refer to page 109 of the Form Four Chemistry Text Book.
